Solution Manual for B.P. Lathi LINEAR SYSTEMS AND SIGNALSChapter 1 ee 1.4-1 From Newton's law web [some 43.2.2 If /(t) and y(t) ave the inpat and output, rxpectively, of an ideal integrator, then i= 00) and seers [ rove= yo) + [noe 112-1 Only (b) and (f) ase lincas. All the remaining are aonlinens, This can be verifed by asing the procedue discussed in Example 2. 1.2:1 The loop equation for the citcut in an) + Dutt) =F) oF (D+3)n(9 = 10) o Alo Dult) = nl) =n) = ZnO) @ Substitution of (2) in (0) yields Prd yess) ce (D42nl)= DMO) o 13-2 The currents in the resistor, eapacitor and inductor are 2y:(t), Dyo(t) and (2/D)ra(t, respectively. Therefore (o424 Bint) = 10) (0420+ 2)n(t) = DIC) w Alea nl = Dw) or w(t) = 5ml) @ Sswbatitatng of (2) in (1) yields DP+2D+2, Patra ve) (P+2D+2)n(6) = D4) i 113-8 The fecbody dingram for the mass M is shown in Fig. S1.-3. From this diagram it follows that Mj = BU - 9) + K(e—9) (MD? + BD + K)y(t) = (BD + K)=(8) 1Bue Kor”? Fig. S133 (a(t) -ao(g}ar= aan ‘ ig) = Flas) ~ wl) But eo(0) = RAW) Difleeatiation of (2) yields (= RO = ad R (03) (D+aett= ant ad alt= subetitating this in (2) yields ae) 15 The loop equation forthe ld cil it me me (hy + Rid = 0) ICT) isthe torque generated, then Ti) = K,i,(t) = (0? + BD) svbtiatng (1) i (2) vind pita M0 = 0? + BOM) (00? + BD\ DL, + RM) = KK) 14-1 ‘The loop equation forthe network in Fig. Piet are (5+ §) nto-snt = 10 SHB -2 [nto] _ 70) veavoimaee 7 Ee oeelloal“[* ‘Application ofthe Cramer's rule yields w nid) = Ps) and wl) = epee (S0" 48D 46)n(1)=DD+3)F() and (SD? 8D + O)ne¢) = D400) 2 aw @ e w a a a142 asa Ler “The loop equations for this network are @ They are expressed in mats form as sg Lee -¥ Gri+pllaol” | o ‘Apnlcation ofthe Cramer's ral yields 3420436 w= sora) 4 n= pe (D+ 40+ 40)n(0) = YD? +2D436 71 and (DEAD + 40)n(0) = FO) (D43)n(2)= (D410 = 1) “(D+ 1)nl) + (D424 Fyn =0 D+s D4 | [ney]. [10 -biey wre) [me] [0 Cramer's ue yells (D 4204) = HOAs NM) aad (WP 420-4 1IM(H) = FLO? + DO. ‘The capacitor curtent Cis = fis is #1 ~ #2. Therefore 1 = 22 ‘The two loop equations are dite tea feted e west bites ete betes tte e ‘Equations (1), (2) and (8) are the state equations For the 29 resistor: carcent in #1, voltage it 21 For the 1H inductor: curren in 21, voltage ia £1 = f(t) ~ 221 —#3- For the capacitor: current is #3 ~ P2, voltage ists For the PH inductor, cerzent is 2, voltage is bin = —2a +, For the 19 resistor: curreat is z2 and voltage is #3 A treiastant {21 25,321, 29 =2and f = 10, Subetituting these values in the above results yields ‘2 resiator: carrent SA, voltage JOA. 43H capacitor: current SA, voltage 10 ~ 10 —2 = -2V. ‘The capacitor. current 5—1= 4A, woltage 2V. ‘The 4H inductor: current 1A, voltage -1 +2 = 1V. ‘The 10 resistor: carrent 1A, voltage 1V.Chapter 2 ear 22-1 The characteristic polynomial i 47 +54++6. The characteristic equation is 1? +5A+6 = 0, Also X* +54+6 (15 2)0°43), Theres the characte oot are My = ~2 and 2a = ~3, Th chraceritie mods ae € tnd e™, Therefore w(t) =e Heae™ and inl) = tae = Sexe" Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting intial conditions yo(0) = 2, o(0) = 1 ia this equation yields atee?y_, ass wta = 3692-1 ° Therefore s(t) = 807% =e 2.2-2 The characteristic polynomial is 1? 4444 4. The characteristic equation is 4? 444-44 = 0, Also A? +414 ao that the characteristic roote are ~2 and ~7 (repeated twice). The characteristic modes ars e“™" and ‘Therefore salt) = ere" ente oll) = Bese — Bate tere Setsing t= 0 and aubstitating initial conditions yields aaa ae 42 tate, oat Therefore welt) = (042) 22:8. The characteristic polynomial is (+1) = 2°-+2. The characteristic equation is A(A+1) = 0, The chasscteristic roots ate O and =I. The characteristic modes are 1 and e'. Therefore wit) sa tee and inl) = ae Setting 1 = 0, and subestatng initial conditions yields leate ae? iT}. oth ‘Therefore w(t) =2- 2.24 ‘The characterntc polynomial is +9, The characteristic equation is? 49 = 0 oF (2 +33)(A~ 33) =0. The characteristic roots are 33. The characteristic modes are e" and e~?™*, Therefore w(t) = coonlat +8) and in(t) = ~Senin(at +8) Selting ¢ = 0, and substitting initial condition yields once? \_. ‘ x/2 ‘Thesefore228 226 227 21 232 w(t) = 2eoe(at ~ Z) = Daina ‘The characteristic polynomial is X74 4A-+13. The characteritic equation is 1? +4413 2-453) = 0. The characteristic roots are ~2 33. The characteristic modes are ¢1¢ “Therefore oF (A +2-23)0+ 2 aad cael elt) = ce" eon 3+ 8) and Slt) = Dee cant +6) ~ See nin(at +0) Setting t= 0, and substituting intial conditions yields contes | _, onio J ictab o ‘Theretore n(t) = 1067 coe( se 9) i “The characteristic polynomial i 27+ 1) of A842. The characteratic equation e X14 1) = 0, The horacteratie rots are 6, and ~1 (Oi repeated twice). Therefore Ea w(t) Sa batt ae” inl!) =e int) = ee" Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields “Therefore s(t) = 54 2t— ‘The characteristic polynomial is (A-+1)(2? +54+ 6). The characteriatic equation i (A+ 1)(3? +52 +8) (0b 1) 2)0.4 3) 50. The characteraic roots ate —1, ~2 and 3. The characteristic modes are ¢ and e~*. Therefore oor w(t) sae tae t+ ee and = tone — dese" tee +800 elt) = 0 felt) =e Setting t = 0, and substitting inital conditions yields leatate | 8 alena—2a-ta p= a Sacto +90 aes ‘Therefore pelt) = Gert = Te + 30 Using the fact that (2)6(2) = f(0)(=), we have (a) 0 (b) $64) Ce) $8(H) (4) —H6CE~2) (0) sAp hl +9) He) (wee Lt Hopital ole) In thete problema remembcr that impulse 6() ie leated at «= 0, Thus, as impulse 6(¢~r) is ocated at r= and #0 08 (G) The impulse is located at r= t and f(r) abr = tis f(t) Therefore [Cree nara so (0) The impute) eat 7 O and f(t) a r= Oia f(D. Therefore 5aad 238 236 231 [aore-ne=s0 Using silar arguments, we obtain 1 @o (ee (CS I) M-F Changing the variable to —2, we obtain L [Ceosna= [7 xon-ne= oo dtcantayde =f” H-aisle)ee = 40) [Ceon-ne= ‘Thin shows that ‘Therefore 50) = 6-8) Letsing at we obtain (for a > 0) J owenern [7 a8 Similarly for «<0, we ahow that thin integral in ~4(0)- Therefore (ote 240) £ ‘H(8)8(a8) dt = eo * i o(t)(t) at Therefore Han) = ee) @ [boa oe [sone [aonas 4) ‘The characteristic equation it A? 44X43 = (24 1)(A+3) = 0. The characterinic modes are e~' and e-* ‘Therefore wo(t) =e in(t) = ene = tae Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting ¥(0) = 0, i(0) = 1, we obtain 1 orate asa ale 2 2 ‘Taerefore wl) = Het) A(e) = [P(DywotI}o(t) = [(D + S)v( 8) (6) = fot) + Seo }a() = (26 — YH) ‘The characteristic equation a 0? + 5A46= (A +42)(A43)=0. and welt) =e te elt) = 2e1e-* = Bee Setting t= 0, and subtitating 9(0) = 0, (0) =1, we obtain228 230 2310 I= 2a -34, ‘Therefore w(t) and [PCD) ve )}e(0 = bil) + Tho t) + Lav tI}a(t) = (M+ CO Hence (A) = bad) + [P(D)as( u(t) = 6(0) + (6 + elt) ‘The characteratic equation is +1 =0 and w(t) = ee" In this case the inital condition is x2~(0) = yo(0) = 1. Setting # = 0, and using yo(0) = 1, we obssin c= 1 and wi P(D)ye( 8) = (~do(®) + vl t)]a(t) = 2e*a(t) Heace ‘(t) = buble) + [PCD}vn(t}a(e) = ~6(t) + 260) (a) The characteristic equation is 3? 45246 = (0+2)(A+43) = 0. Therefore Therefore in(O) = 207" 430% aad a) = [P(D)po (elo) = Lilt) + 290(D() = a(t) (b) The characteristic equation is A+3= 0. Therefore w(t) = Setting t= 0, and substiteting jo(0) = 1 [see Ba. (242), we obtain © = 1, and (a) = [PD)vo( at) = welale) = (8) ‘The characteristic equation is 2? 4 6A 4.9 = (A+ 3)? =0. Therefore w(t) = (6 Feat" alt) = Sl tat) +a) Setting t= 0, and substituting yo(0) = 1, io(0) = 1, we obtain ay cheyatene ss a w(t) = te 1Hence Ae) = [P(D)wti}o(t) = (aint) + 9p0(0D] ule) = (2-4 3800) ‘sit The characteristic equation ip 37410434 = (A+ 5— j2)(A +543) = 0. Therefore a(t) = ce" con(3t +8) felt) = —Soe“" con(at +4) —See™*xin(3¢+ 8) ‘Setting ¢ = 0, and substitating (0) = 0, o(0) = 1, we obtain iDeeecicael cs ‘Therefore w(t)= and a= oy) = + Ae = cnt + fainage ae) = Serene e838) 2-12 The characteratc equation i (A-+1)(A-+2)(A 4) = 0. Therefore eet at Sexe 480 ‘Setting €= 0, and substituting yo(0) = fo(0) = 0, fo(0) = 2, we obtain veatata Onn 2ada pee ant lee ttes $800 ‘Therefore 242 (i) yesna [seme-nirs [[arai[ ne wuze we ree Peta u(t) o a(t) = tu)(Gi) Becanae both functions aze causal etal) eet) and a(t) 4 eal) = teat) (Git) Because both functions are causal u(t) 0(0) = [ yale ar ‘The cange of integration in 0 Sr $ . Therefore 7 > 0 and r—t> 0-0 that u(r) = e(r—4) = 1 aed wien [ref ae ta(t) outs) = HP00 aamneann (f'sereinae-nes) s(t) = 1 (see explanation in solotion 2.42) satatpeut)= (['anrar) a9 = 0 -enot (i) Similarly sateen (fomrts) ey eaet 244 In this problem, we ase Table 2.1 to find the desired convolution. (a) vt) = A(t) # $0) = eMC) 9 4(8) = (= Ia) {b) v6) = Me) #2) = efa(t) «eal t) = tea) fe) we) =e =e alt) (2) ¥(¢) = sin Bia(0) hat) ‘Here we use pair 12 (Table 2.1) with a = 0, 8 =3, @-=—00° and A=—t. This yields oot ana sindtu(t)ee tal = “= 8.486¢~* — con 3+ (eet IE a 245 (3) a(t) = (26-2 =e )ut) out) = 2e*alt) elt) — fa(n— en) _ da e™™ = pa-Ee] ie 3) a0)@ a(t) ae) | (0) (0) = 26 Malt) eat) — Ef i ( = (eu) © Ho) = 2 eal we Mal) 2 Mo) PHL — MID LD bs eS ie | a) alee 20 nae 1 = 28)e-u(t w(t) = eat) w(t) ~ 2te ale) # HCO) = | a(t) = teMu(t) DAT (a) For y(t) = Ae-™ coustult)s w(t), We ue pair 12 with o-= 2, #3, #0, 2= 0, Therefore bese [3] = sear voms[™ 56.31") — e483] uy = loses et anor estar a0 (b) For y(t) = 40 con tule) « e“fu(t), we ase pair 12 with o = 2, 8= 2 0,and A= -1. Therefore pane [3] = rae aa ons [eneuseae =z uy = sg latte cater 6) Spas wafer= yet anaes x0 BAS (0) vt) = ee) eal = (t= a egy eat, and a) =e [eat 4M] =ACet —eMHLO (eyelet) = e-4e-¥Dt-3) Now from the rnin pat (a ad the hilt propery ofthe ceaolton (Ea. (2.83) a(t) set [eM ale) — CA] oft) (2) f(d)= s(t) ut 1), Now y(t) the system rexponse to w@) i given by alt) =e) om = 0-0) “The system response to w(t —1) it y(t) becanse of timeinvariance property. Therefore the reepoase y(t) to §{8) = u(t) — w(t—1) a given by v(t) = nl) nlt=1) = 0 10‘The response is shown in Fig $2.48. 248 H(0) = [-8(0) + 26e(0] veal) 2410 aren Fig 52410 shows hy ad) (he et ol he conrltin) he * — ars a t= T cued ew Fee) ol t ts 24-11 Fort < 2x (see Fig. 82-411) o(t) = 110) a(t For # 2, the ares of one cycle is sero and unFig S241 fe og(=0 122e and <0 2ae12 For 0S ¢S 2x (eee Fig. 824124) Noeut)= [enrtrmt—ont— ostsie For 2r <1 < 4x (Fig: 824126) sinrdrmcet-1 0 2eStS4r For t> 4x (also for <0), f(t)s () = 0. Figure $2.4-12¢ shows c(t). J) 96) t72T 4 att e ant ©) pig sane aes (@) eee ae dom fan ostsos aye favre aza-9 ossegn d= [" apirn amiss) -0sstse dino 121 or t<-08 » don [anim anny osesi dye [ apern Best) -18¢80 imo tor 2a © j= [aes on a asf dretee -12t2-4 2Ie rset” Yh De 2 * C2 @ £ \ t= rn a) or ra ead YY (4) 7 ty tzo | “Qe e ~ Fig. $2413 13dyno 1st @ coe [renee nose 120 2 [rear eraser 2a ages @) am fo" pigeons est com fU gpeemet| 27 2 wo doe [ota ostsa Taree et 428 a= no tg0 (q) This probiess is mote conveniently selved by inverting f(t) rather than fs(4) a= [“e-oed ze a= duo fer t20 Niece) = rade iF) ODI @) A= Om don fi temtare a= | ei [\ frereie a= ff owe ay=0 ts. 2-14 An cement of length Be at point aZir has a charge {(ndir)Ar (Fig. $24-14). The elecsic feld due to thie aout abe sacar “Te oa ld it the charge long he aie gto Be Be, Attar # [pots “ are fete] ests oy oRtR A xen) 1212-2TOTaTATR TPR TATA ATA] SABEEEReOO Mig 92.51 24-18 The aysiem response to w(t) ia g(t) and the response to step a(t 1) is s(t~ 1). The inpat {(#) ia made up of step componeats, The step component at r has a height Af which can be expressed as ap= Share fener ‘The step component at mAr has a height /(wAr)&r and it can be expromed as [f(adr)Orja(t— nr). Ite response y(t) is x(t) = i(narydrig(t-n0r) ‘The total reaponse due to all component in 16) fim, 3 Madrist-aanar = [tern nerm toner ‘2A-16 Indicating the yat and corresponding response graphically by an arrow, we have 4) — vt) Kt—T)—alt-T) (by Tnnniarsiance) 1 - 10-T)— O-Ht=T) (by Himeasity) ‘Therefore BH - 16-7) — fy FH -- ‘The let haad side ia f(t) andthe ight-hand sein). Therefore fo Next we recone that ; noeuge [ remenerm f sorer o “Tia lows from the fac that a(t r) = 1 becuse 0.5 7S Now the rngons to ff f(r) be (0+ (0) Mt) = LH = Me} 0) = 9 60) Bat a shown in Ea (1) x(0) +0) in ff v(r) dr. Therefore the respomoe to input {5 f(r) dria J, ule) 2.5: The figne shows jsf] and fs{—m] tapes. To had gf], we maltply the sample rae a the ajuceat los, ad Slthe prodoctn and aahiply it by 7. This yn yoiet (Jasesns+ tas) =ersasr a ccmsasSicy wad ft] (be pour ot 1) we hea, in| ar roe de and pms ‘procedure oa ilar (Jas saans Las) osnsr moses ‘To obtain gfe], wv Hightahif fm] tape by ¥ slots and repeat the procedure. For negative 1, the tape is letvebiied by r dots, Using this procedare, we obtain g(i] = @ for b < ~6 and h > 1, which corresponds to (rg 0.6 and ¢2 11, Similny, we Sad gt] = SABT = 0-5AB foe km 1, 2, 3, and 4, rfl] = OATSAB for k= 0 And 6, Yl] = O025AB for ba 6 and 10(C = ~048, and 1). Figure 52.51 shows the responce v(t). 