Integrated Sanitation Plan for Adigrat Town

The Government of National State of Tigray
Water Resource Bureau

Consultancy Service for
Development of an integrated City wide
Sanitation Plan, Feasibility Study & Detail
Design of Waste Water Management System
for ADIGRAT Town
Credit No. IDA -60070
Contract No. Et-MOWIE-43214-CS-QCBS
DRAFT INCEPTION REPORT
Metaferia Consulting Engineers Plc

P.O.Box 3192,
Tel.: +251 11 551 56 47/ 517036 DECEMBER 2019
Fax.: +251 11 551 44 66
E-mail: info@metaferia.com
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Development of an Integrated City Wide Sanitation Plan, Feasibility Study
and Detail Design of Wastewater Management System for Adigrat Town DRAFT INCEPTION REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Project Overview ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Project Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Scope Of The Project................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Project Mobilisation .................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Purpose Of The Report ................................................................................................................ 4
1.6 Layout Of The Inception Report ................................................................................................. 5
2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ADIGRAT TOWN .......................................................... 6
2.2 Location and General Characteristics of Adigrat Town .............................................................. 6
2.1.1 General Fact Sheet ................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.2 Location ................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.3 Geography ............................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.4 Climate and Hydrology ......................................................................................................... 7
2.1.5 Geology and Hydrogeology .................................................................................................. 7
2.1.6 Land Cover and Land Use ..................................................................................................... 7
2.1.7 Socio-Economic Condition of the Town ............................................................................. 11
2.1.7.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 11
2.1.7.2 Economic Activities ............................................................................................................ 11
2.1.7.3 Basic social infrastructure ................................................................................................... 11
2.1.7.4 Health Infrastructures and personnel ................................................................................... 12
2.1.7.5 Education ............................................................................................................................. 12
2.1.7.6 Access to Potable Water Supply.......................................................................................... 13
2.1.7.7 Financial Institutions ........................................................................................................... 13
2.1.7.8 Other Social Infrastructures ................................................................................................. 13
2.1.8 POPULATION .................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.8.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 13
2.1.8.2 POPULATION GROWTH RATE ...................................................................................... 15
2.1.8.3 Population Projection .......................................................................................................... 15
3 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF ADIGRAT TOWN ..................................... 17
3.1 Background History of Adigrat Water Supply .......................................................................... 17
3.1.1 Source of water ..................................................................................................17
3.1.1.1 Boreholes owned by AWSSSO .............................................................................17
3.1.1.2 Privately owned Boreholes ...................................................................................18
3.1.2 Treatment System ...............................................................................................19
3.1.3 Reservoirs .........................................................................................................19
3.1.4 Distribution Network ..........................................................................................20
3.1.4.1 Central Sub system .............................................................................................20
3.1.4.2 Northern Sub system ...........................................................................................21
3.1.4.3 Western Sub system ............................................................................................21
3.1.4.4 Southern Sub system ...........................................................................................21
3.1.5 Water Supply Production and Consumption ............................................................21
3.1.6 Tariff Rates .......................................................................................................22
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3.1.7 Record of Adigrat Water supply & Sewerage Office Asset. .......................................22
3.1.8 Manpower and Staffing .......................................................................................23
3.1.9 Observed major problems ....................................................................................23
4 EXISTING SANITATION FACILITIES AND SANITARY LEVEL ............................... 24
4.1 Existing Solid Waste Management System ............................................................................... 24
4.1.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 24
4.1.2 Waste Generation ..................................................................................................................... 24
4.1.3 Storage & handling of waste at the source ........................................................................ 25
4.1.4 Household Waste Handling ............................................................................................... 25
4.1.5 Commercial Waste Handling ............................................................................................ 25
4.1.6 Industrial Waste Handling ................................................................................................. 25
4.1.7 Street Sweeping Waste Handling ...................................................................................... 25
4.1.8 Solid waste collection ........................................................................................................ 26
4.1.9 Waste Transfer & Transport .............................................................................................. 26
4.1.10 Solid waste disposal .......................................................................................................... 27
4.1.11 Waste Recycling and Reuse .............................................................................................. 27
4.1.12 Institutional framework ..................................................................................................... 28
4.1.13 Private sector participation ................................................................................................ 29
4.1.14 Challenges to solid waste management system ................................................................. 29
4.1.14.1 Waste Collection & Transportation ................................................................................... 29
4.1.14.2 Waste Disposal System ..................................................................................................... 29
4.1.14.3 Institutional & Capacity Building ..................................................................................... 30
4.2 Existing Liquid Waste Management System ............................................................................ 30
4.2.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 30
4.2.2 Sanitation And Institutional Responsibilitie ...................................................................... 31
4.2.3 House Hold Residential Level Sanitation Facilities .......................................................... 32
4.2.3.1 . Condominium Housing Sites ........................................................................................... 34
4.2.3.2 Mixed Use Commercial And Residential Buildings ......................................................... 36
4.2.3.3 Communal Level Sanitation Facilities .............................................................................. 36
4.2.3.4 Public Toilets ..................................................................................................................... 38
4.2.3.5 Other Resedential Buildigs ................................................................................................ 43
4.2.4 Non -Household Sanitation Facilities ................................................................................ 43
4.2.4.1 Governmental And Other Office Institutions .................................................................... 43
4.2.5 Governmental Service Giving Institutions ........................................................................ 43
4.2.5.1 Health Related Service Giving Institutions ....................................................................... 43
4.2.5.2 Adigrat Abattoir................................................................................................................. 45
4.2.5.3 Adigrat Prison .................................................................................................................... 46
4.2.6 Commercial And Service Giving Mixed Use Firms ......................................................... 47
4.2.7 Industrial And Mechanical Service Mixed Use Firms ...................................................... 48
4.2.8 Adigrat University ............................................................................................................. 49
4.2.9 Wastewater Collection, Transportation And Treatment .................................................... 50
4.3 Existing Drainage Pattern Of Adigrat Town ............................................................................. 52
4.3.1 Flood Vulnerability ........................................................................................................... 53
4.3.1.1 High Vulnerable Area........................................................................................................ 53
4.3.1.2 Less Vulnerable Area ........................................................................................................ 53
4.3.2 Constructed Drainage Facilities ........................................................................................ 53
4.4 Geomorphological, Geological, hydrogeological and Geotechnical Assessment ..................... 54
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4.4.1 Geomorphology ................................................................................................................. 54

4.4.2 Geology ............................................................................................................................. 55
4.4.3 Geological Structure .......................................................................................................... 56
4.4.4 Hydrogeology .................................................................................................................... 56
4.4.5 Existing Waste management facilities............................................................................... 61
4.4.6 Further activities ................................................................................................................ 61
4.5 Environmental Assessment ....................................................................................................... 61
4.5.1 Objective of the Environmental Assessment ..................................................................... 61
4.5.2 An Overview of Environmental Issues in the Project Area .............................................. 62
5 DOCUMENT REVIEW CONSULTATION AND FILED VISIT ..................................... 64
5.2 Review of Previous Study and design Documents .................................................................... 64
5.1.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 64
5.1.2 Review of Previous study and design Document .............................................................. 65
5.1.3 Brief Consultation with major Stakeholders ..................................................................... 65
5.1.4 Offices Visited ................................................................................................................... 66
6 TECHNICAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ....................................................... 68
6.1 Data Collection And Information Management ........................................................................ 68
6.1.1 Approach in Data Collection and Analysis ....................................................................... 68
6.1.2 Data Collection Methodology ........................................................................................... 69
6.1.3 Data Analysis and Expected Output .................................................................................. 69
6.1.4 Sources of Secondary Data ................................................................................................ 70
6.1.5 Collection of Previous Study, Design Documents and Existing Data ............................... 70
6.1.6 Assessment of Current situation ........................................................................................ 71
6.1.7 Review of Relevant Documents ........................................................................................ 71
6.2 Task I–Situation Assessment and Mapping Stage..................................................................... 72
6.2.1 Task I Assignment - Situation Assessment and Mapping Stage ....................................... 72
6.2.2 Detailed Approach and Methodology ............................................................................... 74
6.2.3 Mobilisation and Preparation of Inception Report ............................................................ 74
6.2.4 Situation Assessment ......................................................................................................... 75
6.2.5 Data Collection and Analysis ............................................................................................ 76
6.2.6 Initial field visit and data collection .................................................................................. 77
6.2.7 Establish base maps and constraints .................................................................................. 77
6.2.8 Stakeholder Consultations ................................................................................................. 77
6.2.9 Assessment of Existing Sanitation Condition ................................................................... 78
6.2.10 Socio Economic Survey and Assessment .......................................................................... 79
6.2.10.1 Source and Type of Data ................................................................................................... 79
6.2.10.2 Samples and Sampling Procedures .................................................................................... 79
6.2.10.3 Household survey .............................................................................................................. 79
6.2.10.4 Institutional Sample Survey .............................................................................................. 86
6.2.10.5 Qualitative Information ..................................................................................................... 86
6.2.10.6 Survey Instruments ............................................................................................................ 87
6.2.10.7 Method of Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 88
6.2.11 Design of Immediate Short Term Sanitation Investment .................................................. 88
6.2.11.1 Site selection. ..................................................................................................................... 88
6.2.11.2 Design of Short Term Sanitation Investment. ................................................................... 88
6.2.11.3 Preparation of BOQ and Tender Documents ..................................................................... 89
6.2.11.4 Preparation of Specifications & Tender Documents ......................................................... 89
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6.2.12 Topographic Survey and Base map ................................................................................... 89

6.2.13 Establish Wastewater Quality Values ............................................................................... 90
6.2.14 Detail design and bidding document preparation for short term sanitation solutions. ...... 90
6.3 Task II - Feasibility and Detail design of wastewater management .......................................... 90
6.3.1 Feasibility study................................................................................................................. 91
6.3.1.1 Development of Alternative Options................................................................................. 91
6.3.1.2 Conceptual Layout/Design ................................................................................................ 92
6.3.1.3 Technical Ranking and Selection of Alternatives ............................................................. 92
6.3.1.4 Designing the System ........................................................................................................ 92
6.3.1.5 Wastewater Disposal Technology Options ....................................................................... 93
6.3.1.6 On site Sanitation facilities ................................................................................................ 93
6.3.1.7 Off Site Sanitation Facilities ............................................................................................. 93
6.3.1.8 Assessment of Proposed Site Conditions .......................................................................... 93
6.3.1.9 Design criteria and Conceptual Plan ................................................................................. 94
6.3.1.10 Design Horizons ................................................................................................................ 95
6.3.1.11 Demographic Development and Land use Plan ................................................................ 95
6.3.1.12 Estimation of Waste Quantities ......................................................................................... 96
6.3.2 Preliminary Design of System Components...................................................................... 96
6.3.3 Detail Design ..................................................................................................................... 97
6.3.3.1 Hydraulic Modeling Software ........................................................................................... 98
6.3.3.2 Prioritization of Proposed Works and Project Implementation Plan................................. 98
6.3.3.3 Preparation of Drawings .................................................................................................... 98
6.3.3.4 Preparation of Bill of Quantities........................................................................................ 98
6.3.3.5 Preparation of Cost Estimates ........................................................................................... 98
6.3.3.6 Preparation of Specifications & Tender Documents ......................................................... 99
6.3.3.7 Development of GIS System ............................................................................................. 99
6.3.3.8 Affordability and Cost recovery ........................................................................................ 99
6.3.3.9 Project Implementation Plan ........................................................................................... 100
6.3.3.10 Human Resource Management and capacity building .................................................... 100
6.3.4 Environmental & Social Impact Assessment & Management Plan ................................ 101
6.3.4.1 Literature and Document Review .................................................................................... 102
6.3.4.2 Site visit/Observation ...................................................................................................... 103
6.3.4.3 Discussion with Relevant Organizations and Professionals ............................................ 103
6.3.5 Study of the Institutional Set-up ...................................................................................... 104
6.3.6 Financial and Economic Analysis ................................................................................... 105
6.3.6.1 Investment Costs ............................................................................................................. 106
6.3.6.2 Operation and maintenance costs .................................................................................... 106
6.3.6.3 Investment plan ............................................................................................................... 106
6.3.6.4 Cost Recovery Strategy ................................................................................................... 106
6.3.6.5 Tariff Setting ................................................................................................................... 107
6.3.7 Capacity Building and Training ...................................................................................... 107
6.3.8 Gender Issues................................................................................................................... 107
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7 REVISED WORK PROGRAM AND STAFF SCHEDULE ............................................. 108

7.2 Work Programme .................................................................................................................... 108
7.2 Staff Composition and staff Programme ................................................................................. 110
8 REPORTING ......................................................................................................................... 113
8.1 Summary of Reporting Schedule............................................................................................. 113
8.2 Reports ..................................................................................................................................... 113
8.2.1 Inception Report .............................................................................................................. 113
8.2.2 Situation Assessment, Sanitation Mapping ..................................................................... 113
8.2.2.1 Design for Short Term Intervention ................................................................................ 113
8.2.3 Feasibility Study Report .................................................................................................. 113
8.2.4 Final Design Report ......................................................................................................... 113
8.2 Engineering Cost Estimate ...................................................................................................... 114
8.2.5 Tender Document ............................................................................................................ 114
8.2 Reporting Schedule ................................................................................................................. 114
8.2 Format of Reports .................................................................................................................... 114
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 Projected 5 Of Urban Population In Tigray Regional State .................................................1
Table 2-1 General Information Of Adigrat Town ................................................................................6
Table 2-2 Monthly Record Of Weather Data .......................................................................................7
Table 2-3 Land Use Profile Of Adigrat Town In 2006 ........................................................................8
Table 2-4 Estimate Of Land Area Occupied By Each Kebele ............................................................8
Table 2-5 Ten Top Diseases Registered In The Health Centre ..........................................................12
Table 2-6 Adigrat Town 2019 Population Based On Kelbele Record. ..............................................14
Table 2-7 2019 Population Based On Town Planning & Programming Office Record. ...................14
Table 2-8 2019 Estimated Population By The Municipality ..............................................................14
Table 2-9: Population Growth Rate ....................................................................................................15
Table 2-10Projected Population Using The 2019 Estimate Of Each Stakeholders ............................15
Table 3-1 Existing Borehole Data Owned By The Utility .................................................................18
Table 3-2 List Of Privately Owned Boreholes ...................................................................................19
Table 3-3 List Of Existing Distribution Reservoirs. ..........................................................................20
Table 3-4 Adigrat Town Three Year (2009-2011) Water Production, Consumption And Unaccounted For Water ... 21
Table 3-5 New Water Tariff, Meiziya 2011 .......................................................................................22
Table 3-6 Record Of Asset Of Adigrat Water Supply 7 Sewerage Office. ........................................22
Table 3-7list Of Staff Members Of Awssso .......................................................................................23
Table 4-1Types Of Toilet Facilities In The Urban Ethiopia (Who/Unicef 2015) ..............................32
Table 4-2 Type Of Latrine Facilities In Urban Of Ethiopia Sanitation Coverage Sanitation Ladder (% Population) Urban (Who/Unicef 2015 .32
Table 4-3 Toilet Data Collected From The Wereda Health Office. ...................................................33
Table 4-4 Summary Of Existing Wells Data ......................................................................................59
Table 5-1 Institutions Visited During The Inception Period ..............................................................67
Table 6-1 Kebeles And Zones Settlement Pattern ..............................................................................80
Table 6-3 Sample Size Of The Survey Area For Household Survey, Focus Group Discussions And Observations ...84
Table 7-1: Staff Composition And Responsibility For Step-I Activities .........................................110
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 Adigrat City Existing Land Use Map ................................................................................9
Figure 2-2 Kebele Boundary Map .....................................................................................................10
Figure 2-3 Population Projection.......................................................................................................16
Figure 3-1 Borehole At Abune Aregawi Well Field And Borehole At Mai Tseada-Bhk-5 ..............17
Figure 3-2 Ganie Central Reservoir Site And Kneader 1000 M3 Reservoir .....................................20
Figure 4-1 Solid Waste Collecting & Hauling Trucks In Operation .................................................26
Figure 4-2 Disposal Of Waste At The Existing Sanitary Landfill Site .............................................27
Figure 4-3 Compost Preparation At The Landfill Site ......................................................................28
Figure 4-4 Plastic Waste Recycling At Landfill Site ........................................................................28
Figure 4-5 Typical House Hold Pour Flash Toilet ............................................................................33
Figure 4-6 Pit Under Construction For A Compound Toilet On Impermeable Strata ......................34
Figure 4-7 Open Defecation Along Storm Drains .............................................................................34
Figure 4-8 Condominium Wastewater Tanks Details .......................................................................35
Figure 4-9 Condominium Raw Wastewater Overflows And Ponded Down Stream ........................36
Figure 4-10Partial View Of Commercial Centers And The Lower Shops .........................................36
Figure 4-11 Shared Pour Flash Toilet At Kebele Compound ............................................................37
Figure 4-12 Pour Flash Toilets At Common Commercial Entities Without Door .............................37
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Figure 4-13 Abandoned Public Toilet ................................................................................................38

Figure 4-14 One Of The Oldest Public Toilets With External Water For Flushes ............................39
Figure 4-15 At One Of The Public Toilets Used Rough Paper ..........................................................39
Figure 4-16 Rainwater Harvesting To Be Used At One Of The Public Toilet ................................40
Figure 4-17 Internal View Of One Of The Oldest Public Toilets Group-I ........................................40
Figure 4-18 One Of Group-Ii Public Toilet Current Views ...............................................................41
Figure 4-19 One Of Group-Iii Public Toilet Current Views Located At Bus Station ........................42
Figure 4-20 Group-III Public Toilet At Bus Station Hand Wash Through &Internal View of Toilet and Shower .....42
Figure 4-21 One Of Functional Septic Tank Of The Hospital ..........................................................43
Figure 4-22 Toilets In The Health Centers ........................................................................................44
Figure 4-23 Abattoir Site Wastewater Overflow...............................................................................45
Figure 4-24 The Men Prison Sanitation Facilities .............................................................................47
Figure 4-25 The New And Old Waste Water Holding Tanks ...........................................................47
Figure 4-26 Sullage Treatment Plant General View ........................................................................48
Figure 4-27 Industrial Waste Treatment Plant General View. ..........................................................49
Figure 4-28 Current University Wastewater Holding Tank And Overflow Detention Pond ............50
Figure 4-29 Construction Of Waste Treatment Plant In Progress .....................................................50
Figure 4-30 The Old Municipality Truck & One Of The Private Trucks ..........................................51
Figure 4-31 Abandoned Dumping Site..............................................................................................51
Figure 4-32 Stream Or Natural Drainage Network Map Of Adigrat ................................................52
Figure 4-33 Drainage In Kebele 04 ...................................................................................................54
Figure 4-34 Drainage In Kebele 05 ...................................................................................................54
Figure 4-35 Regional Geological Map ..............................................................................................55
Figure 4-36 Distribution Of Boreholes And Well Field ....................................................................58
Figure 4-37 Damping Of Wastewater Near A Farm Land ................................................................63
Figure 4-38 Solid Waste Around Residential Area ...........................................................................63
Figure 4-39 Spillage Of Wastewater From Condominium Holding Tank. .......................................63
Figure 7-1: Work/Activity Program ...............................................................................................109
Figure 7-2: Organizational Chart Of The Project Team ..................................................................111
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex I -TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ACRONYMS
A.U.R.I Acute Upper Respiratory Infection

AWSSSO Adigrat Water Supply & Sanitation Service Office
BH Borehole
CSA Central Statistics Authority
CWIS City Wide Inclusive Sanitation
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIRR Economic Rate of Return
FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return
GIS Geographic Information System
GNP Growth National Product
GoE Government of Ethiopia
GPS Global Positioning System
GTP Growth and Transformation Plan
HDPE High Density Polyethylene Pipe
HH Household
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
MCE Metaferia Consulting Engineers
masl meter above sea level
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MoWR Ministry of Water Resources
MSC Mesfin Shenkut Consultancy
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NPV Net Present Value
O&M Operation and Management
OWNP One WaSH National Program
PBSA Participatory Baseline Study Approach
P.U.D Peptic Ulcer Disease
SPSS Statistical Programme for Social Scientist
SSA Sub Saharan Africa
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TOR Terms of reference

