List of Contents

1. Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................ iii

2. Preface ................................................................................................................................ v

3. Pakistan Ordinance Factories (POF)................................................................................... 1

3.1. Brief Description ......................................................................................................... 1

3.2. History ......................................................................................................................... 1

3.3. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1

3.4. Mainstream Industries ................................................................................................. 2

3.5. Subsidiaries ................................................................................................................. 2

4. Visit to Explosive Factory .................................................................................................. 2

4.1. Safety .............................................................................................................................. 3

4.1.1. Definition ................................................................................................................. 3

4.1.2. Importance ............................................................................................................... 3

4.1.3. General Safety Provision ......................................................................................... 3

4.1.4. Fire Fighting............................................................................................................. 4

4.2. ACID-I ........................................................................................................................ 5

4.2.1. Oleum Plant ......................................................................................................... 5

4.2.2. De-nitration / CNA plant ..................................................................................... 7

4.2.3. De-nitration Plant or DOV Plant.......................................................................... 8

4.2.4. Concentrated Oil Vitriol (COV) Plant ................................................................. 9

4.3. New Concentrated Nitric Acid (NCNA) Plant .......................................................... 10

4.3.1. Raw Material ...................................................................................................... 11

4.3.2. Cooling Section .................................................................................................. 11

4.3.3. Plant Processing Section .................................................................................... 12

4.4. G.C (Gun Cotton) ...................................................................................................... 14

4.4.1. Raw Material ...................................................................................................... 14

4.4.2. Process ............................................................................................................... 14

i
4.5. Chemical Lab ............................................................................................................ 15

4.5.1. Standard Lab ...................................................................................................... 15

4.5.2. Raw Material Lab .............................................................................................. 16

4.5.3. Propellant Lab .................................................................................................... 16

4.5.4. High Explosive Lab ........................................................................................... 16

4.5.5. Instrumental Lab ................................................................................................ 16

ii
List of Figures
Figure 1: Oleum Plant Block Diagram ..................................................................................... 6
Figure 2: Block Diagram of CNA Plant ................................................................................... 7
Figure 3: Block Diagram of DOV Plant ................................................................................... 9
Figure 4: Block Diagram of COV Plant ................................................................................. 10
Figure 5: Block Diagram of Plant Section .............................................................................. 13

iii
1. Acknowledgement
I wish to predict the deep sense of great fullness and gratitude to the Lt Gen. Sadiq Ali
HI(M), Chairman, Pakistan Ordinance Factories. Without whose permission, I would not be
able to spend such a memorable time at Pakistan Ordinance Factories, Wah Cantt.

I was given the opportunity to learn and get the technical knowledge about the
happenings of industry, making me familiar with the processes being carried out, difficulties
of practical life and commitments to the fulfill-ness of targets.

I am really thankful to all the Heads of the Labs, the trainers, technical officers and
operators for their help, guidance, valuable and precious suggestions and constructive criticism
that enabled me to get the knowledge and complete this report according to the chemical
Engineering point of view.

Though all the persons, during the internship, were very much cooperative but it will
be injustice not to mention the names of the persons who made me feel this Ordinance Factory
as my homeland.

I wish all the workers to do their jobs with the same sense of responsibility, commitment
and carefulness in future also.

iv
2. Preface
It is and will always remain as a valuable asset for me to have internship training at
Pakistan ordnance Factories. In this process of learning and assimilating, I not only went
through process involving Chemical technology, but also got an understanding of infect are
making it work like a modern industrial plant, specially more so in the case of a newly
developing country like Pakistan. The tremendous head way in this field is liable to faster all
round developments id lie spheres of Socio-Economic Development in the present area, where
we have just entered the of 21st Century.

This Vital opportunity was beneficial regarding the facts that it gave me a chance to get
know- how of the professional Field-enabled me to accelerate towards Professional experts,
allowing me to engage on job training, for which we are highly indebted.

This report is based on the visits of different plants of POF, providing necessary
knowledge for carrying out various kinds of processes especially regarding chemical processes.

The objective in writing this project is not only to let the authorities of POF know about
what I have learnt here, but also to supply them a meaningful materials as well as to help the
future trainees of the plants. The report deals with different plant of Explosive factories of,
POF.