25:2 We follow the peocedare ia Prob. 25-1. We obtain g{0] = 9SABT = 0.9648, and iti] = 9ABT = 0.948 (corvepoading tot = 20.1), ai) = O2SABT m 0.625AB (corrnponding to ¢ = 1). Similarly We obtain Sfej= 0 for [> 11 which corrrponds to [i 1.1. Figure $2.52 shows the plot of]. Me 252 ob Using the procedure in Prob. 25-1, we fad g(0] © 307 = 3. Figure $2.5: shows the plot of y(t], Obeerve that id] = 0 for tS Al which corrpponds to 1 $ —4.1. -20 -10 ° 10 20 a + we Fig. 9253 201 @) Pease asaase ' Both roots are in LHP. The system ia aeymptotically stable. (b) AQ? + 3.42) = 41)042) Roots are asin and nome in REP. The system ia marginally stable. ©) 20842) 20+ iV ‘Roots are 0 (repented twice) and 3/2. Mablple roous on imaginary aia. The eywtem ia unstable. (2) 40'- 048) =A400-1A-3) Roots are —1, 1 and §. Two nts in REP. The aytem is uaetable, 202 @) Q4)Q742045? @Q4nAs1- 7041427 Roota =I, —1-4j2 (ropoated tien) azv al ia LHP. The eyetem in arrmptoticaly table () G40" +9) 2 04004s90- 3) Roots are —1, 3. Tio (eimpla) root on imaginary axis, nome in REP. The ayotem ia marginally stable © O+G +02 OFA +O aP Rota are =I asd trie. Malkipla root sie, The stam is unstable, (a) O24 1908 + a +9) = 4 19 — FI + 52K = 3290+ JHA = 32) ‘Tie roota are jl, 432 and 432 All mou are imple and om imaginary axis. None in REP. The system is marginally stable, 263 (a) Bocaase o(t) = ol), the charactaitic root fo Taree the imaginary azi, and the ayotem is marginally stable. 16264 2a 272 2 ‘The system ia BIBO unstable, . (4) The integral of 6() ia w(. The aystem response to 5(t) i w(t). Clearly, the system is an idea! integrator. ‘Avsume that a system exists that violates Eq, (2.8) and yet produces a bounded outpet for every bounded input. The expanse at ¢ = nay= [Moree nar Consider « bounded input f(t) such that at some instant t1 1 tae) >0 mona-{l anoee In this case Moga =7)= OO) ae w09= [mene nee ‘i te the samo ® ‘The mate of pulse communication < ye (ey Testun tthe uaa ‘time-constant (rise-time) of the system is T, = 10°*. 0" pulecr/oec, The channel cannot transmit million pulses/second. =10Hs ‘The chansel can transmit andio signal of bandwidth 16 Aifs readily. 1 Rego ‘The received palae width = (0.5-+0.3) = 0.6 ms. Each pulse tales up 0.6 ms interval. The maximam pul rate (o avoid interference between succeaive pales) ia 1 SER TES = 100 pac ee 4TH DS A+A+H) ‘The natural response is alt) = Hae + Kee (Por f= (yee w(t) = Kye + Kae +} 50) = 3 = Ake Setting ¢ = 0 and enbetituting initial conditions, we obtain orkemett Ket LB = 4K, Ke asd oe -tote &) 1) =e, v= A = EYE 120 (0) = Kio + Kae + Fe Ht) = 3K Ae = bet WwSetting t = 0, and substiteting inital conditions yids ormetat da De -3K — 4K b aad w= pet pete 120 © u(t), volt) = A(-2) = 0 w(t) = Rie + Kae it) = aK — Ge Setting # = 0, and subatitating iniil conditions yields oeKth Yi mat La 3K = 485, Keo wma RO 2d 460425 = (A+ —JH)(A +34 54) charactrintic root are —3 34 galt) = Ke conltt +) For f(0) = al, yolt) = H(0)™ fy v0 that w{t) = Ke“ cont +0) + HO) = -aKer* cal tt +8) — ARE conltt +8) K=oat = -1063 ad Hl) = 04Te™ coat 1063") 43 120 ‘28-3. Charuclerintic polypomba a 314404 4 (A42)?, The rots are ~2 repented twice. alt) = (Ki + Kathe (a) Por ft) eat), ol) = H(-3) = 20 vt) = (Ma + Kathe™™ = 26% it) = —2(Ks + Kathe + Kae +6" Seting¢ = 0, and enbtiatng inal conditions yields pemi-2 Kat wormed ot wd wi) = (+ Baye — 2 420 (b) fl) emule), volt) = H(-t)ert 0 10 = (K+ Ket (0) = ~2(K + Kat) Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields 1824 268 tek } a Bet S= 2K. + Ks Kae wa wO=e Hoe" 120 Because (A?+2A) = (A+), the characteristic roots are 0 and —2. a(t) = Ki + Kae In thin cane f(t) = lt). The inpat ite aw characteritic mode. Therefore volt) = Bt Bat go(t) eatiaed the system equation (DP Dynal) = (D+ AWD) = Hol0) + PHU) = 14 IO Subetitating J(0) = wt) and volt) Bt, we obtain osnmo41 me fat w= Ket Kae +t i) = 2k +b Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields Dek tks K a2 +h Ke and mata jemage 120 the antaral response y(t) is fond in Prob. 2.61 (= Ke + Kee ‘The inpat f(t) = 67" ia a characerintc mode, Therefore w(t) = pe ‘so welt) sien the system equation: (0414 sl = (D420) ) + Toll) + Naot) = HO) +240) Sabesnstng f(0) =e and got) = Ble i thin equation yiede (9pt— 6B)e7** + 16-284 + Ber + 128te me —3e* + 26 Beene me fed ‘Therefore a0) = Rie + Kae te (0) = eM Ket te Selting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields Kat Kyat #20 #20 0Chapter 3 aat ‘Therefore wii] alt - 1) = 18) Realiaation of this equation is shown in Fig. 2.1-1 $LeI ¥CRI YLR1d Fig. $3.11 3.1.2. The net gromth rate of the native population is 23— 1.3 = 2% per year. Assuming the immigrants enter at 2 uniform rate th the year, ther birth and death rate willbe (3.3/2)% and (.3/2)%, respectively of the immigraats at the end of the year, The popalation p(t) at the begianing of the hth year is p(k ~ 1) plus the fet increase in the native population plus sé ~ 1], the immigrants entering daring (& — 1)st year plus the net increane in the immigrant population for the year (k~ 1) UR] = of — 1) + iggpia — 1) + ate — 1) + GRATE — a = 1.079fk 114+ Long = 3] He) = L0n9fe = 1} = Lowe - 1) e+] Lage = 10048) aaa ib) = afk + 79M = 1) Seen TEUS__ Tike BERTH sete TELRT Fly yley FER THOR ‘ cy MOT Ow Sept pat eal Digit Tategoniee eal gition ee Piernate realigition using « single deygrk-2} ytkt3S yred + 4 4 ss RA R Figure S14 S.i-4 At the instant k, money which is for 2 or more years is y{4— 2) Money which is for 1 year is »{ —1]—s1#-2} Hee sf8) = 0nty(h—2} +0228 — = aka += 1+ 8 a) = 22[e 3} - 0.06yfk ~2} = 118) “This cam be alternatively expromed a alt +2) Laayle + 1]- 0.069} = 08 +2) aa8 a8) = HUH) + fe = 1) + fle ah + se - a) + fe - ) ‘The realisation in shown in Fig. $3.15. Fig. S35 ‘3.46 ‘The node equation at the bth node is in +in-+is = 0, oF f= 1] ofl) of ta) olt] B z Therefore (elk — 114 oft +1)- 18D — Wil = 0 sth t)— a+ Delt + t= 11 =0 hatin fk +3] — (2+ L)olk +1] + ft] = 0 [er- (+5) 243) m= o,anasio (£-0.5)(E - 2)of4] = 0 321 vik +1] = 0.594] a Setting E = —1 and snbetitating o[-1] = 10, yields yo) = 0500) =5 Setting k= 0, and substituting 0} = 5, yi wt) = 0515) =25 Setting f= 1 in (1), and eubatitating y[l] = 25, yields 2322 324 328 vf) = 05(25) =125 we) e+ 3] = 20) + b+ @ Setting k = -1, and subutituting gf-1] = 0, f(0]= 1, vilda wolno+ier Setting k= 0, and subutivating y(0}= 2, f(t) = 2, yields gli) =-20) + b= 24 b= 1.652 Setting F = 1 in (1), and substituting fl) = ~2+ 4, fl0l = 3 viele ws -2(-24 + badd dee dae il] = 06y(k~ 1] +0.36(8 - 2) Setting # = 0, and subtiteting o(-1]= ~28,s[-2] = 0, villa 0] = 06(~25) + 0.16(0) = -15 Sesing b= 1, and vubetituting 9{-1] = 0, of0]= ~15, yekds it] = 06-18) +0.16(-28) = 12 Setting b= 2, and eubtiating y(t] = —12, g[0) = —15,yélda if] = 6(-13) +0.16(-18) = 102 “This equation ca be expresed a2 e+ 2) lk) deol + sk) Setting # = ~2, and eabutitcing g{-1} = sf=2] = 0, £0] = 100, yields af0] = ~E(0) ~ (0) + 100 = 200 2-1, and sabeitating {+1 =O, 0} = 100 #1] = 100, yk als} = (100) ~ #(0) + 100 = 15, Setting b = 0, and substituting y[0] = 100, y(1]= 75, ff2]= 100, viekds 2} = = E(18) ~ dy(200) + 100 = 75, tk +2) = —tofk-+1)— ante) + 8 +2) 49908 + 11+ 3714) Setting F = 2, and enbaisting 1} = 3, o{-2] =2, =] = 1-2] = 0, 0] =1, yields 40) = ~¥8) —2(2) +1-4+3(0) +30) = 12 Setting k= -1, and aubettating [0] = —12,x{=1] = 3, f1-11= 0, 10} = 1, £10] = 3, vide atl = -2(-12) - 28) +3430) +200) = 36 Procenting alg same lines, we obtain a2} = =3(88) ~ 26-12) +94 33) +301) = 63 aft) = =29(k — 1) - ok —2] +2918] ~ f08~ 1) Setting b= 0, and substtating g{-1) = 2, x{-2]= 3, f10}= 1, ff-t}= 0, yields 2at 332 a3 a4 a0) = 2(2) = 34201) -0 = -8 5st] = 2, f10] = 1, fU8) = 4 viele at) = -2(-8) ~ (2) +2) -1 = 1867 Setting # = 2, and subatisting y(t} = 7.867, of] = ~8, 0] = 4, 2} = $s vile i) = -27.867)- (-8) 420) - b= Setting E and substituting 9] as (E+sE 42th =o ‘The characteristic equation ia 7? +3742 (1-417 +2) = 0. Therefore ae) =a(-1)" +ex(-2)" Setting k= 1 and ~2 and substituting inital conditions yields souls i a= 2-1-9" B20 (£2 +264 1pik =0 ‘The characteristic equation in 7? +2741 = (741)? = 0. vit] = (a+ et)(-10" ‘Setting E = —1 and 2 and substituting intial conditions yields Im-atal, ant lea-te as ali] = ~(8-4 28-1)" (2-26-42) <0 ‘The characteriatic equation is 7? = 274+2-= (7-1~ 317 ~ 1451) =O “The roots are 14 j1 = Vie#""" a] = dV) cal Setting E = 1 and =2 and enbatitatng inital conditions yields +0) 1m Speml—$40)= Slee ene) Om fon $40) = fein Solution of these two simaltaneous equations yields me ali] = 20/9)" conl $4) CChaructesintic equation in 7? 427-42 (1+41~J1N(1+ 1451) = 0. The root ae =1 £31 = We42*1¢ afk = e( VI)" coo AE + 8) Setting b = 0, 1, and subetitating initial conditions yields a338 336 om cco en? 2m Vacca + ont Ak] = 26/9)" coo AE $) = 2(V3)" ain ER) ale +2} 4 4y(t] = 0 (+4918 =0 “The charactesintc equation a7? +4 = (14 52)(7~ 52) = 0. The roots ae 2 = 204i"? atl fa) con gt +8) Setting f= 0, 1, and subetitatng initial conditions yields = ccond }= ccd 2m Reconl§ +0) = ~2enind, enn ft] = Vi(ay* com Ee ~ #) o(k-+2)— 250k +1) + (4) = 0 ‘The auxiliary conditions are o(0) = 100, (M) = 0. (2-258 +)lt] <0 ‘The characteristic equation is 7? ~ 287 +1 = (7 ~0.5)(7- 2) = 0. (A) = (0.58)" + 2)" Setting k= 0 and N, and substitating (0) = 100, o(N) = 0, yields Weate [eis ae ox ai(0sy” ter(2)™ a= gee AR) = stay 20.5)" 0.8)" B= OL (E4908 = JH “The characteristic equation in 742 = 0. The characteristic rt ip 2. Ala ao 2, bo = 1. Therefore MA] = HUA] + (-2)" o ‘We need one value of Ak o determine c. This is determined by iterative solution of (+210) = 64) e+ 1] +2808) = 68) Setting k= —1, and snbutituing Mi] = é{-1] = 0, vilde Mo} =0 Setting k= 0 in Eq. (1) and using Af] = 0 yelde oab+e = cant ‘Therefore Me) = UE (2) ™342 344 “The characteratic root is ~2, bo = 0, ao = 2. Therefore aay = 2)" We need one value of h(E] to determine c. This ia done by solving iteratively Me +1) + 268] = ote +1) Setting k= —1, and aubatitating M=1] = 0, 60} = 1, yielde ao) =1 Setting f= 0 in Eq. (1) and using A[0} = 0 yields ime and a = (2) (Characteristic equation ia 7? — 6749 (73)? = 0, Also ap = 9, by = 0. Therefore Mb] = (os + hs] We need two values of Al] to determine e, and oy. This is found from iterative solution of (6 68+ 9M] = 2H) Mk +2) 6nfh +1] + 988} = ote +1) ‘Also A{=1) = A[-2] = é{=1] = 0 and 60] = 1. Setting & = ~2 in (2) yields fo} ~ 60) + o = Apso Setting k= —1 in (2) gilda a] 60) +9(0)—=1 => y= betting NO] = 0, Aft] = yields iMatwl Sct Setting k= 0 and 1 in Eq. (2) an aad fe) = $409)" (6° 68+ 28)pf4] = (22? ~ 4) f18) ‘The characteratic roots are S424, by w 0. Therefore AB) = 8) con(.9238 + Malt) We need two values of Ml] to determine ¢ and ¢. This is done by solving iteratively ‘ge =e — a) +2508 ~ 2} = 29) — as - 1] Setting hm 0 yields fo} — 6(0) + 26(0) = 20)- 4(0) =e A Setting b= 1 in (2) yilda ‘r}~ 6(2)+25(0) = 3(0)-4 => A) =8 Setting f = 0, Lin (2) and aubutteting Mo} = 2, A] = 8 yields decent 8 = Secon(0.928-+ 6) = 2.017econd — 3.967? 