SNIDS Sub National Immunization Day’s
UNICEF United Nation Children’s’ Fund
U.T.I Upper Track Infection
UV Ultra Violate
WSSA Water Supply and Sanitation Authority
WHO World Health Organization
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
MCE wishes to express his thanks to Tigray Water Resources Bureau for awarding us this contract. The
Consultant would further like to extend his appreciation and thanks to the, Adigrat Town Water Supply and
Sanitation Service Office, Adigrat Municipality, Adigrat Sanitation and Beautification Core process unit,
Adigrati Bureau of Finance and Economic Development, Adigrat Health Bureau and Adigrati Trade,
Industry and Development Bureau and Area Kebele Administrations of Adigrat town for their untiring
support in providing:
Project information and some relevant documentation.
Data on general feature and socio economic condition of the town;
Master plan of the town
Quick response and action to issues raised by the Consultant.
The Consultant would like to appreciate the contributions made by the members/officials of the institutions
and organizations visited during the preparation of this Inception Report.
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW
The Government of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia places high priority on increased
provision of potable water supply and improved sanitation services to both urban and rural
communities. This is part of the effort to improve the health and living standards of the people and
enhance the productivity and overall development of the Country. The Government has recognized
that strong and sustainable economic growth as a key to reduce poverty through infrastructure
development. The Sustainable Development Goals, launched in 2015, include a target to ensure
everyone everywhere has access to toilets by 2030. This makes sanitation a global development
priority. The Sustainable Development Goals provide new impetus for cities to be inclusive, safe, and
resilient, to ensure citizens’ health and wellbeing, and to provide access to sustainable water and
sanitation services. The World Bank has a commitment for the achievement of the SDG by supporting
client countries in their efforts to provide their citizens with sanitation. However, it has been learned
that there is no single, simple solution to the urban sanitation problem.
The Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) at federal government level is mainly entrusted with the
policy formulation, guidance and review, implementation, operation and regulatory work. It also has
the responsibility of building the capacity of Regional Governments regarding water resource
development, and preparation of plans for the proper utilization of water resources. The ministry also
coordinates donor funded projects among the financiers and the implementing regions.
Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) continues unabated (World Bank, 2013) and is land
intensive. For instance, about 20% of the African population live in urban and is expected to reach
50% by 2040 (World Bank, 2013). Under the Ethiopian contexts all urban centers are growing faster
where population boom occurs. Contrary to their existence, designed and serving infrastructures and
facilities especially the water supply and sanitation is far lagging behind. According to the current
updated findings of CSA, by 2037 Tigray regional state entertains fast urbanization and the population
of turban centers will be almost half of the regional population.
Table 1-1 Projected 5 of urban population in Tigray Regional State
Currently some unconfirmed sources state that the proportion of Tigray demographic boom of urban
centers is already approaching the 50% currently.
In line with this growth an intervention in the development of infrastructure is required immediately
and wisely. Even though the water supply is not much improved throughout the country and even
lagging behind, much should be done to attain the required and recommended level. On another hand,
working on the water supply to curtail the demand of the booming population will again press the city
administrators to work on the city sanitation differently and holistically than the routine trend.
Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) is a newly introduced approach to support the urban sanitation
development. It is an approach that aim to reach everybody with adequate sanitation. CWIS helps to
safely manage human waste at every point along the service chain; effective resource recovery and re-
use are considered; a diversity of technical solutions is embraced for adaptive, mixed and incremental
approaches; and onsite and sewerage solutions are combined, in either centralized or decentralized
systems, to better respond to the realities found in developing country cities. Cities need to develop
comprehensive approaches to sanitation improvement that encompass long-term planning, technical
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innovation, institutional reforms and financial mobilization. They will need to demonstrate political
will, technical and managerial leadership, to focus on durable drivers for innovation, and to manage
funding for sanitation in new and creative ways. The key principles of CWIS are:
Inclusion (Prioritize the human right of all to sanitation)
Whole Service Chain (Deliver ‘safe management’ along all sanitation service chain
containment to reuse)
Partnership (Commit to working in partnerships with relevant stakeholders to deliver CWIS)
Thriving Cities (Sanitation contributes to a thriving urban economy)
The One WASH National Program is the Government of Ethiopia’s (GoE) main instrument for
achieving the goals set out in the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP). The OWNP has mainly four
components:
1) Rural and Pastoralist WaSH,
2) Urban WaSH,
3) Institutional WaSH and
4) Program Management and Capacity Building.
The Urban WASH component finances study and design, capacity building and management support,
environmental and Social safeguards, immediate service improvements and expansion and
augmentation of Sanitation and urban environmental improvements which will include desludging
equipment and facilities, latrine sludge/septage treatment plant and public toilets construction, and
development of wastewater management systems in selected cities and towns.
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has obtained a loan and grant from World Bank to
finance the development of an integrated City-wide sanitation plan, feasibility study and detailed
design of waste water management system for Adigrat Town. The Tigray Water Resources Bureau and
Adigrat Town Water Supply & Sewerage Service Authority (ATWSSSO) are the Executing Agency of
the Project. In addition to this World Bank is financing the consulting services for the Sanitation
Study. This is a continuation of the commitments that the World Bank has made with the Government
to assist in development activities and help the Country in reducing poverty.
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The overall objective of the project is development of an Integrated City wide Sanitation Plan for
Adigrat Town. The Terms of reference (TOR) is attached to this Report as Annex I.
The specific objectives of the consultancy service include:
to conduct thorough review of the situation assessment study report prepared for Adigrat
town and any other pertinent documents
to undertake in-depth assessment of the current sanitation situation and existing plan with
respect to liquid waste, solid waste, and urban drainage including the institutional
arrangement, infrastructures, existing structure policies, strategies, strategic development
plans at national, region, and towns’ levels and developing an appropriate institutional
framework and action plan covering wastewater, and other facilities used for sanitation /
sewerage services provision and management.
to conduct feasibility and detail design of appropriate city wide inclusive
sanitation/wastewater management infrastructure, and recommend commensurate
management system (financial and business arrangement, regulatory framework, and
customer-oriented programs)
Develop indicative plan for sanitation (solid, wastewater and urban drainage) for the town

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of the consultancy service as described in the TOR is categorized into two Tasks, Task I -
Situation Assessment and Mapping Stage and Task II - Feasibility and Detail Design of Wastewater
Management. The TOR has explained in detail the scope of consultancy service. According to the TOR the
general scope of work is to conduct assessment, feasibility study and detail design of wastewater
management system for Adigrat Town. The detail scope of the assignment as given in the TOR is described
in more detail under Chapter 4 of this Technical proposal.
The specific outline of consultancy services required to achieve the required objective are listed as follows
To collect all relevant data on population, water supply and usage, per capita water
consumption, water related diseases, number of house connections, number of dependents
per house, type and number of sanitation facilities and their usage;
Conduct sample survey consisting of households, public and private establishments,
industries and private actors involved in collection and disposal of waste;,
Carry out stakeholder consultations in conjunction with the Client so that stakeholders’
inputs are taken on board at all stages of the project. The Consultation shall include officials
and staffs of city administration, health, education and urban development bureaus, youth
groups and focus group discussion.
Review and analyses the existing situation of wastewater and solid waste management and
drainage situation in the town including the institutional arrangements;
Review previous study and relevant documents related to water supply and sanitation and
town development plan;
Review existing business models used for service delivery, including information on the role
of the private sector (if any) and recommend appropriate business models
Review the current legislative rules and regulatory structures for providing service in the
collection, treatment, disposal and reuse of faecal waste, wastewater and solid waste from
households and different institutions including for protection of natural drains, canals and
flood plains or other water bodies prepare detailed engineering designs of the selected
facilities for the short term implementation,
Prepare development plan for urban sanitation (solid wastewater and urban drainage).
Prepare design criteria and conceptual plan for wastewater management system based on the
findings of the existing situation, evaluation of previous study and relevant documents and
future development of the town,
Prepare a feasibility study for wastewater management with different technical alternatives
appropriate for the different parts of the town for 20 years design period
Check technical feasibility of different alternatives for containing, emptying, transport,
treatment and reuse/disposal and identify the most cost-effective and, technically and
economically viable and sustainable system;
Prepare preliminary design for the preferred option of the wastewater management system;
Carry out an environmental and social impact analysis of the proposed wastewater
Management system;
Prepare detailed engineering designs for the preferred option of the wastewater management
system;
Prepare detail cost estimates and financing plan for each of the project components and the
project,
Conduct financial and economic evaluation as well as socio-economic and institutional
assessment for the project;
Prepare bid documents for the works to be constructed in line with the World Bank standard
bidding document and procedures for each component including detailed bills of quantities
and necessary drawings.;

Assess/analyze the financial and economic feasibility of the proposed solutions, establish the
costs of service charges to the public with a view to cover the operation and maintenance
costs , and
Provide capacity building of the Client staff through on the job training and training
sessions.
It is highlighted in the TOR that throughout the consultancy process, the consultant should work closely with
the relevant contact person and technical departments in the City Administration to ensure a seamless and
integrated design, implementation and management process.
1.4 PROJECT MOBILISATION

Following contract negotiations between Tigray Water Bureau and Metaferia Consulting Engineers
(MCE) on 30th August 2019; and signing of consultancy service contract agreement on 23rd September
2019; the Consultant started collecting available data and information from the Water Resource
Commission and the Consultant’s archive. Further to this, the priority task in the mobilization stage
was getting rental office and arrangement of accommodation to the key staff. The Consultant
mobilized Mr Mesfin Amare, senior water supply and sanitation expert and a liaison officer to
establish office. However, rental of office was a challenge for almost two weeks. Finally the team
leader Mr. Alemayehu Bekle, Mr. Mohammed Hassen, Wastewater/ Sanitary expert and Mr. Abebaw
Bekel, Solid Waste Management Specialist is mobilized on 4th November 2019 and started the initial
data collection of the project using a Hotel room as an office. On 5th November 2019 a meeting was
healed in Adigrat Water Supply and Sewerage Services Office in the presence of Tigray Water
Resources Bureau senior procurement speciality, Adigrat Project Coordinator, Adigrat Water Supply
and Sewerage Services Office Head to officially launch the project start-up. The initial challenges in
the data collection and expected coordination with all stakeholders was discussed in the meeting. The
project coordinator requested updated work schedule and the Consultant pledged to submit the revised
work schedule together with the Inception report.
Consequently, the consultant has established in Adigrat by renting an office in kebele 05 and
purchased furniture. The consultant has purchased Laptop computers for all key staffs, one A3 colour
printer. All other equipment which will be used for survey works including hand held GPS will be
mobilized from head quarter when need arises. The Consultant planned to print all reports as per the
deliverable schedule from head quarter after document quality control was done by the relevant
experts.
1.5 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT

This Inception Report is an important milestone for the start-up of the project This Inception Report
describes the current situation of sanitation and Water supply services in Adigrat town based on
review of available documents, discussion with the stakeholders, and observations made. It also
presents a revised work and staffing plan to undertake the activities as per the TOR.
The Report also describes the various approaches and methodologies to be followed in collecting data
and information on the existing situation; stakeholder consultations; feasibility, preliminary and detail
design of an integrated sanitation, conveying, disposing and treatment system, cost estimates; and
specification and tender documents preparation stages. It also describes the social and environmental
impact assessment study methodologies.

1.6 LAYOUT OF THE INCEPTION REPORT

This inception report summarises the preliminary findings of the Consultant during the one-month
inception period and comments made by the Client on the Draft Inception report. It also contains
information about project implementation and organisation and describes methodology, tools, work
and staffing programme. The report highlights the existing situation of water supply and sanitation and
progress made with regard to data collection and methodology and approach.
In addition, the report presents an approach for the feasibility study, preliminary and detailed design to
be carried out under Task I and Task II of the project. The report also presents the Consultant’s
concept and initial ideas for the project implementation upon an analysis of problems and constraints
within Adigrat water supply and sanitation system.
The inception report covers all topics considered relevant for Task I and Task II of the project
implementation and is grouped into the following major fields:
Description of physical characteristics of Adigrat Town.
Secondary data on socio-economic situation of Adigrat Town.
Description of existing and future water supply system.
Description of existing sanitation facilities and sanitary service level
Document review and consultation.
Technical approach and methodology for Step I and Step II as it has been presented in the
Technical Proposal and updated following the observations and findings made during the
inception period.
Revised work programme and staff schedule
Reporting Schedule

2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ADIGRAT TOWN
2.2 LOCATION AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADIGRAT TOWN

2.1.1 General Fact Sheet
General facts that provide information about Adigrat town is compiled and presented in table 2.1
below.
Table 2-1 General Information of Adigrat Town

Adigrat Town
Location 140 16’N and 390 27’ E
Area (hectares) 1932
Elevation (m.a.s.l.) 2457
Mean annual rainfall (mm) 650 mm/year
Average Temperature (0C) Ranges between 15°C and 20°C
Number of Households (2007 CSA Census) 14,762
Population (2007 CSA Projection) Total: 57,572:- Male 25,999; Female 31,573
Intercensal growth rate (1994 – 2007) 2.5%
Average Population density (persons/km²), 2007 2,980
CSA Projected population, 2012 EC Total 72,974:- Male 32,959; Female 40,015
Tigray 94.6%
Regional Population size by ethnic groups, (2007 CSA
Anhara 3.78%
Census)
Others <1%
Orthodox 86%
Religion distribution as reported in the Situation Protestant 0%
Assessment report. Catholic 5%
Muslims 8%
(Source: Central Statistical Authority 2007 population and Hosing Census, Adigrati Region, Volume 1 Statistical Report;

2.1.2 Location
Adigrat is located in the northern direction of the capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa at a distance of
898 Kms and 118 Kms to the capital of Tigray Regional State, Mekelle. The town is administrative
capital city of Eastern zone of Tigray region. This town has a latitude 14016’N 39027’E with an
elevation ranging between 2000 to 3000 meters above sea level. The area of Adigrat Town is 1,932
hectares. Its average annual temperature is moderate between 15 ºC and 20 ºC and mean annual
rainfall is 659.4mm. According to Central Statistical Agency (2018), the population projection figure
of the town had been estimated at a total of 112,550.
2.1.3 Geography
Adigrat is surrounded by a range of mountains. EmabAlequa/Andiyel/ mountain to the west, Erar to

North West, Kandaero to North and Genahti to North Erast surrounds the Town from which Alaqwa is
the highest. Towards the east, it is delimited by the spectacular edge of the north-eastern Ethiopian
escarpment dropping into the lowlands. The Huga River runs through Adigrat. The city is spread
widely on both banks of the river. The other surface runoff is coming from Kenda’ero and Genahti
ridge crossing the town.
Adigrat held a strategic position at the junction of the crossroads between Adwa in the
west, Asmara and Massawa in the north and Mekelle in the south.
2.1.4 Climate and Hydrology
Adigrat has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). The overall climate
throughout the year is mild and dry. The annual rainfall ranges between 400 and 600 mm, with most of
the rain falling in the rainy season (June up to September).
Table 2-2 Monthly record of weather data
Source: http://www.levoyageur.net/weather-city-ADIGRAT.html
2.1.5 Geology and Hydrogeology
Adigrat area is characterized by metamorphic basement complex overlain by the Enticho Sandstone,
the Edaga Arbi Glacials, the Adigrat Sandstone, the Aiba Basalts and loose sediments composed
mainly of sand, silt, gravel and clay at the upper- most in succession. Fresh rock outcrops are observed
on escarpments, along stream valleys and cuttings along the roads and at places on the surface.
2.1.6 Land Cover and Land Use
According to the r report on comparative analysis of the area of existing land use and master plan of
Adigrat Town by Mr. Zubairul Islam in 2016, Adigrat Town has got a total land area of 18.7 km2.
The Master plan map prepared by municipal office shows the planned land use pattern. However, the
research paper quantified the existing land use patter and compared it with the actual land use on the
ground. Table 2.3 shows the existing land use pattern as per the research report.

Table 2-3 Land use profile of Adigrat town in 2006

No. Land Use Area (ha) No. Land Use Area (ha)
1 Pure Residential 211.80 13 Warehouses 6.26
2 Mixed Resid. 40.57 14 Workshops 3.15
3 Resid. Cond. 1.69 15 Building M Prod. 29.55
4 Gov. Institutions 16.92 16 Bus Terminal 1.14
5 Education 219.57 17 Open Spaces 11.35
6 Health Centers 13.61 18 Green Areas 8.90
7 Civic & Culture 0.47 19 Resort Centers 1.27
8 Religious 28.15 20 Military Camp 32.29
9 Drives Training 0.20 21 Commercial 25.14
10 Utility Services 0.67 22 Market Places 6.70
11 Municipal Ser. 0.21 23 Stadium 3.00
12 Manufacturing 13.46
Total 676.07
The Town is currently expanding towards North and South direction. As per the revised master plan of
the city, which is at final stage; additional expansion areas were designated and the details will be
known after the master plan is released.
The existing built up area of the town is divided into six kebeles. The area occupied by each kebele is
also estimated in the same research paper and the summary is shown in Table 2.4.
Table 2-4 Estimate of land area occupied by each kebele

Kebele Area (ha)
1 401.77
2 467.65
3 78.78
4 309.42
5 227.16
6 382.13
Total 1,866.91
.

Figure 2-1Adigrat City Existing Land Use Map

Figure 2-2 Kebele Boundary Map

2.1.7 Socio-Economic Condition of the Town
2.1.7.1 GENERAL
Adigrat also called Addi Grat is a Town and separate Woreda in the Tigray Regional
State of Ethiopia. It is located in the Misraqawi Zone at longitude and latitude 14°16′N 39°27′E
Coordinates: 14°16′N 39°27′E, with an elevation of 2,457 metres (8,061 ft) above sea level and
below a high ridge to the west. Adigrat is the last important Ethiopian city south of the border
with Eritrea, and is considered to be a strategically important gateway to Eritrea and the Red Sea.
Adigrat was part of Ganta Afeshum woreda before a separate woreda was created for the city.
Currently, Adigrat serves as the capital of the Eastern Tigray zone.
Adigrat is one of the most important cities of Tigray, which evolved from earlier political centers
and camps of regional governors. Antalo, Aläqot and Adigrat were a few of them. The decline of
Antalo was followed by the rise of Adigrat as another prominent, yet short-lived, capital of
Tigray. It used to serve as the capital of Agame.
The study assessed the general socio-economic condition of the town and the anticipated liquid and
solid water and drainage status and management system to gather pertinent information for the
proceeding assignments. This preliminary has gathered through discussion with stakeholders,
secondary data and observation. The revised method of socio-economic data collection and
analysis is also presented to undertake the activities as per the TOR.
2.1.7.2 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
The economic activities of Adigrat town comprises as construction, manufacturing, urban
agriculture, service and trade. As per Adigrat University- Adigrat Town Structure Plan Preparation
Proposal report (2018), the major source of revenue of the town relies on direct tax (41.2%),
indirect tax (2.8%) and municipal taxes (25.5%) having an average annual growth of 32.5% across
the year of 2002 EC– 2010 EC. The highest growth rate was encountered in 2005 EC (58.5%)
while the lowest was 9% in 2006 EC. The same source has also depicted that social service,
administration, infrastructures and Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE). Of the total expenditure,
social services and infrastructure took the lion share of 46.5 and 45 per cent followed by
administration (7%) and MSE (1.4%) in the same order. The analysis of this report implies that the
town was able to cover about 86.18 per cent of the total expenditure while the rest proportion
financed through different sources in the above refereed years.
Analogy with the economic activity of the town, the livelihood of Adigrat town community is
based on trade, followed by employing in different services and industry sectors. As per the data
gathered from Revenue office, 2012 EC, there are about 6244 traders (wholesaler and retailer) in
the town. Among these, more than 50 per cent of the activities are running by Grocery, food retail
trade (24%), Cultural cloth, boutique house and overcoats trade (17%), Hotel, Bar and Breakfast
house (11%), respectively. Detailed assessment will be made in subsequent study.
2.1.7.3 BASIC SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Adequate infrastructure facilities are one of the key indicators to measure the levels of living
standard of the community. The study team has assessed the following major infrastructure
facilities found in the town that will be elaborated in detail in the feasibility phase.

2.1.7.4 HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURES AND PERSONNEL

Health is one of the priority sectors of the town to allocate budget. Secondary data collected from
Adigrat Woreda Health Office indicated that the health coverage of the town is about 68 per cent.
With respect to health infrastructure, there are one general hospital, two health centres, 10 clinics at
different levels and pharmacies (private (drug centres-12, pharmacy 5) & 2 governmental
pharmacy). Health Centre No. 1 is the new one which is providing the service for kebele 02, 05
and 04 settlement while the second Health Centre serves kebele 01, 03 and 06.
There are about 61 health personnel such as health officers (6), pharmacy technician (3), laboratory
technicians (4), nurses (23), mid wife nurses (6), health supervisor (1), health assistants (1) and
extension agents (17) in the two health centres.
The major ten-top diagnosed among the outpatients in are (2011EC): Upper Respiratory Tract
Infection (29%), Diarrhea (19%) and Injury (10%). Table below shows the detail ten top diseases
registered in the town.
Table 2-5 Ten top diseases registered in the Health Centre

No. Diseases Registered Number of cases In %
1 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 4603 29%
2 Diarrhea 2952 19%
3 In jury 1657 10%
4 Tonsillitis 1424 9%
5 Dermatitis 1219 8%
6 Urinary tract infection 1033 6%
7 Intestinal parasite 875 6%
8 Scabies 865 5%
9 Amoebiasis 754 5%
10 Dyspepsia 523 3%
Total 15905 100%
Source: Adigrat Town Health Centre, 2012
2.1.7.5 EDUCATION
Education is very essential for development as it is an instrument in fostering progress towards

other goals. it is one of the vital sectors which emphasis has given by the government to improve
the quality as well as to expand access. As per the town education office secondary data (2012 EC)
there are 24 schools in the town which include 16 governmental (10 primary and 6 secondary
school) and 8 non-governmental (7 primary and 1 secondary schools) schools. The town education
office is structured as five supervisors (3 for the primary school, 2 for the secondary schools). In
the education office it is arranged 1 supervisor for 5 schools and 1 cluster to covers 4 schools.
Besides there are universities and colleges administered by federal government and private
individuals.

As per the 2012 EC Adigrat Town Education Office data, the number of students in kindergarten, grade 1
– 8 and grade 9 – 10 is 8,342, 8,883 and 4,229, respectively. Moreover, there is one preparatory school in
the town having a total number of 630 students. With respect to gender proportion, female student
accounts 50 per cent and above in all school cycle except slightly low in the case of grade 1- 8.
2.1.7.6 ACCESS TO POTABLE WATER SUPPLY
Providing access to safe and adequate water is one of the key factors for socio-economic
transformation. Water has an interactive linkage with health and education. Good health is crucial
to enhance the productive capacity of the community. Thus, availability of clean and sufficient
water plays a vital role for sustainability of any development project. Secondary data gathered from
Adigrat Water Supply and Sewerage office and the detailed information regarding the water supply
coverage is shown in chapter 3 of the inception report.
2.1.7.7 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Financial institutions play a pivotal role to undertake efficient and effective economic activities in
the town development. As per the data from Adigrat City Administration Mayer office, the town
has 17 financial institutions. These include: commercial bank of Ethiopia, private banks, namely;
Abysinia Bank, Dedebit micro finance, Anbesa Bank, Wegagen Bank, Abay Bank, Dashen Bank,
and Awash Bank, Hibret Bank , Buna Bank, Neb Bank, Zemen Bank etc.
2.1.7.8 OTHER SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURES
Adigrat town is benefited from electric power. Discussion held with kebele administrations
indicated that some of the peripheral areas that are recently annexed to the town do not have
electric facility. These include: Kebele 1 zone 5; kebele 2, zone 4; kebele 4, zone 6, and kebele 6,
zone 4, 5 and 6.
Availability of adequate road network and transport facilities is the major factors to make the
development programme effective and sustainable. Adigrat town is connected through highway
Addis Ababa – Mekele – Adigrat. Moreover, there is also an air transport to Mekele and then a 37
km asphalt road to Adigrat. Secondary data collected from Adigrat town indicated that majority of
the kebeles are connected by cobblestone road. The total length of cobblestone is around 57,241
m2. Moreover, there is also gravel road in the town that cover about 1.03 km. Furthermore, the
town is benefited from telephone (both fixed and cellular) and postal services.
2.1.8 POPULATION
2.1.8.1 GENERAL
According to the 1994 census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) the
population of Adigrat Town was 37,417 from which 17,352 were men and 20,065 were women.
The 2007 national census revealed that the total population raised to 57,572, from which 25,999 are
men and 31,573 women. The 2012 population of Adigrat was estimated by CSA to be 72,974 from
which 32,959 was Male and 40,015 was female.

