Autoimmune Diseases and Types PDF

Monday, December 3, 2018 Autoimmune Diseases & Types
Assignment of Immunology
Submitted To:
Dr Najia ul Arifa
Submitted By:
Syeda Fizza Batool
Roll No.
1825238086
MS Replica (2018 – 2020)
Zoology
Topic:
Autoimmune Diseases & Types
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AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND TYPES

An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system mistakenly
attacks your body. The immune system normally guards against germs like bacteria and
viruses. When it senses these foreign invaders, it sends out an army of fighter cells to
attack them. Autoimmune disease is a disease in which impaired function and the
destruction of tissue are caused by an immune reaction in which abnormal antibodies
are produced and attack the body’s own cells and tissues.
As a group of disorders, autoimmune disease is as common as heart disease or cancer.

There are two categories of autoimmune disorders:
✓ Those specific to particular organs, like type 1 diabetes, which is the

immunological attack on the insulin-producing pancreas.
✓ Variable diseases on body systems, such as when the immune system attacks
the tissue of many organs in a variety of bodily systems.
Autoimmune disease is a disease in which impaired function and the destruction of

tissue are caused by an immune reaction in which abnormal antibodies are produced
and attack the body’s own cells and tissues. Autoimmune diseases include a wide
variety of disorders, including many disorders of connective tissue, such as systemic
lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmune diseases are more frequent
in women than in men. It is felt that the estrogen of females may influence the immune
system to predispose some women to autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, the
presence of one autoimmune disease increases the chance for developing another
simultaneous autoimmune disease certain autoimmune diseases, like multiple sclerosis
and lupus, run in families. Not every family member will necessarily have the same
disease, but they inherit a susceptibility to an autoimmune condition. Because the
incidence of autoimmune diseases is rising, researchers suspect environmental factors
like infections and exposures to chemicals or solvents might also be involved.
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TYPES, SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

Autoimmune diseases have a wide variety of different effects. There are more than 80
different autoimmune diseases. Here are 14 of the most common ones.
CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOIMMUNITY
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Autoimmune diseases can be broadly divided into systemic and organ-specific or

localized autoimmune disorders, depending on the principal clinico-pathologic features
of each disease.
1. Systemic autoimmune diseases include SLE, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis,

scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis and dermatomyositis. These conditions tend to
be associated with autoantibodies to antigens which are not tissue specific.
2. Local syndromes which affect a specific organ or tissue:
• Endocrinologic: Diabetes mellitus type 1, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Addison's

disease.
• Gastrointestinal: Coeliac disease, Crohn's Disease, Pernicious anaemia
• Dermatologic: Pemphigus vulgaris, Vitiligo
• Haematologic: Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura.
• Neurological: Myasthenia gravis
Major Organs/Tissues Affected
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❖ Type 1 Diabetes: The pancreas produces the hormone insulin, which helps
regulate blood sugar levels. In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks and
destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. High blood sugar can damage
blood vessels, as well as organs like the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves.
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❖ Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the immune system

attacks the joints. This attack causes redness, warmth, soreness, and stiffness in
the joints. Unlike osteoarthritis, which affects people as they get older, RA can
start as early as your 30s
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❖ Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis: Skin cells normally grow and then shed when
they’re no longer needed. Psoriasis causes skin cells to multiply too quickly. The
extra cells build up and form red, scaly patches called scales or plaques on the
skin. About 30 percent of people with psoriasis also develop swelling, stiffness,
and pain in their joints. This form of the disease is called psoriatic arthritis.
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❖ Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus): Although doctors in the 1800s first

described lupus as a skin disease because of the rash it produces, it actually
affects many organs, including the joints, kidneys, brain, and heart. Joint pain,
fatigue, and rashes are among the most common symptoms.
❖ Multiple Sclerosis: Multiple sclerosis (MS) damages the myelin sheath the
protective coating that surrounds nerve cells. Damage to the myelin sheath
affects the transmission of messages between your brain and body. This damage
can lead to symptoms like numbness, weakness, balance issues, and trouble
walking. The disease comes in several forms, which progress at different rates.
About 50 % pf people with disease.
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MS need help walking within 15 years after getting the disease.
❖ Addison’s disease: Addison’s disease affects the adrenal glands, which