2% a a @ a) ®a1 362 353 34 335 Solution of these two equations yields econ =? = 2061 ion -aen} $2 “ataat and ‘Ae] = 2.061(8)"con(.9734 ~ 0.2448) o ENE = (OnE + ban EE 4 ITE) att] = ba fH] + bana fk A) +--+ bof 9) ‘When f(t} = (8), a] = Af]. Therefore A] = bad) + Banff — a) 4 so bt) (b) Here «= 2, by = 3, y= 5, by = 0, bo = 2. Therefore ‘eh = ae) ~ sete — 1] 26-3] a ah (2) oh = (BIW) (2) sw OE a) fe“ (-2)™ ld) [e}» (46TH) - (-2)" sf} yuk] » 4(~2)*s fA ah] Slee) = {fe ~ aatinte Or - Cate} snlk] = (3)**? ofa] » (2)* + 3(-8)" 618) = 9{(3)* wft] « (2)* of) + 363)" aft) + (-8)* fA = (eae 4 sere = tip (ay? — (ay = HTL ate] = (2)"taf]o 2802) = ())of] 92) = 3 2aplG)* ~ 2) + EO = HIG)" - @) +540)" sib] = ("conf - 05)ofh] 28) Rem [(9)? + (2) - 200)(2,0.8)" = VT om tans! [203] = 120100 6387 388 fh] = Syl (9)h* cole +1) ~ 2.261] - 2)" con.261)) 018) = Syl (ayh* col ge + 2) 2.301] + 0.637(2)"*"} oR) the characteriatic root ia ~2. Therefore ll] = 2)" Setting f= -1 and substituting ol-1] = 10, yields We-f me cn-20 ‘Theleore wll] = -20(-2)" kD For this ystems hf, the unit impulse response is found in Prob. 3.4-2 to be Ma] = (-2)*ot8) ‘The serosate response is 40) eae) (=P) “This ia found in Prob. 25-1 to be wtel= paler — (2) = scbr(Ee)™ + (-2)" 0] = [sro + sitet") 8) ‘otal Response = wlt]+ sb] = f-20(=2)8 + paer(o)"* + sty (-2)" lt) = seer (8 + 20)(~2)" +(e) "old ® sit] = ate = (05) = Ep ty = Gat - (0.8) ole] ” fie) = 20a) = 27 = foal From the serlt in pat (a), i follows that vit] = BRIO — (05)'*fe] = flat —(0.5)° 6A) © fit) = ole (4° afk — 2]) Note that 2°-? gk — 2] in the same as the imput 2*s{t] in part (a) delayed by 2 units. Therefore from the shift watery ofthe convaeticn, ss respone wil be the sane nein pazt (a) delayed by 2 unite, The input here i {2D fk — 2)). Therefore ate) = 4 — (05a — 2) = He ‘The equation deacribing this situation i oce Bq (2.2)] — (08)""}oft - 2] (E-oal= Ef] ye ltr= 101 ‘The initial condition y[-1] = 0. Hence there is only sero-state component. The input is 500w/t] ~ 15006(4) ‘because at f= 4, instead of depositing the arual $500, she withdraws £1000. ‘To find MH), we solve iteratively ”(E-1MA] = EST ‘Mk + 3] — AEE] = 61+ 1) Setting F = 1 and substituting Af-1] = 0,60] 1, yields ao)=a ‘Avo, the characteristic root ia and by = 0. Therefore Aft) = orf) Setting f= 0 and subatitating MO] = 1 yielde ime ‘Therefore ‘e] = (7) = 2.01)" ‘The (sero-eate) response is afk] = (1.01)" oft] » 08] = (4.01) » {S000} - 15005(4 - 4) = 500(1.01)* ft] « aft} - 1800(1.02)"*uft ~ 4) = sHpl(1.01)"** - s}o[k] - 1800(2.01)'* fk ~ = so000(1.01)"*? ~ eft] - 1800(1.01)"~*eft ~ 4] “This problem is identical to the asvings account problem with negative initial deposit (loan), If M isthe inital Joan, then y(0] = —M. If yt] ia the loan balance, then [eee Eq. (3.26)] alk +1}- all) = sik+ 1] ratte (£- alt = £708) “The impulae response for tha system ia found in Prob. 358 to be Me = ate) ‘The seroinput rexponse it ett = ert] Setting k= 0, and sabatitating 0) = ~M, yields em —M aad lt] = M7) ‘The sarostate response sf] is 8) = A M14) Let P be the monthly payment. The fist payment is made one moath afler receiving the loan (at E = 1). ‘Therefore the inpat fa Sit) = Patt 1) waa wih] = Ala] « Pelt — 3) = Pred] out - 1] ere we tse shit property of convolution, Bacanse att) = Paleo oft] = PL] ‘Doe shift property yields BPytelt at —1) = afk = 1] = PLSSP IE 1] ‘The total Balance in w(Al +o] pelt] + afk] = -Atytels] + PERSE - 1) For E> 1, aft] = ft = 1] =1. Therefore Loan balance = —M + PI ‘Also y= 1-41 and y— 1 7 where rin the interest rate per dollar per month. At k= NV, the loan balance is ero, Therefore nay 4 Ppt =o Pa Bee 35:10 We ae the rtalt in Prob 29. In this problem r = L018, y= L018, P= 500, M = 30000, Therefore 00 = 10000! (1.015)" = 142087 ‘a(.018) = In(2.42887) Wm Sat = 25.986 Hence N = 73 paymente are uended. The residual balance (remainder) at the 23rd payment in sfas] = ~s0000(1.018)" + s00(0S3yi7=) = 4712 Rr 0. fre és al gros at faTz [2] Je] ~~~ vee TaleT a] Tel] yrite2 c@) (» Fig. $35115.811 (a) The two stripe corresponding to w[t} and wf] (after inversion) are shown in the figure $2.5-118 for no shift (k m0) and for one abit (K-= 1)- We ose that if e[t] = ut] « w(t] then eOl=1, a2, das, deed, ila, B)a6.-. diet Hence ft) ofA) = (b+ Dale] {b) The appropriate atripe for the two functions fk] — w{k ~ mm] and oft] are shown in Fig. $2.5-11b. The Soper stip corresponding to w[é] w(t] has frst m slots with value 1 and all the remaining dots have value 0 eTke lower (Inverted) stip corresponding to [k] has all lot values of 1. From this figure it faows at, a2, = 3-sclm— tem dm) = dent] Hence et] = (E+ Ipoh] - (km 1)alk ~ m] 3.8:12 From Fig. $3.5-12 we obverve that . ° 1 a 3 ‘ 5 6 we OF1+24 3444515 we]=0 bee 142434445215 2434445—14 vias ko a44gse1 pert) 5 a reo PEERY ca Ca yceysi5 1. DEERE Peter Pee: aoe YL2I5 4 k=l [ol TaTs TAT] 72 eae 34567 aon Oooo R> St-iJot5 Fig. 83512 ‘3.818 From Fig. $2.13, we observe the fllowing values for x(t: ae) ett) 0 SxS45x5=50 AU 0x0+5x4=20 a $4408 0 42 0x045x3—15 B20 $x340m 5 413 0x048x2—10 a BM Ox045x1 5 rv 18 0x040x0=0 $5 Sx0+0=0 aie 0 a ato oxo4oxo~mo ais 0 #10 OxO4Sx1=5. (Observe that giao Ss [eso and WaZ15 0Tote) “4 ° 4 ¥ Torte TT tr Tre fo] efor Trt tT fr fofo) fo T PTT Topope: k=! lofopepree el sae Por Ep foby= ke-! Fphtooope weds 6 THe Fig 53514 3.5:14 (a) From Fig. $2.5-13, we observe the following values of vt]: PEPSI EDEDEO EE Oeui es fab epee ay al () The anew inden oa fa) Thin becuse when we lay the tapas fan sh] together, he Snes cael ve tha saas. =A) 12= Ml} +o] me Apt] = 12-0 = 4 14= Aa} + A} + Ao) = 2] = 2 15 fa} + Aa} + An}-+ fo] =e fa) = 2 155= Me) + AB) +A(2}+ A] + Mo] = Ale] = 08 15.75 = MS] + b+ fa} + A) + AL} + Af] =o Als) = 0.25 Hee eH -2 1] Lass. 19. AEIe The appropriate. array and he reeuling Ope 3 are shaun i Ag. 53546 31 (@ (O} fo y= P+ 0871.6 (7-0.2)(7 +08) ‘Roots are 0.2 and 0.8. Both are inside the uat circle. The system is asymptotically table aatke O12 34 5678 91361015515 I5 <—clkt A A {2345 000 Fig $3516 Oy CPA DG? 474 (rs FI EPO EY Roots are jt, —} + fF m= et, ‘All the roots are simple and on unit circle. The system is marginally stable. © G-orb Roots are 1 (repeated twice) and =0.5. Repeated root on unit circe. The system is unstable (a) P4214 096— (74 0.8)(7412) Roots are =0.8 and =1.2. One root (1.2) is outside the the nit circle. The system is unstable, © GF - NG? #3) = (7+ NT rt I -D Roots are £1, #1. All the roots are simple and on unit circle, The aystem is marginally stable. 36-2 Assume that a system exists that violates (9.72), and yet produces bounded output for every bounded input. ‘The aystem response at k = is = Do Melt - =) wt Consider « bounded input f(t] auch that 1 if Amp>e mommin{t) i Metce In this case ‘fa ~ m= I ad alts) = J fr = 20 ‘This violates the asramption. ‘3.63 For a marginally stable aystem A{E) doesnot decay. Fo large bit is ether constant or cvciltes with constant amplitade. Clealy Swit = 0 ‘The aystem ia BIBO unstable.34 302 (E4218) = £18) "The characteristic equation is 7-+2 = 0, and the characteristic root ia ~2. Therefore s(t) = B(-2)" For fk] = e~*e[t] =e? with eet ‘Setting k-= 0, and substituting yf0] = 1 yields IsBtae = Baath and wil shakey tet) RO el + Deft — Y= tk — 1) o We solve this equation iteratively to obtain 0), Setting k= 0, and subetitating pf—1] = 0, f[-1] = 0, we get 210}+2(0)=0 = aio} =0 ‘The system equation can be expressed (E+ 2x1] = M14) ‘The characteristic root i 2. Therefore volt] = B(-2)" For f{t) = e*a[t] = Pha] with r= m4, voll = Hier" = He" ooh Therefore vill = B(-2)" + shre* B20 Sevting b= 0 and eattuting [0] = 0 yaks Ont sty me Besctr ad wil= rhea) be (29-498 + ait) = (2 438 +018) “The chaactesite equation a 7? +3742 (7+ 1)(74+2) = 0. Therefore sald] = 21(-0) + Ba(-2)* For fit) =3* volt) = to" = RSaRESY = vit) = Bi(-1)* + Ba(-2)* + (BY FEO (a) Setting b= 0, 1, and onbaitting 0] = 1 fl] 9, vide ‘The total response384 tet hte }=- 2 3a B-24+ 8. mat al} = -4-1)' + -ayh + BO)" kBO (0) Westone quton rtf fad yf and alt). We are given y{—1) = 9-2] = 1. System equation alk +2] + an + 1) 20k] = fk +2] + 371k +114 3714] Setting # = —2, we obtain 901-4901) + 20) = (8)? +3(0) +30) palo) = 4 1, we obtain Wi) + 36-4] +201) = (9) +90) +300) w= 8 Setting £ Ate ft] = Bi(-1)" + Ba(-2)" + BO)" BO ‘Setting & = 1, 2, and substituting y[0) = ~4, y{I] = 16, yields 4a Bt th } Bek 16=—B,-28 +. ma-¥ aH = (yt Bat BO" BRO Perea (tyr ao “The roote are ~1 repented twice vol] = (Bs + Baky(—1)* ‘Alo the system equation is (E* +28 + 1)yl] = (28° ~ £)/{H), and f(H] = (})*. Therefore voll HIS = HOI EO ‘The total response ikl = (B+ Ba)(-2)"- ORO Setting k = 0, 1, and substituting »(0] = 2, oft] =~, yields 2=B-% bat pltatea-at™ Bat vik] = (H+ HY OREO P= 74016 = (7-027 -08) ‘The rots are 02 and 08 salt] = B:(0.2)* + B2(0.8)" Because the input i 4 mode elt) = e029" Bat got] sateen the aster equation, cht i, solk +2} — yolk +1) + 0.168) = 18-41) u306 ad efk+.2)(0.2)"#? ~ e(k-+ 1900.2)" + 0.26e(0.2)" = (0.2)**? ‘Thin yields 0.12402)" = 02002)" ‘Therefore + and nal] = $100.2)" v= (0.2) + 8,(03)- $H(02)" E20 Setting f= 0, 1, and enbtiating initial conditions {0} = 1, ft] = 2, yells i= Bit Bs }+ ane 20.28, + 0.88) ~ f. Bane sf8] = -B(02)* + Fos" — Hort BO vik +2)~ nk + 1140.68) = f1k+ 3) We slve tia equation iteratively fr ft] = ca +), a{-2] = x-2] = 0, to ind yf] and ft} Remember do that fis] =O fork <0 Seting Eo ~2 in the equation yielda y0)-040.16(02)=0 =» y{o]=0 Setting k = =1 inthe equation yields I-04 016(0) cog = 05 me afi] =05 ‘Therefore yf] = 0 and w[t]= 08. For the input fl] = con 3¥ + §).- welt] = coon + +9) But yolk] sain the ayatem equation, that i, elk +2] volt + 11+ 0.6yele] = sk +1) cont §(k +2) + F +6] — cool #(A-+1) + § +414 Oxsccon Gh + F +4) = col f(A +04 #1 con} + $ +4) + enim SE + § + 6) + 0.1 econ H + F+ 4) = cool FE + + F) 1206ccou Mf + §+4-2.27) = con + $+ 8) 1a0tce1 =e cw 0.T6s b-2a ef me ba 2nd ‘Therefore oll] = 0708 conl + §-244) = 0.165 coo 3 ~ 1.399) a8] = 24(02)* + Ba(0.8)* + 0.768 con( Ht — 1.293) Setting k = 0, 1, and exbetituting vf0] = 0, x(t} = 0.5, yields 0m Bi +B, +013 =020 0.5 = 0.28; +088, +0.753, Bye 0377 {8} = 0.241(0.2)" — 0.277(0.8)* + 0.768 cou 1.393) 8Chapter 4 LT 41.1 (@) Hi) = 0()- att) Not tat he ea ald forall value of s; hance the region of convarguace ia the entire plane. The abecises ‘convergence it 29 = 00. ) Se =te*—(9) Foye [wtetaen [ome Speer 1 “air 0 or Re (0-41) > 0. Hence the abecasa of convergence is Re (#) > —1 or 0 > ~1 f(8) = teosunt ft) teoeunte* at a1 [Cwm sucontona} ' ; =t[ptortarier] BOre or 7 10) =" -20-Jalt) Fe) [or-menere «floras [vera = [Perma [ come 1 2. +i432 ‘We get the frat term only if Re « > 2, and we get the second term only if Re (s) > ~1. Both conditions will be salied if Re (4) > 2 0r 2¢ > 2. Hence: FO 2 te w> mr ae 3 7 1 1 S10) = conentemunta(e = [J eoes +on)t+ Zecolen ~ ont] w(t) soe} [ener enna} caer _ ti lesctrar+sseicor] ne o 10) = conblatn() Rea> lel ® HO) = sablatu(s) ae [ona Rea> lel o HO) =e conlSt + 8)(t) a Efemeaiin 4 gant wetting Lom anne gee tyo(_41_) tem (_2 Bence F(e)= 91 sha) ie" Ga ‘This ie valid if Re (+) > ~2 for both term; hence yw et cond Sind Fe) Rare ® >© © >) uss PO" Tear Bere A= 3,8 =5,6=2,¢=13, b= VIS—0 v= ae 1) = 30186 conf 3-4 6.34")0(0) ‘Thin ia an improper fraction with by = by = 1. Therefore aun) © «@ Foe Fer ‘To find k eet «= 1 on both sides to obtain Pebeast hh me be n13s wa roe eB Sit) = 1.28(-1 + 28+ 0 ult) © ns <1, Ase Foe Giger saesa) ~ T+ Fy e43 Multiply both sin by o and let oo, Thi gilda OnnitA me Ant Setting 4 = 0 on both sides yikta pa-t4$ me Bat a4 rat at Fo=-In the second fraction, Ast 1, B= 3,a=1,¢=: be vi=i=1. raft e ve oman (F) + Vier" conlt = 624°)}0(0) eat 18) =[-€ o e422, k 1 Fe) apie at 41 G4) ‘To compate b, multiply both sides by » and let ¢—» oo. This yields on2+h+o =e ke? wa 24 P= a a41 GFF S(t) = B= (2+te“() () Fos oe ee ee Taner ay rat att OFF FP OFF Maltiplying both sides by « and let» ~ oo. This yields th = he i wr 1 Taner ‘and —3 on both sides yields Ra1-}+R4R oe me thatthe cpecptith-b-1 me hobo Solving these two equations simultaneously yields by = ky = ~1. Therefore aoa 1 1 “Fa a GP gant Sony FO 10) = Comment: ‘This problem could be tackled in many ways. We could have used Eq. (B.64b), or after determining, fiat «we coefScients by Heeviside method, we could have cleared fractions. Also instead of letting » = 0 and war we could have selecied any otber et of values. However, in this cave these values appear mont ouitable for umerical work. a) 41 a0), k , OA), Ate FO ape rasy et aet Utay Peat Multiplying both edes by # and let» — oo yields Ong thtA =e beak Selting # = 1 and ~1 yields ane Om tk+ E+ Meh me 20h-10A+108 Solving these three equations in b, A and B yields k= -}, As band B= ~}. Therefore 39an rye UO Me OR saat Gaap 36 or the lat faction in parenthesis on the righthand side A= 1, B= 1,402, ¢—05, b= VE=T=1 en Re set (p= nse (0) = bp — 20 — 2) + Fer Moaelt + 71.56")}0(0) @ Pom paneemay "a THF Hea Maipty both ide by » and lt o — co to obtain rebta Setting = 0 end 1 vile Omb- +h me 2hHad=s Babee St me as aasaped -b ‘Solving these three equations in b, A and B yinlde km $, Am f am yet MA yan t0 Fo a+i) G+) a Frets) For the lant faction in preatbes, A= 1, Bo -10, 1, e580 VIET =? om (EE as59 peta) = Tot ‘Thereore HAS) = Bet + Mpc as + 70°60) (R04 1.3915 co(at +70") CO) = M0) = a8)- =) Fle) = Liao) alt=) (e) © @ Ji) = tale 2) Teale) Observe that eO-"a(t — 7) ia e~*u(t) delaped by 7. Therefore© IQ) = teat 7) 2 (t= Pe TTL 1) met [la alte) + rele FI] Therefore af eng ee ee bee sey] Coe Lt re ee o $8) = snu(t~ Ault - 7) [Note that thie is sin yt ahifted by 1; hence ro (ga) ° 4{0) = sinun(t— ra) = in untae ~ consnteinwarle() y= ems stn CO) §(0) = inugtalt 1) = inl + ret =) 12 conn inl t= rat = 7) + diner coven (t— F)o(t—7) Therefore Fo= [=r(s%a) sane) |” 422 @) $(0) = le) — (t= 1) = t0(8)— = 2Ye(e— 1) ~ alt= 2) roas » J(0) = aint ot) +sn(t— 2) 0(¢— 2) Fonsgatey © M6) = Halt) — (t= MY) +e —1) tal) = (4 = Halt = 1) = wt) eee) ‘Therefore 423 @) 7) = SESE 0 Bee™ Tei clear that f(0) = J(¢—-2)- a@) where © where ‘Therefore @ Moreover Pon gttthge Det ay Fae se re” Geers) 481 45 He) = (0 oul) H(t) = H(t 2) = [AE + Malt — 2) = Ale + Fs) aatenzbet tan HC) = aft Ait) = Viet enle 4) BOs spiel hl) =2¢ f(t) = filt-3)+ A) Ve cult 3+ E)ult = 3) 4 20a tt) (oe 3 Ml= Boao * ames aia seen Brass * Faas = Re +) 1 1 AQ)=aopay MM A=} AW=z $0) = f(t) + A) = foo Pan 2{t— 1yele—1) + folate) +1 pe 4 Sere TH+ Mazza ate =e eS Fa) a (et ee" + FCO) He) = He-D9Fe-2) 410, alt) fe ee MN = 4 fer = MMe 2) 4 (07 a424 ars 4a @) and at) = F(t) + £(¢— To) + f(t - 270) + ~~ Ge) = Fla) + Fajen" + Fle + me Fs) +e eo HO wee WM ctor Reade >) wd Fo)= la Pair? won faerie tore! Pair 3 - (r)dr me wef Pair 4: Use succeasive integration of tu({) Pair 5: From frequency-shifing (423), we have weet ad eines Pas De nyee dat etn ap Pair 7: Apply the same argument to u(t), u(t), ..., and 20 on Pair Ba: catrnn= Hem erm oe (54 tg) = ate air 8b: Same way as the pair 88. Pair 9a: Application of the frequency-hift property (4.28) to pair 62 coebtu(t) «=> arfoy yields pe, tte Meena) ome Pair 9b: Similar tothe pair 98. Paley 108 and 10b: Recognise that re con (+8 re-*fooe Bon [Now se reralts in paizs 9a and 9b to obtain pair 108. Pair 10b is equivalent to pair 108, oo ¢ =H) -H-2) arya r= tae) w $aas-2- 0-9)@) $= ws) m0(t-2)+ 20(¢-3) 1 arate ade yore Ley ser 4 Fi)= Aas 42%) 431 @) a @+ssnxnedd © 1)+46Y()-2) +700 (P44 ove) aaetie aad da+10_ 204102 YO) = yaad” aap a4T H(t) = (2+ 61a) © (PY) 9-667) —)4287(0) (2 46042597 (0) 04304 Bo Lt and Pyrgs0 2, _-040 Weer) st Peer Ht) = (2+ 5886e™* con(at— 99.867] 9(0) 443-2 (a) Allinial conditions are sero. The sero‘npat response ia sero, The entire reponse found in Prob, 4.328 is serostate response, that is Yu)= alt) 2 (8 Yul) wa(t) =O (b) The Laplace transform of the differential equation is (PY (0) — 20-1) + 4GY() 2947) = (040; (44+ OY()- Qatar @+ur ore = BSS ty +9 1 Yo)= tt 45 Seuss Frere 2, 1 mar oR w= 4s + aw ese “(o) The tapas tearm the onion i (eve) e-n surname aoe (WP eessv(ye ett +2542 447 so YO)= Fy eegte* 4 e435) ore 4?) (2, natid =(sfaen Gt ese) [Vie con(at — $)]+ [2 + 5.1846-* coa(at — 112:83°)] ae colt — H+ Bt 18a cell HY x) 4.3-3 (a) Laplace transform of the two equations yields (ran)-mneo=2 =2% (0) +204 OFA) = 0 Using Cramer’s rae, we obtain 142 142 18 4 yt Soy aera era 1 1 ys, ya WFas) tO” +1 aed and nt) = (P= bet = eo malt) = (= deo + DNL) If Hy(o) and Ha(s) are the transfer functions relating v(t) and y(t), respectively to the input f(0, thus a4? 1 Frege = Tee (b) The Laplace transform ofthe equations are A= (o4 2)¥ (0) — (24 5G) =O +H () 4 44 DH) =O ‘Application of Cramer's rule yields Kee ttn a4 orm EET 7 Her ORI LO) ~ #3 OST a4? 1.394 BO)= ptt @ eres rag = 2- sos a) WPssy) ~ eT OMNeF IAs T4032 547618 41 BO* Ty 3eT 42 aa BO) aT nit) = (10-7247 — 0.276e° 4 )a(0) aft) = (2~ 1.494e-* 9 — 0.105679" )u(0) 43-4 Att = 0, the inductor current 90) and the capacitor voltage is 16 volts, After t = 0, the loop equations 4saff 282 + sn(o)- ani 240 -28B —anio4 28 eencn fi niner=o (i) or Kl), nO KO, Ban) Ore [nirsrne ee eee 2{a¥i (0) — 4) — 26¥4(0) + 8% (0) - 4066 10%) 4-0) 9-400) 4 B50) or ar4K()~ (aot ana(y =04 044 O10) + (444 Dl) = 0-H Cramer's rule yields M(60? +130 +5) 160+ 28 WO) = Gry i425) a FFTs i) = (8+ 17.8667 conf ~ 2656709) (o+2) B= Gate (t= 20%" cml — F)0(9) 435 (0) sith (0) aH (0) ty 436 (@) Sr stemon= Les ) A 4 Sry fb sett srn= Hordes © Ser sno ashf ards 43-7 (@) () Fle)= dyad +48 YO)= Gye s eto” OF (0) = (267 = 3er* — 242 u(t) w Fe=a a48 3p YO)= Gaaeayere ~a+a” Ht) fe = 20 + fet) 6(Gil) The inpat here isthe input in (i) delayed by 8 nce. Therefore F(s) = ze os, Y= Gere HA) = fer = 20M 4 ere at) ether — 20 + Beate) here is equal tothe inpat in (ii) multiplied by ¢-™* because “a(t — 5) HIM g(t 5). w(t) = ee — 20 4 felt 8) (b) (DP +204 9yx() = 2D +40) 438 (0) FO) () (= a(t 5) and FOO) = 4 Y(o)= itt} Wenss HH) = ls 49.226 as (rere) 430 FW)et aad = Banaeny 49-10 (a) Let H(s) be the aystem transfer function. YQ) = FH Consider an input f(t) = f(t). Then Fi(s) = #F(s). Ifthe output in y(¢) and ite transform ia ¥s(s), then ¥i(e) = F(A (s) = 2F (0) (6) = AY) ‘Thin shows that (0) = d/dt. (b) Using similar argument we show that forthe input [7 f(r) dr, the outpat ia fp y(r)dr- Becanse w(é) isan SRAEUE SC, the anit step reponse isthe integral of he uit impel rerpoase R(t).Fig. S444 441 Figure $4.41 show the transformed nctwork, The loop equations are 1 1 a+bno- neo = he (0+ (0414 Hyale) =0 B= HO) ote ah ea trol ° ] Cramer’ rule yields 1 1 1 (esCes es eal es Ee molt) = aa) m= (Le" = Fein tut) Yale) = ‘4-2 Before the switch ia opened, the inductor current is SA, that ia y(0) = S. Figure S4.4-2b shows the transformed ‘drcuit for # > 0 with {aital condition generator. The current ¥(+) is given by 0/48 | se410 25.3 2 alana ier CD ial Hi) =~ er) 44-3 The impodaace sen by the source /() a Layer 2 20° TG Fra ‘The carreat ¥(0) @) r= gate Momqly snd v= cAss0 (>) Fass Yah ae n= hwo 8Fig. S445 444 Att the steady-state values of carents x; and yo is 94(0) = 2, 92(0) = 1 Figure S4.4-4 shows the transformed circuit for ¢ > 0 with initial condition generators. The loop equations are 49K) He) #248 Yule) + (04 20% Cramer's rae yields wise 4 3 ap M0) = Tea (+3) 2s atl etd P+ ast 3/2 ae Kore getieny aes w(t) = (4— feo = fe )a(t) +e yale) Fig 446 44-8 The current in the 2H inductor at (= 0 ia 10A, The transformed circuit with initial condition generators is shown in Figure S445 for #> 0 420 | 200410 _ 30, YO Tai" itteti enh ba a Vat esta (gest +408 eke Here A=1,B=05, 1 (1) = (1.168 )e-" cool Blt — 31.1) a(0) 21781" col lt — 313 ‘The voltage oy(t)scroas the ewitch ia $1¢ 20410. 20 We et = 8 ‘yo(t) Ly wya( wf, 22,1 tet Bf siestttal (+ 1N(s +0. +e+) ora eri eal) = 2B5(t) + [10 + 9.0480" con( $e ~ 182.2")}4(6) 044-6 Figure S446 shows the transformed circuit with mutually coupled inductor replaced by their equivalents (see Fig. 4150). The loop equations are 10 (+ DK) - KE 2Yi() + (40 + 19% (0) = 0 Cramer's rele yield « %O)= GR and oft) = v(t) = 400-8) us : 3 £BYe 1 TS i 5 ; Fig. 44-7 “US otk 4.07 Figure 56.67 shows the transformed circuit with parallel form of initial condition generators. The admittance W(e) seen by the source ia iti} wore Barren Steet ‘The voltage across terminals ab is ta) | b+3 seat Valo iy * apa” Fee Fig S48 4-8 The capacitor voltage at ¢ = 0 is 10 volts, The inductor curreat is sero. The transformed circuit with initial condition generators is shown for > Oia Fig. $4.4. ‘To determine the carreat ¥(2), we determine Z4s(s), the impedance seen acrom terminals ab out aan Zale)= 1 H aaa, 80a Sots a+ Be + 5 Kus aa cesT) = Gy2 +E 12.61 Ess and (= [12 ca (8) Fig 449 “4d:0 Figure S49 shows the teanformed rut (with noninverting op amp replaced by its equivalent a shown in Fig. 4.16) from Fig. S4.4-98 addons vines tae Ke 1 ci Fl" Te Re Vole) = KV) = KER Tate moe Bt eng kere Fig S410 40410 Figure £4.4-10 shows the transformed circuit, The op amp inpat voltage is Va(#) = 0. The oop eqeations are ho) +8 + 1th) — BM = FO) — 2a +§ + ney Bole 31Yee “Hie -hlol= pete) ‘The transfer fanction tO aT 4411 (a) 62430410 YO" ar eess wO*) = im oY (0) = 3 feo) = fim oY (0) 02 e) ee 430410 Y= Te yan +6085) HO") = im «¥(0) 3 (oo) = Figure S451 45:1 (0) The loop equations are (Cramer's rle yields ad Yo) = 2(e) = FF ‘Therefore H(0) = f not cy 4h - th = Fle) -th+ 40h = 0 (Cramer's rae yielte 2Foam 1) Fig. 461 hes agro 1 ¥ (0) = 20018(0) = AE Fe) = SGPC) ‘in thin case Hf) in very clowe to 1/4. Thin ia bocanse the second ladder soction cansos » negligible load on the fine The Gaussade rae applies only when the successive subsystems do not load the preceding subsystems, an . ; ets (4) (242) (44 B= syistieen” (Ga) F9) (a dw HO “a me isenet, wad ya Ohad, nn Figure S461 how the canola ston and parallel realisations 402 (2) 30 +2) 3s 466 ue 10 Gis ag rete (FB) A) * For the canonial form, we have tp = 2,0; #40783, aad by Ob = 6b. Figure S462 re ee canonical, cuhde and para realisations. Neve hat the rents of, ynce a are complex Ferebiee the quadrne fenm mast be realized dicee HyFig. 546-26 Fig. S4-6-2.& 5A403 10 468 106 e) a= tk DADE TO * eRe are 16-9) 2 1 ats: (GH) Fa) saat For a canonical forma we have ao = 8,1 = Aen 2, and by Ah = 2 bo = Oho =O. Figure $4.62 shows a canonical, cncade and parallel realization. dota nt 086 HFT eat g Ths) FT + lO as - Ga) GE) CH) B a4 Figure S4.6-3 shows « canonical, cascade and parallel realizations. HQ)= 7) +t natn +iyet2) tae tte TF e+ Meta)” Fe + Te For « canonical form co = 24,1 = 118,00 = 19, andy = Oh = 2b = hy = 1 Figure SOA shows a canonical, cascade and paral sealisnions. A= 1 a CFG FFE STE = (Fa) Ga) FA) GF) ‘canonical, cascade and parallel! realisations HQ) = Figure $4.6-5 shor 2 2 FO" Gye T are) Pees = (5) ( Prom+13 Fig 4 shows enn ceed pl aii oben of (43) 0 Pe POT ls . Figate PA.6-7b is also a fedback lop with forward gain G(s) = zz and the loop gain cefbp- Therefore ae. ote Teahp Gree ‘he output ia ig, PAO these of B= tine the nt of Fi, PLETA.and A ine the ott of Pag Bes'Ty Thee tae fon ro Ble) = (B- 4A) Hs(s) + Aa(e) = Baek A rr AACE ETS = MB Greer “These transfer functions are readily realised by using the arrangement in Fig. 4.31 by a proper choice of Zy(s) and Z(s). 55yo eANOW CAL. : B aE thie eZ 2 £ : eAseADE, Fig S46-3 56(a) “> 5K 5K @) Fg 468 a@ In Fig. $4682 ne cpe et angie WO" BA, Tere BG 2a)=R and 202+ pe, ong Te) ~"see ROY RG, Choose R = 10,000, Ry = 20,000 and Cy = 10-'. This yields # = 10 and a = 5, Therefore a@= Fe (Gi) This in samme an (5) followed by an amplifier of gain —1 as shown in Fig, 546-86. (Gi) For the fist stage in Fig. $4.68 (see Exercise E4.12, Fig. 4.356), 2 =o a he” Gilera) RC; a 1 1 ary TRC a0 =-40 Choose C= Cy = 10-+, R= 5000, Ry = 2000, This yields ad (One realisation is given in Fig. 4.6-8. For the other realization, we expreas f(s) a8 Pes 3 BOSE We realise H(¢) as « parallel combination of Hy(s) = 1 and Ha(s) = ~3/ +5) as shown in Fig. S469. The tecond stage serves as a summer for which the inpats are the inpat and outpat of the frt stage. Because the trummer bas a gain —1, we need « third stage of gain 1 to obtain the desired tranafer functions. 46:10 Canonical realization of H(+) ia shown in Fig, $46-10. Observe that this is identical to (+) in Example 4.20 ‘with a minor difference. Hence the op amp circuit in Pig. 4.36 can be tsed for our purpose with appropriateFig S46 changes in the clement valves. The last summer inpet resistors now are Mh and Mt ft instead of $047 and 2040. 