The administration of Adigrat town was divided into Six Kebeles and each kebele is subdivided in
to a number of zones and each zone is again subdivided in several Gujiles. According to the
information collected from each Kebele, the total population of the Town is 99,471. The detailed
information regarding the number of households and the number of residents in each Kebele is
shown in Table 2.6.
Table 2-6 Adigrat Town 2019 population based on Kelbele record.
No Population Household
Kebele No Gujele
zones Male Female Total Male Female Total
1 5 52 7696 8613 16309 2422 1711 4133
2 4 81 8913 11060 19973 2621 3253 5874
3 4 38 6801 7609 14410 2000 2238 4238
4 8438 9446 17884 1920 2144 4064
5 4 66 6968 7548 14516 3299
6 6 68 7729 8650 16379 3729
Total 46,545 52,926 99,471 8,963 9,346 25,337
*Information gathered from Kebeles during the site visit. Adigrat University and new expansion areas not included
According to Adigrat town Planning & programming Office, 104,334 peoples reside in the Town
which incorporates the number of students in the University and the population in the newly
developed area. The detail is shown in Table 2.7.
Table 2-7 2019 population based on Town planning & Programming Office record.
Population Hosehold
Kebele No zones No Gujele
Male Female Total Male Female Total
1 5 52 8235 9216 17451 2422 2711 5133
2 4 81 8913 11060 19973 2621 3253 5874
3 4 38 6801 7609 14410 2000 2238 4238
4 9012 10078 19090 2651 2964 5615
5 4 66 7743 8140 15883 2278 2394 4672
6 6 68 8535 8992 17527 2510 2645 5155
Total 49,239 55,095 104,334 14,482 16,205 30,687
On another hand, Adigrat municipality estimated the population of Adigrat town to 104334. The
estimated population in each Keels is shown in Table 2.8.
Table 2-8 2019 estimated population by the municipality
Kebele Estimated population

1 17,451
2 19,973
3 14,410
4 19,090
5 15.883
6 17.527
Total 104,334

2.1.8.2 POPULATION GROWTH RATE
According to the report of the 2007 National population and housing census, the intercensal annual
growth rate for Tigray Regional state for the year 12994-2007 is 2.5%. However, the situation
assessment report of Adigrat Town revealed that the population growth rate (at low variant rate) of
Adigrat Town between 1994 and 2007 was 2.7%. Furthermore, CSA estimated the 2015 population
of Adigrat Town to be 86,100 at a growth rate of 5.1%. According to a report on Adigrat Town
Structure Plan Preparation Socio-Economic, Physical, and Spatial Proposals prepared by Adigrat
University, the population growth rate between 2018 and 2028 is 4%, 4.5% and 5% at low, medium
and high variant respectively. Table 2.9 shows the growth rate used in different studies.
Table 2-9: Population Growth Rate
Population growth rate, %
Year
CSA SAR MSC MTG AU
1994-2000 2.5 2.7 3.5
2000-2005 2.5 2.7 3.5
2005-2007 2.5 2.7 3.5
2007-2015 5.1 4.1
2015-2017 3.7
2017-2022 3.4 4.5
2022-2027 3.2 4.5
2027-2032 3.0
We used the medium variant growth rate proposed by Adigrat University to project the population
of Adigrat basing the 2019 population figure found from each stakeholder.
2.1.8.3 POPULATION PROJECTION
Population projection was done by the Consultant using the available information in the inception
period. The detail projection is shown in Table 2.10 and Figure 2.3. The projection will be refined
and updated in the subsequent study.
Table 2-10 Projected population using the 2019 estimate of each stakeholders
Municipality
& Town Water Adigrat
Year CSA Kebele
planning & Utility University
Programming
2019 115,589 99,471 104,334 148,331 125,902
2022 127,784 113,513 119,062 169,270 143,675
2027 149,581 141,458 148,373 210,942 179,045
2030 163,451 161,427 169,319 240,719 204,320

Figure 2-3 Population projection
In order to project the future population of Adigrat Town the population growth rate shown in the
above tables are used. The population projection will be revised in the Feasibility stage and
subsequent studies of this project. The base population for the year 2019 and the growth rate will be
decided in consultation of the Client and other stakeholders of Adigrat Town. CSA will be
consulted regarding all issue of population projection.

3 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF ADIGRAT TOWN
3.1 BACKGROUND HISTORY OF ADIGRAT WATER SUPPLY
Adigrat Water supply service was established in 1975 under WSSA (Water Supply & Sanitation
Authority). WSSA was responsible for the management of the water supply system and expansion
work was executed by drilling additional boreholes and installing distribution mains. However, it
was not possible to meet the water demand of the Town.
Adigrat Water Board was established in 1996, under Regional Proclamation number 19/1998. The
proclamation publicised that Adigrat town, together with other 12 towns in the region, would be
administered by a water board. The set-up was introduced by the Regional Government to improve
the water supply service in rural and urban centres by direct involvement of the community in the
construction and management of the water supply scheme.
3.1.1 Source of water
3.1.1.1 BOREHOLES OWNED BY AWSSSO

The current water supply for the residents is groundwater sources only. There are about 34
boreholes, of which 19 boreholes are operational and produce water for the consumption of the
town. From the 15 non-operational boreholes 11 BH stopped production/dried and 4 boreholes
require rehabilitation. Currently, Adigrat town Water source is from well fields:-
The Adigrat Proper (Gorno, Abune Aregawi, Agazi)
The Depot well field (May Messanu, Kerseber-May Tseada)
The Bikot /Mekele road well field
According to the available record from Adigrat water supply and sanitation service office, a total of
19 boreholes are operational. From this, 12 boreholes are yielding less than 5 l/sec., 5 boreholes are
producing 6 to 6.6 l/sec.one borehole is yielding 12 l/sec and one borehole is producing 17.63 l/sec.
Further to this, the record revealed that the yield of 12 boreholes is reduced while 7 boreholes still
maintain the yield recorded during pump testing. According to the same record the current total
production is 90.92 l/sec or 6,546.24 m3/day in 20 hours pumping. If the pumping hour is extended,
the daily production will increase. The list of functioning, non-functioning and dried boreholes is
indicated in Table 3.1 below.
Figure 3-1 Borehole at Abune Aregawi Well field and Borehole at Mai Tseada-BHK-5

Table 3-1 Existing borehole data owned by the utility

Yield in l/s Status
Year of
Depth
No Site name Code Elv. Pump constru Remarks
(m) Existing FN NFN Dry
testing ction
1 Abune Aregawi BH.AR 1 2471 109  1984

*
2 Abune Aregawi BH.AR 2 2485 90 5.27  1996
3 Abune Aregawi BH.AR 3 2468 90 3.6 2.53  1990
4 Abune Aregawi BH.AR4 2477 90  1996
5 Abune Aregawi BH.AR5 2462 90  1996
6 Abune Aregawi BH.AR 6 2456 90 5 3.05  1996
7 Abune Aregawi BH.AR 7 2486 150 5.55 3.22  1998
8 Agazi Agazi 2470 82 5.7  1975 Water quality
problem
9 Gorno Gorno 110  1984
10 Gorno new Gorno new 2485 136 5.1 1.56  2003
11 ERA ERA 2467 119  1984
12 May Mesanu BH.MM 1 2478 120 3  1998 Pump defect
13 May Mesanu BH.MM 2 2448 75  2001
OLD
14 May Mesanu May Harasat 2445 113 11.6  2003
15 May Mesanu Lekay 2481 144 2.2  2003 Pump defect
16 May Mesanu BH.MM 3 2457 113 8.7 6.38  2004
20 DIPO DIPO 1 2407 200 5  2007
21 DIPO DIPO 2 2466 126 6.5 6.5  2008
22 Kerseber BHK 1 2425 126 7 6.5  2003 Operation started
23 Kerseber BHK 2 2437 128 6 6  2003 at 2009 E.C
24 Kerseber BHK 4 2415 125 6 3.05  2003
25 Kerseber BHK 5 138 5 5  2003
26 Kerseber BHK 6 125 12  2003
27 Kerseber BHK 8 2443 129 4  2003
28 Kerseber BHK 9 2444 148 4 3.8  2003
29 May Mesanu BHMM 2 2459 150 3  2003
new
30 May Mesanu BHMM 4 2415 150 6 3  2003
Source: Adigrat Water Supply and Sewerage Service Authority
3.1.1.2 PRIVATELY OWNED BOREHOLES

Twenty tow boreholes are owned by privately to supply the demand of institutions and private
enterprises. There is no full record regarding the production of these borehole. According to the
available information from 6 borehole produce a total of 3,247.2 m3/day. The detail is shown in
Table 3.2.

Table 3-2 List of Privately Owned Boreholes
3.1.2 Treatment System
The water supply from the boreholes is disinfected Reservoir with drip Chlorination.
3.1.3 Reservoirs
The existing water supply system has eight service reservoirs with a total storage capacity of 2650
m3 located at different parts of the town. The details is shown in Table 3.3.

Table 3-3 List of existing Distribution reservoirs.
Figure 3-2 Ganie Central Reservoir Site and Kneader 1000 m3 reservoir
3.1.4 Distribution Network
The water supply distribution system of the town is subdivided in to four sub-systems separated by
isolating valves.
3.1.4.1 CENTRAL SUB SYSTEM

The central sub-system is supplied by two reservoirs having a capacity of 250 m3 and 200 m3
reach located at Ganie site. Water is pumped from the boreholes located at Abune Aregawi well
field to the reservoirs located at Ganie site. The sub system distributes water by gravity to the
central parts of the town. Further to this, the two reservoirs act as a wet well for the booster pumps
which deliver water to 500 m3 reservoir located at Bikot (Enda gebriel) and to 300 m3 capacity
Western Reservoir located at Bet Mohan.

3.1.4.2 NORTHERN SUB SYSTEM

The 1,000 m3 Kendaero reservoir and two small reservoirs located at Aboy Kolkualay having a
capacity of 100 and 200 m3 supply the Northern Sub system by gravity. The Northern sub system
is the area along Zalambessa road. The boreholes which supply these reservoirs are located at May
Tseada and May Massanu well field.
3.1.4.3 WESTERN SUB SYSTEM

The reservoir at Bet Mohan supply Western Sub-system by gravity. Western sub system is the
township along Adwa Road and the western part of the town. Bet Moham reservoir is getting water
from ERA borehole and from reservoir at Ganie using booster pump.
3.1.4.4 SOUTHERN SUB SYSTEM
A booster pump at Ganie feeds the 500 m3 reservoir located at Bikot (Enda gebriel) and 300 m3
reservoir at Bet Mekael. These two reservoirs feed the Southern sub system by gravity.
3.1.5 Water Supply Production and Consumption
Currently, Adigrat Water Supply and Sewerage Service Office has 13,167 connections/customers.
The customers are classified as 35 public fountains, 11,544 house connections and yard
connections, 130 government and public connections, 1,346 commercial connections.
The three years average water production was 1,142,745 m3/year, while the three years average
water consumption was 98,6206 m3/year.
Table 3-4 Adigrat Town three year (2009-2011) Water Production, Consumption and Unaccounted
for water
No. Year 2009 2010 2011
1 Production, m3 983,759 1,170,241 1,274,235
2 Consumption with bill, m3 811,501 951,223 1,049,725
3 Consumption at water points, m3 5,301 6,416 4,889
4 Paid leakage, m3 1,248 598 1,381
5 Reservoir cleaning 648 567 540
6 Water Truck, m3 15,166 10,350 20,527
7 Consumption with average calculation, m3 5,095 15,956 8,893
8 Consumption at Pump house, m3 1,044 1,600 45,950
9 Total consumption in m3 840,003 986,710 1,131,905
10 Leakage (unaccounted for) in m3 143,755 175,670 127,685
11 Leakage (unaccounted for water) % 15 15 10
Source: Adigrat Water Supply and Sewerage Service Office.

3.1.6 Tariff Rates

The Water Supply and Sewerage Service Office had developed new progressive water tariff starting from
Mezia 2011 EC for different connection profiles. The new Adigrat‘s water supply tariff system is built up
in nine consumption levels. The more water a consumer uses the more this consumer has to pay per m³.
This is shown in Table 3.5 below.
Table 3-5 New Water Tariff, Meiziya 2011

Tariff in Birr/m3
Level Range Difference
Private Commercial Public & government Industry
1 0-5 5 6 12 10 50
2 10-Jun 5 10 15 15 45
3 15-Nov 5 12 20 18 40
4 16-20 5 20 25 20 35
5 21-30 10 25 30 25 32
6 31-45 15 35 35 30 30
7 46-75 30 45 40 35 28
8 76-100 25 60 50 50 25
9 >100 99999 70 60 60 20
Adigrat University with the students’ population of about 20,000 obtained potable water from 6 own
drilled boreholes (out of 12 BH) and one borehole from the Water Supply and Sewerage Utility Office. In
the town exist over 22 privately owned boreholes. These boreholes served for hospital, Adigrat
University, Addis Pharmaceutical factory and by other various industries established in the town. The list
of privately owned boreholes is given in the table below.
3.1.7 Record of Adigrat Water supply & Sewerage Office Asset.
Adigrat town Plan and finance Office executed record of existing asset of the water supply and sewerage
Utility office. Summary of the record is shown in Table
Table 3-6 Record of Asset of Adigrat Water Supply 7 sewerage office.

No. Structures Units Quantity
1 Transmission Mains km 32.88
2 Distribution Network km 384.62
3 Public stand points no. 26/36
4 Isolating Valves no. 38
5 Air valves no. 5
6 Valve chambers no. 2
7 Chlorination Units no. 3
8 Boreholes no. 19
9 Pumps no. functional
21
10 Reservoirs no. BH
10
11 Water Meters (Bulk) no. 40
12 Vehicles no. 2
13 Motor cycles no. 2
14 Bicycles no. 20
15 Generators no. 13

3.1.8 Manpower and Staffing
As per the recent information collected, currently the Water Supply and Sewerage service has engaged the
following staffs.
Table 3-7List of Staff members of AWSSSO

No. Staffing List Number of staffs
1 Management Staff 6
2 Financial staff 25
3 Planning and Budget 2
4 Administrative staff 17
5 Technical Staff 60
Total 110
3.1.9 Observed major problems

The following major problems observed by the Consultant at this stage of the project.
Inadequate supply of potable water,
Very low yielding and dried boreholes about 15 boreholes are nonfunctional at this time,
Land provision and construction of resident houses at close distance to boreholes (Abune Aregawi
well field), reservoir sites (Gantie–central reservoir)
Construction of Generator houses form corrugated Iron sheet , especially at Abune Aregawi well
field,
Insufficient office and workshop spaces,
Non availability of written technical reports on the transmission main, distribution network, booster
pumping stations,
Low water supply coverage of the town.

4 EXISTING SANITATION FACILITIES AND SANITARY LEVEL
4.1 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
4.1.1 General
In terms of solid waste management, Adigrat town has come a long way to become one of the
cleaner, if not the cleanest, towns in Ethiopia. The municipality with support from different
stakeholders and the inhabitants of the town manage to introduce a functional door-to-door waste
collection system from households and business centres.
The Solid Waste Management situation in Adigrat town is characterised by both the good attributes
and deficiencies. Households, businesses and some institutions are responsible for keeping their
premise and surrounding areas free of waste. Primary and secondary roads, except some roads and
drainage systems around low income neighbourhoods, receive regular sweeping services.
The awareness level of the whole community, in terms of waste handling, is quite exemplary to
other towns of similar standings. These and other conditions make the town environmentally as
well as aesthetically appealing.
The municipality of Adigrat town, through Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Development Work
Process, is responsible for management of solid waste generated within its jurisdiction.
However, financial, material, and human resources that have been committed to waste management
to the municipality have not matched this responsibility resulting in slightly ineffective as
evidenced by the operation and maintenance of the existing sanitary landfill site.
The main sources of solid waste in Adigrat town could be categorized in to household (residential
or domestic), commercial, institutional, industrial, municipal and street sweeping waste. The
existing waste management system in the town can be broadly grouped into five functional
elements as discussed in the following section.
I. Waste generation;
II. Storage & on-site handling (processing);
III. Collection;
IV. Transfer and transport;
V. Disposal
4.1.2 Waste Generation

The bulk of the waste generated in Adigrat town is mainly domestic and commercial waste
followed by waste from institutions and others. According to information gathered from Adigrat
Municipality official, the solid waste generation rate from households is estimated to be around 0.5
kg/capita/day and the average universal waste (waste from all sources) generation rate is
approximately 0.39 kg/cap/day. At present, based on available population figure (around 104,000)
and solid waste generation data (0.39kg/cap/day), the total solid waste generation rate is estimated
to be 40 Ton/day or 15,000 Ton/year.

4.1.3 Storage & handling of waste at the source

The handling and separation of solid wastes at the source before they are collected is a critical step
in the management of household (residential) solid waste. Handling solid waste is a concern for
public and environmental health which affects quality of life.
4.1.4 Household Waste Handling
In Adigrat town, the solid wastes generated from households are stored in different types of
containers like plastic bags, sacks, bins, barrel and buckets etc. before they are collected,
transported and disposed at the sanitary landfill site. A small portion the solid waste from low
income households find their way into drainage ditches, open fields and under bridges.
Source segregation is an essential step for successful waste recovery, and this is the generator’s
responsibility. Besides, segregation of solid waste can provide materials with less contamination
and requiring less sorting. In Adigrat, Segregation of waste at source is not practiced by each
households which is leading to disposal of commingled waste at the sanitary landfill.
4.1.5 Commercial Waste Handling
The solid waste from commercial centres such as shops, market places are collected either by large
size containers and truck or temporarily stored inside the establishments for further disposal. The
bulk of the solid waste generated from cafes, bars, restaurants and hotels are initially stored in
sacks, cartons, baskets and barrels before they are collected by trucks owned by micro-enterprises
for further disposal. Most businesses including Hotels/restaurants store their waste plastic standard
garbage bin, which has cover in their backyard.
4.1.6 Industrial Waste Handling
Although solid waste from industrial processes is generally not considered as municipal waste, but
needs to be taken into account when dealing with solid waste which ends up in the Municipal Solid
Waste stream. There are few industries in Adigrat town. According to information gather from
previous studies, industries like Addis Pharmaceuticals, disposes waste generated in the factory in a
secured disposal site close to the existing landfill site using own force. Other industries out-source
the waste collection and transportation service to private enterprises.
4.1.7 Street Sweeping Waste Handling

Street cleaning is a fundamental service rendered by municipal authorities in Adigrat to ensure
clean and hygienic urban conditions. With the introduction of door to door collection systems in
Adigrat town, there is a sizeable reduction in the quantity of waste composition dumped on road
sides and drainage systems.
The street waste should ideally comprise of dust and tree leaves and some litter disposed by citizens
on the streets but till such time door to door collection becomes effective, the street sweeping will
also include sizeable portions of food waste as well as recyclable waste. Manual sweeping is
commonly practiced in Adigrat. Tertiary (Narrow roads) conditions are not conducive for such kind
of service. Inefficient waste collection systems coupled with public littering significantly contribute
to waste piles in these locations.

4.1.8 Solid waste collection

Currently, door-to-door solid waste collection services are provided by two micro-enterprises
operating in the town. As regards to solid waste transportation, the service is contracted (out-
sourced) to local small and micro-enterprises. The enterprises are currently providing waste
collection and transportation service for domestic (household), commercial, institutional, street
sweeping waste sources. The waste collection frequency by the small microenterprises hired by the
Municipality is twice in a week. However, Adigrat University outsourced the collection and the
program is different. Addis Pharmaceutical Factory (APF) is handling the factory solid waste by
the staff of the factory. Other big institutions like the Hospital, Prison etc. are planning to outsource
the solid waste collection for the micro-enterprises.
4.1.9 Waste Transfer & Transport

Micro-enterprises use about 4 trucks to collect household (residential) and commercial waste, each
with a one or two-person crew to manually dump waste into the truck. Most collection trucks
(vehicle) has a capacity of around 10-13 cubic meter and are rear-load type.
Figure 4-1 Solid Waste Collecting & Hauling Trucks in Operation

As can be observed from the picture shown above, waste from households and commercial centres
is transported to final disposal site in open vehicles which usually lead to unhygienic situation like
bad odour and spilling of the waste (garbage) on the roads.
A transfer station is a facility where smaller vehicles such as cars, pickups and garbage collection
trucks unload their solid waste. The waste is then consolidated into a larger vehicle, typically a
semi-trailer, which is driven to a disposal site. Currently, there is no solid waste transfer station in
the town. Waste from all sources is collected and transported directly to the sanitary landfill site.

4.1.10 Solid waste disposal

The most notable aspect of SWM in Adigrat is final disposal of the collected waste. Final disposal
is carried out on sanitary landfill site which is located at a distance of approximately 11km from the
centre of the town in an area named Qerse-Ber, Godba Gota. The landfill site is located outside the
city boundary in Golomehda Wereda in Tsibah kokeb kebele. The geographical coordinate of the
site 14021′11″ latitude and 39026′11″ longitude with an average altitude of around 2617 masl.
The sanitary landfill site has major components including landfill area, leachate evaporation pond,
access road, offices, guard house and surface water runoff drainage ditch. However, the site is not
provided with Weighbridge facility which should be installed at the entrance of the landfill for
weighing and recording incoming flow of waste.
Observations made during initial visit to the sanitary landfill site indicated that, machineries such as
wheel loader and compactor, which are used for spreading, levelling and compaction of solid waste
and cover material are out of operation. Spreading and compaction of waste is observed to be was
performed using manual labour. In view of the fact that the sanitary landfill site is located close to
farm land, the local people are complaining about the bad odour emanating from the landfill site.
The picture below illustrates the current practice of waste disposal at the landfill site.
Figure 4-2 Disposal of Waste at the Existing Sanitary Landfill Site
4.1.11 Waste Recycling and Reuse

Composting is a biological process in which micro-organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria, convert
degradable organic waste into humus like substance that acts as a soil conditioner rather than a
fertilizer. Currently, decomposed waste is observed to be collected by workers at the sanitary
landfill site which is being used as soil conditioner (compost) by the local farmers. It is important
to conduct laboratory tests to check the quality of the compost collected from the sanitary landfill
before its application on any farm land. The municipality should check the quality as they are
responsible for distribution and marketing of the compost to the local farmers. The picture given
below shows compost like material which is stockpiled on one side of the landfill site.