It was an unforgettable experience of vast dimensions, bringing me more closely to

people belonging provinces of Pakistan, developing national cohesion and solidarity. It shall
always be cherishing, illuminating a radiation and a particular glove of happiness and
brilliance the nostalgia of the same shall be ever encompassing for all times to come in not too
far distant future.

v
3. Pakistan Ordinance Factories (POF)
3.1. Brief Description

Type Defense
Founded Wah, Pakistan (1951)
Headquarters Wah Cantt, Pakistan.
Employees 25,000

3.2. History
At the time of creation of Pakistan in 1947, all sixteen ordnance factories fell to Indian
share because of their locations. Pakistan, as a newly born state had to therefore raise its own
defense industry. In this context, beginning was made in co-operation with British Royal
Ordnance.

After the partition, the newly created state of Pakistan needed to create an arms
manufacturer for the defense of nation. Within four months of its creation, Liaquat Ali Khan
issued a directive to create a factory for weapon manufacturing in Pakistan. Following Liaquat
Ali Khan’s association, the second Prime-Mister of Pakistan, Khawaj Nazimuddin establish
the first four factories of the POF in December 1951.

3.3. Introduction
Pakistan Ordinance Factories are the premier defense industries in Pakistan producing
a wide range of conventional defensive ammunitions to international standards. Recognized
for quality, reliability and competitive POF products are internationally accepted.

The nucleus of POF has grown in to a large modern engineering and chemical group of
factories, producing large range of munitions systems of ground, air and naval forces in
additions to meeting the domestic demands of the defense forces, POF products are in service
with over 30 countries, conforming to the highest international standards of quality and
reliability. POF is specialized in the manufacture of a verity of commercial explosives,
detonators, brass and ferrous compounds. An international mane in quality and reliability, all
manufacturing units of POF are ISO-9001 & ISO-14001 certifies. Its metallurgical testing labs
and ballistic proof ranges have the word’s class recognition of ISO-17025.

1
 Pakistan Ordnance Factories is also specialized in the manufacture of commercial
explosive; hunting ammunition possesses extensive facilities for the manufacture of brass,
copper and aluminum ingots, extrusion and section for non-military application.

A garments factory, which has the state of the art cloth cutting facilities and most
modern stitching units, manufactures military uniforms and can also cater for the needs of civil
sector.

POF also provides specialized training in courses related to armament production in its
institute of Technology equipped with some of the latest simulation and training aids.

3.4. Mainstream Industries

4. Weapon Factory 10. Propellants Factory
5. Machine Gun Factory 11. Tungsten Alloy Factory
6. Small Arms Ammunition Factory 12. Steel Foundry
7. Bombs and Grenades Factory 13. Brass Mills
8. Explosive Factory 14. Garments Factory
9. Filling Factory

3.5. Subsidiaries
1. Wah Industries Ltd. 5. Wah Nobel Acetate Ltd.
2. Wah Nobel (PVT) Ltd. 6. Attock Chemical
3. Wah Nobel Chemical Ltd. 7. Hi-Tech Plastic (PVT) Ltd.
4. Wah Detonators Ltd.

4. Visit to Explosive Factory

During the visit of explosive factory, I have visited different plants related to formation
of explosives and also the different labs of explosive factory. We have also given the safety
Lectures. We visited the following plants,

1 Safety
2 Acid-I
3 Gun cotton Factory/Nitro Cellulose Formation
4 NCNA (New Concentrated Nitric acid plant
5 Chemical labs

2
4.1. Safety

4.1.1. Definition
In simple words, safety can be defined as a method to protect human beings and
materials from injury, risk, damage etc by creating an environment and sense of responsibility
amongst various people involved in that work. Safety is supposed to be business of everybody
and cooperation of all concerned is required to accomplish this thank.

4.1.2. Importance
Safety plays an important role in the industries and places where human lives and
materials are involved. For example in Explosives and Filling Factories, where human
lives and materials are exposed to potential hazards, Similarly on roads and even in domestic
life, importance of safety can neither be ignored nor be underestimated. To save the mankind
from the undesirable effects of accidents, it is imperative to observe safety rules and regulations
prescribed in our life.

4.1.3. General Safety Provision

First Aid
Adequate first aid facilities with competent persons in attendance must be available at
all times. Suitable provisions for carrying injured personnel to treatment area must be available.

Protective Wear
Certain manufacturing processes, operations, etc, will require protective clothing and
equipment, which may include,

1. Safety Overalls 5. Apron

2. Safety Footwear 6. Eye Protectors
3. Helmets 7. Ear Protectors
4. Gloves 8. Respiratory Masks

Handling Protective Devices

1. Head Protection 4. Foot Protection
2. Eye Protection 5. Chemical and Flammable Liquids
3. Protective Clothing 6. Information & Training

3
4.1.4. Fire Fighting
Firefighting is the act of extinguishing destructive fires. A Firefighter these fires to
prevent destruction of life, property and the environment. Firefighting is a highly technical
profession which requires years of training and education in order to become proficient.