4.6.11 We follow the procedare in Example 4.20 with appropriate modifications. Ta this cise 0 = 13, 61 = 4, and ben 2, oS, and by 1 (in Example 4.20, we have oo = 10, 0; = 4, and bo = 5, by =2, and by = 0). Becanse by in aonsero here, we have ose more feedforward connection. Figure $4.6-11 shows the development of the suitable realization. an ye et? jet Bue) = Gopa twat” Gai iBtee wee f_ ae i Gooey 7 Vara a6 £8 (ju) = tar (SZ) — way (a) f(t) = 5 con(2t + 20°). Here wm 2 andWorle Ye= 4B1(j0) = aa ~ tan“(o0) = 45" = 90° = 48" 0) = 854 coat + 30" — a") = Vent — 157) ©) 10 = 105204484 0) = 108) nat 48° — 457) = 2 Fin (0) 10 = r0couf3+ 40") Here = (acon = f moame and 113) =s631* — 08. = 27 (8) = 10(0.228) cou(3t + 40° — 52.12") = 2.28 coe{3t— 12.12") ana _ iets Ge) = Bs iGo) = Ge and (jo) = tann(2) ~ tea) (2) 4) = coat + 60), Here a = 2 18G2)) = and £21(j2) = 32.69" - 90° = ~56.31" ‘Therefore v0) = FE con(at+ 60" — 56.31") = PE con(ae +368") (©) 4(6) = in 2t 45") Here w= 3 and 1G) = GE and LH U58) = 48" - 112.62" = -67.62" ‘Therefore 210 = ant —48" — e702") = angst — 282) ©) =e" H(t) = HG) = Gaye HOw CTT ars i) = == 10) HG) = yo" 050 vega = PFS aa Bu) = tan (=) tan") = Ba) (a) =e" 100) = jelous and (0) $(8) = coo(ut +#) (0) = color +0 — 2000") (©) f(t) = cost. Here w= 1 (auy=t tie) = -2aa"( hy = 1142" 40) = coule= 1 0(@) f(t) sin 2, Here = \wu2ay=2 441632) = ~2ax""() = 72867" a(¢) = sin(2t ~ 22.62") (6) Mt) = cont0t. Here w= 10 1aG10)|=1 £86510) = -21a2"*(48) W(t) = coa(10t — 90°) = sin 208 (0) $40) = cou 100%. Here w = 100 LAG 100) «1 G10) = 2B) (0) = coan00¢~ 1057 4437 5 plane S7 Fig. S475 4.75 We plot the poles —1 7 and 14 j7 in the splane. To find response at some frequency «, we connect all the poles and teres to the point ju aa shown in Fig. $4.7-5. Note that the product of distances from the serou is equal to the product of the distances from the poles forall values of w. Therefore [Z(jw)] = 1. Graphical cgument shows that CH (ju) (etm of the angles from the seroe— sum of the angles {rom poles) stars at 2ez0 for u = 0 and then reduces continuously (becomes negative) asw increases. As w — 00, £H1(w) — ~2r. 1#Ga)! AHO) wo — © (a) If and d are the distances of the sero and pole, reapectively from ju, then the amplitude respons: [21(j»)] ike ratio +/4 corresponding to ju. This ratio x 0.5 for w = 0. Therefore, the de gain is 0.5. Also the ratio t/a 1 foro = oo. Thus, the gan is unity at o = 00, Alo the angles of the ine segments connecting the sero Fig. S476 6oatw and pole to the point ju are both zero for w = 0, and are both 1/2 for w = oo. Therefore £#(3w) ‘= 00. In between the ange ia postive as shown in Fig. $4.7-68. {() In this case the ratio r/d i 2 for w = 0. Therefore, the de gain is 2. Also the ratio r/d = 1 for w = ov. ‘Thus, the gain is unity at w= oo. Also the angles of the line segments connecting the sero and pole tothe point ju ate both sero for w = 0, and are both #/2 for w = o0. Therefore £if(ju) = 0 at w = 0 and w= 00. In ‘Between the angle is negative as shown in Pig. 547-66. 4:1-1 The poles are at 0:4 j10. Moreover nero gain at = O and w = oo requires that there be a single zero at « = 0. ‘This cently causes the gain to be aero at w = 0. Also because there is one excem pole over zero the gain for large values of w is 1/1, which approaches 0 a2 w — oo. therefore, the suitable transfer function ia HO = Gaga yeas) © Fatt OTS “The amplitude response is high inthe vicinity of w = 10 provided « ia small. Smaller the «, more pronounced the gain in the vicinity of w = 10. For « = 0, the gain at w = 10 is co. 48-1 (a) Let f(t) = 1 e(0 = ota(t) and fo(6) = f(0)u(—t) = w(t). Then Fi(s) has a region of convergence @ > 1 ‘And Fa(a) has a region o <0. Hence there ino common region of convergence for F(s) = Fi(s) + Fa(s) (b) fut) = e-"u(t), and Fi(s) = aby converges for ¢ > -1. Also f(t) = w(~1), and Fi(s) = ~4 converges for ¢ <0. Therefore, the stp of convergence is -t<0-1 wet —ooifRee@) © @) « finns hesk < etic Sd HEDER AS HAH ath Hee AW Geng? Md AC Gp 7x) F)= A) +B) aah ate -leeet Madehe ello: Ale tye?) ad Alms) at a AG een Hence Fe) AW) +A" Goma <0 ome roe a ee NYG, BIDE, Bee Ried he oot aa An =} wdbecr Fe) cty fat foe > fill) =e | for t<0 Await «re nomen Reda y Aoeady ost ocect(b) Re #-< =2: All poles to the right of the region of convergence, Therefore Ml) = (net et = 26 ul) (€) -1.€ Re s-< 1; Poles ~1 and ~2 tothe left and pole 1 to the right of the region of convergence. Therefore $0) = (1 +20 )nfs) + (1) (@) 2 < Res < —1: Poles =1 and 1 are to the right and pole ~2 is to the left of the region of convergence. Therefore HO) = 2600) + [et + etho(—1) 425) nore, wwap oo at r= hence: ¥(2) = HF) = st cae deget Fros" sas 37ST ‘The poles ~1 and —0.5, which are to the left ofthe strip of convergence, yield the causal signal, and the pole (5, which ia tothe right ofthe strip of convergence, yields the anticausal signal. Hence wt) (fet + 20") w(t + Fel a(—1) ey 10) a(t) + a(-8) eee? wd sept oot Hace: YORUM ECR eS? vo EG Hence y(t) = (-| t+ bet) oft) + FePa(—1) © 1) =P) _. THOS 408 Also= leget Hace YOOSUF = GaapeTT 36 SE 2,2 leew “aaitayes sows | 3S °SE wee (et 2eF) wort «@ He) = (0) teat) = A104 HO TO) >a ue) ect wa Ho = Zt ea mT In this case, there ia no region of convergence that ia common to F,(s) and Fa(s). However, exch of Fi(s) and {Fis} have region of convergence that is common 10 H(s). Hence the output can be compated by finding the sytem response to fi() and fa(t) separately, and then adding these two components, This means we need not ‘worry about the common region of convergence for Fi(s) and Fi). Thus: ¥(s) = Vis) + Vols) where KO =ROO=GeeR 8? chek ot mit ‘Observe that both the poles (1 and 2) ar tothe eft of the region of convergence, hence both terms are causal, and: w(t) = (-bet +) alt) -1 “ae? eb-do -ic0cs wet 7 ‘The poles —1 and 1 are to the left and the right, respectively, ofthe strip of convergence. Hence the first term ‘yields consal signal and the second yield anticanaal signal. Hence Vl) = BOK nt) = — fetal) + feal—t) ‘Treresore a(t) = (4) + w(t) = (de + be) w(t) + ete—8) © = H+ 10 FQ) = As) +A) cywhere mT Here alao, we have no common region of convergence, for Fi(o) and F,(+) as in part d. Let ¥(+) = ¥i(s)+¥5(0) where: 1 1 Noe Geyer PE ~t eee ait yom + n= (-$¢ 1 -1eec-t 2 1 wa cice<-} and p(t) = 2ee(t) 4 20 Fa(-) nae ri) eno tnld= (Je"+tet) wo r2he-9 © St) = alt) + Mal = A(t) + AO) Fd) = Re) + File) 1 whee Westy ent ac oa In this came, there ia common region of convergence for Fi(s) and Hi(s), bat there is no region of convergence ‘common to Fi(+) and H(s). Heace the oaspat (1) wil be finite but gat) wil be oo. orChapter 5 eS sat Fintona E (2 o $l@'+@'+] at fas (142+) +-)] ea] (>) Flee Seta et et gg co) ec tat : Eh Therefore Fljae (a) . Fm Dat ‘From the result in part (c) it follows that Fheh= etl a (gee all* 12 S18) = (2) 2} + (0H) = 42) — 114+ 2G) ‘Therefore © J(8) = brah 2} = Aree} 0 = byt) ‘Thereforeote Peleg ip © 08) = ((@)-* oo 3] wk 1] = (2) ce Se A] ~ 518) 2-025) 0.5(+~1 Fll= ao pgee0s 1" P= 0544028 (4) Because A(k— 1)(k~ 2) = 0 for k= 0,1, and 2 0K) = be — ay = 2)2 fe — mn = AE — 1k 2902) PH) 1, or 2, Therefore FUE) = (2) (eC = 1k — 2)? (EI) wd © oe © @ S18) = [$-10) + 40)"] of) wo a = ~G@+ie-ap +l Muhipy both ides by 2 and et +o. This le Ons 4h +0 me ka -3Pol=scty 118) = [aay —3¢0)* +2802) #18} © . 2 Fl) t4reo0s 7 G=oaye=0ap = 7-03 tr Multiply both sides by + and let « ~ oo. Thia yields Omtth ee bent File a 118) = [(0.2)" ~ (0.8)" + FRC aed 1} +8 Fo = 1. Therefore (a) We use pair 12¢ with A= revit pew (ep ea us '(j)= 1007 18) 2(1)* cof + 1.04Tyu[E] = Zeon HE + 2.067) (A) « Fh] _ a oaeg02s 1, Art 8 7H eog ton) 3 40S Matiply both sides by x and let # co. This yields QeltAme Aad Setting 2 = 1 on both sides yields Hb=1+ i me B= Filet tees or the second fraction on sight ide, we ute pat 12¢ with Aw 1, B= 09, 0 = 03, and [oi = 05. Thin yids pe VIF pacorafya22e mtx (H) = 1208 118) = 68} + VTO(0.5)*coa214h + 1.249)0(8) Fld, ae-29 a1, Aree Be aie Taye) FHT Po e4s Madly both siden by # and et x 0. Thayne 0 On-24A ae An? Set 2 = on both sides to obtain fe24h a4 ane T+ F-Ge8 or the vcond fraction on the right-hand side, we we pir 12e wth A= 2, B= 4,6 Ful=-24 sand f= 5. =F pec tpymomt mtr e028 0a8 JH) = [-2+ F6)*eow(0.927 -028)] «1) ® Fl) asaeg 4 Ast. 7 Gears) Fina ‘Multiply both sides by x and let x — oo. This yields Onl+Ame Anat Setting # = 0 on both sides yields Ug =} 4 hme Boon For the second fraction on right-hand side, use pair 12e with A= —1, B = 683, ¢ = —25, and [1] =5. re VE pec 0syef emt (t) = S(B] = [(2)" + VIS)" cont Fa — 81] wf «© Fle) 3? tee—) 2 + = @=G-2P [Multiply both sides bys and lets — oo. This yields hn 2 +e toy -telth ae hs Set += 0.0 both sides to obtain On-14f4 8b me bad ay tt — FO)" + 2k 1))"] «fA 118) = [1-30 Long division of 25° +134? 4 by #4732 +2641 yielda 14 Fijmr-t+ Se ‘Therefore f{0] = 2, #(=-1, SE] =4. Long division yield Theretore f(0]= 0, HU] = f10)= 27, 10) = 37, 118) = tafe) SU) = a8) - st] Fis n522 328 se) ste— aie ae—siee— ga-ga sae este— Theetre riintedadadededed ast + ast + 42? 429 + 1 Alternate Method: S18) = BCR) = wk SD) + (B+ MLE -5]- sfk- = ku [H] = 2be [2 - 5]+ bulk 9] + 0 ( 5) ~ tuft - 9} = be ft) — 2((4 - 5)u[t ~ 5) + Su Lb - 51) + (E— 9)a lk - 9] + 90k 8] + Buf 5) — Buh — 9} bed] - 208 — S)u(k-5]+ (2 ek 9] 20 ft - 8] 0-9) melas age” GSH t FE + (2-0) FoF ‘Reeder may verify that the two answers are identical. ® JU = Prete) Repeated application of Eq (5.25) to 1*u[t] emo sy vieds a : wt (b) Application of Ea Rene ee ara aula -ed [eg = meee) Now ming 7 = 15a hi rl yi Hayy eee beet = 7 ees © J) = (ole sh- md @ 108) = hehe [b= a] = (= mt mye = ee mye File =824 Paint: w(t) = 5 [a) +6(b— 1) 4 51k) 4 58-314, tty sWewititstsene Repeated application of Eq. (5.25) to pair 2 yields pair 3, 6, and. ‘Application of Eq, (8.24) to pair 2 yields pair , and application of time-delay (5.19) to pait 7 yields pai 6 Repeated application of Bq. (8.28) to pair 7 yields pair 8 and 9. saa wlk-+3)— wi] = s+ with »(0] = -M, #18] = Pel —3] File ey vi eme YE) vlk+t oe ab] + Me ‘The stranstorm of the system equation iz a¥[]+ Mana b= (= W¥ Ul li) = [-aert + AEB] ota) ret “The loan balance is tro for = N, that is, y[W]=0. Setting b= Win the above equation we obtain aN) = [Ma + ‘This yielde 5.2. The +tranetorm of the equation yields a¥ [24 2Y (ol = 2F bs Fjmee a(t] and FE] ‘Therefore B5.3:3. The aysem equation in delay form ia ya) ~ ay (h 114 91h = 2) = 4ftH)~ 341-1) Ao amo YG) alk- tee 2¥ (a) olka BY t+ * 1 wom (on JU) => Fla} ‘The s-transform of the equation is al-2ytdt avait = Arment Yi) s(ar- 2.79 s(3s ~ 2.18 -2 * GF 3+ * We 05)(e— Ife — 0.25) F— wih) = [3 + Ho)" ~ $10.25)] ofA} = [b+ Ha 30] 5.24 For initial conditions y 0), » [1], we require equation in advance form: ay (h-+ 2] — p(k +2) + vl) = ase +2) —3/f +3) ‘Aso VLG) vik tier ay tl $s rite ae ev le Miho Fila gg Thame rile 2 aa sestiee ort) Bem stay ‘The s-transform of the equation is afere-} s]+ytq= Se, (2 -ep yyy = OE gH) aa YQ) ae sinze—a7s w/a a8 7 Te 05)" ¥-1~ 7-025” 3-05 1 Bs YR) se ltl = [4 = £10.25)" - #(0.5)"] #4) 8.38 System equation in delay form is ave) aah 31 4 vk 2) = S11) Also aes Yt) alte tye) vl BYU Me Ay steer ty Uea=9 “‘The stransform of the system equation is avpi via droits Ay start dye? Pei aettag 3 [5-H ot] * wlth = (- (-0.8)" - A(-0.5)"] « fa] 53:6. The system in delay form ip a8) —ay(b— 1) +2918 =) = FE —1) rR ee Yt) vik- tee LY (42 slb- deme Sv el4 243 Je Fl) se- ree LP te) riley ‘The stransfom of the aytem equation is visa] +a[dvinedes] = (1-243) ria--t+ot 402 <4 on 6 , 3 wetting eats aS 3 2 dt le) = [$ ~602)" + £0)"] +18) 8.27 The apse equation in delay form in alt} — 29 (b= 1) + 29-2) = fl -2) vit] ee Y ted alka LYE + rite Sy t+? Mk- Ae SFU] and Fla “The s-transtorm of the difference equation is Yid-2 vil +1] +2 [561+ 3] = oy Pott Dye wows %Yi) 2 —aet 3 rebel Cos Crees a e=1) Yol= y+ Fmt For the second fraction on the right-hand side, we use pai 12e with A= 1, B= 1, a= 1, [of = 2. This yields r= 1, 6 = £, and 0 = 0. Therefore W{k) = [1 + (¥3)" coo( $2) B.3-8 The equation in advance form is vfk-+ 21+ 2y[k +a] + ay fe) = sk + + 27) vik ome Ya] vlkt Mee avid lk +] AVE) Jitheme Fa] settee aF ie) # and Fl) ‘The stransform of the difference equation is PY (el — 2 42aY (014 2¥ t= Es 24 (Pa aes ay dass AED 2 HD ‘Therefore se2 +" Grae e esa) = Viojmaain 2, - Hats) For the second fraction on the right-hand side, we ase pair 12c with A= 0.318, B = 0.502, e=1, fy?) = 2 and 0.318 — 0.502 Senet re0ser Bmcoe (sp) = 6 tan (BMS) = ~0.525 afk) = [o.ane()* —0.361(¥5) coat — 0.825) «1H 530 silmecva Fll= Viola Flat = aay aaNe =O) ‘Therefore 106 ale) = {1.2%(¢" ~0.186(-02)" — 129(04)"] 91H) 5310 (+3) Yol=redatl= fey ‘Therefore Ye) 2243 ofa Gaye= Be) FHT yel= ait) = [F-700)" + $0)'] #0) %san 5212 (=) 4) ‘= (8) = (4)*[E] oo that F(x] = zty, and ro aero Yeal= Fla bl= Rese He Thereore Yugo er Yoana ey fel = frac)" —4(d)" + 36()"] #4) 212 fart - 43)" +302)*] 0) (b) Here the input is the response will be the oa Ju [2 ~ 2] which ia ential tothe input in part (a) delayed by 2 sin part (a) delayed by 2 waits (\ime-invariance property). stb) t2 fe 4) 4 302)" we] () Here the input ca be expromed a8 Je] = 4 a) = 1614) “This input is 16 times the input in pat (a). Therefore the response willbe 16 times the output ia part (a) (Gineasiy property). Therelore le] = 102 fo* (@) Here the input can be expreaned at 443)" + 300)""] «8 a= fe —2) = (Male - 2) ‘This inpat ia dy times the input in part (b). Therefore the response will bei times the output in part (b) ‘Therefore vl)= = 443-9) + 3(2)-)] wk 2) Y(s)= FE) a fs) = FoR ant x Sy e-1) 6+ 08 For the second fraction on the righthand side, we use pair 12¢ with A= fof? = 0.8. Therefore am 08 y= pansies co "(RS moss Oe) = 0408 a= (: = s¢.a19 (3) etoaeas +0460] 0 . [-ss (4) xceusa +04] +) $333 @) tO) MS © an saat @) ache ©) ah53:18 (a) aie Lied = tees Boaeea FMD x +3243 3/2 1 A/a ee Cay eats aoe ts Hl 5- itima fa) = (2618) - (-" + H(-2)"] «ft 3) aes _ a AUl= Sears ~ Gal EU) 2 3 + Griy atl G+iy Huet wa fA) = [a(-ay" + 38(—10"] otal = 2438) f8) © Pt aide oes ‘Therefore Hh) _ 242 Ae sts We use pair 12¢ with A= 1, B= 2, ¢==05, fl? = 0, I= Jp. and reson pcos OSVim Om tan (GBH) = 1578 Ae) = 5.080 (Jy) "conf = 1.373)0 U8] ®) 27a te) = [46 0E)~ $02)" + 3074] #18) © a. as, Saray Fs forthe wend con on hesighn bade, A= 128, B=o, +08 1.8 i = 08, ol = Spy and p21 Beco t(M) ose zen (2) 107 ‘i = ~1.256 [4] + 2.795( Jy) cou(0 404k — 1.107) (8) ®fan@ed CUA arvsS omty bh vers ahs Jawad ar rwaye @ . fot ir e+e mat tad tat542 (@) Hide SESH eae * a) (E Parallel form: To realise parallel fore, we could expand # [¢] or H[+]/s into partial fractions. In oar case: 12s 048 abl=34 oy ‘Alternatively we could expand H![3]/x ‘The realizations aze shown in Fig. $5.41, (b) aij = tt = 22 (l= Gyan roe * Fes 018 - (aa) [Al the realisations are shown in Fig. S5.41b. © Alls roa oats — 008 or a cascade form, we express f(s] as Atl For « parallel form, we exprese [3] a8: tea Feat ares able ‘Al the realinations are shown in Fig. 85.4-1c. 5.4-2, Note: the complex conjugate poles must be realised together asa second onder factor (a) Cascade form: Paralldl form: (b) Cascade form: abl= (sya5, Parallel form: : 2 a atl= sy55+=0a* Gayaz-ns s wh jayoavd Fo pr z THKHE 2 or mg 2 Les 4 2 2 pros * a aE ik Fabra) @ rij z erss OE 7 rayv0d tas Jyesod oeyss oma bib 7 Pasa 1,08, 2, 8 _24e soar sree $00? 