produce the hormones cortisol and aldosterone. Having too little of these
hormones can affect the way the body uses and stores carbohydrates and sugar.
Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and low blood sugar.
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❖ Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term used

to describe conditions that cause inflammation in the lining of the intestines. Each
type of IBD affects a different part of the GI tract.
❖ Crohn’s disease: can inflame any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the
anus.
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❖ Ulcerative colitis: affects only the lining of the large intestine (colon) and
rectum.
❖ Sjögren’s syndrome: This condition attacks the joints, as well as glands that
provide lubrication to the eyes and mouth. The hallmark symptoms of Sjögren’s
syndrome are joint pain, dry eyes, and dry mouth.
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❖ Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: In Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, thyroid hormone production

slows. Symptoms include weight gain, sensitivity to cold, fatigue, hair loss, and
swelling of the thyroid (goiter).
❖ Graves’ disease: Graves’ disease attacks the thyroid gland in the neck, causing
it to produce too much of its hormones. Thyroid hormones control the body’s
energy usage, or metabolism. One common symptom of this disease is bulging
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eyes, called exophthalmos. It affects up to 50 percent of people with Graves’

disease.
❖ Myasthenia gravis: Myasthenia gravis affects nerves that help the brain control
the muscles. When these nerves are impaired, signals can’t direct the muscles to
move. The most common symptom is muscle weakness that gets worse with
activity and improves with rest. Often muscles that control swallowing and facial
movements are involved.
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❖ Celiac disease: People with celiac disease can’t eat foods containing gluten — a
protein found in wheat, rye, and other grain products. When gluten is in the
intestine, the immune system attacks it and causes inflammation. Celiac disease
affects about 1 percent of people in the United States. A larger number of people
have gluten sensitivity, which isn’t an autoimmune disease, but can have similar
symptoms like diarrhea and abdominal pain.
❖ Pernicious anemia: This condition affects a protein called intrinsic factor that
helps the intestines absorb vitamin B-12 from food. Without this vitamin, the body
can’t make enough red blood cells. Pernicious anemia is more common in older
adults. It affects 0.1 percent of people in general, but nearly 2 percent of people
over age 60.
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❖ Vasculitis: Vasculitis happens when the immune system attacks blood vessels.
The inflammation that results narrows the arteries and veins, allowing less blood
to flow through them.
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Environmental events can trigger some cases of autoimmune diseases such as

exposure to radiation or certain drugs which can damage tissues of the body. Infection
can also be a trigger of some autoimmune diseases for example Lupus which is thought
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to be a milder version of an idiopathic disorder where there is an increased production

of antihistone antibodies.
Five Main Causes of Autoimmune Disease

Robin Berzin, M.D. of Parsley Health attributes autoimmune disease to five main
theoretical causes:
o Hygiene theory: We’ve sanitized our environment with antibacterial soaps and
other hygiene habits that have reduced our exposure to microbes and dirt that
our bodies are designed to fight, thereby creating an imbalance in our immune
systems.
o Microbiome theory: Gut bacteria, which regulates the immune system, has been
destroyed by antibiotics and other medications, along with processed foods.
o Leaky gut syndrome: The digestive tract lining contains 70 percent of the
immune system. When the cells in that lining are damaged, the lining becomes
permeable, and the immune system reacts to foods, medication, and anything
else that ends up in the digestive tract. As such, the immune system is always
ratcheted up in reaction.
o Vitamin D deficiency: Linked to autoimmune disease in some studies.
o Stress: High levels of cortisol affect the immune system.
Autoimmune disease symptoms