An Important facture of the prevention of workplace accidents and damage is the

control of the start and business whether a major industrial company or a small to medium
business.

Causes of fire
1. Electricity 4. Heating Appliances
2. Smoking 5. Hazardous Materials
3. Cooking
Fire Alarms
If people are to escape from a fire then they must be warned of the danger at the earliest
possible time. Every workplace must therefore be provided with a suitable fire alarm.

In very small businesses all that may be required is a manual gong or a simple break –
glass electric fire alarm.

In larger premises or workplaces with fire hazards which pose a more serious threat to
life and the smooth running of the business a more elaborate installation may be necessary.

Use of Fire Extinguisher

1. Pull the Pin at the top of the extinguisher. The pin releases a locking mechanism and will
allow you to discharge the extinguisher.
2. Aim at the base of the Fire, not the flames. This is important in order to put out the fore,
you must extinguish the fuel.
3. Squeeze the lever slowly. This will release the extinguishing agent in the extinguisher. If
the handle is release, the discharge will stop.
4. Sweep form side to side. Using a sweeping motion, move the fore extinguisher back and
forth until the fire is completely out. Operate the extinguisher from a safe distance, several
feet away and then move towards the fire once it starts to diminish. Be sure to read the
instructions on your fire extinguisher different fire extinguishers recommend operating
them from different distances. Remember: Aim at the base of the fire not at the flames.

4
4.2. ACID-I

4.2.1. Oleum Plant

Process Description
The process is the current method of producing sulfuric acid in the high concentrations
needed for industrial processes. (Vanadium pent oxide) is the catalyst employed. The process
was patented in 1831 by the British vinegar merchant Peregrine Phillips. In addition to being
a far more economical process for producing concentrated sulfuric acid than the previous
lead chamber process, the contact process also produces sulfur trioxide and Oleum.
The Process can be divided into three stages:

1. Preparation and Purification of sulfur dioxide

2. Catalytic oxidation (using vanadium pent oxide catalyst) of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide
3. Conversion of sulfur trioxide to sulfuric acid

Purification is necessary to avoid catalyst poisoning (i.e. removing catalytic activities). The
gas is then washed with water and dried by H2SO4. To conserve energy, the mixture is heated
by exhaust gases from the catalytic converter by heat exchangers.

Sulfur dioxide and oxygen then react in the manner as follows:

2SO2(g) + O2 (g) 2SO2(g) = -197kj/mol

To increase the reaction rate, high temperatures (450 C), medium pressures (1-2 atm),
and vanadium pent oxide (V2O5) are, used to ensure a 99.5 % conversion. Platinum would be
a more effective catalyst, but is very costly and easily poisoned. The catalyst only serves to
increase the rate of reaction it has no effect on how much SO3 is produced.

Hot sulfur trioxide passes through the heat exchanger and is dissolved in concentrated
H2SO4 in the absorption tower to form Oleum.

H2SO4 (L) + SO3 (g) H2S207 (L)

Note that directly dissolving SO3 in water is impractical due to the highly exothermic
nature of the reaction. Acidic vapor or mists are formed instead of liquid.

Oleum is reacted with water to form concentrated HSO4. The average percentage yield
of this reaction is around 30 %.

5
 The next step to the contact process is DCDA or double absorption. In this process the
product gases (SO2 and SO3) are passed through absorption towers twice to achieve further
absorption and conversion of SO2 to SO3 and production of higher grade sulfuric acid.

SO2 rich gases enter the catalytic converter, usually a tower with multiple catalysts beds
and get converted to SO3, achieving the first stage of conversion. The exit gases from this stage
contain both SO3 which are passed through intermediate absorption towers where sulfuric acid
is trickled down packed columns and SO3 reacts with water increasing the sulfuric acid is
trickled down packed columns and SO3 reacts with water increasing the sulfuric acid
concentration. Though SO2 too passes through the tower it is uncreative and comes out of the
absorption tower.

This stream of gas containing SO2, after necessary cooling is passed through the
catalytic converter and column again achieving up to 99.8% conversion of SO2 to SO3 and the
gases are again passed through the final absorption column thus resulting not only achieving
high conversion efficiency for SO2 but also enabling production of higher concentration of
sulfuric acid H2SO4. The industrial production of sulfuric acid involves proper control of
temperatures and flow rates of the gases as both the conversion efficiency and absorption are
dependent on these.