426 gijeat tes 4h oars ease ‘he relation of thin transfer fancton is shown in Fig. S543. It can be explained ia tro ways, The ‘Ralsson bar 8 paths in purl, cad each pail represen one term inthe (anne function. "The Sr TEE Gipaees al the dtage) Bee taster feneou 2 The necond pat (grag through only one delay) (ests incon /s, sad wo ou. Alternately we ober hat his ranaerfncion bas oo = 1 = 2 = Se eaen Yin, bea loty = 2 There all the fodbackcoofcents are ner, and thre are feetpeck pha There ae 4 fedforeard path with gun 8, 2,08, 1, and 7 ax shown inthe raliaton Figure $5.43 a4 tials ded heded ‘This teanefer function is similar to that in Prob. 5.4.3. Its realization ia shown ia Fig. $5.4-4 3:1 (8) (el =28"= orayesecon ese Bl ll- oesoret wt Hf) =u SO (o) Ata 1 ad Bll = yee" eae ae Theo le" = EF = arn wa 8228 fe] = — © HG)= in) e238 — 1. em 19 = 1.8 cos M) + j(3.sin 20 — we Hel = Teh +or6 ~ con $0.16) + 7am went = [sees] [Secee ton] = B= 10800 ‘TORE 2d + OST coe TT a eee lel [a ate wd 1) tan (28220~ 18ein 5 (| woam (FST) | 552 () agers 4543 21+ 05077 + 26-7 4 20-99 40.507? 4 oO 80 1620 4 950848 4 2080 4.068 4 6M] =e [acon + boon + coe) Therefore [A [e"]] = Woo 9+ coe + 2004] aed tH [e%] = 250 (0) Using the same procedure asin Prob. 5.48, we obtain: 12 [o9]] = feain § + on 3B + 20a P| wd At [e9] 250-972. 553 @ (cou 40.8) + jin (eaf—08)+jaa0 ay min) — (2% + 0.8 eP + 0.8) _ 1.64 + 1.6 cos (ee) = 2 [?) ale ees Sataay et at [ew tO) ~ tae 3() Me05 va fo] = eases Ua fe] = 28 £8 [e*] = 0.2784 - 09037 = -0.6283r0d aa ak) = 2.08 con(0.5k — § 0.6283) = 2.86coe(0.5k— Bie ket? Figare 85.5-4 slaek= ees Pr os (apsssise) -) sale (hh) (at Ua fe} |= ony / 2h tee For 3 dB bandwidth |H[? = 1/2. Hence fo eap | Bee] an sas wa le}i=( Foraso2 Toa= 0-4eoeh| ave | ost, Hence Ba ew = ‘S366 Figure 85.8 shows «rough satch of he amplitnde and phase rxponse of thse. Fr the can (1), the polee tenis the vicinity of @ =. therefore, the gain [He] a high in the vicinity of = +/4. In the cane (b), the Dolor are in the vicinity of f= x. therefore, the guin [2] ia high in the vicinity of f= =. 58 Select T = 25u8 Frequency 5000 Hs gives eT = 26 x 5000 x 25 10 = HA «57 sas Tw le fi Le 3, @ Fig. S555 ‘Therefore frequency 5000 Hs correaponds to angles kx/4. We mst place seron at e#/*/*. For fast recovery om cither side of 8000 Hs, we read poles at ae4?"/* where a < 1 and o = 1 ‘The transfer function ia See a= ease, KG = fies) “pov! ‘The connan Kis hats to ave ealy gun abo = O(0 =) oc #2 1. (HLL =) 0 welts a yma sd vin ) ae = fie + 1)(6-? ~ Vie +1 le = a a___ A= tfc 4 200028 OPA Wie + eens ee oy = BMH dea Foe (lent =m le le) = Ga eamay Teme ‘This shows that the amplitade response ia constant (|df [e]| = 2) forall valves of . The filter isan allpass ‘lve. This result can be generalized eaclly the same way for complex poles and serou. Yel= Fle For an input [kt] = es [E], pair 7 in Table 5.1 yields Fel= on 7 vad ste atl= B= coe (a= Ja) - . YON= Goa wy =e)= [Ewe Py “The eum on the right-hand side cosa of m characteistic modes the system, For an axymptotially stable yrtem fr] £1 (0s 1,2, +.) and the sum on the right-hand ide vanishes as oo. This sum is therfore the tranclent component of the response. The lat terms H [e] a Aloe Wc? F305 7-3 nis wprtste ffos Able cos Hence 7-08 3-08 ninecisem SH 0.8. The region of convergence for (0-4) ‘Toe common region does not exist. Heace the s-tranaform for this fanction does not exist. Ful, eta 82-2 oo (0) The region of convergence i e| > 2. Both terme are causal And SUE] = (ee) (b) The region of convergence i e-? <[s| <2. In this case the lat term ia causal and the second i enticausal J] = oat aha +0) () The region of convergence ie] < e°®. Both terms are antiansal in this cae. S18) = (oe +2 yee +) 523 act sien hen cnc ab or We shall consider it only for noncaucel inputs YOl= Fula = G—yaFOHEH OH ‘Modified partial fraction expansion of ¥[s] yields ¥(s)= 0417+ — oss, 041 F Ty03 sed le) = [oare! - 0.906e(-02)* - 041200.) «18 sr4 518 @ File M<2 =a MO Yil= eons | SHC? aa Ye * et te - ea +" Geoaye- Oa) w+oa* 2 Taewne Yee htagttetyg -ansizts onc i? at vtl=[F (e) The inp in ice the ‘pone part sand. 22) + Foor] et) +ers4c%at-(e+ 0) the input in pst and b hc the pont wil beth um fe J1o)= oltre lo(e 3) Tin Aulesig b>? Ald= bet ‘There ia no region of convergence common to Fi [s] and Fa [+] 5Ul= Graaesom ‘The region of convergence of H [1] iso] > 0.8 (awraming a causal system). We should find the rexponse to fi (R] and fs{E) separately, Mbl= Goaygseaesoy MP? ee sas Kile—fagea coat sd nti = [-2(-0.2)* ~ 20.0)" +0.759(2)*] #14) bio" -§ ] wide Bete deteattcag Obeid wa nots [oa +400] oh Fete to wa sth= witht m= [S(-227¢+ Peoay +00] atel+ Fal-+ Fide lice wa A= Gpaagzoy MO [No common region of convergence for F(s] and Hf [s) exists. Hence ri=20Chapter 6 Seen ee 6-1 (a) To= 4,00 = HE = Because of even symmetry, all sine terme ure se10, sna +Dao (8) ‘eo = 0 (by inspection) aC) [4-205 Th oe at af (on SE Lean SE 4 Fea tt — Le 1025 (oof jon Fs pont pe te) and we alow Cu to take negative values. Figure $6.1-12 shows the plot of Co i = HE =f. Because of even symmetry, al the sine terme are 2r0. fy 20s Secon ($i) +880 (8) ao=E (by inspection) oom fo) #= eGo (Lae (F) mena [om (Gi) emo Gotadiean ot nin ot Here ba = 0, and we allow Cn to take negative values. Note that Cy = 6» for n = 0,1, 2,3, --~ Figure $6.11 shows the plot of Cy (T= 28, w=. Hace Spencmattbasant with eo 05_ (by impaction) 1p"s4 wah” kemuee bad [” feantae-Z 19 = 05-3 (sint+ inte Leinats aint) 0s} fol (1+) eon (u08) shen (oed)s | 89q w i ic ‘Fig. $6.1-1 “The reason for vanishing of the cosines terms ia that when 0.5 (the dc component) is subtracted from f(t), the remaining function has odd eymetry. Hence, the Fourier scree would contain de and sine terms only. Figure S6.1.1e dhows the plot of Cu and fa. (@) Tears oe = 2 and (9 = Bt o= 0 (by inspection) Sem O (n>0) because of odd symmetry “ met [Seamer 2 (Z n= Sones Lane jhyante antes “clare B42 Shem (ef) dem (ue- Figure $6.1.1d show the plot of Ca and safe (wos) e dealers)»(0) Te=3, 0 =28/3. aa 1 n03+ & (of tere that even amon vn. The aon ta ede (5) in bcd om 09, Shs Ahh sheuartnvmas, fe Pos 2) gue S01. som he i fC 2.2 (9 Forhulwee ormmety no=-1(08 ad 5 2 Hocmnn 2 jem 2 -2 co mant dt conan KL” Hercemantans [0 secant Let e = 1 Tp/2in the second integral. This gives wef ronments 7s (e+ Bem (4B) a] 28 [[ tommnas [ -s0t-mmene] ob" tom] In a similar way we cam show that (©) (1) To = 8, oe = F, ao 0 (by inspection). Half wave aymmetry. Hence aon (ee ans, Similacly 1 nat ad H)= Dy emcee Set basin Tt ots. (it) Ty = Be, oy = 1, to 0 by inapection). Half wave apmametry. Hence f= anconnt + bysinnt A count dt 22 [get asemnrs sae]! te * [tata iat * Tom wre 01) y FOOT wt (odd) es sb ya] yal ye 1/2 a er : at ‘To determine Dx, maliply both sides bye“! and integrate over a period Te 2[rocman = [oro roo the identity in the footnote of p.439, it fllows that when = m, the integral on the right-hand side is ‘ero, Only when n =m, the integral i nonsero with value Tp. Therefore only one term on the right-hand side Yields a nonzero valne Te (when s =m) and peak [ myc le! F120, * 2 an eee Urb ogee 4 (2 Yn6.2.2 (a): To = Aue = #/2: Also Dy = 0 (by inspection) ime Wiz (b) Te = 108, uo = 24/108 = 1/5 aes © (@) T= x, ue = 2 and Dy =O (©) B= 3002 ¥ 4 J) = De "eat weer (®B+)- 4] ‘Therefore [GESTS] cose” wie ghy EE Pa] ot now ( (T= 6,u0= 4/3 Do = 08 y=0s+ $5 Daeo23 4) = Seoet tain (5— For a compact trigonometric form, all terms must have cosine frm and amplitedes must be positive. For thie reason, we rewrite f(0) as Hy Seo con (8t— F = £) +200 (1 2) 4100 = deoet + cos (St Figure $6.2-20 shows amplitade and phase epectra (b) By inspection of the trigonomettic spectea in Fig. $6.23, we plot the exponential spectra as shown in Fig, 6.2-3b, By inspection of exponential spectra in Fig. $6.2-3n, we obtain Se) = Fete 43 a hets (fet ote (oF) ota dots (FoF) AH 402 3 W-= Fig. 862-7 6.2.8 The peiod in Ty = 8 and ue = 4/4, Alto De = 0 (by inspection), and 1)= SS Doe De pL Gemrnas f (-$+1) comer a) S ys 81,42,48.27, 0 otherwine ‘This yilde Therefore - we Daher (b) Observe that f(t isthe same as f(t in Fig. P22 delayed by 2 seconds, Therefore Koani-n= SS vete So nemnent ho= XL bent 7Koasey= Sere Dat Theraore . i= Sy baa whee Dean a aro Ko= 5 De Hoa se SS decree a Fo (waar mmte a TS Doom [Dal 6D, = LD, ~ ime Dum Dust aad | 63-1 Fi(2,-1), Fa(-1,2), Fs(0\-2), Fa(1,2), Ps(2.1), and Fe(3,0). From the figure, we ow ‘that pairs (Fs, Fs), (Pi, Fs) and (Fo, Fa) aze orthogonal, We can verify this also analytically. . cr i Fig 96.31 Hy Fem (0x3) +(-2x0)=0 Fy -Fem (21) +(-1x2) 0 =(-1x2)4(2x1)=0 0) on2 ee) = 1 “1 Foe [auo-atne= f" sone Bat Se Mey ee oe‘Substitution of ¢ in the easlier equation yields [079 - @ = Fig. 8143 143 () aad 105Fie) = ine (22) 2 — m7 (b) From Fig. S743 we verify that He) = aint e(0) + n(t - x)s(¢—) Note that sin(t— x)u(t —) ia sin ¢0(t) delayed by 1. Now eta ne Eien) -tesnte tay sak atcabdtcn) me (Sled) Moomba iO ‘Tharfore Fle) = (Else 1) a 4 + yialote™) Recall that f(=)6(s — £0) = f(se)6(e — £0). Therefore Sw 1)(1-+ ¢77™ and Fe) = pate) (e) From Fig. S7-4-3e we verify that N= ut oly -»(1~ 2) stat ~ ate (t~ = 9) = cont. Theeore §(8) = contn(s)+ein (1-5) «(!-§) Fw) ean snore gis + [Ese -1)-so4 m+ ‘Aso because J(2)6(= ~ £0) = f(ee)H(e ~ £0), Se 1) Bu 1A mw 858041) ‘Thareore wn Fw) = G+ Lior} @ $9) = {ole} ~ t= T) mettle) ee a(t) eMule 7) TA SRT) ome FeO? HEAT) + tT) ome FET + Flupe 7 = 2F(w) eee We cam use this reult to derive transforms of signals in Fig, PT-4. (a) Here $(1) laa gute pulse as shown in Pig. 87-440, 106TAS 148 §(0) = rect ($) so 2sine(w) ‘Ao T'= 2, The signal in Fig. PrA-tais (04 3)+ 1(0~ 3), and $(¢4.3) + 104-3) ome Asine(u) conde (©) Here #(¢) ie» triangular pulse shown in Fig. ST.4-4b. Prom the Table 1.1 (pair 19) no =a($) os (3) oT 3. The igual Pig. PLEAS ie 643) 4906-9) a0 S043) + (t= 3) oe 2eine’ (3) cons Fit) / \ w) t= J) ae Flo 0) Fig. Stee Prequency-shifting property states that Therefore Hl inwnt = FCoE + 1 = FlFle oe) + Fle od) ‘Time shifting property sates that HOT) Foye Therelore MOAT) = {= 7) ee Flue = Flo)e™ = 2) Flo) sine ad FUe+T) ~ 1-7] os FloyanTo “The signal in Fig, PAS ia f(¢+8) — f(¢~8) where $0) = ct (§) ome aint) Therelore HO 3) ~ (82) se Btn) on] = A since) cond Fig. (a) The signal f() in thie cae in a langle pale (3b) (Fig. 814-6) maliplind by oo 14 ‘Also from Teble 7.1 (pair 19) A(gL) 4e rein @(%X) From the modulation property (7-41), it fllows that 10.2 (dorset {ane [211] «ane [He 1]} ‘The Fourier transform in this cave isa real fanction and we need only the amplitnde spectrum in this case as shown in Fig. S746, is. (b) The signal (1) here isthe sume as the sigaal in Fig (a) delayed by 2x. From time sifting property, ita Fourier transform ia the same as in past (a) multiplied by «7, Therefore 107147 ae Lede aris Fig. S146 roree fan i252] se ‘The Fourier transform inthis case ia the same represents near phase pectrum ~2eu, Th near phase epectrum 2F(e) = ~2r0 wa in Fig Staab. Rott tp the sbove solaton, we frst multiplied the tangle palae A(t) by coe 10¢ and then delayed the rvut ‘by 2x. This means the signal in Fig. (b) is expressed as A(32#) coe 10(t ~ 2x). ‘re cold have interchanged the operation inthis particular care, that the tangle pulse (i) i fat delayed Oy ak ee mae Th tia lternae procedure, the signal in Fig. (6) is exprenved £2 A(R cos 104 ‘Ths Galechange of operation ia permissible here only becamse the sinusoid com 10¢execata integral number of Files in the internal Dr. Becaue ofthis both the expreons are equivalent since coe 10(t— 2) = coe 10 Fig. ( ee ee site ethene pele vo(Z) tnd of tangle pale (35). Now that in part (a) multiplied by ~?**. This multiplying factor ‘ve have en amplitede spectrum (same a in part (s)} a4 well as "in Fig. S7.4-6b, the amplitude spectrum in this case as chown rect (5) emp 2esinc(rw) Using the same argument as for part (b), we obtain P(e) = afeine{e(w + 10)) + sinefe(e — 10} * Fle) =es (254) + ne (PEE iso Saaay we ($) Therelore 448) Zeinc{t)con se (b) rieyma (444) +4( eodency oe 0 (9) ‘Therefore $40) = Laine? (const $1) cos yt cy 2KOUE LE Ft) = 20, Fig. S148 TAS A basic demodulator is shown in Fig. S184, The product of the modulated signal f(t)coeuot with 2cos wot yields (4(0) cou ot)(2co8 ont) = 24(1) cn at = JUL + con duet] = ft) + £(0) co8Quot product contains the desired f(t) (whose spectrom is centered at u = 0) and the unwanted signal f(t) os 2ant with spectrum }{F(o +205] + F(o — ue), which is centered at 42u, The two spectra are nonoverlapping be- Cause W