Figure 4-3 Compost Preparation at the landfill site

Solid Waste re-use happens when something that already fulfilled its original function is used for
another purpose. However, reuse does not involve reprocessing or transforming the item. For
example, typical reuse strategies are the deposit refund system for glass bottles or polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) water bottles.
In Adigrat, at present a private company is engaged in recycling of plastic bottles operating at the
landfill site. The company uses a press (compression) machine to compact plastic bottle. The
compacted plastic is said to be sold to factories outside Adigrat. The photo (photo 1-4) given below
shows the compaction activity at the landfill site.
Figure 4-4 Plastic Waste Recycling at Landfill Site
4.1.12 Institutional framework

The term municipal solid waste refers to solid waste from households, commercial centres,
institutions, streets and public places. Management of these types of waste is often the
responsibility of municipal authorities. The municipality of Adigrat town has the overall power and
responsibility over the management of solid waste generated from the town. Sanitation,
Beautification and parks Development Core Process is the responsible office in the municipality.
This office currently has 23 permanent staff (including technical and office workers) and 12
contract staff.

The municipality of Adigrat town, currently, out-sourced the major solid waste management
services to local small & micro-enterprises. The responsibility of Adigrat Town municipality is
mainly focused on monitoring and follow-up of the services provided by these entities. The
municipality is also responsible for the provision of sanitation services, including street sweeping
and drainage ditches cleaning and maintenance. The municipality is also responsible for setting of
waste collection tariff and arrange payments to the micro-enterprises.
Beside collection and disposal of solid wastes, the other main duties and responsibilities of Adigrat
town municipality include provision and administration of; housing for the inhabitants,
beautification of the parks & recreational centers, cemeteries, green areas, street sweeping e
cleaning services.
4.1.13 Private sector participation
In Adigrat, there are four micro-enterprises which are engaged in the provision of solid waste
management (collection, transportation and disposal) services to the inhabitants of the town. Two
of these small and micro-enterprises are involved in waste collection and transportation while the
one micro-enterprise is engaged in street sweeping (cleaning) and another micro-enterprise is
involved in the disposal of waste and miscellaneous activities at sanitary landfill site.
Small and micro-enterprises provide their services using local skilled and unskilled labor. The total
number of manpower available with these enterprises is estimated to be around 91. Some
institutions (including Adigrat University) have opted to outsource waste management services
(cleaning and waste transportation) to private enterprises operating in the town.
4.1.14 Challenges to solid waste management system

Like all other urban areas in Ethiopia, Adigrat town faces various challenges related to
management of solid waste. Poor funding remains one of the major problems constraining the
waste management sector. Incapability of purchasing standard waste collection trucks, insufficient
revenue from waste management, poor vehicle and machinery maintenance, are some of the
challenges the municipality faces. Some of the major challenges (problems) which are observed
during the inception phase of the project can be summarized as follows:
4.1.14.1 WASTE COLLECTION & TRANSPORTATION

at present some locations in the town are not fully covered with solid waste collection
services, whereby, households tend to dump waste in open fields, under bridges and
drainage canals
The vehicles (trucks) used for waste collection and transportation have no cover on the
top which can lead to spillage of SW while waste hauling
There is little or no waste recycling, recover, re-use practice or program in the town. Only
the informal sector renders the service of retrieving and recycling of materials from the
waste stream.
No waste collection and transport service in unplanned areas, where road width is small;
4.1.14.2 WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

A fence should be erected around the perimeter of the sanitary landfill site in order to
prevent any unauthorized or illegal access and dumping at the site, to prevent removal of
waste from the site, and to reduce spreading of wind-blown materials.

In some portions of the landfill, the sand cover placed over the active security barrier
(HDPE geo-membrane) is eroded by water and wind which is further damaged by direct
UV rays
The material segregation process appeared to be very labour intensive and increasing the
exposure of waste to the environment and subsequently increasing odour, insect, vermin
nuisance in the vicinity of the landfill site;
Current practice of spreading and compaction of waste is not supported by using
designated machinery such as loader and compactor which will ultimately reduce the life
span of the sanitary landfill site.
Erosion of sand cover occurs due to high side slope of the Site, which is currently
compromising the integrity of the active barrier (HDPE membrane)
The day-to-day operation of the landfill is not inspected by an official from the
Competent Authority
Adequate provision has not been made for electricity, drinking water, sanitation and other
necessary facilities for workers in the landfill site
4.1.14.3 INSTITUTIONAL & CAPACITY BUILDING

The financial capacity of Adigrat municipality is not at such a status as to manage the
day-to-day management of waste; the revenue collected from waste management is not
sufficient to properly conduct operation and maintenance of SWM facilities
Lack of capacity building measures are not in place in most relevant institutions and
private sector and other stakeholders
Low level of awareness creation and promotion of willingness to pay for a better solid
waste collection and disposal service
There is poor legislation and implementation of policies. The constitutional strength of
municipal waste management policy is weak and ineffective. The policy is not well
structured and tends to be weak. Government policy on waste are not revisited,
reaffirmed, restructured and upgraded in a comprehensive tune and form.
3R’s of waste management – reduce, reuse and recycle not fully incorporated in waste
management the policy
Limited operation and maintenance capacity both in government and private sector which
will lead disintegration of the waste management system
Both the municipality and micro-enterprises lack adequately trained personnel. It is
understood that majority of workers have little or no functional background or training in
engineering and management, so the operations result in ineffective and inefficient solid
waste management.
4.2 EXISTING LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
4.2.1 GENERAL
Wastewater generated in a city is directly proportional to the amount of water consumed by
different end users. The wastewater management practices and technologies are key factors that
influence the volume of wastewater to be collected and eventually treated. The water supply
connection profiles and water consumption will also influence the type of sanitation technologies
that will be recommended.
Sanitation as a general term used to describe a battery or a series of actions that all aim to reduce
the spread of pathogens and maintain a healthy living environment. Specific actions related to
sanitation include, wastewater treatment, solid waste management and storm water management.

Environmental Sanitation: as opposed to simply ‘sanitation’, seeks to include all aspects of the
physical environment which may affect human health and well-being; typical examples of an
environmental sanitation program may include potable water, solid waste management, drainage,
storm water management, and sanitation.
Sanitation as a multi-step process in which wastes are managed from the point of generation to the
point of use or ultimate disposal. A sanitation system is comprised of Products (wastes) which
travel through Functional Groups which contain Technologies which can be selected according to
the context. A sanitation system also includes the management, operation and maintenance (O&M)
required ensuring that the system functions safely and sustainably. By selecting a Technology for
each Product from each applicable Functional Group, one can design a logical sanitation system.
A successful city is one where all citizens live productive, healthy and dignified lives in an
environment free from fecal contamination. Human waste must be managed in ways that safeguard
the urban environment, including water and food supplies. Far from being a reality, this vision is
under increasing threat. With limited financial and human resources, a changing climate and rapid,
unplanned urbanization, cities are struggling to cope. ‘Business as usual’ is not working. However,
the Sustainable Development Goals provide new impetus to ensure access to sustainable water and
sanitation services, to keep cities safe and resilient, and to ensure citizens’ health and well-being.
Citywide inclusive sanitation means that: everybody benefits from adequate sanitation service
delivery outcomes; human waste is safely managed along the whole sanitation service chain;
effective resource recovery and re-use are considered; a diversity of technical solutions is embraced
for adaptive, mixed and incremental approaches; and onsite and sewerage solutions are combined,
in either centralized or decentralized systems, to better respond to the realities found in developing
country cities. Cities need to develop comprehensive approaches to sanitation improvement that
encompass long-term planning, technical innovation, institutional reforms and financial
mobilization. They will need to demonstrate political will, technical and managerial leadership, to
focus on durable drivers for innovation, and to manage funding for sanitation in new way.
4.2.2 SANITATION AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIE

In Adigrat currently widely practiced sanitation, with varying degree of internal sanitation
facilities, is on site sanitation with limited and uncontrolled transportation accompanied by random
dumping of the Faecal Sludge from these facilities.
Originally the municipality desludge pit latrines and septic tanks with vacuum trucks and arranged
dumping site. Currently the responsibility is not legally transferred to a responsible body to
manage, control and guide the operation of waste handling from collection up to transportation
treating and damping properly. According to a verbal information from stakeholders, Adigrat water
supply and sewerage service office will take over this process after proclamation is issued by the
Regional Government.
Households are responsible for tasks like safe waste disposal and reduction /sorting solid waste at
source. Urban administrations, like kebele, need to ensure an integrated local waste management
system. This starts with planning, but extends to ensuring adequate waste collection facilities,
standards for service operators, and the participation of the lowest administrative levels and the
respective local communities in designing and implementing waste management plans. For the
municipal institutions to be effective it requires functional coordination across responsible sectors
at all levels.

As per the situation assessment the overall wastewater management system in Ethiopia is part of
the larger framework of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) and which emphasizes
on a holistic approach, decentralized control and respect for the environment. The IWRM is an
integrated and participatory water resource management system that can help optimize the use of
water at all levels and create public awareness. In relation to these aspects, therefore, for
wastewater management, the current situation has to be analysed and the management has to be
implemented in a cross-spectral integrated way with the involvement of different points of view
within different levels of scale. A key aspect of the IWRM approach is to understand complex
interactions among resources and stakeholders of the whole water chain
4.2.3 HOUSE HOLD RESIDENTIAL LEVEL SANITATION FACILITIES
The Urban Wastewater Management Strategy reveals that each household should contribute to the
reduction of pollution by preparing urban wastewater management infrastructure at household
level. Households currently finance and build their own latrines. They are also responsible for
operation and maintenance of household level facilities following applicable standards and
regulations.
The house hold level sanitation at compound or neighbourhood level residential facilities. These
are categorized and classified as families without sanitation facilities up to fully fledged facilities
within the house where water borne flushing fixtures are used and drains in the compound located
septic tanks. In between sanitation facilities are also there such as dry pit latrine users, VIP users,
public, pour flash, communal latrine and compound level shared facilities users.
In a study conducted by WHO/UNICEF 2015, open defecation was estimated to be practiced only
by 6% of the urban population at national level. Table 4.1 shows summary of the study result.
Type of latrine Users
Improved latrine 27%
Un improved
Shared 40%
Other unimproved 27%
Open defecation 6%
Table 4-1 Types of toilet facilities in the urban Ethiopia (WHO/UNICEF 2015)
Improved sanitation (% population)

Pour/flush toilet 5.3
IPL private 0.6
Pit latrine private 11.6
Total 17.5
Unimproved sanitation
Shared latrine 28
UST 45.8
Open defecation 8.7
Total 82.5
Table 4-2 Type of latrine facilities in Urban of Ethiopia Sanitation coverage sanitation ladder (%
population) Urban (WHO/UNICEF 2015

According to a study conducted by WHO/UNICEF in 2015, 17.5% of the urban population in

Ethiopia uses improved sanitation and 82.5% use unimproved sanitation. For the detail see Table
4.2.
From the consultation and discussion with stakeholders like health workers at kebele, health centres
and town level health office, there is no qualitative and quantitative data compiled by a responsible
body differentiating house hold residential toilets sanitation facilities as pour flash, shared, VIP, pit
latrines , wet pits, septic tanks ...etc. However, wereda office did preliminary assessment and the
detail of this assessment is shown Table 4.3.
The data from the health office indicate that 31% of the population do not have access to toilets and
may practice open defecation. The detail is shown in Table 4.3. According to the site survey in the
town, open defecation is very common in the town especially in the peripheral area and in Kebeles
particularly along the natural storm drainage lines. There are people who practice open urination
and defecation near trees and fences. Furthermore, those who don’t have latrine facilities including
visitors to the town and those going to markets etc. practice open defecation. This was confirmed
during walk through observations.
No Type of Toilet Total, HH %

1 Flush toilet 8,000 35.2
2 Dry pit latrine 5,500 24.2
3 Traditional pit 2,178 9.6
Total toilet users 15,678 68
No toilet (open
4 7,082 31.1
defection)
Total No. Of HH 22,760 100
Table 4-3 Toilet Data Collected from the Wereda Health Office.
Figure 4-5 Typical house hold pour flash toilet

During the consultation meeting with kebele officials, particularly kebele 01, 03 & 04 it was
revealed that there is no residence without toilet in the three kebeles. However, the type is specified
as a pit without differentiation but with a corresponding holding tank. Regardless of this, open
defecation was observed because of the presence of market in the neighbourhood and homeless
people.
Figure 4-6 Pit under construction for a compound toilet on impermeable strata
Figure 4-7 Open Defecation along storm drains
4.2.3.1 . CONDOMINIUM HOUSING SITES

According to the information from Adigrat Housing Agency, there are 9 condominium communal
housing sites with G+3 and G+4 stories having different typologies which is already occupied by
many families. Since the houses are well furnished with sanitary fixtures and dwellers are
economically better, usage of water is better depending on the availability. Due to this, the
generated wastewater is more and concentrated.
All the condominium sites are equipped with wastewater collection tanks of different sizes
depending on the number of residents. These collection tanks has got a capacity of 67.1 m3, 73.88
m3, 98.5 m3, & 138.34 m3 and constructed based on the type and number of blocks which is

directly related to the number of residents. The tanks are constructed with battering masonry walls
covered with reinforced concrete cover with manhole as an access to empty the tank. The floor of
the tank is compacted selected fill. There is no information regarding the impermeability of the
floor and the wall. Figure 4.8 shows the construction detail of the wastewater tank.
Overflow of wastewater holding tanks is a major problem if dwellers do not desludge them on time.
Currently overflow of wastewater is observed at 6 sites. The problem will continue if tank
emptying is not properly programmed and the problem will be worst in the rainy season.
Furthermore, overflow was observed at the manholes along the sewer lines. This may be deposition
of solid material inside the sewer pipe or in the manholes. This is also another issue which requires
close inspection during the life time of the system.
According to studies were conducted by Adigrat Housing Agency, some of the tanks are under
sized and some are constructed at water logged areas. Furthermore, misuse of sanitary facilities
resulting blockage of sewers and improper compound or neighborhood management is identified as
the main cause of overflow of tanks and manholes. These sites may require special attention and
consideration in the Adigrat sanitation works.
Figure 4-8 Condominium wastewater tanks details

Figure 4-9 Condominium raw wastewater overflows and ponded down stream
4.2.3.2 MIXED USE COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
At market place of 01-kebele there are two and three story buildings initially built for commercial
purpose. Later on the upper floors of these buildings were changed to residential flats. These
residential flats require more water and the generated wastewater is also not anticipated when the
buildings were designed and constructed for commercial purposes. Due to this, frequent overflow
of wastewater holding tanks are occurring and spillage of wastewater is observed occurs around
the buildings. The location of these tanks are at a higher ground and commercial shops located at a
lower ground are affected by the overflow as well as leakage of these tanks.
Figure 4-10 Partial view of commercial centers and the lower shops
4.2.3.3 COMMUNAL LEVEL SANITATION FACILITIES

Communal Latrine/toilet facilities are used by more than one family with maintenance
responsibility shared between users or provided by the property owner to renters.
In Adigrat town there are no as such registered, labelled and known communal toilets. However,
within the residential compounds there may be group of rented families or kebele houses sharing
the same facility owned either by the compound owner or kebeles. Figure 4.11 shows toilet shared
between families residing in the kebele office compound, kebele kindergarten and the kebele office
workers.
The toilet is old enough made of stone masonry wall , corrugated steel doors, reinforced concrete
flooring with pit beneath. It consists of duplex pour flash toilets and duplex showers on each side
of one toilet and one shower with no hand washing facility. The duplex is separated by a bamboo
fence and the pit has never been full and desludged and acts as pit latrine. The details regarding the
materials used for the construction of the bottom and the wall is not known.

Figure 4-11 Shared pour flash toilet at kebele compound
According to Adigrat situation assessment report conducted by a consultant, the result of household
survey suggests that a large proportion of people rely on communal toilets, 122 (53%) of the total
respondents use a shared toilet. The report states that the exact number of communal toilets in
Adigrat could not be obtained from health and sanitation offices.
Communal/shared toilets were also observed as unhygienic with poor sanitation standards (lack of
hand washing facility, presence of fecal matter on the floor and wall, etc.). This may encourage
open defecation and night soil disposal in the town.
According to the result of FGD (Focus Group Discussion) indicated in the above assessment report,
about 70% households are using shared/communal toilet facilities. Up to 2-5 households uses
single communal toilets, especially in the slum areas.
Public institutions have many visitors but do not have enough and clean toilets for them. Most
hotels in the town have a single pour flash toilet mostly without door for their clients. Schools
themselves don’t have sufficient toilet for their students and staffs. Even if some HHs has private
toilets, it will be shared with the people who rent the house and with their neighbours’.
Figure 4-12 Pour flash toilets at common commercial entities without door

At some places small rented commercial houses or shops located at frontage share the toilets with
the residents living at the back yard as a communal latrine.
Communal/shared toilets serve people living in congested (no place to construct their own toilet)
and low income areas (family cannot afford for their own toilet).
4.2.3.4 PUBLIC TOILETS

Public toilets are toilets provided at public gatherings like bus and taxi stations, train stations, for
travellers and at market places for visitors that are away from their home in the cities but also can
serve for communities living in congested areas.
In Adigrat Public toilets are municipal service that is often delegated - based on contractual
arrangement, to Small and Micro Enterprises.
According to the information from the municipality officials, there are about 14 public toilets
located at different locations within the city constructed using different materials and by different
parties like Municipality, NGOs, etc
Out of all the public toilets about half of them were visited and observation taken and discussion
made with service givers and users.
There is no public toilets at some kebeles like kebele-06. However one or more public toilets are
available in some kebeles. Almost all toilets are fenced by throne bushes and no fence at the rare
side as shown in Figure 4.13 below. The front fence has got Corrugated Iron Sheets door with lock
or without any lock.
Some of the toilets are abandoned and became trash corner due to the absence of public toilet
attendant.
Figure 4-13 Abandoned public toilet

The observed public toilets can be grouped for clarity in to 3 depending on the service they give to
the public, technologically updated facility like vent, tap, electricity, water seal, construction type
and their age.
Group-i- toilets are very old structurally and with limited services. These toilets have no vent,
hand wash, light, connection to water supply, external access manhole for desludging, and internal
partition door, have cubicle but vary in number as shown in Figure 4.14, 4.15, 1.16 & 4.17 below.
The pour flash water is stored in a barrel a distant away from the toilet and near the water meter.
Others do not have water connection and use bucket to fetch water from another source and some
harvest rain water for flushing toilets like the one at bus station.
According to the information from the attendant, they collect one birr per service and about 50
visitors per day get the service and the money collected won’t be enough for desludging the
holding tank using private vacuum truck owners.
Figure 4-14 One of the oldest public toilets with external water for flushes
Figure 4-15 At one of the public toilets used rough paper

Figure 4-16 Rainwater harvesting to be used at one of the public toilet
Figure 4-17 internal view of one of the oldest public toilets Group-i
Group-ii- toilets are relatively in good conditions and technologically modern, designed and
constructed to have internal water supply installations, electrical installations, attendant room at
mid front, separate guard room, hand wash basins, urinal, separate faucet, off-sited holding tank, 2
separate triple cubicles serving 6 customers at once. See Table 4.18.
Currently these toilets loss their original facilities like hand wash basins, urinals, water supply
plumbing and electrical installations. Currently these public toilets are provided a barrel with a
facet in the room to supply water for pour flashing the toilets.

Figure 4-18 One of Group-ii public toilet current views
Group-iii- toilets are municipality constructed and leased to Small Micro-enterprise groups.
Relatively the facilities are at very good conditions, new and technologically having internal water
supply installations, electrical installations, separate attendant room, guard room, store room,
separate concrete made hand wash trough with 3 faucets, separate showers, separate faucet,
separate holding tank, 2x3000lt fibre glass water tanks on 5m steel tower, three blocks of 3x8
Turkish type water closets, two blocks of 2x3 showers, serving about 30 visitors per day.
According to the information from the attendance, service fee is one birr per visit. These sites
rather used as recreational area and coffee corners. The facility is shown in Table 4.19 & 4.20.
Overflow and leakage of wastewater tank to the surrounding was encountered. However, the
attendants after emptying the tank sealed the walls by cement paste and the problem was solved.

Figure 4-19 one of Group-iii public toilet current views located at bus station
Figure 4-20 Group-iii public toilet at bus station hand wash trough &internal view of Toilet and
shower

4.2.3.5 OTHER RESEDENTIAL BUILDIGS

In Adigrat there are other residential sites at the defence force condominium type raised buildings
which for time not addressed in this report but need to be included in the forth coming reports.
4.2.4 NON -HOUSEHOLD SANITATION FACILITIES
4.2.4.1 GOVERNMENTAL AND OTHER OFFICE INSTITUTIONS

Government offices, like the municipality and town administration, buildings are one storey have
modern cistern flushed toilets with septic tanks of different size. There is no problem reported on
these facilities.
Other office are at ground level having modern flush toilet usually not functional and pour flashed
toilets. Wastewater holding tanks are provided in the respective premises with no reported
problems.
4.2.5 GOVERNMENTAL SERVICE GIVING INSTITUTIONS
4.2.5.1 HEALTH RELATED SERVICE GIVING INSTITUTIONS

Adigrat has one general hospital and two health centres. The hospital is very old and served for
about 60 years. The hospital has 216 beds for inpatients and 300 up to 350 out patients are getting
service daily. Currently the hospital has got 359 employees working at different level and the
hospital is planning to employee additional staff to fulfil the requirement of a general hospital of
420 staff. The hospital has no fence around its boundary exposing it for external vandalism and
theft. Partial view of the hospital compound is shown in Figure 4.21.
The hospital is connected to Adigrat water supply system and it has 2 boreholes as additional water
source. One borehole is functional and pump is not fitted to the second one. The hospital is
equipped by two elevated 50m3 concrete water tanks.
The liquid waste generated from the hospital is collected in 6 septic tank and holding tanks from
which only 4 functional. These tanks has got various sizes, age and efficiency. The details will be
incorporated in the assessment report.
Figure 4-21 one of functional septic tank of the hospital

Two health centres are serving Adigrat Town. The first one is relatively older and is located in
kebele 03 within the town centre and is serving kebele 01, 03 and 06. The second one is
constructed in kebele 04 and is serving kebele 023, 04 and 05.
The health centres are connected to Adigrat town water supply system and water tanks are
constructed in each health centres. According to the information from health centre administration,
frequent water supply interruption is a problem and sometimes the interruption will extend for two
weeks.