o The early symptoms of many autoimmune diseases are very similar, such as:
o fatigue
o achy muscles
o swelling and redness
o low-grade fever
o trouble concentrating
o numbness and tingling in the hands and feet
o hair loss
o skin rashes
o Individual diseases can also have their own unique symptoms. For example, type
1 diabetes causes extreme thirst, weight loss, and fatigue. IBD causes belly pain,
bloating, and diarrhea.
o With autoimmune diseases like psoriasis or RA, symptoms come and go. Periods
of symptoms are called flare-ups. Periods when the symptoms go away are
called remissions.
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BOTTOM LINE:
Symptoms like fatigue, muscle aches, swelling, and redness could be signs of an
autoimmune disease. Often symptoms come and go over time.
When to see a doctor

See a doctor if you have symptoms of an autoimmune disease. You might need to visit a
specialist, depending on the type of disease you have.
Rheumatologists treat joint diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren’s

syndrome.
Gastroenterologists treat diseases of the GI tract, such as celiac and Crohn’s
disease.
Endocrinologists treat conditions of the glands, including Graves’ and Addison’s
disease.
Dermatologists treat skin conditions such as psoriasi
Tests that diagnose autoimmune diseases

No single test can diagnose most autoimmune diseases. Your doctor will use a
combination of tests and an assessment of your symptoms to diagnose you.
The antinuclear antibody test (ANA) is often the first test that doctors use when
symptoms suggest an autoimmune disease. A positive test means you likely have one
of these diseases, but it won’t confirm exactly which one you have.
Other tests look for specific autoantibodies produced in certain autoimmune diseases.
Your doctor might also do tests to check for the inflammation these diseases produce in
the body.
BOTTOM LINE: A positive ANA blood test can show that you have an autoimmune
disease. Your doctor can use your symptoms and other tests to confirm the diagnosis.
How are autoimmune diseases treated?

Treatments can’t cure autoimmune diseases, but they can control the overactive
immune response and bring down inflammation. Drugs used to treat these conditions
include:
➢ nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil)

and naproxen (Naprosyn)
➢ immune-suppressing drugs
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Treatmenthttp://cdn.yourarticlelibrary.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/02/clip_image004_thumb106.jpgs are also available to relieve
symptoms like pain, swelling, fatigue, and skin rashes.
Eating a well-balanced diet and getting regular exercise can also help you feel better.
BOTTOM LINE: The main treatment for autoimmune diseases is with medications that
bring down inflammation and calm the overactive immune response. Treatments can
also help relieve symptoms. More than 80 different autoimmune diseases exist. Often
their symptoms overlap, making them hard to diagnose.
Autoimmune diseases are more common in women, and they often run in families.
Blood tests that look for autoantibodies can help doctors diagnose these conditions.
Treatments include medicines to calm the overactive immune response and bring down
inflammation in the body.
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition. Non steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and immunosuppressants are often used. Intravenous
Immunoglobulin may also occasionally be used. While treatment usually improves
symptoms they do not typically cure the disease.
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to
a normal body part. There are at least 80 types of autoimmune diseases. Nearly any
body part can be involved. Common symptoms include low grade fever and feeling
tired. Often symptoms come and go.[3]
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Young woman with the typical “butterfly rash” found in lupus
Autoimmunity is recognized by an immune response directed against an antigen

normally present within the body of the host.
In humans, autoimmune disease usually involves both T-cell and B-cell responses; it
only requires that the adaptive immune response be directed to a self-antigen.
Autoimmunity can also contribute to an ongoing disease by heightening and extending
the pathology. A disease may require treatment as infectious or immune-mediated,
depending on clinical finding.
Your body's immune system protects you from disease and infection. But if you have
an autoimmune disease, your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by
mistake. Autoimmune diseases can affect many parts of the body. No one is sure what
causes autoimmune diseases.
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FOOD ADDITIVES
In a study published in Autoimmunity Reviews, titled “Changes in intestinal tight junction
permeability associated with industrial food additives explain the rising incidence of
autoimmune disease,” researchers connect processed food to the leaky gut partially
responsible for immunity imbalance.
The tight junctions (a network of proteins) in the small intestine maintain the
impermeability of that digestive pathway. When those junctions fail, the intestines
become more susceptible to both naturally occurring and introduced toxins,
carcinogens, and allergens. The result: autoimmunity disease.
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
Fred Miller, director of the Environmental Autoimmunity Group at the National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences, claims that environmental factors, such as the
80,000 approved commercial chemicals, produce unknown effects on the immune
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system, and our genes are not adapting quickly enough to account for those effects. He
also cites lifestyle changes and more processed foods in our diets in the last decades
as contributors to the rise of autoimmune disease. Miller warns that this rise could
become our costliest burden in the U.S
TREES AND PLANTS.