0, the inverse transform of his of the latter dose not exiat because Aa > 0. @ IE f(t) = eal) 00'a(-1, then ree gooey ee EE Gere) "aK jee 10 = ge ‘atthe end of part (c) apply here also, 1410 PO = LFW) Fe) ® ‘Because of the width property ofthe convolution, the width of F()» F(u) is tice the width of F(u), Repeated application ofthis argument shows that the bandwidth of f*(t) ia mi Hs (n times the bandwidth of f(t) ee [ere [era dp-nnebenl &) sonra ($2922) ro (152) = (f) em() w= (292) =r © H+) ~26(0) + 66-7) “The Fousier transform ofthis equation yields JoF(e) = MT 247 *F = afl — con oT] = Aen? 0‘Therefore ropa thaw (FE tana row [lamer wt ad ‘Changing the order of differentiation and integration yields Ef Zoom = [esa * germ at Therefore ai) (>) omnes she eT @/)l = nen £ (ca) ma ad tl = Goa re jus juts He) = Gare est ” Got GED Ye) = Pledee) @ 1 regs 1 +3 1 rom hs fptiters] = eaten Therefore = wit) = (e ‘Ju(t) © Fem oe jut 2 ap ale YO)" Gz TGe+ Gots etl jet? Jord wit) = Bert Let Betyg) © Pong ia +3 2 a Ye)= Gag ges "feat ert Gor a(t) = (20 = 22° = Yat) au@ cS) Fe) +3) 1 ys oes aaa "joel jw? a= (t= oyun ¢ Bete =6)42 Flo) = 6a) + ju+3 Me= Gone ety [MO 5 Because $(2)6(2) = $(0)6(s), we have 73:2 (a) (b) «© @ jot ¥(u) = Base) + Poe 3eneey¢ 3B - wa G2 Le u(g fe) ur jor + aoe ja +2) Y= Gore eT Sa" Bt ies a= + heaton s Sean) -28 font aps +2) num as, as Yee Gontetnury eet EAT Bes wt) = eal + Gel - Here) elites = + ge =I Ge tH)” je Ge-aF wts wians (ef) emcn aes?) _ 4s | Gor sPGe= "joss Got sP jo-3 att)= (R-P)emens & ue 4123 1 HO= aT w 1 FO" Sat 1 1 Ye)" Goa TGesh "ort jose we) = (6 =) () 1 Fee : jest 1 Y= ge 0) = teat) © Fl) =~ foot Man ap Yu)y= jee i) jel jen non lewn + batea (a) Fw) = #5() + z ; vee gchar a] 1 jew +1) oe lees 6) + joa = 180)+ [because ye (=) = £10182] 1a ween Using pair 22 (Table 1.1) and timeshifting property, we get re MO Je‘This ia noncansal. Hence the flter is unrealizable. Also [Cilla [7 Bene Heace the filter ia noncaueal and therefore uarelisale. Since hi) iss Ganesan function delayed by t, it ook as shown ja the adjacent figure. Choosing te = 3V2E, h(0) = «t= 0.011 of 1.1% of ite peak value. Hence to = 3V9F i a reasonable choice to make the Aer approximately realizable. 2 H 10" some Ho F501 From pair 3, Table 7.1 and time-shiftng property, we get aay = enitinn “The impulse reeponse is aonranaal, and the filter is unrealizable. = 40s is reasonable choice Letting $ = 3p and consequently dt = yds ae anda! ‘Alo ftom pair 22 (Table 7.1) Latting ow = and consequently du = zipde veka 1.92 Consider «gael Ht) seincltt) and Flu) = Fret) 7.93 Racal that Rwy de and £ Aide" dtm Fil-w) 4[Latonoe= J” sep” Beemane =k [7 ston)” nine ataen 5 [ Kone sunnah at 0) 9 se ep cso a [somone [7 neincere 7.4 Application of duality property (Eq. (7.31)] to pair 3 (Table 7.1) yields ripen ‘The signal eneray is given by Brel [neem tanees [earn ae cnery css within the bd (010 Bente [om are em) 0 Bw = 0.998, then eH 0.01 a 2 rade Sm 798 (8) 5 = [worsen [7 oes [7 nas f° AMO h(a a Entinsaf” Aomioe (b) If fa(t) and fa(t) are orthogonal we have Bin bntEn Moteorer wing the acguent in pat we can show that Bem But Enna Hone Hf filt) and fo(¢) ave orthogonal Bin Entin (©) We can rendiy extend this aryumest to show that if w(@) = aifi(t) enfi(t) and if fu(8) and f(0) re ‘orthogonal, then ee 2B), te, usChapter 8 LS 1-1 The bandwidths of fi() and f(t ae 100 lls and 150 Ls, respetivay. Therefore the Nyquist sampling rater for fst io 20 ils and fr fa) i 300s. ‘hiso fi(0) ex 2. F.(w) + F(u), and from the width property of convolation the bandwidth of f:7(t) ie rice {he bandwidth off (0) and that of fs(0) i three men the Bandwidth of ft) (8 abo Prob. 7410). Similaciy the bandwidth of f(0/s(0) i the num ofthe bandwidth of (0) and (0). Therefore the Nygist rate for f:°(2) 4s 400 LB, for fa°6) a 900 Ws, for fi) (0) i 800 ll 822 (@) sinc (0041) oe 001( te) “The bandwidth of this igual a 200 + rad/s or 100 Ha. The Nyquist rate i 200s (samples/oc) @) snc(100r4) + lac (0xt) eno 0.01 et ii) + Hs Aho) “The bandwidth of rect sfc) in $0 Hs and that of Asif) it 60 Hs. The bandwidth of the sum isthe higher of the two, tHat 60s. Fhe Nyquist sumpling rate 10 Ba. © inc(S0nt) => 0.02 ret( sz) inc(L00xt) => 0.01 rect rz) ‘The two signals have bandwidths 25 Hz and 50 Hs respectively. The spectrum of the product of two signals is 1/t timea the convalation of their epectra, From width property ofthe convolution, the width of the convoluted tignal is the sum of the widths of the eigaals convolved. Therefore, the bandwidth of sine(SOrt)inc(100xt) is 25 +50 = 75 Hs. The Nyquist rate ia 150 Hs, ‘Assume a signal f() that ia simatancouly imeimited and bandlimited. Let Flo) = Ofor jl > 2. Therefore Plodrectnige) = Fle) for BY > B. Thercove trom the time-convlation property (742) $(8) = S(t) + (2B'sine(22B'9)} = 2B f(t) «sinc(2" 8) Because f(t is timelimited. (1) = 0 for t| > T. Bat () is equal 1 convolution of f(t) with sinc( 2B") which isnot timelimited. Ita impossible to obtain a time-limited signal from the coavolution of « time-Lmited signal ‘with a non-timeimited signal ae Ai(w) = 10 sine( pifeg) and Alu) = Fale), H(w) and Ha(o). Now Kio) = (wile) Yu) = Aleta) “The spectra ¥i(u) and Yo(u) are also shown in Fig. $8.14. The bandwidth of r(t) and yo(t) are 10 Klis, § fs, respectively. ‘Therefore the bandwidth of the product y(¢) = mu (thm(t) is 15 Rix (see Prob. 81-1) and its [Nyguiat rate in 30 kil, ‘8,5 This problem ia identical to example 7.18 excapt that the energy in the band is required to be 99% of the total signal energy (Iastead of 95% in the Example 7.18). Folowing the development in Example 718, we have ae @ ote = W = 63.660rad/s = 10.136 Hs us- 4 7 Wr £ 4,00) waeccet—[_aeece — 2>> Tieenet [1600 aos Y, (4) = FladH, to) ede Rugned 20000 T ‘2e0coT ae sieoceT | wocee a Fig. 814 ‘The bandwidth of the anti-aliasing filter is 10.136 Hs 1.2-6 (a) When the input is (1), the input ofthe integrator is [6(t)- 6(1~T)]- And, M(), the o nine [01 -ae—mer anger =m (GE) Tee tepuerpane sho i Fe. S48 PORN a ara ayatine( a tween =7 ise) | ‘The amplitude response ofthe flter i shown in Fig. 7.1-6b, Obeerve that the filter ia « lowpass filter of bandwidth 2e/T radu oe 1/T Bs. ‘The impulac response of the circait ia a rectangelar pulse. When a sampled signal is applied at the input, each ‘ample genersiea a rectangular pale at the ontpat, proportional to the corresponding sample valee. Hence the ‘output is « staircase approximation ofthe inpat as shown in Fig. S8.1-fc. ar Tar eT a7 (a) The bandwidth a 15 RBs. The Nyquist rate is 30 ks (b) 68536 = 2", 0 that 16 binary digits are needed to encode each sample. (6) 30000 « 16 = 480000 bits {@) 44100 x 16 = 705600 bits. 81 0) The Nyquist rate ia 245 « 10" = 9 MH. The actual sampling rate = 1.2% 9-= 108 Mix ur() 1024 = 2, so that 10 bits or binary puloes are needed to encode each sample. (©) 10.8 10¢ x 10 = 108 x 10° or 108 Mita/a 83-1 (i) Linearity -proof is trivial (U) Timeshifing DFT Usa) = So fron MI magtcs a ed me eratettone FE Ine ‘Because the sequence J ia Ne-periodi, the ft summation can be written as: ernie 4. SS ferrite ee 5 paecmormr amen met DET an] eM fa mentor F, (Ut) The trequency-shifting property cam be proved in a manner similar to the time-sifling property by inter changing the role of fa and Fy (lv) Cyeic convolution et DFTUs+n]= DFT | D> fan tent =D fe DFTin-) oF perma, “ha B= 10000 Heace F, 2 28 = 70000 1 T™ 5, joa =H Bmx Nom T= Soxios = Since No must be s power of 2, we choose No = 512. Also T = SOs, and Ty = NoT = 512% S0u0 = Fam 1/To = 30.0625 Hs. Since f(t) in of 10 mu duration, we need sero padding over 15.6 ma. usane 38 ‘Alternatively, we could also have wsed Let us choose T= 1/8, Ta = 4, and No ‘every 0.25 secs. The 32 samples as oskss f= Ren) = mstsn ssksa ° J) =e) Fu a road Flay = wie Weell= opppe vt ‘We estimated the exwential bandwidth for this signal in Prob. 81-5 to be 10.13¢ Hx (asing 99% energy criterion) Th thin cane a = 1, and the ceental bandwidth i 10.13 Ha. Let un use & round value of 10 Ha. The sampling frequency F. = 20 Ha, and the sampling interval T = 0.05 ‘The aigatl ¢~"v(#) becomes negligible ater ay, 6 time constant (~*~ 0). Thus, we have To = 6, 7 = 005, fea ToT = 120. Since Noss power of 2, choose Ny = 128. The revised values are Ne = 128, T = 0.05, yn 128 x 0.05 = 64. Hence F, = 0.15625 He 10= aT ‘Application of duality property to pair 3 (Table 7.1) yids a pH wae “Thin ia lowpas spectrum extending to w = co. The effective bandwidth of hi signal to cxatain £9% ofthe inns energy was ound in Prob: 1-4 to be 0.66 Hr. Therelre the sampling frequency 7; > 0.702 Hs, and Se chsplite incre T-< py = 1.3660, We elect T= 1, « round aumber for convenience Ao fO)=2 md 2% t>>0 Choose Ty, the duration of ft), that value where f() is 2% of f(0). N= Fem Gag TTT uehe rot Now Bo tar tin convenient to select No as a power of 2. We select Mo = 8.\Thus our final values are 1 Tel, Met, ham as, Fe 0.128 Figure 58.36 8.4.0 The widths of f(t) and s(t) are 1 and 2 respectively. Hence the width ofthe convolved signal is 142 = 3. This smeaas we need to nero-pad f(t) for 2 oece. and g(t) for 1 wec., making To = 3 fr both signal. Since T = 0.125 3 mngige™ (Na must be a power of 2. Choose No = $2. This parmita ws to adjust To to 4. Bence the final values are ‘T= 0.125 and Ty = 4. The eamples of f(t) and o(¢) are as shown Obsewe thet G/w,= 8 Trerefrve fp= S/T. Similandy tne peak value *€ Spe /@ 10Chapter 9 2D, : —— ht a Festa 9-2 (8) = 4coe2.4rk + 2sin3.20k = Acon.Ark + 2ain 2k rae Ps Le m1 20 er gg The fundamental y= Ox and Ny = 3 = 5. Note aio that ePaek gle gag eva a gttet ‘Therefore ‘tbh = 20 4 2048 4 gO We have fist, second, thind and fourth harmonics with coeficients 4 gitaenees Dye Dyn2 Dywnj Dems WD] =[Dal= 2 (Dal-= [Dal =t LDi= Din 0 LDya-$ ad (Dee ‘The epectram ia shown in Fig. $9.1-2. Fig 01-3, 1meas {10} = cou2.arkeme3 ink = Hoon Sek + con .1e2] ‘The fundamental {coquency Mg = 0.1 and No = JE = 20. There are only Sth, Sth, 11th and 15th harmonies with coeficients Dy= Dy= Due Du = ‘All the form coeficienta are real (phases vero). The spectrum is shown in Fig. $9.1-3. > ot ) = 2oae(LIEk ~ 1.6") “The fundamental frequency M5 = 0-4 and No = RE = 5. Only 2nd, and 3rd harmony are present, [Da|=[Ds=1 Dr a96ee be 6D) = 9608-1 ‘The spectrum is shown in Fig. 59.1-4 ‘To compute coeficients Ds, we uae Eq, (9.16) where summation is performed over any interval No. We choose this interval to be ~Mo/?, No/2 (for even No), Therefore me Deak So nner ian reer pets ent We have {0} = 3, [23] = 2, fld2] © 1, and ffit3) = 0, Therefore a+ 2ef 47) 4 (eR HeFY) = Hie + acont§r) + 2emn(fFri] Din} Died Din0 Dink Deno Dak9.1-8 In this case No = 12 and My = f=0 silat f-il=-1 f=2 fi-=-2 f0)=3 fl-=-2 fled = se48] = see =o ‘Therelore Dee re 2 4 1 — oe PFD) {aaia( Fr) + Asin Fr) + 6sa(r)] FORD 1eGry 21 Fy = Sayer