The health centres have separate toilet facilities for the staff, patients and visitors. These facilities
are shared by the users when one or two of them are out of service. The toilets are pour and cistern
flash type and provided with hand washing facility and is shown in Figure 4.22. These toilet
facilities are provided with wastewater collection tank in the individual compound and are
frequently desludged.
Both health centres are conducting a house to house survey to record and categorise toilet users.
However, the data collection and compilation is not complete and ready for this report.
Figure 4-22 Toilets in the health centers

4.2.5.2 ADIGRAT ABATTOIR

Adigrat abattoir is located outskirt of kebele 02 along the road to old liquid waste dumping site.
Two buildings one old and the other one new are serving for the processing of cattle meat for
Christian and Muslim respectively.
Seventeen workers organized in cooperatives handle the whole meet process. Two professional,
veterinaries Doctors, follow and control the overall process.
The abattoir is getting water from the water utility and has fibre glass and Roto water tanks for
routine works and reserve.
The liquid waste from the Abattoir, animal by-product and wastewater from washing, is collected
in to two concert holding tanks. The old tank was also almost full and overflowing with fresh
during our site visit.
Figure 4-23 abattoir site wastewater overflow

4.2.5.3 ADIGRAT PRISON

The prison is located about 2 km from the city centre along Adwa main road. According to the
information from the Prison officials, currently there are about 1500 inmates serving their sentence.
250 permanent workers are working in the facility including the training centres. 30 workers are
working on contract bases in the cafeteria and entertainment places. There are also cattle ranch for
milk and fattening purpose and we 10 cattle during the site visit.
The prison facility is getting water from the water utility. Two shallow wells with hand pump is
augmenting the water demand of the facility. Additionally there is rain water harvesting facility by
intercepting the rain water from the roof and storing it in underground tank. A hand pump is fitted
to the underground tank and the water is used for all general purpose. Serious water shortage
observed within the compound especially at prisoners corner for washing purposes.
Water from the supply line is stored in the Roto water tanks and each men prisoner fetches water
from the tap by using his own 20 litres jerrican as shown Figure 4.24.
There is a separate toilets for the staff there are around the office area and new septic tank at the
back of the block entrance.
The men prisoners use external toilets and showers located outside of their bed room. The toilets
are pour flash type and relative not in good condition. For hand and foot washing they use a short
barrel externally located in mid of open space. The laundry basins is made of concrete. The grey
water fro for all from all these facilities is conveyed to a pit.
The women prisoners use in house toilets and showers for night. However, during the day they use
external toilets and showers during the day. These facilities are relatively in good condition.
All the wastewater collected from all facilities including kitchen is led to the new holding tank. The
grey water from hand and foot wash is collected in the old holding tank which is in a very bad
condition as shown in Figure 4.25.

Figure 4-24 the men prison sanitation facilities
Figure 4-25 the new and old waste water holding tanks
4.2.6 COMMERCIAL AND SERVICE GIVING MIXED USE FIRMS
According to the information from Adigrat Revenue office there are about 6350 commercial and
service giving firms of various levels and types.
Another information from Adigrat Tourism office, there are about 60 hotels and lodges, 83
restaurants, 70 coffee houses, 98 bar & clubs, 12 pensions and 30 breakfast houses are operating in
the town. In total 1200 workers are employed in 350 firms. There are about 750 bed rooms from
smaller to a higher standard.
Most of these service providers are located around the centre of the city. Different building
typologies starting from zero story /ground /floor to high rise about 10 story building are housing
the above mentioned service providers. Many new high rise buildings including one 20 story
building is under construction. Most of these service providers are among first ranking wastewater
generators and water consumers.
The majority of these firms is having different type of sanitary facilities and holding tanks in their
own premises. However, some firms share toilets and the wastewater is collected in a common
holding tanks. The wastewater holding tanks are having different types and sizes and desludged
more frequently.

4.2.7 INDUSTRIAL AND MECHANICAL SERVICE MIXED USE FIRMS

This category includes the Addis Pharmaceutical Factory, alcohol factories, flour mills, garages etc.
These firms produce highly sensitive industrial pollutant wastes in addition to the domestic waste
from their employee.
Addis Pharmaceutical Factory (APF) has its own domestic and industrial waste treatment Plant.
The factory plumbing system was designed and installed to execute initial segregation of
wastewater. The wastewater generated from laundry, shower, and kitchen is conveyed in one pipe
line and is categorized as brown water. The wastewater from the toilets is conveyed by a different
pipe line and is categorized as grey water/sullage /.
The grey water or sullage is treated in a local treatment unit made within the house of the factory
by the factory professionals. Mainly the process is physical and chemical process. See Figure
4.26.After the process is completed the effluent is reused within their compound as lawn sprinkling
using drip irrigation. Data was not available to comment on the treatment process and check the
final effluent quality.
Similar process is used for the industrial waste treatment with the introduction of stabilization and
equalization tank to dilute the industrial waste and have uniform quality. See Figure 4.27.There is
no data to comment the inflow and outflow wastewater quality to check the efficiency of the plant.
Figure 4-26 Sullage treatment plant general view

Figure 4-27 Industrial waste treatment plant general view.
4.2.8 ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

The university population which is approaching 20,000 is the biggest concentrated community for
Adigrat. This community is the biggest consumer of the water supply and the biggest wastewater
generator.
The university is collecting the wastewater in a very big reinforced concrete holding tank followed
by an open detention pond at extreme end of its compound. See Figure4.28. The neighbouring
farmers used to irrigate their farm using the effluent. However, this practice was stopped due to
health reasons.
Currently the university is constructing an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant which is
physical, chemical, electromechanical and biological processes. After the wastewater treatment is
completed, the effluent can be reused for different non potable uses. The construction of the civil
structure is completed and only remaining is the electro-mechanical installations and
commissioning. See Figure 4.29.

Figure 4-28 Current university wastewater holding tank and overflow detention pond
Figure 4-29 Construction of waste treatment plant in progress
4.2.9 WASTEWATER COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION AND TREATMENT

According to Feasibility Study and Engineering Design report of Adigrat Town in 2000 GC,
Adigrat town had a combined and rudimentary sewerage system which finally drain all raw sewage
in to natural water courses polluting the downstream water, land and air by large the environment.
This method of disposing wastewater was stopped after the construction of new asphalt main road
with new storm water drainage lines. Subsequently, the residents of Adigrat Town started to
construct wastewater holding tanks and pits in their respective compound.
According to the verbal information from some residents of Adigrat, most of the bottom and lower
part of the walls of wastewater holding tanks and pits were left unlined acting as a sock-away. This
is contrary to the current construction practice of pit latrine and septic tanks. If the holding tank or
the pit is constructed on permeable ground, the wastewater will seep and the tank will never be full.
This will elongate the service life of wastewater holding tank or the pit and the frequency of tank
emptying will be minimal. However, the pollution of the groundwater is eminent and the practice
should be discouraged.
When the ground is impermeable seepage is very minimal and the holding tank will be full within short
period of time resulting overflow to the neighbourhood. This will force the users to empty the tanks more

frequently or abandon it and get another new pit depending on the availability of free space in the
compound and if the owners can afford it.
Currently, Adigrat Town has no proper liquid wastewater treatment or dumping site. Adigrat Municipality
tried to arrange sullage dumping place by excavating pond like or trenches outside the city. However, this
trial was stopped due to unknown reason.
Adigrat Municipality started emptying wastewater holding tanks using one old 8 m3 vacuum truck. Later
on, the Municipality leased the truck to small scale enterprises to handle tank emptying by paying a fixed
monthly payment to the Municipality and the small scale enterprise charge the users 300 birr per trip. This
agreement ceased when the old truck is broken and stopped functioning.
According to the information from the Municipality, there are about 4 private trucks involved in this
business collecting 500 to 600 birr per trip. The dumping site of these private trucks is not known.
Figure 4-30 the old municipality truck & one of the private trucks
A site visit was also conducted to the recently abandoned liquid waste dumping site. The site is
located about 5 km from the city centre and partly the access road was gravel. The site was
prepared in 2009 EC and started functioning in 2010EC and stopped serving in Tahesas
(December) 2011 EC by the municipality itself due to complaint from the surrounding farmers.
Leakage and overflow during the rainy season contaminated the river located downstream of the
damping site where the river is used for domestic purpose. This was confirmed by neighbouring
farmers during our site visit and conversation made with them.
Currently the dumping of the raw sludge is made randomly on the farmers plot outskirt of the city
with prior arrangement and agreement made between the truck drivers and the owners of the
farmland. No one controls and supervise the dumping. This is a very serious problem to the
environment and the farmland as well. It require the attention of all stakeholders’.
Figure 4-31 Abandoned dumping site

Design of Adigrat Liquid Waste Management Project was conducted in 20111 by MS consult.
According to the draft design report, proper wastewater treatment plant was design and site was
selected for the implementation. However, there is no information regarding the final design of this
project. In-depth assessment of this project will be made in Task 1 of the current project which is
planned after the inception report is approved.
4.3 EXISTING DRAINAGE PATTERN OF ADIGRAT TOWN
The terrain of Adigrat generally slopes from West towards East. The high ground (Hills) along the
Western part of the Town and some partition of the Northern and Eastern high grounds contribute
the flood of the Town. The major flood streams or drainages are as follows:-
1. Kendaero drainage which starts from Kendaero hill which includes some portion of Beati
village.
2. Beati Maymesanu drainage North of Adigrat along Zalambesa road.
3. Alequa drainage which originates from Alequa high ground East of Adigrat Town
4. Buket drainage which originates from Buket hill South of Adigrat along Adwa road.
Downstream of this drainage forms Huga stream which drains also Nhibi village.
5. Dibla Siet drainage South of Adigrat along Mekele road.
6. Gola Genahit drainage located East of Adigrat and draining towards West.
Except that of Beati Maymesanu, all other drainage or small streams together form Huga river and
flow towards east forming an outlet for flood water. Figure 4.5 shown the drainage pattern (stream
network) of Adigrat Town.
Figure 4-32 Stream or natural drainage network map of Adigrat

4.3.1 FLOOD VULNERABILITY
4.3.1.1 HIGH VULNERABLE AREA

Flood vulnerability study was conducted by Mekle University and Ethiopian Civil Service College.
The following are major conclusions of the different studies.
Most of the flood hazard areas are located in the central and eastern parts of the Town which drains
Kendaero hill and joins Huga drainage and passes through the center of the town and flows towards
east.
These areas are found with in a high and very high flood hazard areas characterized by gradient
slope, built up land use type, less altitude and high flow accumulation. Topography affects the
flood severity, flow size and direction (Saini and Kaushik, 2012). Normally, areas with lower
elevation are affected by flood more than the lands with higher elevation. In addition, water
remains in the lower area for a long period of time (Fernández and Lutz, 2010; Saini and Kaushik,
2012). Runoff will remain in flat area for longer period of time and increases the damages.
The Kendaro drainage channel which crosses kebeles 03, 04 and 05 is narrow and at a shallow
depth and any flood overflows to the nearby resident areas. This part of the town covered by built
up area is exposed to very high and high magnitude of flood hazards. Gola Genahti and Some part
of Bati Maymesanu also drains to these kebeles and make the area very sensitive to flooding.
4.3.1.2 LESS VULNERABLE AREA
The least flood risk vulnerable areas lie in the western, south-western and some parts of north-
eastern part of the study area compared to the surrounding areas which lie in the least flood hazard
areas. These least affected areas are characterized by less population density, covered by shrubs
and bushes and located at a higher elevation characterized by the presence of continuous chain of
mountains.
Upstream of the main drainage Huga, before the confluence of Kendaero drainage, lies in Buket,
Nhibi kebeles, are incorporated in less exposed to flood vulnerability. Furthermore, Dibla Siet,
Sashun Eteharyat and small part of Bati Maymesanu are also in less vulnerable area. Kebeles 01,
02 and 06 are designated in this catagory.
4.3.2 CONSTRUCTED DRAINAGE FACILITIES

According to the 2002 Statistical Abstract Report of Contract Statistics Office of Ethiopia, there is
about 20.99 kms of storm drainage ditch constructed in the city.
The narrow drainage facilities, constructed by both the municipality and some NGOs, tend to be
congested with sediments and solid wastes. As a consequence, water flowing down the surrounding
high lands, particularly after heavy rainfall, is unable to flow through the narrow and sub-standard
drainage canals.

Figure 4-33 Drainage in Kebele 04
Figure 4-34 Drainage in kebele 05

4.4 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL, GEOLOGICAL, HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT
4.4.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY
Adigrat and its surroundings comprise a triple junction point for Danakil in the north and east,
Mereb-Gash in the north and west and the Tekeze in the southern sides. The town itself and the
exploration area around it pertain to the Danakil Basin.
Cliff, conical hills and escarpments mostly on the western side that acts as a divide line for surface
drainage, and flood plains, valleys, undulating surfaces on the central and eastern parts of the study
area depict the landscape of the study area.
The main streams/rivers in the study area include the Kerseber and May Mesanu in the north,
Abune Aregawi in the middle, and May Kerni, Dibla and Se-It streams at the south that confluent
as Nihibi at the outlet between the Mikael and Heli hills. All the three sub-areas defined by
respective drainage areas have similar geomorphological set-up in the sense that they all have
landscapes varying from cliffs/hills, steep valleys and plains. These sub-valleys (micro-valleys) are
referred to in this study, from north to south, as the Depot-valley (May-Mesanu & Kerseber areas),
the Adigrat proper valley (Abune Aregawi and Gorno areas) valley, and the Bikot valley (May Baa,
Dibla and Se-It areas).

4.4.2 GEOLOGY
Local geological map and report produced so far for Adigrat is the one by C.R. Garland, dated May
1980. Regionally, Mengesha Teferal et al have mapped the area in their 1:2,000,000 scale map in
1996 as Aiba basalts at the top, and Adigrat formations (Adigrat sandstone, Edaga Arbi Glacial,
Enticho Sandstone) above the metamorphic basement complex. Garland mapped and described the
geology of Adigrat area at a scale of 1:250,000; he pointed out the general stratigraphic succession
of the area under focus as follows:
Aiba Basalts —Top
Adigrat Sandstone
Edaga Arbi Glacials
Enticho Sandstones
Basement Complex — Bottom
The regional geology of the area is depicted in the following Figure 4.33.
Where
1. Qa: Quaternary
alluvium,
undifferentiated
silt, sand and
gravel
2. PNv1&V2: Aiba
Basalt
3. Jt1: Antalo
limestone
4. Ja: Adigrat
Sandstone
5. PZTa: Edagaarbi
Glaial, dark shales
with thin beds of
silty limestone
6. PzTe: Enticho
Sandston
7. Pd: Didikama
formation,
dolomite,
interbeded with
slate
8. Pgd2: Granitoide
Figure 4-35 Regional Geological Map

4.4.3 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
The project area has gently sloping plain, escarpment and cliffs and ridge landscapes. Previous
documents review and field observation showed that there are east - west trending major fracture
lines that are partly indicated by basaltic feeder dykes (Abune Aregawi river course and Gilamo
Gabriel site). The major regional lineaments (major fault) observed in the field visits trend north -
south and can be marked by the topographical steps created in the Adigrat plain and another step
that dropped the Danakil plain.
4.4.4 HYDROGEOLOGY
General information about the groundwater resource potential of the area is shown on the
Hydrogeology of Adigrat and Surrounding areas, MSc Thesis by Nikodimos Kassaye, 2006, Addis
Ababa and Water Resources assessment final report for Adigrat Town water supply project,
TAHAL with Metaferia Consulting Engineers, May 2001 are the relatively detailed
hydrogeological and local study reports of the groundwater resource in the Adigrat area.
Generally, the groundwater in Adigrat area occurs both in semi confined and water table aquifers.
The main water bearing and exploitable formations at the area are the sedimentary rocks and the
alluvium. The alluvial deposits are being exploited by the local residents by means of hand-dug
wells. These relate to gravels, sands, silts and clays with thickness varying from 3-10 m. They
usually appear unsaturated in the upper part and are exposed to evaporation during the dry season,
such that the water table in the hand dug well falls drastically in the dry season.
These deposits are distributed only along the river banks and small flood plains thus their spatial
extent is too limited to be used for town water supply sources.
The sedimentary sequences, which may be considered as water storing formations include:
the Adigrat sandstone,

the Edaga Arbi Glacials and
the Enticho sandstone.
From the geomorphological set-up, the Adigrat sandstone are cliff forming units in the area that
they are not potential aquifers from which water can be extracted. The Edaga Arbi Glacials are
highly variable in their composition and thickness and are predominantly shales (silty clays) that
are considered in the area as aquicludes. Springs come out mainly along the contact horizons
between the Edaga Arbi Glacials and Adigrat sandstone. These shales with coarser interbeds and
poorly sorted clay supported by angular grains of quartz and rock fragment layers that can partly
store groundwater. The transmission of groundwater by gravity is however low that they can be
considered as low productive aquifers. These layers can also be considered as semi-confining/
confining layers of the water stored in the Enticho Sandstone beneath them.
The Edaga Arbi-glacials occur mainly on the escarpments under the Adigrat sandstone but also on
the plain. They appear to be thicker in the Abune Aregawi - Depot valleys and thinner in the Buket
valley. Some of the shallow wells fitted with a hand pumps extract water from the glacial tillites.
They are characterized as low yielding aquifers.

The Enticho sandstone is the main aquifer in the area. Well drilling data showed that Enticho
Sandstone is relatively thick (up to 100 m) and is water saturated throughout its thickness. The
sandstone is considered to be good for transmitting water, except for its thin sandy silt interlayers
that are normally referred to as aquicludes. This sandstone is thicker in the Abune Aregawi valley
and thinner in the Buket valley. The summary of well data collected at the inception phase is shown
in table 1-1 below. According to the collected data the average static water level (SWL). These
wells are distributed in the two major wellfields. The major wellfields under exploitation include:
1. Abune-Aregawi-Buket Well field

2. May Mesanu-May Tsada-Kerseber
The location of the major well fields relative to the town is shown in Figure 4.34.

Figure 4-36 Distribution of boreholes and well field

Table 4-4 Summary of existing wells data
SWL
Depth during Construction Financed Constructed
No scheme Locality Site name code Easting Northing Elev Remark
(M) pump Year by by
test
Abune
1 BH Buket BH2 548529 1577514 2485 90 18 1996 E.C REST FN
Aregawi
Abune
2 BH Buket BH3 549020 1577427 2468 90 20 1990 E.C ACDS FN
Aregawi
Abune
3 BH Buket BH6 548790 1577442 2478 90 20 1996 E.C ACDS FN
Aregawi
Abune
4 BH Buket BH7 548237 1577573 2499 150 20 1998 E.C TANA FN
Aregawi
Enda FN
5 BH Buket BH8 548049 1577503 2498 136 2004E.C ACDS ITALY
mickeal FN
6 BH 05 kebelle Agazy Agazy 549214 1549214 2466 82 22 1975 E.C ITALY FN
7 BH 05 kebelle Gorno New Gorno 548691 1578946 2482 110 2003E.C TWRB FN
Beati May May May

8 BH 549208 1582345 2445 113 3 2003 E.C Dry
Mesanu Harasat Harasat
Beati May
9 BH Lekay Lekay 547968 1582201 2481 144 22.34 2003 E.C Dry
Mesanu
Beati May Beati Ken
10 BH MMBH1 547913 1582643 2480 120 20 1998 E.C TANA Dry
Mesanu daero
MATTIOLI
Beati May Beati Ken
11 BH MMBH3 548467 1582818 2457 113 2004E.C EU JOINT
Mesanu daero
VENTURE
Beati May
12 BH Natsa MMBH2 75 4.15 2001 E.C. ACDS Dry
Mesanu
Abune
13 BH Buket BH1 548878 1577784 2472 109 70 1984 E.C DBHEA.A Dry
Aregawi
Abune
14 BH Buket BH4 548753 1577176 2479 90 15 1996 E.C TWCE Dry
Aregawi
Abune
Aregawi
Awra
16 BH 05 kebelle ERA 549116 1578666 2467 119 56 1984 E.C Dry
Godena
Adi Like Adwa
17 BH Adwa Hotel 549047 1578171 2484 Dry
Kahnat Hotel

SWL
Depth during Construction Financed Constructed
No scheme Locality Site name code Easting Northing Elev Remark
(M) pump Year by by
test
18 BH 05 kebelle Gorno Gorno 548691 1578946 2485 110 1984 E.C Dry
Abune
20 BH Buket BH1 548878 1577784 2472 109 70 1984 E.C DBHEA.A Dry
Aregawi
Abune
Aregawi
Abune
Aregawi
23 BH Buket Afkaebi BH9 547956 1577296 2496 200 18 2007 E.C TWRB TWCE FN
24 BH Buket Endamariam BH10 547618 1576956 2520 150 15 2008 E.C Adi Uni Tekeze FN
Beati May Chihat
25 BH BH1 548434 1582538 2407 200 57 2007 E.C TWRB TWCE NFN
Mesanu (Dipo 1)
Beati May Welwalo
26 BH BH2 548836 1581969 2466 126 8 2007 E.C ACDS Estifanos FN
Mesanu (Dipo 2)
Beati May Beati Ken

27 BH MMBH4 548976 1586055 2415 125 3.7 2004E.C EU MATTIOLI
Mesanu daero
Efinia
28 landfill landfill 546845 1586509 2609
keshi
old ww
old ww
29 dump 552651 1677255 2386
damp site
site
ww ilegal ww
30 everywhere 548747 1583823 2386
damping damp
May BHK-5 BHK-5
31 BH 548674 1585452 2440 FN
Tseada Tseada Kerse
May BHK-9 BHK-5
32 BH 548531 1585039 2494 FN
Tseada Tseada Kerse
Average 28
Max 70
Min 3

4.4.5 EXISTING WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES

Adigrat town has solid waste management facility/landfill at UTM Adindan 37 zone coordinates of
X=546845, Y = 1586509 and elevation of 2606 m. The site is located outside of the town on the
northern direction. The landfill has concrete lined leachate treatment/evaporation pond, sorting area
and dumping cells. The foundation of the landfill site is blanketed with geomembrane.
On the other hand, the town does not have wastewater treatment facilities. The waste is disposed
illegally everywhere. The next phase of the study will look into the details of the protection of the
well fields with respect to location of the wastewater treatment facilities and the
anticipated/potential contamination risks.
4.4.6 FURTHER ACTIVITIES
Study of the groundwater table with respect to the intended sanitation facilities will be studied in
the subsequent phases of the project.
Geological and geotechnical investigations will be conducted in the following areas:

Foundation conditions of the proposed treatment plants.
Foundation conditions and bank stability of crossing structure sites of the main sewer lines
Assessment of the construction materials.
4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
The objective and scope with respect to the Environmental Assessment that needs to be conducted
has been aligned with requirements of the TOR and the Technical Proposal approved by the
Consultant.
4.5.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

The overall objective of the study is to conduct environmental assessment, feasibility and design
for planning of wastewater management schemes, to realize City Wide Inclusive Sanitation
(CWIS). This is done in order ensure the protection of biophysical and socioeconomic environment
in and around the project area and maintaining the sustainability of the proposed project itself in
such a way that any anticipated significant environmental impacts are avoided or mitigated and
minimized to acceptable limits. This is accomplished based on the environment guidelines and
regulations of the country and accepted international norms to which Ethiopia is committed.
Particular emphasis will be given to the impacts on the socioeconomic wellbeing of the people in
and around the project area which includes the health and safety of the inhabitants, construction
crew and any potential adverse impact on the ecosystem or biophysical phenomena near and
around the project as well.
In specific terms, the objective of the ESIA is to identify, predict and assess the potential positive
and negative impacts of the proposed project in terms of magnitude, extent, and duration during the
construction and operation phases. Identification, prediction and evaluation and recommendation
of enhancing and mitigation measures are done with respect to the positive and negative impacts
respectively.