Raw Materials
 Sulfur  Air

Block Diagram of Oleum Plant

Figure 1: Oleum Plant Block Diagram

6
4.2.2. De-nitration / CNA plant
(CNA stands for Concentrated Nitric Acid)

Introduction
In CNA plant we use the WNA of concentration about 52% and improve up to 99%
therefore, we can say that this is the recovery of CNA.

Raw Material
Here separate feeding is done from NCNA plant WNA 52% is coming COV 96%
coming from waste of Nitro Glycerin use as a feed and water is also used.

Process Description
First of all feed is send to distillation column. Here we use packed column. Inside the
column there is a shell made of silicon. The remaining space between the inside and outside
shell filled with acid resistance material to avoid the leakage. There is a packing material called
quartz of different sizes. The feed is converted into the vapors by means of steam and the
distillation takes place. Then it goes to the condenser and then to the cooler. Here we get 99%
CAN after treatment in the column and 70% of DOV after the process then the bleaching of
CAN takes place by the air. Uncondensed vapors of CAN are sent to the absorption tower with
the help of blower after passing through the cooler. From uncondensed vapors after absorption
we get WNA which is recycled. Absorption tower are in series.

Steam + Feed → Vapors → Distillation → Condenser → Cooler

Figure 2: Block Diagram of CNA Plant

7
4.2.3. De-nitration Plant or DOV Plant
In de-nitration plant Nitric Acid is recovered from the spent acid that contains (HNO3,
HNO2, H2O, TNT, MNT) from High Explosive (HE) plant. In order to remove HNO3 from
spent acid we have to gone through following procedure,

Storage Tanks
First of all fill the storage tanks with spent acid that comes from HE section and by
using pump fill this spent acid into head tank present at the roof top.

Distillation Column
In distillation column there are 13 sections each one of section is filled packing material
quartz in order for good separation. There is a shower of H2SO4 at the top of column. There
are distribution trays provided above from section 11 to section 13. Also these trays are
provided with bubble caps in order to direct the vapors out in the form of bubbles (because
there is good absorption in bubble form).

First of all the distillation column is heated by steam flows from bottom to the top of
column and the required temperature of distillation column is from 160 to 170 0C. The feed
enters into column at section 11. As the boiling point of HNO3 is 83 0C and the internal
temperature of distillation column is 160-170 0C so it vaporize when it enters into column and
rise to the top and collects is condenser. Also the sulphuric acid sprays from the top of column
and it’s a good dehydration agent and is inert with HNO3 therefore it remains immiscible with
HNO3 but it absorbs the water and steam that flows towards the top and it becomes Dilute Oil
Vitriol (DOV) or Dilute Sulphuric Acid and settles at the bottom of the column from where it
is extracted and stored into storage tanks.

Coolers
DOV that drops from the bottom of the distillation column collects in coolers which is
supplied with the lead coils through which water is flowing and here the DOV is cooled to 30
to 400C. After that it is transferred to COV plant here DOV is concentrated and COV is
produced.

Condenser
HNO3 vapors from distillation column flows into the condenser supplied by
water cooling coils/shell here HNO3 vapors condense and concentrated Nitric Acid (CNA) is
obtained which is then drained off and is collected in storage tanks. HNO3 vapors that don’t

8
condense completely in condenser therefore condenser is also supplied by blowers which
sucks the remaining vapors present in condenser and direct them into the absorption tower.

Absorption Column
In absorption tower there are 4 stages and each stage is filled with demin water, each
stage is also supplied by a pump which takes the demin water to the top of column. Vapors that
are sucked from condenser are directed into column through the bottom of column and water
is sprayed from top of the column and HNO3 vapors absorbs in water and dilute HNO3 in
produced and the remaining vapors that don’t absorbs in water exits from the top of the tower
and enters into the next absorption where same process occurs and the remaining vapors
absorbs into the water and dilute HNO3 is obtained and further the remaining vapors stacked
out. The dilute HNO3 that is obtained from absorption column is concentrated by removing the
water in CAN plant.