Pollen from trees can cause allergic reactions, particularly eye irritation. Pine needles
often cause allergic reactions. Like other pollen-bearing plants, marijuana is an allergen
that can cause allergic responses. A recent article summarizes research on the ways in
which cannabis can act as an allergen.
DIAGNOSING ALLERGIES
After taking a history, an allergist may order skin-prick tests or blood tests, which can
indicate whether allergen-specific IgE antibodies are present. Skin-prick tests can
provide results in about 20 minutes.4 A liquid containing a tiny amount of the allergen is
placed on the skin of a patient’s arm or back. The skin is pricked with a small, sterile
probe, allowing the liquid to seep under the skin. The test is considered positive if a
wheal (resembling the bump from a mosquito bite) develops at the site where the
suspected allergen was placed. As a control, the test uses a skin-prick with a liquid that
doesn’t contain the allergen and should not provoke a reaction, allowing a comparison
between the two test sites.
Reference
1. https://www.healthline.com/health/autoimmune-
2. disordershttps://www.google.com.pk/search?q=autoimmune+disease+and+types
&rlz=1C1GNAM_enPK779PK779&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE
wjirNSk1_zeAhXCsHEKHah3DgIQ_AUIDigB&biw=1600&bih=789#imgrc=AEV1y
7PDRmyBIM:
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279201787_AN_ASSIGNMENT_ON_A
UTOIMMUNITY
5. https://www.gohealthhero.com/blog/autoimmune-disease/
6. http://www.clpmag.com/2015/08/allergies-autoimmune-diseases/
7. https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/autoimmune-diseases
8. https://www.healthline.com/health/autoimmune-disorders#symptoms
24 | P a g e

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Monday, December 3, 2018 Autoimmune Diseases & Types

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND TYPES

As a group of disorders, autoimmune disease is as common as heart disease or cancer.

✓ Those specific to particular organs, like type 1 diabetes, which is the

Autoimmune disease is a disease in which impaired function and the destruction of

TYPES, SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

Autoimmune diseases can be broadly divided into systemic and organ-specific or

1. Systemic autoimmune diseases include SLE, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis,

2. Local syndromes which affect a specific organ or tissue:

• Endocrinologic: Diabetes mellitus type 1, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Addison's

Major Organs/Tissues Affected

❖ Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the immune system

❖ Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus): Although doctors in the 1800s first

MS need help walking within 15 years after getting the disease.

❖ Addison’s disease: Addison’s disease affects the adrenal glands, which

❖ Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term used

❖ Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: In Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, thyroid hormone production

eyes, called exophthalmos. It affects up to 50 percent of people with Graves’

Environmental events can trigger some cases of autoimmune diseases such as

to be a milder version of an idiopathic disorder where there is an increased production

Five Main Causes of Autoimmune Disease

o Vitamin D deficiency: Linked to autoimmune disease in some studies.

o Stress: High levels of cortisol affect the immune system.

Autoimmune disease symptoms

When to see a doctor

Rheumatologists treat joint diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren’s

Tests that diagnose autoimmune diseases

How are autoimmune diseases treated?

➢ nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil)

Young woman with the typical “butterfly rash” found in lupus

Autoimmunity is recognized by an immune response directed against an antigen

TREES AND PLANTS.

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