4.5.2 AN OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE PROJECT AREA

A successful town/city is one where all citizens live productive, healthy and dignified lives in an
environment free from faecal contamination. Human waste must be managed in ways that
safeguard the urban environment, including water and food supplies. The environment study team
has paid visit to the town for duration of seven days which lasted from November 24 to 30, 2019.
An assessment was done through desk study, field observation as well as interviewing some
relevant institutions and nearby local community members.
As has been observed by the study team at this inception stage, the town of Adigrat has better
management compared to other towns of similar size and nature in the country with respect to solid
waste. The municipality with support from different stakeholders and the inhabitants of the town
has made appreciable efforts to introduce a functional door-to-door waste collection system from
households and business centres which have reduced pollution impacts on the environment.
However, conditions in the existing sanitary landfill are fast deteriorating with respect to
uncontrolled flow or overflow of leachate from the landfill before it reaches the oxidation pond,
widespread slaughter waste and parts dead animals scattered here and there, etc which will be dealt
in detail in the next phase of the study.
But when it comes to wastewater management, the vision of having a clean town is far from being
a reality.
According to the field observation conducted and discussion findings from officials of the
municipality as well as residents which have been met incidentally on sites of assessment and
interviewed by the environment study team during the inception period the following can be
concluded.
Open defecation and urination in the drainage lines and different corners of the town is
common.
Cesspool overflowing from the condominium building sites found at different locations has
become common reality as a potential source for ground water pollution. Neighbourhoods
have reported that they have been suffering from such negative externalities that include
unacceptable odor and wastewater draining in front of their doors creating health threats of
contamination as can be seen in figure 1 and 2 below.
There is not yet any designated disposal site for wastewater
Currently fecal sludge is being disposed in farm lands without treatment for soil
conditioning which could result in pollution of the groundwater due to percolation of
leachate from the disposal as can be seen in fig 3 below.
Though some improvements have been made with regards to public toilets, existing
traditional pit latrines are poorly managed.
Current solid waste disposal site is a good landfill but the geo-membrane placed at the
bottom is opened in several places that could not hinder the leachate percolation leading to
ground water pollution.
Furthermore, according to previous assessment reports, the town environmental protection
office asserted that almost all food industries and other industrial wastewater and other
potential sources of wastewater is discharged without treatment which could be a potential
source of ground water pollution.

Figure 4-37 Damping of wastewater near a farm land
Figure 4-38 Solid waste around residential area
Figure 4-39 Spillage of Wastewater from Condominium holding tank.

5 DOCUMENT REVIEW CONSULTATION AND FILED VISIT
5.2 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDY AND DESIGN DOCUMENTS
5.1.1 General
This section describes documents collected during the Inception Phase. The TOR has listed a
number of documents relevant for the study but the consultant couldn’t manage to collect some of
the documents. Documents collected in this inception period are the following:
 Situation Assessment Study and Preparation of Urban Waste water Development Plan;
situation Assessment Report of Adigrat Town, 2019, IPE Global Limited in Association with
YGRY Consulting Engineers PLC
 Adigrat Sanitary Landfill Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report, February
2013, MS Consultancy
 Study and Design of Adigrat Town Sanitary Landfill Project, Final Design Report, MS
Consultancy, February 201., MS Consultancy.
 Water Supply Development & Rehabilitation Project Feasibility Studies & Engineering
Design & Engineering Design Feasibility Study Adigrat Town Final Version January 2000-
TAHAL & MCE.
 Urban Revenue Enhancement Fund Mobilization and Finance Bureau Capital Investment
Planning (CIP) Manual & Template for Ethiopian Cities, June 18 2018- Ministry of Urban
Development & Housing.
 Situation analysis of urban sanitation and waste management, March 2011, ISJ/SEUHP
 Hydrogeology of Adigrat and surrounding areas eastern Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Addis
Ababa University, Master Thesis by Mr Nikodimos Kassaye, June 2006 Addis Ababa
 Central Statistical Agency. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016 ADDIS ABABA,
ETHIOPIA, July 2017.
 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Water and Energy. Urban sanitation
universal access plan, Part IV, Addis Ababa. Dec 2011.
 An evaluation of the effectiveness of flood disaster mitigation measures in the city of Adigrat,
Tigray region, Ethiopia, Research paper by Thomas Phinias Zuluboy Mpofu; JÀMBÁ:
Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, Vol. 3, No.2, May 2011.
 Identification of suitable sites for artificial water tanks in Adigrat town through GIS and
remote sensing technique. Paper by Fikre Belay and Zubairul Islam2; G- Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology 2(6): (2015).
 Flood Hazard and Flood Risk Vulnerability Mapping Using Geo-Spatial and MCDA around
Adigrat, Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, Research paper by Amare Gebremedhin Nigusse
and Okubay Gidey Adhanom, 1Institute of Geo-Information and Earth Observation Sciences,
Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, November 8 2018.
 Adigrat Resilience and Disaster Risk Management Plan for the year 2012 – 2013 E.C, report
by Disaster Prevention and Rehabilitation Task Force (DPRTF) of the citym May 2011.

 Urban Growth in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Trends and a Caution

Regarding Existing Forecasts. World development, 32(1), 23-51. Cohen B. (2004).
 Geological map of Ethiopia at a scale of 1:2,000,000 by Mengesha Tefera et al, 1996,
Geological Survey of Ethiopia
 Hydrogelogical map of Ethiopia at scale of 1:2,000,000 by Tesfaye Chernet, Geological

Survey of Ethiopia
 Geology of the Adigrat Area at a scale of 1:250,000 by C.R. Garland 1980
 Hydrogeological Map of Northern Ethiopia at a scale of 1:1,000,000, Geological Survey of

Ethiopia, Bayessa Asefaw 2002
 Hydrogeology of Adigrat and Surrounding areas, MSc Thesis by Nikodimos Kassaye, 2006,
Addis Ababa
 Topographic maps to the scale of 1:50,000 were used to review the relief of the area and used
as base map to locate sites. The 1:250,000 scale geological map of Adigrat that includes
Adigrat area was studied and aerial photographs to a scale of 1:50,000 were used for the
identification of major structures and geological units.
Remaining reports and documents to be collected from the Client as per the TOR are:
 Adigrat Town Growth Transformation Plan II.
 Storm Water Drainage Master Plan.
 Adigrat Town Full Master Plan with full Reports (Town planning), including base map and
future expansion plan.
 Adigrat Town Asset Evaluation Report.
 Population Data.
 Water Service Office and Adigrat Municipality Sanitation and beatification core process
oregano-gram.
5.1.2 Review of Previous study and design Document

As described in Section 5.1.1 above, some documents have been collected and reviewed during this
inception period. Relevant information has been given in these documents that would help in the
development of the required project components in solving the sanitation problems of Adigrat
Town. The issues and concepts described in these documents will be reviewed as the project
progresses and information will be used for development of the project components.
5.1.3 Brief Consultation with major Stakeholders

On 16th November 2019, the Consultant held discussions with the officials from the different
institutions. The meeting was organized by Adigrat water and sewerage service office. The main
agenda for the meeting was introducing the major objective of the project and request the
cooperation of all stakeholders in providing study documents, data and any other relevant
information which can be used as an input to the project implementation.

Stakeholder consultations are vital in the process of study and design works. There will be need in
establishing formal and informal stakeholder consultation forum in subsequent stages of the project
particularly during the assessment period.
5.1.4 Offices Visited

Soon after mobilization the Consultant had conducted extensive consultations with stakeholders on
the Study. The idea was to inform the stakeholders, on the commencement of the project, get their
views on proposed implementation methodologies, and collect information and relevant documents
as available. Table 5.1 some of the key stakeholders and relevant officials consulted in the town.
The visit during this inception period was limited to the listed institutions due to time constraint.

Table 5-1 Institutions visited during the Inception Period

6 TECHNICAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
6.1 DATA COLLECTION AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

For the success of the project, it is initially essential to have a comprehensive information base
describing the existing situation, development constraints and development efforts already planned
or in progress.
Data collection is one of the major activities of Task 1, during the inception and beyond. Data
collection methods and tools will be described in detail in the subsequent sections.
Data will be collected from primary and secondary sources and properly formatted for subsequent
analysis using spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel).
Primary data will be collected in the field by means of questionnaires, checklists or other
appropriate formats. Wherever possible, field data will be geo-referenced by means of handheld
Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers.
Raw data will be properly formatted and adequately described in order to facilitate its future use by
project internal or external analysts. File-based data will be organised in a hierarchical folder
system for easy access, retrieval and distribution. The development of such folders is already
underway during this inception period.
6.1.1 Approach in Data Collection and Analysis
In undertaking the tasks of developing integrated City-Wide Sanitation plan (sewerage system,
low cost sanitation facilities, storm water drainage system and solid waste management system),
the following approach will, in general, be used:
collect all available documents, study reports, data, etc.;
undertake critical review of available literature and data;
assess the available data for its quality and completeness;
contribute to survey questionnaire format for information collection and prepare other tools
as appropriate for gathering and collecting data;
carry out consultations with stakeholders with regard to sanitation facilities;
conduct interviews of key informants, resource persons, primary beneficiaries; etc.
determine data requirements;
identify data gaps;
generate data to fill gaps; i.e. undertake field investigations and surveys;
identify main constraints taking advantage of the experience and advice of stakeholders;
maintain close working relationships, and co-ordinate the design of sanitation studies with
those of other sectors, such as hydrology, hydrometeorology, hydrogeology, water resources,
socio-economic studies, project studies, etc.;
collect relevant information including costs, and make it systematically available for later use;
and
collect and develop ideas for sanitation study and design projects with indicative costs.

6.1.2 Data Collection Methodology
Two major survey methodologies will be employed in conducting the socio-economical survey:
Literature review and household survey.
Pertinent population data which are obtained from secondary data source will be treated, analysed
and organized in the report accordingly.
The data which will be collected from secondary sources is expected to reveal the overall existing
demographic components of the Town in relation with the previous features for anticipating the
future population trend of the Town. Reviewing and evaluating of relevant policies and strategies
will be one of the major undertakings to be carried out through desk works. Based on this, the
existing population size of the Town will be projected for the planning period and will be included
in the design criteria and feasibility study.
On the other hand, the primary data collection, survey questionnaires will be prepared based on two
major categories: a household interview and key informants consultation and administration as part
of desk work. Enumerators will be involved during the field survey for filling the questionnaires by
interviewing respondents at the household level. The field household survey questionnaire and
detailed survey method will be submitted to the client’s comment and approval after submission of
this inception report.
The questionnaire will address the following issues, among others:

The present water supply situation;
Condition of existing sanitation facilities and disposal system including liquid, solid
waste and sullage
Living standards;
Health situation and water related diseases;
Preferred and affordable service levels;
Willingness and ability to pay to improved sanitation services;
Gender and children issues;
Number of households sharing the same sanitation facilities;
Religious particularities;
Income generating activities; and
Household cash expenditures.
6.1.3 Data Analysis and Expected Output
When the fieldwork is complied, data editing and analysis will be undertaken after encoding the
data into the computer. The data analysis is expected to have the summary of outputs based on the
type of questionnaires used for the survey. It will be supported by secondary data from previous
studies and discussions with different stakeholders and focus groups.
Adequacy and reliability of existing water supply,

Socio-economic condition, women and children,
Gender division of labour,

Affordability, willingness to pay and contribution to pay for improved sanitation facilities
Health situations with respect to water and sanitation,
Information that could lead to smooth implementation of the project,
Attitude and knowledge about the project, preferred uses of sanitary facilities and suitable
location of arrangements.
6.1.4 Sources of Secondary Data
Previous study reports, engineering documents and related engineering data will be collected from
Adigrat Water Supply and Sanitation Service Office, Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR),
Adigrat Municipality, Bureau of Finance and Economic Development, Adigrat Education Bureau,
Hospital, Health Centres and other organizations. The documents and the data will be checked and
those identified, as relevant will be used in the preparation of the feasibility study, preliminary
design and final design of the sanitation system.
6.1.5 Collection of Previous Study, Design Documents and Existing Data
Following project mobilization, the first major effort of work has been the collection of previous
project reports and drawings; Town Master Plan, review of available information regarding the
project area and the technical infrastructure. These reviews will provide the project team with a
thorough understanding of the project and its components.
The Consultant has already started collection, analysis and reviews of all relevant documents. This
will continue through the project life until all the relevant information is obtained.
The data collection exercise will concentrate on the following data and documents, which will be
collected, but not limited to, such as: Population data, Census data and statistics;
Data on existing and future water supply system

Land use development plans and strategies;
Data on existing infrastructure facilities and network drawings;
Graphs, charts and schematics of technical infrastructure (where available);
Past studies, concepts and analysis;
Geological and hydro-geological reports and maps;
Hydro meteorological data: Minimum and Maximum discharge, rainfall and temperature,
evaporation and humidity, sunshine hours and rainfall intensity,
Environmental studies and documents;
Maps (showing town and kebele boundaries, development areas and road map)
Socio-economic data, such as:
 size and structure of the town,
 size of population and its development (past and future),
 number of households,
 Town structure and economic activity as well as future development plan

6.1.6 Assessment of Current situation
The Consultant has already stared assessment of the current situation of the city and collect all
relevant data and reports available in order to create a comprehensive reference framework for the
study.
During the study the consultant will critically review the Water Supply and Sanitation Project study
and final design documents for the preparation of the sanitation master plan. The review of water
supply will include: design criteria for water demand, available water quantity and quality,
distribution system, pumping facilities, treatment works. This analysis will enable the Consultant to
check adequacy of the water supply system to support water borne sewerage system, etc.
The Consultant shall also carry out site visits to potential locations of treatment and land fill sites,
collection and transfer stations, effluent discharge sites, etc., to carry out:
Assessment of existing sewerage, storm water and solid waste coverage level
Assessment of existing collection, disposal and treatment system and environmental
sanitation effects.
Assessment of geographical outline of the area covered by the plan
Assessment of existing environmental, social and economic conditions
Assessment of existing official plan and proposed land use
Justification of the need for improved sanitation facilities. Identification of origins and type
of liquid and solid waste generating sources
Assessment of building types and possible waste disposal mechanisms in relation to the
housing types
The housing and population density in the different parts of the city and relations to the type
and amount of waste generated
The role of the different institutions in relation to collection and disposal as well as regulatory
mechanisms in place for proper disposal of wastes
Other relevant issues in relation to waste collection and disposal in the city
As part of assessment of the current situation, the Consultant has started discussion with staff of
Adigrat Water Supply and Sanitation Service Office and Municipality of Adigrat.These discussion
and consultation will continue throughout the project period.
6.1.7 Review of Relevant Documents
After collecting all the relevant documents the Consultant will review in detail to check on
applicability in the present context and completeness. The review will cover documents related to
previous studies; reports of local experience, experiences of other developing countries as well as
international experience.
Existing documents on geology, hydrogeology and hydrology, published and unpublished reports,
maps, laboratory and unprocessed field data shall be collected and analysed to establish liquid
waste treatment disposal site selection criteria.

6.2 TASK I–SITUATION ASSESSMENT AND MAPPING STAGE
Task I (PHASE I) is assessment of the existing sanitation situation, infrastructure works,

existing plan with respect to liquid waste, solid waste and urban drainage including:
Baseline assessment;
Review all relevant documents, plans reports, legislative rules etc.
Socio-Economic Assessment;
Institutional Assessment and Capacity Building;
Stakeholder Consultations
Review existing business model and recommend appropriate business plan;
Identify constraints on the implementation of existing plans;
Establish characteristics of wastewater from different sources;
Prepare development plan for urban sanitation;
Review the possibility of converting the existing sullage system into low cost sewerage
system for Adigrat
6.2.1 Task I Assignment - Situation Assessment and Mapping Stage
According to the TOR, the consultant is expected to assess the existing sanitation situation,
infrastructure works, and existing plan with respect to liquid waste, solid waste and urban drainage.
Thus, the scope of the assignment as per the TOR and as per our understanding includes the
following:
A. Carry out a comprehensive review and analysis of the existing situation across wastewater
management and treatment, the full sanitation service chain (containment-Emptying-
Transport-Treatment-Reuse/Disposal), solid waste management and drainage situation in
the town, with respect to type of household, service coverage, technical/operational issues,
environmental issues, institutional and human resources/staffing issues, financing
arrangements for both capital investment and running costs/service management costs,
current levels of investment, and existing master plans;
B. In assessing the existing sanitation situation the consultant is expected to (i) review all
relevant documents at federal, regional, city administrative and at the utility levels, (ii)
conduct sample survey consisting of households, public and private establishments,
industries and private actors involved in collection and disposal of waste, (iii) key
informants interview with officials and staffs of city administration, health, education and
urban development bureaus, youth groups and (iv) focus Group discussion vulnerable
groups (peoples with disability, women, elderly etc.). For household sample size
determination, the Consultants shall use Cochran Formula with p value (estimated
variance) of 0.5, confidence interval of 99% and response rate of 80%.
C. Assess existing institutional arrangements for liquid waste (on site and off site), urban
drainage, solid waste and sanitation-related activities and identify key stakeholders;
Identify roles and responsibilities and overlapping of responsibilities;
D. Review existing business models used for service delivery, including information on the
role of the private sector (if any) and recommend appropriate business models
E. Obtain and review all relevant documents, including previous plans and reports;

F. Study existing plans in order to determine the extent to which they have been implemented;
G. Identify and provide a summary of existing demand creation, information, education, and
behaviour change communication campaigns being planned /implemented in the city.
H. Identify institutional, financial, technical and physical constraints on the implementation of

existing plans;
I. Review the current legislative rules and regulatory structures for protection of natural
drains, canals and flood plains or other water bodies. Make recommendations for
improvement to the regulatory structure for future protection of these;
J. Review the current legislative rules and regulatory structures for providing service in the
collection, treatment, disposal and reuse of faecal waste, wastewater and solid waste from
households and different institutions.
K. Identify social and cultural constraints to access, including identifying groups with the least
access to services.
L. Discuss these constraints with key stakeholders, including but not limited to those with
currently responsible for sanitation, drainage and solid waste collection, in order to obtain
their views on the action required to overcome constraints and create the conditions
required for the implementation of integrated plans for drainage and sanitation
improvements within the town(s) under this lot. Particular attention should be paid to
institutional constraints and the options to overcome them. Discussions should stress the
need for holistic plans that deal with storm water and wastewater collection, treatment and
disposal, solid waste collection and disposal, and on-site sanitation solutions in an
integrated way. They should also explore the need for an integrated approach that covers
the actions needed to improve general planning procedures within City and to improve
systems and procedures that impact on the performance of drainage and sewerage facilities,
in particular solid waste management services.
M. Discuss these constraints with households/residents of the town(s) and key issues on the
ground and outline the existing service delivery levels.
N. The consultant is expected to analyse wastes (liquid/ solid) in the context of its interaction
and complementarily with relevant services, and contribution to creation of job opportunity
(viewing waste as business). Through the various reviews and instruments among others
the consultant is expected to provide brief description and trends on the following issues
O. Prepare development plan for urban sanitation (solid wastewater and urban drainage). The
planning period is to be divided into short, medium and long terms. For Adigrat town, the
wastewater development plan done under “28 towns situation assessment project” shall be
reviewed.
P. The Assessment report will identified the various different technical alternatives
appropriate for the different sub-city of Adigrat City, defined by the existing situation and
introducing a city-wide sanitation improvement approach to a level that can be successfully
achieved in each category and accepted by the population and commercial enterprises in
each area.

 Based on result of assessment, prepare design and bidding document including BOQ
for immediate short term sanitation investment (), within four months after signature.
This will design of communal/ public toilets with proper site selection, in close
collaboration of the town utility and municipality.
Q. The results of these discussions, together with the information collected in the steps
stipulated above, will be used to prepare a report and presentation, setting out the
consultants’ view of the existing situation and the key issues to be addressed in order to
develop an effective approach to service delivery across the sanitation service chain,
wastewater management and treatment, drainage, and solid waste. A presentation,
summarising the existing situation analysis findings, should also be prepared and should
then be presented and discussed at a workshop attended by representatives of all
stakeholder groups and organisations. Full sanitation situation assessments and sanitation
mapping reports for each town are the expected output of this stage.
R. The workshop and meetings with representatives of individual organisations and groups
should be used to check information and obtain views on the key issues and the possible
options for addressing them. Following the workshop, a final version of an ‘Assessment
of Existing Situation Report’ and Presentation should be prepared, prior to moving to the
next stage. The city administration must sign off and accept the result on the report before
the consultant started the next stage.
S. This Study shall review and determine/propose the feasibility of converting the existing
sullage system into an appropriate, low cost sewerage system for Adigrat.
6.2.2 Detailed Approach and Methodology
As discussed above the activities will be carried out in two stages (Task I and Task II). In order to
achieve the desired output, the following activities will be carried out during first stage of the
consultancy service:
Mobilization and preparation of Inception Report
Baseline Assessment
Data collection and evaluation;
Carry out stakeholder consultations;
Assessment of existing Sanitation condition;
Socio economic survey and assessment;
Topographic Survey and Base Map
Assessment of proposed site conditions;
Establish wastewater quality values
6.2.3 Mobilisation and Preparation of Inception Report
The consultant mobilized the project staff and established office in Adigrat Town. The necessary
office equipment and furniture is procured including laptops to the experts and printer with
stationery materials. Additional materials will be supplied through the progress of the work.
Field visit and preliminary assessment was carried out during the mobilisation period, which was a
good help in the preparation of the Inception Report. The Inception Report describes the findings of
the field assessment, the elaborated work methodology and approach, revised work schedule and
staff program based on the conditions observed on the ground.

