Comparison of Diesel Engine Characteristic Using Pure Coconut

Oil, Pure Palm Oil, and Pure Jatropha Oil as Fuel

Iman K. Reksowardojo, Y. Hartanto, T. P. Brodjonegoro, W. Arismunandar

2009

Diesel engine can be operated on either pure plant oil (PPO) oil or biodiesel. Biodiesel
production process is expensive due to many stages of processes, while PPO has a lower
cost of production, lower energy consumption, and simpler process. There are several
potential biofuel resources in Indonesia such as coconut, palm, and jatropha. They are
tropical plants with large amonts of their quantity.
in 17 hours engine running test :
Test Fuel
Diesel fuel, blend with 50% palm oil (PPaO),
blend with 50% coconut oil (PCO) and blend with
50% jatropha oil (PJO) were tested in this
Experiment.
In comparison with DF :
- Pure Coconut Oil (PCO) 139,7%
- Pure Palm Oil (PPaO) 232,9%
- Pure Jatropha Oil (PJO) 288,9%
PCO has the best antiwear property among test fuels,
whereas the worst is DF.
Effect On Engine Oil
Engine components which is investigated are inline
bosch pump (plunger and its barrel), injector
(nozzle and nozzle needle), piston, and cylinder head.
Those components condition were influenced by
properties of fuel.
Conclusion
From this study, it was shown that coconut oil
and its blend with diesel fuel gives higher BSFC
than diesel fuel and worse emissions because poor
atomization due to high viscosity and heating value
of coconut oil is lower than diesel fuel.
High viscosity of coconut oil impacts on better
fuel system components lubrication.
Coconut oil gives less deposit in combustion
chamber but more deposit in piston land, piston ring,
and piston grooves. It happens because its high
penetration due to high viscosity of coconut oil.
 FAILURE MODE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS OF
“OSTER” STEAM IRON
Anita Susilawati
2006
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) defined as a systematic process for identifying
potential design and process failures before they occur, with intent to eliminate them or
minimize the risk associated with them. “Oster” is one of many types of steam iron branded
by a manufacture that was presented in this research. The FMEA on each of the three
subsystems was carried out.

Result
The steam iron was opened up, at all screw joints as to
separate the iron into components. This purpose of
opening up the iron gave insights on how the iron was
built, that is the arrangement of the base plate, base
plate cover, water tanks, power systems, water or steam
systems, heater systems and etc.
CONCLUSIONS
This project is found ambiguities in accessing the
FMEA based on just the RPN, as a same RPN
number could be resulted via Occurrence 1 and
Severity 10 & Severity 1 and Occurrence 10. Hence
utilising the severity-frequency helped in avoiding
RPN ambiguity. The main areas of improvements are
there with high occurrence-being stick tendency and
health and safety issues. Similarly, high occurrencelow
frequency failure modes like loose control knobs
were also recommended for charge; as to reduce
customer imitation and annoyance.
 SUMMARY OF THE RECENT DEVELOPED TECHNIQUES FOR MACHINE HEALTH
PROGNOSTICS

Achmad Widodo, Wahyu Caesarendra

2014
The prognostics assessment of machines is an important consideration for
determining the remaining useful life (RUL) of machine components and prediction
of future state of machines. The method of solution implemented artificial
intelligence techniques including support vector machine (SVM), decision tree, and
autoregressive moving average/ generalized autoregressive conditional
heteroscedasticity (ARMA/GARCH).

SVM
The theoretical foundation of SVM was developed by Vapnik. Our first study of
prognosis was application of SVM for predicting future state condition of machine
reported in Ref.
The data used in this experiment is data trending of machine based on vibration signal
which contains data histories of machine until faults occurred.

Decision Tree
This value is subsequently utilized for the predictor which is generated by using
regression tree technique. The proposed method is mainly similar with previous
technique that consists of four steps: data acquisition, data splitting, training-
validating and predicting. The proposed method was successfully applied to predict
similar machine as previous example by SVM with different number of training and
testing data.

ARMA/GARCH
The main idea of implementation is to employ the linear ARMA model and nonlinear
GARCH model to explain the wear and fault condition of machine, respectively.

Conclusion
This paper summarizes and reviews the research outcomes of machine prognosis
study which had been conducted by authors and their team in IML-PKNU, Korea.
The developed methods have employed various techniques for estimating failure
degradation of machines being studied. Moreover, our developed systems concern
with implementation of intelligent systems to obtain high accuracy in predicting
health condition of machines. Even though many researchers have been conducted
similar research of prognosis, but this area is still open and interesting to be studied.
The effort to find research finding of machine prognosis that are effective and reliable
in application should be emphasized.
 The Discontinuous Carbon Fiber Composite: A Review of the Damage
Characteristics
Jefri Bale

2015

Discontinuous carbon fiber composite (DCFC) is one of new low-cost material product form
that had applied for commercial component such as window frames of the Boeing 787
Dreamliner. Study on DCFC was very challenging since it did not have the same nature
behavior like conventional composite nor isotropic materials. In this work several studies on
damage characteristics of DCFC material were presented. The damage characteristics of DCFC
were investigated while undergoing static and fatigue loading.

Result
The mechanical and damage characteristic
Boursier and Lopez, 2010 investigated the
failure initiation and effect of defects on
structural discontinuous carbon fiber composite.
It was found that DFC is relatively insensitive to
the types and sizes of the defects that affect of to
the continuous fiber composite (CFC) and also
Initial do not correlate failure load or give a
good indication of the final failure location.
Picture below shows the experimental results that
indicate the behavior of DFC material.

CONCLUSION
Briefly, the DCFC material exhibits
different surface strain variations as the result of
the whole underlying laminate meso-structure,
which in turn means that the orientation of the
chips through the entire thickness of the
specimen dictates the surface strain behavior
(Ferabolli et.al, 2009).
The NDT observation of ultrasonic c-scan,
thermography and digital image correlation
show successfully detect of the appearance and
the propagation of the damage of DCFC
material.
 THE EFFECT OF ALLOY ELEMENTS ON FATIGUE
STRENGTH OF GRAY CAST IRON AT ROOM AND HIGH TEMPERATURE
Sulardjaka, S.T. Atmadja, S. Nugroho, F. Adnan, A.D. Cahyono

2013
Gray cast iron is quite poor in terms of fatigue resistance due to its typical
microstructure of distributed graphite lamellas in a pearlite matrix. The objective of
this research to improve mechanical properties and fatigue strength gray cast iron
(GCI) at high temperature by adding the alloy elements such as: nickel (Ni),
molybdenum (Mo), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr).

Result
The hardness and tensile properties of GCI, GCI alloy 1 and GCI alloy 2 are shown
in Figure 1 and Figure 2. It shows that alloy element such as : nickel (Ni),
molybdenum (Mo), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) increase the hardness and tensile
strength of Gray cast iron. GCI alloy 2 has highest hardness and tensile strength.
Increasing hardness and tensile strength of GCI was caused higher Ni content in GCI
alloy 2 than Ni content in GCI alloy 1 or GCI. The addition of nickel in alloy iron
produces a slight hardening effect [10]. The results of tensile test was comparable
with results of the hardness test.

CONCLUSIONS
1) Alloy element such as : nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr)
increase the hardness and tensile strength of Gray cast iron.
2) Fatigue strength GCI with alloy elements at temperature test 300 oC are higher than fatigue
strength at room temperature, Ni play as role for improving fatigue strength of CGI.
3) Nickel results finer graphite grain and improve fatigue strength of Gray cast iron at high
temperature.