PROBABILITY OF SIMPLE

EVENTS
SAMPLE SPACE AND EVENTS
A Review
 OBJECTIVES

• Differentiate sample space from events.

• Recall the basic concepts of probability.
• Illustrates union and intersection of
events.
 TREE DIAGRAM
H S = {HH,
HT,
H
T
TH,
TT}
What is the chance of landing on two
H
heads?
T
What is the chance of landing on two
T tails?
What is the chance of landing on a head
Toss two coins together. and a tail?
PROBABILITY OF SIMPLE EVENTS
What is a PROBABILITY?
- Probability is the chance that some event
will happen
- It is the ratio of the number of ways a
certain event can occur to the number of
possible outcomes
PROBABILITY OF SIMPLE EVENTS
What is a PROBABILITY?

number of favorable outcomes

P(event) =
number of possible outcomes
𝐧(𝐄)
P(E ) =
𝐧(𝐒)
Examples that use Probability:
(1) Dice, (2) Spinners, (3) Coins, (4) Deck of Cards,
(5) Evens/Odds, (6) Alphabet, etc.
VOCABULARY
Probability – the chance that some event will happen
Experiment – activities like tossing of coins or rolling
a die
Outcomes – the possible results in an experiment
Sample Space – the list or set of all possible
outcomes for an experiment.
Event – any subset of possible outcomes for an
experiment.
Simple Event – When an event involves a single
element of the sample space.
 Illustration:
EXPERIMENT SAMPLE SPACE EVENTS (E) P(E)
(S)
Tossing a coin The event that a head will occur. 𝟏
S = {H, T} 𝟐
E = {H}
Rolling a die The event that an even number
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} appears. 𝟑 𝟏
or
E = {2, 4, 6} 𝟔 𝟐

Rolling a die and S = {1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, The event that an even number 𝟔 𝟏
tossing a coin. will come out. or
5H, 6H, 1T, 2T, 3T, 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
E = {2H, 4H, 6H, 2T, 4T, 6T}
4T, 5T, 6T}
The event that a tail and an odd
𝟑 𝟏
number will come out. or
𝟏𝟐 𝟒
E = {1T, 3T, 5T}
Do you think knowing the
concept of probability
helpful? Cite an example.
METACOGNITION:
I know that I know something about (term) .
First, ______(definition)____
In addition, ___(related information)______
An example of which is, _____________
Now, you know something that I know about
(term)
UNION AND INTERSECTION
OF EVENTS
Describe the relationship between sample space
and event.
EXPERIMENT SAMPLE SPACE (S) EVENTS (E)
Tossing a coin The event that a head will occur.
S = {H, T}
E = {H}
Rolling a die The event that an even number
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
appears.
E = {2, 4, 6}
Rolling a die and The event that an even number
tossing a coin.
S = {1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, will come out.
5H, 6H, 1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, E = {2H, 4H, 6H, 2T, 4T, 6T}
5T, 6T} The event that a tail and an odd
number will come out.
E = {1T, 3T, 5T}
Since events are subsets of the
sample space of an experiment,
union and intersection of events
will also be considered.

Complement of an events shall

also be discussed.
 TERMS RELATED TO SET THEORY

1. Given events A and B, the union of the two events A and B is the
event A ∪ B reas as “A union B”. It is set of outcomes of A and/or B.

Using the Venn diagram to U

illustrate the union of events
A and B, the universal set U is X
the simple sample space (S) W Y Z
and the shaded region is the
union of A and B.
 TERMS RELATED TO SET THEORY

2. Given events A and B, the intersection the two events A and B is the
event A ∩ B read as “A intersection B”. It is a set of outcomes of A
and B.
U
A = { W, X, Y} and B = {X, Y, Z},
then A ∩ B = {X,Y}
W X Z
Y
 TERMS RELATED TO SET THEORY

3. The complement of an event E is a set of outcomes in the sample

space that is not in E. we denote the complement of an event E by
E’ read as “E complement”.
For example in rolling a die, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and the event that the number
showing is odd is E = {1, 3, 5}. E’ = { 2, 4, 6}

4. If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then A ∩ B = 0

Reflect:
a. How were you able to find the total number of
students on the senior class?
b. How does the concept of set help you in finding
the intersection and union of two or more events.
c. What are some notations that are used in your
student of sets in grade 7 that you can still recall?
Do you think these are needed in the study of
probability of compound events?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A spinning wheel is divided into 12 equal sectors and
numbered 1-12. The following events were listed.
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11} C = {2, 3, 5, 11}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
Find the following:
1. AUB 4. 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 7. A’ 10.A’ U B
2. BUC 5. 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂 8. B’ 11. (𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)′ ∪
3. AUC 6. 𝐀 ∩C 9. C’ 12. (B’ ∪ C) ∩ A