6.2.4 Situation Assessment
The situation assessment is a comprehensive review and analysis of the existing situation across
wastewater management and treatment, the full sanitation service chain (containment-Emptying-
Transport-Treatment-Reuse/Disposal), solid waste management and drainage situation in the town,
with respect to type of household, service coverage, technical/operational issues, environmental
issues, institutional and human resources/staffing issues, financing arrangements for both capital
investment and running costs/service management costs, current levels of investment, and existing
master plans
Assessment will commence by exhaustive desk and field-based data collection. In undertaking the
situation assessment work the Consultant’s activities include:
Collect secondary and primary data collection, compile, analyses and process data in order to
give an overview of the water supply, sanitation (on and off-site), hygiene, solid waste,
sludge, and drainage situation in the study area.
Collect data from different stakeholders; Secondary data collection and analysis
Identify the consumers, the population growth within the town area and estimate the water
and sanitation service demand for current and potential new consumers to be expected;
Review of existing water supply and sanitation facilities,
Review of existing study, reports, documents, maps and data on water supply and sanitation
facilities etc,
Review Population and WSS demand projections and economic growth projection of the
Town,
Review Existing manpower situation: qualification, experience, performance, logistics
Review of existing assessment reports on WSS services
Study organizational setup, tariff, billing, procurement and accounts of the water and
sanitation services in the town; Study current installations, where available, and identify their
capacities, limitations and problems, and make recommendations to address the limitations,
problems and gaps identified.
Training: need, frequencies, venue, subject and cost of water and sanitation service staff.
Review existing formal and informal institutions within the communities, clearly identifying
the role of each of the segments within each of the institutions involved in the provision of
the sanitation services.
Identify different neighborhoods within the town and characterize them according to
existing/planned water supply, existing/preferred sanitation facilities, and relative incomes.
The household survey shall, therefore, be designed to sample each of these neighborhoods.
Find out from focus groups and household survey what people in different parts of the town
perceive as the priority interventions in sanitation.
Basic data collection shall include, but not limited to, base maps, demarcation of homogenous
community units in terms of socio-economic status, housing type, and plot size, terrain,
community resources, etc, and location of facilities. Current and future land use shall also be
studied.
Investigate opportunities and constraints for improved sanitation systems such as soil
characteristics, groundwater table, appropriate local materials and forms of construction.
Use the available information, and where necessary, update it with additional field data.
From the analysis of demographic, socio-economic and land use data among others,
determine sanitation requirement. The main factors influencing the demand shall be
elaborated and demand shall be expressed by type of services.

Use appropriate methods including household surveys and stakeholder discussions in each
service area to assess the required services and options based on customer preferences,
willingness and ability to pay.
6.2.5 Data Collection and Analysis
In undertaking the assessment of the existing system, exhaustive collection of secondary and
primary data, and detailed assessment and evaluation of existing data is required. The systematic
approach of accomplishment of the activities under assessment of the existing situation will be as
follows:
Reports, engineering documents and related engineering data will be collected from the Client
offices, and other organizations related to the sector. The documents and the data will be checked
and those identified as relevant will be used subsequently in the review of the existing facilities.
The Consultant will collect and review available documents and data relating to demography and
any recent socio-economic survey, if any, in the project area. The demographic data available at
town level will also be collected for comparison to the country’s census data.
The Consultant will carefully assess the current situation of the wastewater management of the
town and collect all relevant data and reports available and compare them and create a
comprehensive reference framework for the study.
The detailed data collection will include:

Collect all available documents, study reports, data, etc.
Check the available data for its quality and completeness;
Carry out consultations with stakeholders with regard to drainage, sewerage and solid waste
disposal services,
Determine data requirements and identify data gaps
Undertake field investigations and surveys to fill gaps;
Collect data on existing socio-economic base and development programs.
Population, water demand and wastewater, hygiene and solid waste service
Undertake critical review of available reports and data and identify main constraints taking
advantage of the previous experiences and advice of stakeholders;
Check other related documents and their validity to serve subsequent activities.
Existing data collection on sewer system
For reviewing the existing situation of the wastewater management system and facilities, the
following data, but not limited, will be collected
Data on current waste water service area, number of consumers in each category
Data on the development of future wastewater service scenarios
Wastewater quality data (existing)
Data on the coverage of sewerage, sewer network, septic tank, pit latrines etc in each
category of customers
Data on the number of populations served by main and secondary sewer lines
Collect and study tariff data, willingness to pay of the community
Discussions with major stakeholders and the current community
Existing socio-economic data
Existing data on on-site and off-site wastewater treatment plants

Environmental impact assessment and mitigation recommendations report

Storm water overflow magnitude and frequency of occurrence
Solid waste generation, characteristics and management system in the town
6.2.6 Initial field visit and data collection
The Consultant will also carry out site visits to carry out:
Assessment of existing wastewater collection, disposal and treatment system and

environmental sanitation effects.
Assessment of existing land use master plan outline of the town and project area covered by
the plan
Identification of data gap and justification of the need for improved WWTP and sewerage
systems
Identification of origins and type of liquid waste generating sources (domestic, industrial or
commercial)
Assessment of settlement types and possible waste disposal mechanisms
The housing and population density in the different parts of the town
Existing situation of storm drainage and flood management, study of the hydrology and sub-
drainage properties of the project area
Assess the topography and geomorphology of the project area
Assessment of the hygiene facilities in institutions, commercial centers, schools, health
centers etc.
Assessment of hygiene practice in the town
6.2.7 Establish base maps and constraints
The consultant will collect the following data and information in excel, ArcGIS or AutoCAD,
sewer CAD etc. formats and reports for establishing base maps
Existing town road network map
Existing structural/land use, master plan map of the town
Existing water supply network and data
Existing surface drainage system (rivers and their tributaries) map and data
Existing storm drainage facilities/structures of the town
Geo-referenced Aerial Orthomosaic map of the town
Existing topo-maps of the town
The consultant will apply different spatial software for establishing/developing base maps. Such
software may include ArcGIS 10.2, AutoCAD and Sewer CAD 2017, Global mapper 2018 etc.
6.2.8 Stakeholder Consultations
The Consultant will continue to consult all major stakeholders including but not limited to those
with currently responsible for sanitation, drainage and solid waste collection and disposal at all
stages of the project.

The meeting is intended to obtain guidelines on how to proceed with the consultancy services and
discussions to create a common understanding of the activities to be carried out through the process
of the consultancy service. It will assist the consultant to understand the opinions and wishes of the
client on the engineering design and choice of technology. The aim is not to hold a one-time
meeting but to open a forum for continuous discussion. A system of frequent meeting or contact
with the client and various stakeholders to review and update the study from time to time will be
carried out.
The other consultation meeting is with the community consisting of different groups, such as
community leaders, women, youth group, hotel business people and other relevant sections to
understand the views regarding waste collection and disposal system.
Discussion with AWSSSO management and senior staff will be carried out to determine the
institutional set up and capacity issues to implement and handle the operation and maintenance of
the completed system. Information on the qualification and experience of the existing staff and
required to run the system will be discussed with the management of the Authority.
6.2.9 Assessment of Existing Sanitation Condition
The Consultant will carefully assess the current condition of the town and collect all relevant data
and reports available and compare them and create a comprehensive reference framework for the
study. This will include maps at an appropriate scale, existing reports and drawings, etc.
The Consultant shall also carry out site visits to potential locations of wastewater treatment and
land fill sites, collection and transfer stations, effluent discharge sites, etc. to carry out:
Assessment of existing sewerage, storm water and solid waste coverage level
Assessment of existing collection, disposal and treatment system and environmental
sanitation effects.
Assessment of existing institutional arrangements for sanitation related activities and identify
key stakeholders, their roles and responsibilities;
Review existing business models used for service delivery and recommend appropriate
business models;
Assessment of geographical outline of the area covered by the plan
Assessment of existing official plan and proposed land use
Justification of the need for improved sanitation facilities.
Identification of origins and type of liquid and solid waste generating sources
Assessment of building types and possible waste disposal mechanisms in relation to the
housing types
The housing and population density in the different parts of the town and relations to the type
and amount of waste generated
Other relevant issues in relation to waste collection and disposal in the town

6.2.10 Socio Economic Survey and Assessment
6.2.10.1 SOURCE AND TYPE OF DATA
Both primary and secondary data will be collected and collated. The Primary data will be collected
using household survey. In order to enhance the coverage and quality of the data generated through
participatory tools, a selected number of households shall also be covered with structured
questionnaire. Participatory appraisal tools shall be employed to engage the local people during
field level investigation period. Group discussion, key informant interview, personal observations,
etc. will used to explore the challenges, constraints and prospects of liquid and solid waste
management as well as urban drainage system of the town with respect to the socio-economic
development aspects.
Secondary data will be gathered from different sources such as Water Supply and Sewerage
Service Utility office, Planning and Finance office, Health office, Education office, Hospital, health
centres, kebele administration, trade and industry, micro enterprises, etc.
6.2.10.2 SAMPLES AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES
The study employs stratified multistage sampling (probabilistic) and purposive sampling (non-
probabilistic) and simple random sampling methods to select representative samples and generate
pertinent information from the target area households, focus group discussants and key informants.
Multi stage sampling will be an appropriate method to extract the desired information for the
intended objectives of the project. The consultant will discuss with Water Supply and Sewerage
Service Utility office and Kebele Administration concerned officials and experts to purposefully
select the representative sample Kebeles, Zones and Development Task Body (Gujele) for the
household survey and focus group discussions. Accordingly, the ultimate sample observation unit
will be the household and the ultimate frame household roster in the respective Gujele. Thus, the
following notation will show the method to arrive at the appropriate sample.
The procedure for stratified multistage sampling for sample household survey and focus group
discussion will be as follows.
6.2.10.3 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

I. The consultant thoroughly discusses with concerned officials and experts to identify kebeles and
zones that have the same stratum as homogeneous as possible and units in different strata as
heterogeneous as possible with respect to settlement patterns (residences, slum, informal,
condominium and flood prone areas);

Table 6-1 Kebeles and Zones Settlement Pattern

Kebele
described by No of
Kebele Zone description by settlement pattern
settlement zones
pattern
Mainly residences, mayor office, mosque, court, majority of the community has
their own toilets, the liquid waste is emptying by vacuum truck, the solid waste
1 is collected by micro enterprise at least three times per week, the road covered
by cobblestone, the area is affected by flood that flow from kebele 6, the area is
considered as slum area.
Mainly commercial area, Adigrat Hospital, church, market place (Kokob &
Tekeze), community has their own toilets, the liquid waste from the market over
City/old 2 flow and pollute the surrounding area, there is no problem on solid waste
center, slum management, the road cover by cobblestone, no public toilet, there is open
area, informal defection, flood from kebele 6 affect the area.
settlement, Netsa Werki area: mainly residences, there are also church, school, Adigrat
affected by University 2nd campus, Polytechnic college, bank, modern building, Addis
1
flood 3 market, majority has their own toilet, the liquid waste is emptying by vacuum
truck, road not covered by cobblestone, flood from kebele 06 affect the area,
solid waste is properly managed.
Hadishu Mender: Investment area, mainly residences, abattoir, protestant
cemetery, Alcohol factory, edible oil factory, cattle market, the road covered by
4
cobblestone, no flood drainage system, flood prone area and it is one of the big
challenges.
Nehib area: annexed from rural area, mainly residences, old liquid waste
damping site not working now, metal and wood work by micro-enterprise, and
5 considerable size of the community do not access toilet facilities, there is an
open defection practice, no social infrastructure like access road, safe water, no
electricity.
Mainly residences, schools, irrigation at the bank of the river called May Ham,
catholic church, Aregawiyan residences supported by Catholic, majority has
toilet facilities but the toilet frequently full due to the nature of the soil,
1 condominium, flood from kebele 03 and 05 affect the area, the road covered by
cobblestone, there is one functional public fountain, solid waste collected by
Residences, micro enterprises, there is annual payment along with the tax for solid waste
lack social (Birr 24 annually), informal settlement.
infrastructure, Mixed settlement (residences, commercial, public institution, military camp,
informal local brewery); road covered by cobblestone, no adequate drainage system, one
settlement and 2
2 functional public toilet, settlers use their own toilets but there is also open
open defection, flood flow from kebele 03 & 04 affect the area.
defection
Mainly residences, condominium, liquid waste from condominium is regularly
3 flowing to the surface of the surrounding, no public toilet, around 25% of the
road covered by cobblestone, no drainage system, highly flood prone area
Annexed from the rural area, mainly residences, Addis Medicine factory, right
bottle water factory, elementary school, agriculture is one of the livelihoods of
4 the community, activity, majority of the community construct temporary toilet,
no social infrastructure (safe water, electricity, access road, drainage system),
there is open defection. Italian cemetery is found in this palace.

Kebele
described by No of
settlement zones
pattern
Old city, Health Center/Tele area: It is the city center, mainly hotels, different types of
mixed 1 shops, pharmacies, stadiums, health center, flood from kebele 05 affect the area,
(commercial no adequate drainage system, majority of the community own toilets, slum area.
activities, Muslim cemetery area: mainly residences, small proportion of trade, groceries
condominium 2 at the side of the main road, majority own toilet facilities, road covered by
public cobblestone,
institution Adi Amete Kirostos area: Old city, mainly residences, kindergarten, police
offices and station, hostels, catholic church and offices, condominium, though the liquid
3 town main 3
waste from the condominium is frequently emptying it over flow to the
market surrounding area and highly compliant issue in the community.
center), highly
affected by Old center: mixed settlement residences and commercial activities like shops,
flood from trade, schools, private college, catholic office, market place (Meda Agame it is a
kebele 05 large market of the city 800 members), 3 public toilets managed by
4
microenterprise-women under the municipality, one of the public toilet is not
functional, majority own toilet facilities, road cover by cobblestone, has
drainage system, flood from kebele 5 affect the area.
Meda Agame area: Mainly residences, also commercial activities, hotels
furniture, banks. Road covered by cobblestone, has drainage system but not
1
adequate, has toilet facilities, place like Assimba botchery area poor liquid waste
management
Meda Agame area: Mainly residence area, also commercial activities, shops
Mainly hotels, bar, sanitary shops, school, oil station, kebele administration, pharmacy,
2
residential TV-station, water utility branch; road covered by cobblestone, drainage system
areas, highly but not adequate, has toilet facility
affected by
flood from Meda Agame area – Seyoum Mehalu: Mainly residence, support Africa NGO
4 kebele 05 3 for children, women, tele power, has toilet facility, flood from the upper part
affect the area.
Awda Hagossa area: mainly residence, bank, health center, condominium and
4 liquid waste from this building pollute the area, there is two public toilets, flood
the upper part affect the area.
May Tera/Bar Lewahit area: Mainly residences, condominium, university
5 teachers’ dormitory, majority have toilet facility but there is an open space
where the community use for open defection, there is one functional public toilet
Welwalo/Welka area: Mainly commercial center, small residences, modern
buildings, second cycle school, it is recently annexed from rural area, no
6
adequate infrastructure, highly flood prone area, no adequate social
infrastructure, affect by flood, open area use as a damping site.
Source of Wedi Kesele area: mainly residence area, modern settlement, adequate toilet
flood area and 1 facility, good solid waste management, road not covered by cobblestone and
5 drainage system
affected by
erosion and 2 Agazi area: mainly different public institutions (mayor office, electric power,

Kebele
described by No of
settlement zones
pattern
Informal tele office, water utility, women affairs, emergency commission)
settlement Highly flood prone zone and no drainage system, has toilet facilities, good solid
(residences, waste management
public Berta Area: Mainly residence, condominium, hotels and different shops,
institutions, 3 inadequate drainage system, covered by cobblestone, adequate toilet facilities
condominium) and good solid waste management
Selassie Church area: residence, hotels, shops and different trade activities
4 Highly flood area and it is one of the big issues of the community and the city
administration
Adwa Road: Mainly the commercial centers, the road covered with cobblestone
1 but need maintenance, inadequate drainage system, community has toilet
facilities, a lot of informal settlement.
Dominate by residence and different public services like bus station, micro
enterprise, hotels and petty trades. The road covered with cobblestone, has toilet
2
Source of facilities, good solid waste management, flood flow from kebele 05 affect the
flood area and bus station area
affected by Dominated by residences, there is small shops, hotels and commercial activities,
3
erosion the road covered with cobblestone, has toilet facilities
dominate Gebremenfes Kidus Church area: Dominantly residences, half of the road
6 Informal covered with cobblestone, no drainage system, highly flood prone area,
settlement 4
inadequate toilet facilities and dominantly use open defection, shortage of
electricity service and safe water
Abune Aregawe – Gelamo area: recently annexed from rural to Adigrat town,
formal and informal settlers, dominantly residence area with small number of
5
agricultural activities, no social infrastructure (electricity, telephone, safe water
accessed road), dominated by open defection
Recently annexed from rural area, residences, condominium for Adigrat
University lecturers, a dorm for Polytechnic College teachers and private owner,
6
no cobblestone, shortage of electricity and safe water, flood is not the major
problem.
II. The socio-economic study considered all kebeles (6/100%) in the household survey to get more
representative and pertinent information from the whole target settlements.
III. Of the total 29 zones about 52% (15 zones) are purposefully selected with close consultation with
Water Supply and Sewerage Service Utility office and kebele administration official and experts
for the HH survey. The HH sample zones are selected based on the identified settlement
characterizes of the zone among others.
IV. Each kebele will be represented by at least 50% of zone.

V. The number of sample households for each sample zone is proportionally distributed based on the
total number of sample households computed on Cochran Formula as below.

(z^2*(p*q))/e^2
no = 666
Where,
no is the sample size,
99% confidence interval
z is the selected critical value of desired confidence level i.e. 2.58
p is 0.5
q= 1-p = 0.5
e = 0.05
n = sample households adjusted for response rate and total number of households
N= Total population of the town 104,334
R= Respondent rate 80%
The study adjusted the sample size using the adjusted formula to consider the difference in the
number of the households of the town and the response rate of the questionnaires i.e. 80% given in
the TOR. The sample size adjusted based on the sample proportionate to the total number of
households in each town and 80% response rate of the questionnaires as per the calculation below
will be 529.
The following table shows sample zones and sample household size.

Table 6-2 Sample Size of the Survey Area for Household Survey, Focus Group Discussions and Observations
Total sample
Sample
% of HH from Households for Sample
No Sample Zone and Zones
Kebele Population Households No HH in each zone the total HH Survey form Zones for
zones HH size for
Sample Size each sample Observation
FGDs
zones
1 1,078 1,078 7% 35
2 1,371 1,371 8% 44
1 17,451 5,133 3 1,245 OB
4 831 831 5% 27
5 608 FGD
105
1 1,527 1,527 9% 49
2 1,292 OB
2 19,973 5,874
3 1,703 1,703 10% 55
4 1,351 FGD
104
1 2,092 FGD
2 578 OB
3 14,410 4,238
3 1,269 1,269 8% 41
4 299 299 2% 10
50
1 533 FGD
2 727 727 4% 23
3 620 OB
4 19,090 5,615
4 1068 1,068 6% 34
5 1104 FGD
6 1563 1,563 9% 50
108
1 1168 1,168 7% 37
5 15,883 4,672 2 1445 FGD
3 914 OB

Total sample
Sample
% of HH from Households for Sample
No Sample Zone and Zones
Kebele Population Households No HH in each zone the total HH Survey form Zones for
zones HH size for
Sample Size each sample Observation
FGDs
zones
4 1146 1,146 7% 37
74
1 1031 FGD
2 1083 1,083 7% 35
3 722 OB
6 17,527 5,155
4 979 979 6% 31
5 670 670 4% 22
6 670 FGD
88
Sample Zones & HH Size for HH Survey
Sample Zone for FGD
Sample Zone for Observation

6.2.10.4 INSTITUTIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY
The study will conduct institutional sample survey from public and private sectors, industries and
private actors directly and indirectly involved in flood protection, liquid and solid waste collection,
disposal and management activities. These include but not limited are:
 Adigrat Municipality
 Sanitation and Beautification Core process unit
 Adigrat Disaster prevention and rehabilitation Task force
 Town Planning
 Adigrat Health centers (1)
 Adigrat wereda Education Office
 Adigrat Road Works Authority
 Adigrat Housing Agency
 Adigrat University
 Adigrat General Hospital
 Addis Pharmaceutical Factory
6.2.10.5 QUALITATIVE INFORMATION
6.2.10.5.1 Focus Group Discussion and Consultation Meetings
The study will carry out about 8 FGD with 8 zones. This will cover about 28% of zones that are not
cover under the household survey. The size of representatives varied from 10 to 12 and the
community will be represented different groups and like youth, elder, vulnerable, disability, women
etc. and with consideration of gender balance. Since some key and qualitative information (not
captured by the household sample survey and secondary data collection) will be included. The name
and number of zones listed in the sample and sampling section table.
6.2.10.5.2 Key Informants Interview
Key Informant Interview (KII) will be carried out independently with different stakeholders from
different sectors. Major stakeholders but not limited cover in the KII will be Health, Education, Water
Supply and Sewerage Service Office, Sanitation, Beautification and Parking Core Process (under
Municipality), Woreda Environment Protection Office, Road and Transport Authority, Housing
Agency, Adigrat University, private sectors, youth groups, etc. who have an adequate knowledge and
experience with respect to the project objectives component to explore various information to
strengthen the credibility and accuracy of the baseline information.
6.2.10.5.3 Observation
In order to form a first-hand impression, a transect walk will be carried out across each zone that will
not be incorporated in the household survey and FGDs (21%). During the transect walk the team will
be accompanied by local informants who are describing the social, economic and waste management
and flood condition of the area. The transect walk helps in identifying important features of the area
that includes the status of solid and liquid waste and flood drainage management system and its social
and economic impact.