o a FO) = Ss yt tm Wray|= 1 £F(G) = —he © fe 2. a1) — (00) (0) = Sete a SG weer ate) ona . een" oe” Gee) e @ oe ery ner reaye Set 2 OMY 6 VO Spec ¢FI) =I w(t 12322 923 @) F(A) = J sOkleF8 3 4266-2 4.0%) 4 (FP 4M) 234 4eo0 4 200020 ) FO) = SP 4 20 DO DOH HO (e+) 4.0 4) 43) 2+ coef +200] © FQ) = SS fier = 30H = 30 4 be = Ce BeTMP — 9M = bjfein 0 +20 20-4 3s 3) @ FQ) = Me = 22 He HTM = whoo toe « wed L Five" a =a ™ 4(2)mean Instead of evaluating this integral directly, we evaluate it using Eq, (9.64). If (1) isthe inverse Fourier transform of F (u), then the desired fH] (lies. Now nor (im) “ symone ) FO) = ret (' Fw) ores (2 SO = Fane (: 18) in (: © royana(Z)-a(2) reynma(2)-a(2) 100 jae ($) - ise? (Z) sore bee) fae (2)(a) F(a) =ren (B) +a (2) Fey=ma(Z) +ma(F) 11 msinc(ot'¢ bine ($2) 118) = ine (xt) + Line (3) = 6) + Seine (3 ost a o PO)= [yaa * TTS 2 (e ¥(0)= FOE) = eee eS TOTTI +o. 4032 TRF FOTO, 2 ys 4 = ho heat es ot aot YO) #250705 ~ Tee a08 * Te TOR wth 2-05) -$ 30-0] «181 y+ 02 ma} Q) at nO bts (A) = F(M)H(A) = loins 1) pec te tara }lawttyn- ates * ts] vee! [agg -Mteas + st w= [LG)- reo" a] owe FO)= girag- HH ” ¥(Q)= FEO) = Sapam oH ROI) 15oat ost @ Oy si) Now 0, Tne ete) ee oda asd 10) > ge (1am) (b) This function is the gate pulse in Example 9.6 delayed by & = 4. Therefore Fo) = ene ) sll eee Pe Cs Me Sima" GaP = Lite Or Neate Gar (>) SR) =o cottgke ft} = 0) fe) ® aa 29 (e — acoet) 1 ae cose oe rcoetly +a?” 1 dae~ conte + abe b) ah om seat Te “ 0, asin Oe 1 ain FO) = Sarre ecay FO T= Bas coaMe +e © ad Oupan Legere eettl= E47 ad oe 1 FO)= rma” eT ee 16Chapter 10 Neen eee 102-1 (@) 410427 f Choos: nay and sitet fen dyna 1a tf (I-E AIC}G): 42th thoy =f ence: In mattis form we get: &) Let uechoose: spay and mam pei fan hence: fy otehey loge +f It in easy to ane that this set is nonlinear. © + (+ HUT Lat spay and epej. Then hen fy = #i(e1)e ~ doled +f ‘Also in this case we are dealing with a nonlinear set, since do(z1) and 6i(s1) are not constants, 10.2-1 Writing the loop equations we get: Figure $10.21Pent2igsn whee fo fot s, and Sack ‘Aso we have: jae HB Therefore dy = fm) - 2-2-3 — Hat a) ‘We cam also write: =e (se# @ Substituting equation (2) in equation (1) we obtain: 3, fade Beaters? sect ts- [fafa edd] Be afar C-( AeE © 302-2 In the 1st loop, the current fy can be computed as: Hence the state equations are: % ob [4 of ORG : Figure $1022 falitamenass-m) Wie ala have: (asing node estos) fay mente, - e930 43f Ses tf 2 ‘Waiting the equations in the rightmost loop we get: 10s; = 262 +6f a) enti ad bene @ ‘ence from (1) and (2) the state equations are found as: )-10 SIE} Cl: Tae outpat equation y= n= 29 «vet -nf2] 128¢ Ou =z £4£® f. Figare $1023 10.2.3 Let's chose the voltage scromthe capacitor and the current through the inductor at state vasables #3 and #3, respectively ‘Wang the loop equations we get: heat Hi—a) Here we wee the fut that: #1 = 1 aad 29 = hanfaont ‘And thos: hentntnt5h sya te Ben + 2h, 1-6 CE IE : - Od bx Figure $10.24 Hence the state equations are [i 10.2-4 The loop equations yield: wh Get oad Genteentes fm Bin tne bay De Bia tan a = Be + + be a) Jeti titanate $i tint = In $24 3h @ ‘The lat equation gives: net -lnet ecdn-dees ® ‘Substitating és in the equation (1) we get: at fecfntint O} ‘From (3) and (4) the state equations are obtained as: a-[y SG ‘And the output equations are: 9: = #1 and 129102s We have: ‘Multiplying both sides of this equations by 2, we get: anti asont}-a or Baa ttf Lyf Hace tent $+5 ‘Thas the only state equation i: etl ‘The output equation i: y= —s1 + J- Note that although there aze two capacitor, there ia only oue independent capacitor voltage, because the two ‘Capacitors form s loop with the voltage source, In such 1 case the state equation contains the term f as well 2'/, Similar station exiata when inductors along with current sourc(s) for a cut eet. 10.266 Let us choose £1, #3 and #3 as the outpats of the subsystem shown in the igre: Yes) Fes)From the block diagram we obtaia: 1 #1, mp dt = -1055 +520 a tame ieaon @ win tie; me tye 2e fenton tf ® pe (6) bn et bi 10.2-7 From Fig. P10.2-1, it ia easy to write the state equations ws ‘And the outpat eqeation it: ane dreheent h sedenth bende h 7 4] [a 0 8 a} pny foo afafe re elle olay al"]o oa oftal*}o alla. al tooo adlel lot “The outpt equation i: monte ire gn ~ neste” lnllo ia alle * aa tet err Cone canon form: ‘We can write the state and oatpat equations straightforward from the traneler function H(4)- =~ me, IEC saw af] 131we Bh yes) Figure $10.2-Suxbeerver canonical Observer canonical form: In this case the block diagram cam be drawn as shown in Fig. 56.108. hence: festadaty (2 dll reac of] e410 #18) (2 ‘The output equation is ‘The cascade form: Ho)= Hence we can write: ce) reeves x Ys) FS), » [Beem 1%, Ye care |eisea) 4 oe Fe igure $10.2: caseade and parallel ao fut dey a3é5 4108s) 2) = tes 983 +108 +f famines fants ()-( SIC) wa venen oft] Parallel form: 24 BO tT SCR lS Je) mee astm of 132Figare $10.2-tacbeerver canonical ‘Observer canonical form: In this case the block diagram can be drawn as shown in Fig. 56.100, ence: festeatat3f dye ite, +107 1S IEG! peoett of] ‘The output equation i: een 0) = ptt = (4) (45) Brie” ora ence we can write: Fes) [7 _ oe a Se Figure $10.2-8b; cascade and parallel By the atin =a by hey - 8a $108 +f “Dela renat of] a mt nae GE ITE) ‘And the ontpat equation is: a= ponensts ft] 132102-0 (a) Fetes ‘Controller canonical form: ~ BHELIIEH om In this case . EEE JEN eel no» (ta) (243) (5) From the block diagram we have:‘And the output is: ato 7] (Observer canonical form: ‘We can write the state equation dizectly from Hi(+) a in the frst canosical form. Lo oyfay ft Ey o1 offs] |r - +) és oo ills] 12 a) [+200 ola] Lo And yeneti oo 0)|” Cascade form: x ese - (Fe) ( Cascade form: From the block diagram we obtain: Fes) [7 = 3 om > see ALS Se LS J Lise Figure $10.2.9b: cascade Ateeintdes | (tenn theo attested lf fteetieis [fection cits fyanetie dened font dennteats fs) fous 2 2) fa a] fo -1 2 -2| |= o + {7]o 0 -1 =a} |e ad Loo 0 -alle pene oo |? Parallel form: we can rewrite H(s) a» (aftr partial fraction expansion) 6 my it ‘ a) ataeit Ge GHP 135deste ts ae ates isanestee fennett Fes) a{ fe 2a ella} fe = + f a]tfo © 11 |la|*fe al Leo eo allel b And he niet an be wen a: pete wt tte tte y=(6 -€ 7 1) ee a sn Aneot ‘Thelin of he ae pion he enc dma nb xo) = 4x0) 4 4098FE atin ince 9 20 F) 20 ‘pence: x(e) = @(0)x(0) where (4) = (01 — A) eona-art tw? [8 3] 1 ape weasly QJ eeoacar [Tastes sine [zie ba] fete ton ‘And hence: x() = #(6)x(0) w= (pen eee” Lk 136‘Aad fly: 10) gon a 40) x= [EO] reel [iseeeetcca rose (0) = 0(0)x() + 4) BF(o) = Oo)s(0) + BFC] 148 6 ta-aye [88 8] and sey tat-art satall Z ‘And hence: x(s) = (0) x(0) + BP(6)] = ee fe lace . lea 8 - ite gh — At - ae hence: x(t) = £7(x(2)) 0] ees 10 mes sane 103-3 x(a) = O(4){x(0) + BFCs)] (ota ayn [122 8] tena crear tanta) i] + Lester al Also f(t) = w(t) =e F(e) = Hence: sro [3] And xosare [1] ~-[aeton del l2]- [este] “Laat x(t) = C7(x(s)) = fecle “la Utell (0, 2am + Beo™ a0. 137ae x(0) = O(a}ix(0) + BFC) (e2 y | mens cr a ar ea w= [7 = w-[)= woe JE(8D wa norms [HOY x(a) = @(0)x(0) + “fori Perm “(0 set =2e-™ (0) x( = (= [ A a(t) a ¥(o) = Cx(s) + DF(s) = CO(a)x(0) + (C8(0)B + DIF(6)] v= [EE oe | wd srw-('] Since D= 0 =e ¥(s) = C8(s)bx(0) + BF()} 80 xoeare= [724] =["] wa S(oix(0)+ BFE) = keel one [2 ]- [ eel Yeo) = CH(aN(0)+ BELO] =(0 af eel Yo= GeneeT* ad a0) = Cie) = (= = 2614 3) rose _{¢) = Cx(s) + DE(s) = CO(e}x(0) + (CHs)B + DIF) = C(O(a\x(0) + BE(O]} + DFC) 138ca-ay= [Tae ett art = sal? any-[{] at xoraro= [4] Hence “wm a canal atte + atin ate, cx saretett sinpeeyearons [22asth2 23] ae + +a) Also: = DF(s) =} Bence 42 YC) = CHRO) + BFC + DE) = HEA +3 = eT ¥(s)= 4tetd CS , _Ast Wea a eI ‘Using partial fractions and clearing fractions we get: ttt 2 ya ltt YO)" 7+ age a? Gsi+e Gaia and aft) = EY (eI) = (2+ 26 cnt = oan) wos seo (Gh) Ge) - atin ‘This isthe same trae function asin Prob 1024, where the cnade form sate eqeaions wer ound tobe fl-fS AIG) +f And yeaa a] In this case nan[e oO ya] mateo sot a “als val ° ‘Also in our case: 3 eee el ] and Deo 139Hence woe [ me) dod CHB AL [8] - rity Bence: cope = Att = HU) 103-8 H() = CH)B+D in Prob. 10.3.5 we have found @(¢). And son. [er ol tl- [= ComBal O1MB= Gate ttn Dao Hie) = COB = =2 Fear 103-9 From Prob. 10.86, wnat ee ' conan et] gtipttife a H() =C8(B4+D Pause 2 " weit 10.3-10 In thin case: aeaeff A] at enctecar este] ae oh won SS Soll I [ee oe ; own | coh ie 11] Lede cate Cit ot wad (0) = CHB +D= | iy a 010.9.1 In the time domain, the solution x(¢) is given by: x= Ac ais)ér x(t) = Atx(0) +e BR) where Pore ‘From Prob. 10.31 we have found: Malo) = wom Sea. + om) which isthe same thing as in Prob. 10.31 10.5-12 From Prob. 10.32, sine [DE ovittes) _ [atts atts coitoos cafites] " Lats~ ats asa ene Meet NT En] Aa anc, _ PROM eH = Dhar 4 abe] maken Be se [Sou giaen cae 1" Lenn se ae['Jee [2] aot ate OT enon | e age fee — SAS — Sa + UE (" ie +:0.03e7"* — 0.01 cos | eater" ae eee woectn ttn Me tect Mat34.026 +30.03e—* + 0.01.00 1006) iene 1101e™ ~ 13.010 eens as in Prob. 10.3-2. tosis Pea Peony wo=[ *)-L2 Hence: oecrome [oO ran TEP woe [ eel Aad MBE ® [ en wl" -[, 25" onl Ad hence: noe taoecienny=[SJe[, A] pe ae 3:16 fran Prob. 10.54 7 ee] wonft ee )-[2 4] ‘| aoe De] wef M8) -f” ee ean Ef and eM OBA ae oad] “eBay = (caaiarecnn eal ‘And hence: xaos atone = [* nae eee oe 1 1018 Fem Poh 102, wine [enter en) pan His) = (22 a we‘Aad a(t) ia given by: a(t) = Cle™x(0) eB 4] + DA where: eM a CHOC) = [= we tee fe] all ona = [Se] co [ 5 net + 20 iO} + a(t), sae eso engye AE ie “430 ] © Lampert eae neta set (1 = 30 eat) a1 20 32, oat 11+ [ 108-16 H(0) = CleAtx(0) + <4 6 BNE)] + DAO) From Prob, 10.6 we have obtained: Hence: Mx(0) = «(]- = me ed eter me emo" Se en | whee $e tat Gf. Aad ence: 9 aed M3and u(t) = Cle**x(0) +e" « BAO] + Dte) U1 1)feMx(0) +e « BAO) + ¥(6) sin t+ I]u(t) = [2 +22 cont — esa fhu(t) [b+ 20“ cont = — e410 WO" Sytet From Eq, (1048) we have: where o(t)= From Prob, 10.37 we obtained (4) as: woe[# 5] ef] cnt at aes Since D=0, At) =CoBa[1 016(0B 4 26) 10.2-18 From Prob. 10.36, tthe ober tibet ott, Poet wee anerne t= [ oul won ]=[ And: CHB = [1 2]4()B = (oda ter cnt) A(t) = Co(NB + 5) = He) + (taint + eT eaa aL 10.3-19 From Prob. 10.10, dip dt | =| art ode art che ator leah ar ‘And henca: the unit inpata response b(¢) is given by: e" ett nner ee 7 =| stete apes mmn F]-( UC)¢Eh ~(LIt)-" we PAP w+PB = Aw+B/ eel Tee LIE aE ve ID TE mere DNL see (J-(S Ee igevale in the orginal sytem: ‘Tac cigenalns ave te tout of the charctstic equation, ths: a the oiginl sytem: wanat=|" 7 [etenesteteeriae enaesngeet nan tel In te transformed epsom, the charceriticoqeation ia ven by: winAle|[T? 7 ]fetrae-nsae et opmcataet seed And the egenmaluc are given by: re r04a fy Oo lyf 0) EUS SIE] +f) to eawauutecusa se cael, wale 43) — 2 P+ 3042 = (+ I)9 +2) 0 ore w= Px and w= PAP w+ PBS = Aw+Bf SIERO con PSR I-E2 SI 3] M5= 2p mn = te par 9p ~ BP pa = trap we Mee choo pn =? then pp =t mam Asdit pel then pad yas tra Pa tne el] TE E)-Eee (0) y= Cx4+ Df where D=0 =o y = Cx. eth PE rl Tcl be we +l 1043 ‘The characteritic equation is given by: ba-aj=fo Jo 2 oes = al(o)le +3) 42) = a? +3042) wale +10 +2) =0 Hence the eigenvalues are: Jy =0, to = -1and Ay = -2. And “fey In the transformed eystem we have: w = Px and w = PAP@'w +P] We hove to find P such that: PAP™! w A or AP = PA. ESJBSS}E25025 mao mao if eee mare aetna =) past m if pase), then pra = Dard prs = astm Pe if paeithen pnt 2pm = p= por 2p 2 na — mn me Ps = 610.44 mel TELE wt) = Cfet"x(0) +6" BAO] Am CMH) dro ada F ° aa oo - hE ll wt) Oe pi) “| 5 [se-em] oa(t) 4Q =e * lt), peers as eyo [e2si-ie : [-t-] emapege) Lae de™ Aad finally: g(t) =CleMx(0) +e" o BAO) with Cm [t 3 1) nom (vereset ade deem) o(Ee detec) 10.5-1 (a) state equations: E63) athe “hee Fig $10,510 and > father = (0-0 mee dn te +(e F fy tas eat fmm te manta ts JF SILtheoutpatis pe =f oft] ‘Tha character oqasion ia aot “4 \t- Alnom : : Oo +l y[retoetnao Ay =e and Ay mab are the sigenrabues, swe alo have: w = Pax and w = PAP“!w 4 PB/. We are looking for P auch that: PAP“! m A or AP = PA, (FJ se aie 2 en = on Wp = (64) then pin = bos = apn me Ps 0 = adm ona = mbna 0 can be anything; let's take pn = 1 = bon = pn bon me pas 0 vsti wean ['S* 1] ["] CObwervabilty: the ootpat in terms of w itty = Cx = CPlw = Cw. Le] [= 4 where: Pet 5 elo sal *Lo ace Coortat [= F]

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