Figure 3: Block Diagram of DOV Plant

4.2.4. Concentrated Oil Vitriol (COV) Plant

In COV plant the DOV that is obtained from CNA and de-nitration plant is concentrated
to form COV. For that purpose we have to gone through following procedure,

Storage Tanks/Wets
First of all DOV from CNA and denitration plant is collected in wets. The wets are
internally lined with lead because DOV contains water if it is collected in iron or steel tanks it
can cause corrosion therefore mild steel tanks are used which are internally lined with lead to
neglect corrosion.

9
 From storage tanks with the help of pump DOV is transferred into head tank which is
also internally lined with lead and from head tank via gravity DOV is directed into still.

Still
Still is in a furnace and is heated by burning the fire under it when the temperature of
still rise to 300 to 320 0C feed enters in still.

As DOV enters in still having still temp upto 300 0C the water and other components
in it vaporizes leaving the COV. After that COV enters into coolers.

Coolers
There are 2 types of coolers used …

1. Primary Coolers 2. Secondary Coolers

COV cools in coolers leaving at temperature of 25 to 30 0C and is then stored in storage

tanks made from Stainless Steel without any lead lining because there is no more water in COV
therefore it’s no more dangerous to storage material.

Figure 4: Block Diagram of COV Plant

4.3. New Concentrated Nitric Acid (NCNA) Plant

This plant is designed to make CNA of strength 98.5% and WNA having strength 52%
process based on pressure oxidation of mixture of liquid N2O4, water and WNA with
elementary dry O2 in an autoclave.

10
4.3.1. Raw Material
Liquid ammonia, Purified Oxygen and Water are used as a raw materials for processing.

4.3.2. Cooling Section

In cooling section we have to gone through following process

Storage Tanks/Wets
First ammonia is stored in wets from there it flows into the small evaporator. Also hot
brine solution that is used in plant flows towards cooling section here it is filled in brine tanks.

Small Evaporator
Here the hot brine solution that comes from the plant after heat transfer and filled in
brine tanks flows into the evaporators. Also ammonia from wets enters in evaporators and heat
transfer occurs between hot brine solution and ammonia as a result of which ammonia starts
vaporizing after that ammonia flows into the preheater here it further vaporizes, turns into
complete gaseous form and flows towards plant for processing.

Large Evaporators
There are 2 large evaporators A and B having same principle and operation. Each
evaporator is filled with cold ammonia which is used as a cooling media. Here hot brine that
enters in small evaporator after heat transfer flows in large evaporator A because brine in hot
and we needs to cool it down. So heat transfer occurs b/w brine solution and ammonia in first
evaporator after that brine solution flows towards evaporator B here further heat transfer occurs
b/w brine and ammonia. Brine solution cools down and returns back to plant for processing
again. In large evaporators during heat transfer b/w ammonia and brine, ammonia starts to
vaporize due to its low B.P and turns into gaseous form. This gaseous ammonia flows towards
compressor for further processing.

Compressors
There are 4 compressor used each works on 3 stages.

During 1st stage ammonia vapors from evaporators enters into compressor and
compressed after that these compressed vapors delivered to intercooler here vapors are cooled
and condensed and cool ammonia is obtained which is then transferred to reservoir but
in intercooler ammonia vapors don’t condensed completely therefore the remaining vapors in
intercooler are again sucked by compressor.

11
 In 2nd stage of compressor remaining ammonia vapors from intercooler are again
sucked by compressor and they are compressed after that these vapors delivered to condenser.
Condenser

Here ammonia vapors are cooled by using water as a cooling media. Here ammonia
vapors condense completely and then transfers to reservoir. Water that heat up in condenser is
cooled in cooling towers.

4.3.3. Plant Processing Section

In plant section following process occurs,

Filters
Here ammonia that comes from cooling section is purified different impurities like oil
removes from it and is set free of impurities. Also air from atmosphere is sucked and it is also
filters out and different impurities stacked out through it and air is set free of impurities. After
that these both flows towards mixer.

Mixer
Here ammonia and air after purification mix up and a gaseous mixture in formed. After
that this mixture flows towards combustion chamber.

Combustion Chamber
Here combustion of gaseous mixture of air and ammonia occurs as a result of which
(NO and NO2) gases produced. Combustion chamber is made fitted with Platinum and Radium
gauzes which are used as a catalyst. Gases after combustion are at very high temperature of
840 0C and these needs to be cooled down. So we use the waste heat of these gases in boiler
and steam is produced. After that these gases flows to coolers.

Coolers
In coolers the gases from boiler cools down leaving at temperature of 70-80 0C. After
that these gases flows to oxidation tower.

Oxidation Tower
In oxidation tower gases are oxidized to form NO3 gas. After that this gas flows towards
absorption tower.

12
Absorption Tower
There are 2 absorption towers C1 and C2 used in processing having 3 stages in each
and total of 6 stages in both. Demin water in filled in 6th stage and gases enters through the
bottom of C2 and flows upward also the demin water flows downward as its level increases
in each column and gases gets absorbs in each stage in demin water to form WNA. This process
caries out in same way through the whole absorption towers and leaving WNA of 52-53%
strength after stage 1 of absorption column C1.

If we want to make CNA then the gases from oxidation tower flows to the coolers and
after cooling these gases flows to other absorption tower here absorption of gases occurs in
same ways as in C1 and C2 but the only difference is that after WNA produces in this
absorption column it is again entered in same absorption column (means again enters as reflux)
in order to increases its strength and finally CNA obtains in the end which is then stored. In
this case another product is obtained N2O4 which is used as a rocket fuel.

Figure 5: Block Diagram of Plant Section

13
4.4. G.C (Gun Cotton)

4.4.1. Raw Material

 2ND cut raw Cotton
 Chemicals Caustic soda Nitric Acid Water

4.4.2. Process
The raw cotton is inter in the industry with the help of vehicles. In the industry these
are stages for manufacturing of pure Gun Cotton.

Washing
In the washing process there are four stages involve.

1. Washing by caustic soda

2. Washing by kin
3. Washing by Cooled Water
4. Washing by Hot Water

In the first stage the cotton is washed in the Blower. In the Blower, the solution of caustic
soda and Nitric Acid the cotton is washed in blower section some impurities is removed.

After then the cotton is send to kin in the cotton is washed with the help of steam. And
some part of impurities is removing. This process is for 5 hrs.

Then with the help of cool water the cotton is washed and then sent to another tank in this
the cooled water is rotting the cotton is send into this tank. The other some part of impurities
will be washed or removed.

Drying Section
In the drying section the two stages is involved.

1. Drying in rotator
2. Drying with the help of air

In the rotator the storage cotton is rotate and the one side the slop the water is move to slop
side and the water is send to recovery section and cotton is send to air section.

14
 In the second stage dryer the cotton send to the storage and with the help of air the moisture
will be removed and send to nitration section.

Nitration
In nitration section the cotton is dipped in Nitric acid for 30 second. After 30 second
the cotton is removed form nitric acid and send to mixed acid extractor. The acid is extract and
then sends to cool water mixer.

Water Mixer
Then send to cooled water mixer in cooled water mixer the cooed water is mixed in the cotton.
After mixed with water the cotton is converting into small pieces and send into rotator with the
help of very small pipe of cast iron.

Rotator
In the rotator the small pieces are rotating for 48 hrs when the mixed acid is good quality
otherwise they are rotate for 67-98 hrs. After this section the small pieces is send to cooker.

Cutting
In the cutting section the small pieces of the cotton is cutting more small pieces and
then add in the cutting section cooled water. After this they are send to power section.

Power Section
After cutting section the addition of water the cotton is converting into enzyme form
and then they are converting into power form. After this they are send to storage room and then
they are send to required plant. Before the sending plant, some amount is send to laboratory for
analyses for checking the quality.

4.5. Chemical Lab

There are five types of labs

1. Standard Lab 4. High Explosive Lab

2. Raw Material Lab 5. Instrumental Lab
3. Propellant Lab

4.5.1. Standard Lab

In the standard lab gravimetric analyses not instrumental analyses. Some types of
solution will be made like NAOH 1 / 10, NAOH 2/10 etc.

15
4.5.2. Raw Material Lab
In the raw material lab different types of raw material are appear in this lab and these
raw material are analyses in this lab.

4.5.3. Propellant Lab

In this lab different simple of the GC (Gun Power) and in this lab they are analyses. For
example: G.7, G12, G20, G40 etc.

4.5.4. High Explosive Lab

In this lab different test of the raw Explosive sample. For Example:

1. Oil % age 4. Humid Storage test

2. Upsetting test 5. Detonation Test
3. Moisture Content 6. Drop hammer test

4.5.5. Instrumental Lab

There are different types of instrument are available in instrumental lab of explosive
factory. With the help of these instrument different test are doing. Some instrument name are
listed.

1. High pressure liquid chromatograph 6. Baum Calorimeter

2. Call firer titration 7. Atomic Absorption flame spectro-
3. Gas chromatograph photometer
4. Spec to Photometer 8. Flam Photometer
5. Stability Bathe 9. Melting point

16