6.2.10.6 SURVEY INSTRUMENTS

A number of survey instruments will be used to collect information for the socio-economic study
consistent with the nature of liquid and solid waste condition and urban drainage system.
6.2.10.6.1 Household Sample Survey Questionnaires
This instrument is prepared to collect data at household level. It consists a number of components but
not limited:
The demographic characteristics of the surveyed household: total number of the household,
sex, language, marital status, ethnic and religion composition, educational status, employment
and occupation,
Major source of income of the household, total income and expenditure of the household,
household expenditure by type,
Main water supply source, water consumption per capita per day, affordability and willingness
to pay, view on the existing tariff, availability of water, water supply and sewerage utility
service office management system
Liquid waste disposal system, existing tariff, availability of the service as per the demand,
compatibility of the existing service, liquid waste disposal management system, challenges
and constrains (technical, financial, institutional, management) their view on the action
required, willingness and affordability while the service improve,
Solid waste disposal system, existing tariff, availability of the service as per the demand,
compatibility of the existing service, solid waste disposal management system, challenges and
constrains (technical, financial, institutional, management), their view on the action required,
willingness and affordability while the service improve,
Storm water drainage status, flood inundation problems, damage occurring to their property
and the surroundings, challenges and constraints (technical, financial, institutional,
management), mitigation measure, their perception of ongoing and future development of
drainage facilities.
Major health problem of the household, incidence of water borne diseases,
Member of household responsibility in daily sanitation activities of the household.

6.2.10.6.2 Recruiting and Training the enumerators and supervisors
This socio-economic survey will cover all (6) kebeles, 15 zones out of the total 29 and about 529
respondents. To collect the required information and to cover all units’ observations within the
planned period of time and to collect reliable and representative data adequate number of enumerators
will be employed and trained. The enumerators will be recruited from the local communities who
have a deep knowledge of local culture and language, on the basis of their education (at least diploma
and above), previous experience in data collection (optional) as well as interest in data collection. The
gender balance of the enumerators will also be given due attention. The enumerators will be recruited
and trained.
It is also planned that supervisors will be recruited and trained to coordinate and supervise the survey.
The consultant will thoroughly and closely supervise, monitor and assess the enumerators on daily
basis to verify the daily activities and improve on the next day activity for quality data collection.
6.2.10.6.3 Semi-structured questionnaires and checklists
These instruments will be prepared and used to capture data and information from key informants and
focus group discussants. Focus group discussions will be employed to complement the findings of
primary and secondary information and to have an in depth understanding of the social dynamics and
perceptions of beneficiaries with respect of the scopes of the project.
The checklist comprises a number of issues including water supply (availability, tariff, management),
liquid waste (empty service availability, tariff, management, challenges and constraints, view to
improve the service), solid waste (service type, effectiveness & efficiency of the management system,
tariff, challenges and constraints, view to improve the service) and issue related to flood protection,
participation of the community, adverse impact of flood) and related issues. An independent checklist
will be prepared for each focus group discussions and institutions based on their level of involvement
and responsibilities.
6.2.10.6.4 Secondary Data Collection Sheet
This instrument will be used to collect secondary data at regional, project town, kebele and zone levels
and comprises demography, water supply, liquid waste, solid waste and urban drainage status and
management system, social and economic infrastructures and related services. The consultant will use
secondary data collection sheet to collect relative data from different concerned stakeholders.
6.2.10.7 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
Various data generate through quantitative and qualitative methods will be analysed using different
techniques. The primary data collected from household survey will be edited, coded and labelled.
Then, the data enter in the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software for analysis.
Descriptive statistics like mean, frequencies, percentage, ranges, averages, standard deviations and
others will be used for data analysis. The qualitative information drawn from FGD and observation
will be classified into different categories, checked and verified to identify regularities and patterns of
different issues. Moreover, the data collected from different secondary sources will be also reviewed to
underpin different information gathered through HH survey and FGD.
6.2.11 Design of Immediate Short Term Sanitation Investment
Short term sanitation investment will be identified and design, bidding document including BOQ will
be prepared.
6.2.11.1 SITE SELECTION.

The site for the short term sanitation investment will be selected by the relevant departments of the
Municipality in close collaboration with Adigrat Water Supply and Sanitation Service Office. The
Consultant will avail the relevant staff and assist the site selection process
6.2.11.2 DESIGN OF SHORT TERM SANITATION INVESTMENT.

After identifying the short term sanitation investment and selection of site, the Consultant will prepare
alternative typical design to be reviewed and approved by the Client. The Consultant will proceed
preparing the detail of the selected typical design after getting the approval of the Client. The detail
design will include:-
Architectural Design
Structural design
Sanitary (plumbing) design
Electrical design if required.

6.2.11.3 PREPARATION OF BOQ AND TENDER DOCUMENTS

Bill of quantities for designed short term sanitation investment will be prepared from the detail design
drawings. The bill of quantities will include all sorts of works that require measurements and payment
for the work executed.
Engineer's cost estimates will be prepared based on similar works implemented recently in the Country
with appropriate adjustments to take into account cost escalation due to inflation and other economic
factors.
6.2.11.4 PREPARATION OF SPECIFICATIONS & TENDER DOCUMENTS

The consultant will prepare tender documents based on Standard Bidding Documents of the World
Bank in consultation with the Client. The Tender documents will comprise of Agreement format,
General and Special Conditions of Contract, Specifications of the work, Tender Drawings, Security
format and other relevant information.
The schedules and bills of quantities will show the quantities of work arranged according to trades for
each component of the works. These will be set up as numbered items to be priced by the bidders at
unit prices and total costs which, when added up, would show the total amount of the tender.
6.2.12 Topographic Survey and Base map
The consultant will conduct an extensive field survey to establish physical parameters necessary to
determine wastewater collection system (sewers, manholes, drainage, refuse collection site, storm
water outlets, etc) as well as determining the potential location for the wastewater treatment plant site.
The work will include site investigation, topographic survey, contouring, pits for soil test, preparation
of profiles etc.
Detailed topographic survey will be carried out at proposed liquid waste treatment plant sites and at all
proposed locations for new structures. Before the topographic surveys are initiated, the identified sites
and routes will be physically examined in order to confirm their suitability and also to minimise any
potential damage to private properties, public roads and the existing utilities. The precise sewer line
alignment and location of structures will be ultimately determined on the basis of information form
accurate surveys. All surveying data will be downloaded to the computer and prepared for AutoCAD
utilization.
Sewer lines will be designed to adopt gravity flow where ever possible. The fieldwork is necessary to
locate storm drainage and sewer network following the topography of the town including roads and
other infrastructure as well as already developed areas and future planned development areas. The
condition of the right-of way will also be assessed. The type and location of manholes and inverted
siphons shall be established by field survey.
The required area for the liquid wastewater treatment plant site is also determined by conducting field
survey. The survey will include topographic survey, soil test, groundwater assessment, accessibility,
flooding situation, wind direction, proximity to development areas particularly any food processing
establishments and residential areas, etc for the selected sites. This will also allow integrated
mitigation of environmental impacts and management plan.
The consultant will collect the required aerial photography of the area and will develop topographic
map in scales of 1:10,000, 1:5,000 and 1:2500 and establish the pipe routes of the sewer based on the
master plan and road network of the Adigrat Town. Additional data required for plotting the
longitudinal profiles of the sewer lines will be supplemented by total station and GPS as required.

Further, based on the conceptual plan and project maps, Consultant will carry out detailed
topographical and soil surveys along the projected alignment of the sewer lines and surrounding
locations of waste disposal and treatment plants with the required precision. As the case may be, the
soil survey will be done by taking soil samples from predetermined locations and analysing the
samples for their characteristics and strength.
The topographical survey, in combination with the maps, cited above, shall allow for creating layout
maps for the existing and projected sewer system on a scale of 1:2000/ 1:200 for all lines. For control
of alignment and elevation permanent benchmark, shall be established on each site.
6.2.13 Establish Wastewater Quality Values
Design of liquid waste depends to a large extent on the knowledge of the liquid waste characteristics.
The chemical parameters often used include BOD, COD, Suspended Solids, Nitrate, Phosphorus,
Metals, pH, etc. The biological parameters include coliforms and characteristics of mixed population
of microbiological organisms.
The consultant will make a waste water quality analysis, if the condition permits to transport the
sample to the closest laboratory, otherwise establish the values from similar undertakings after
consultation with the client to determine the wastewater characteristics. The suitability of waste water
treatment technology largely is dependent on the biological characteristics of the waste water.
6.2.14 Detail design and bidding document preparation for short term sanitation solutions.
Design and bidding document including BOQ for immediate short term sanitation investment (related
with Public and communal toilet provision), within four months after signature in close collaboration
of the town utility and municipality. This will incorporate:-
Topographic surveying and geotechnical investigations, for the selected site.
Detail design and drawing preparation for the selected facility.
Detail Structural, sanitary and Electrical installation for the selected facility.
Prepare detailed cost estimates and tender document and specification.
6.3 TASK II - FEASIBILITY AND DETAIL DESIGN OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

The feasibility study stage will follow on from the appraisal workshops. The assessment report will
identify different technical alternatives appropriate for the different sub-region of Adigrat Town,
defined by the existing situation and introducing a city-wide sanitation improvement approach to a
level that can be successfully achieved in each category and accepted by the population and
commercial enterprises in each area. The different tasks are briefly shown below.
Preparation of feasibility design of wastewater management
Stakeholder Consultations through workshops
Preparation of Design Criteria & conceptual plan
Preparation of preliminary design of system components
Preparation of detailed design, Engineering cost estimates and tender documents and
drawings for wastewater management;
Financial and Economic Analysis including preparation of project implementation plan;
Development of GIS System and software training for Client staff;
Development of management system, manpower and organization structure for the designed
system
As per the TOR, the preparation of feasibility of the wastewater management system include detail
sizing of the system components and shall include:

6.3.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY

Based on the assessment result of the existing situation and development plan, detail feasibility study
will be conducted to finalize the criteria for detailed engineering design. Two or three scenarios shall
be delivered for the client final choice.
The consultant will develop possible scenarios for waste collection, transport and disposal methods for
the town considering short and long-term solutions. The feasibility study among others will address
the following issues.
a) Assessment and analysis of data collected on demography, socioeconomic,
climatology, hydrogeology etc
b) Waste collection alternatives,
c) Treatment method alternatives
d) Treatment site options
e) Recommend preferred conceptual options for collection and treatment taking into
account among others the following:
Suitability
Ease of operation and maintenance
Acceptability
Service level
Capital and operating cost
Environmental impact
Implementation plan with alternative funding strategies
Any other factories
f) Review and assess the existing capacity of AWSSSO with respect to
implementation, operation and maintenance of the facilities
g) Assess the possibility of sanitation value chain from containment to disposal / reuse
for the different technology options.
6.3.1.1 DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS

The development of alternative wastewater treatment option will vary in merit according to their
technical feasibility, cost effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. Therefore, in the
development of alternative options, the following activities will be performed:
Identify areas within the town where it is not possible to dispose of wastewater on site;
Recommend a means for collecting, treating and disposing of sewered wastewater from that
area only.
For non sewered areas recommend and design on plot option including standard pit latrine and
septic tank designs and fecal sludge management alternatives.
Recommending feasible septage transportation options as well as appropriate institutions to
deliver the service.
Develop options for excreta disposal and treatment.
Develop options for storm-water drainage.
Develop solid waste management options for both domestic and industrial waste.
Basing on the results of baseline and demand assessments, the list of priority interventions will be
narrow down. In doing this, the Consultant shall spend time in the town consulting with stakeholders
to confirm/refine priority recommendations.

6.3.1.2 CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT/DESIGN

Upon approval of the design criteria and agreement with the client on the preferred conceptual options,
the consultant will prepare conceptual layouts/designs of the sanitation system facilities to accepted
international standard and to the satisfaction of the client. The Consultant shall give a comprehensive
justification of the concept designs, including all calculations on which these designs are based and all
other reasons for coming to the proposed designs for the sanitation facilities and alternatives.
Based on international experiences (such as CWIS projects in Latin America and South East Asian
Countries) relevant to Ethiopian context, the Consultant will review economically, environmentally,
socially and technically feasible technologies (with simplified operation and maintenance interventions
to ensure the sustainability aspect) with the service management options.
Based on the forecast of wastewater flow and loads for the WWTP, a conceptual design of the WWTP
will be drafted in the selected configuration resulting from the options analysis.
6.3.1.3 TECHNICAL RANKING AND SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVES

It is envisaged that the alternatives that will be developed will vary in merit according to their
technical feasibility, cost effectiveness, and environmental sustainability.
The Consultant will, prepare selection criteria to which all alternatives shall conform. The method of
scoring shall define how merit points shall accrue. All these parameters shall be agreed beforehand
with the Client. During the assessment, the following activities will be conducted:
i. Discussion with representatives of Client to review, refine and agree on overall sanitation plan
recommendations and priority investments.
ii. Undertaking Analysis for ranking shall include confirmation of technical feasibility.
iii. Conduct social and environmental evaluation for the purposes of ranking in accordance with
the findings from the assessment of the environmental and social impacts.
iv. The advantages and disadvantages shall be quantitatively evaluated and converted into
monetary values. Qualitative assessment shall be provided in sufficient details to permit
independent judges to reach a conclusion as to the ranking.
v. In order to have consensus on the findings, conduct a workshop involving all the stakeholders
and other interested parties.
6.3.1.4 DESIGNING THE SYSTEM

The consultant will formulate and design technically feasible, socially acceptable and cost effective
wastewater collection, treatment and final disposal systems. The consultant will use state of the art
design methodology by adopting appropriate soft wares. The design will focus on establishing the
capacity and operating condition of the various components of wastewater collection, treatment and
final disposal system.
As suggested by the TOR the consultant will collect all relevant maps and climatic data from state and
federal agencies and will conduct the following in addition to other important activities describe in the
following sections:
Determine precipitation, evapo-transpiration, temperature, wind velocity and direction;
Interpretation and production of maps
Cartographic work using appropriate software (Auto Cad, Surfer, GIS etc.)
The Consultant will propose appropriate, low cost sewerage system for Adigrat

6.3.1.5 WASTEWATER DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

The Consultant will implement Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) approach to support the urban
sanitation development as stipulated in the TOR. CWIS helps to safely manage human waste ta every
point along the service chain; effective resource recovery and re-use are considered; a diversity of
technical solutions is embraced for adaptive, mixed and incremental approaches; and onsite and
sewerage solutions are combined to better respond to the realities found in developing country cities.
There are mainly three broad ways of tackling the problem of the wastewater generated in the town,
depending on the level of type of water supply connection and other feasibility issues like topography
etc. the three methods or technologies for wastewater disposal are:
on- site disposal;
off-site disposal; and
Combination of both.
The Consultant will assess and recommend the most appropriate method of collection and disposal for
the different zones of the town. Among others, the following wastewater disposal technology options
will be evaluated and designed as required.
6.3.1.6 ON SITE SANITATION FACILITIES

(i) Private facilities
House hold latrines (single/ Individual VIP type )
Communal or Neighborhood VIP Latrines
(ii) Public Facilities
(iii) Septic Tanks and Wet pits
(iv) Soak away pits and infiltration trenches
(v) Sludge Collections and Disposal
6.3.1.7 OFF SITE SANITATION FACILITIES
Non- conventional sewerage system
 Small bore sewerage system
 Neighborhood (condominial) sewerage system
Conventional sewerage system
The consultant will make an economic analysis of the alternative wastewater disposal system
(collection, transport and treatment) applicable to the condition of Adigrat with a view to
recommending the best option. The various waste water collection and treatment technologies will be
reviewed from the point of view of their applicability and economic feasibility. The necessary cost
analysis will be done using the prevailing materials and their prices. As stated the technology options
may include on-site and off-site wastewater treatment system. Consultation with stakeholders and
beneficiary communities will be held in the determination of the best alternative. The financial analyst
will work closely with the sanitary engineer during costing of the cost components.
6.3.1.8 ASSESSMENT OF PROPOSED SITE CONDITIONS

The consultant will perform technical assessment and analyses of the proposed wastewater treatment
site to enable him recommend the best options. The assessment will include:
Location –The location of the proposed waste water treatment site will be assessed with
respect to accessibility and distance from town centre based on the master plan of the town.
The legal aspect of the proposed sites will also be assessed with respect to landownership
issue, settlement and displacement issue, etc. in the context of the master plan of the town.

Climatological Assessment –Average annual evapo-transpiration, prevailing wind direction,

average and maximum wind velocity, average monthly temperature etc. of the sites will be
assessed after collecting metrological data and using standard techniques and analysis for
extrapolation and transfer of data.
Hydrology and Surface Drainage – The hydrology and surface drainage of the sites will be
assessed based on available metrological data and field observation using standard methods
for calculating the water balance of the site. The water balance calculation will give annual
information on precipitation, runoff, infiltration and evapo-transpiration.
Geological and Hydrogeological Investigation – The regional geology and hydrogeology

of the waste water treatment site and surrounding area will be studied based on available
documents, observation and study of pits etc.
Water Quality Test – surface and ground water samples will be collected from the sites for
chemical; and bacteriological analysis for monitoring the impact of pollutants.
Soil Conditions – The soil characteristics of the sites such as bearing capacity, infiltration
rate and suitability in landfill work. The depth of the overburden soil that need to be
removed and any unwanted organic material affecting stability of the structures or land fill
materials.
In addition to the above listed activities the Consultant will investigate the present development
potential and housing conditions and possible future planned development of the town.
6.3.1.9 DESIGN CRITERIA AND CONCEPTUAL PLAN

Design criteria will be formulated for use in design of sewerage network and wastewater treatment
facilities and related structures.
Prepare design criteria and concept plan for component of the city wastewater/ fecal sludge
management project with choice of technology and material to use.
Population Projection and Industrial Growth - project the population growth for 20 years
according to agreed projections assumptions and methods. Project the likely situation of
residential population, industries (type), and commercial activities.
Liquid Waste Quantities and Characteristics - estimate liquid waste and fecal sludge
quantities and characteristics as per the growth projections from residential areas commercial
and industrial areas.
Based on international experiences (such as CWIS projects in Latin America and South-East
Asian Countries) relevant to Ethiopian context, review economically, environmentally,
socially and technically feasible technologies (with simplified operation and maintenance
interventions to ensure the sustainability aspect) with the service management options.
Wastewater treatment options with appropriate technology and economy recommended,

standards for effluent disposal and electro mechanical components of the treatment plant
based on the preferred alternative.

The major component of the design criteria will include such items as:
a) Sewerage System
The design criteria for the sewerage system will include, but not limited to:
Land use and soil parameters
Beneficiary population (current and projected)
Effluent quality,
Per capita waste water quantity, maximum and minimum waste water quantity such as
maximum hourly, maximum daily, average daily and minimum hourly or daily,
Location of junctions/manholes,
Waste water flow velocities,
Required slope or grade for sewers and slopes,
Construction materials for sewers,
Quality of materials used and workmanship
The allowable infiltration and inflow will also be established.
Wastewater treatment design parameters, etc
Parameters used in the design of the various wastewater technologies, etc
Sewer Appurtenances
Sewage Pumping station design
Sewer network modelling
Environmental, Social, Health and safety parameters
b) Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)
The design criteria for the WWTP will include, but not limited to:
Effluent water quality limits
Waste water flow velocities
Location
Construction material
Wastewater treatment design parameters
Characteristics of municipal wastewater
Objectives of municipal wastewater treatment plants
Centralized and decentralized systems
Municipal wastewater treatment unit operations and process
Wastewater treatment plant modeling
Municipal wastewater treatment plants mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, automation
and control,
Municipal wastewater treatment plants commissioning & startups
Health and safety parameters
Municipal wastewater treatment plants operations and maintenance
6.3.1.10DESIGN HORIZONS
As stated on the TOR the Consultant shall prepare designs so that the designed facilities will have
capacity to satisfy the year 2040 (20 years) sanitation services demand.
6.3.1.11DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE PLAN

The main foundation stone of a realistic and viable project is a well-conceived assessment of
population and an accurate projection of water consumption and demand pattern, waste water
quantity and quantity of waste generated. Reliable estimate of present and future demands and
quantities can only be determined based on available and agreed demographic projections.

Therefore, the consultant will carefully review the population figures and project the population for
20 years according to agreed projections assumptions and methods.
The Consultant will, in co-operation with the local government / municipality / city council, review
the existing land use plans and incorporate the latest domestic, institutional, commercial and
industrial development and planning.
6.3.1.12ESTIMATION OF WASTE QUANTITIES

The consultant shall estimate wastewater quantities and characteristics as per the development
growth projections from residential, commercial and industrial areas based on the existing Adigrat
Town master plan and assessment of this study. Establishing the per capita wastewater flow and
determining the wastewater quantities discharged from industries, commercial and institutional
establishments will involve the water consumption and use estimation process.
Wastewater generation projection will be carried out based on per capita water demand levels for
different categories of water consumers (domestic & non-domestic) and each type of service (house
connection, yard connection and public taps) for the time frame to be designed. Subsequently, the
consultant will estimate liquid waste quantities as per the development growth projections from
residential, commercial and industrial areas. Establishing the per capita wastewater flow and
determining the wastewater quantities discharged from industries, commercial and institutional
establishments will involve the water consumption and use estimation process.
The consultant will also assess the availability and capacity of water bodies and land to accept the
waste. In the process of assessing the water bodies, the consultant will determine the assimilating
capacities for treated effluents of the available water bodies. Efforts will be made to avoid land and
water (surface water, ground water) pollution.
6.3.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Upon approval of the design criteria and agreement with the client on the preferred conceptual
options at the feasibility level the consultant will design the schemes as per the TOR to accepted
international standard and to the satisfaction of the client. The Consultant shall give a comprehensive
justification of the designs, including all calculations on which these designs are based and all other
reasons for coming to the proposed designs. These preliminary design reports shall be accompanied
by plans and schedules that specify the expected project implementation plan and that form the basis
for the execution period, assigned to these works. Cost estimates will also be prepared for
comparison and financial viability analysis of the different options.
The preliminary designs will be prepared for the wastewater in an integrated manner or separately as
the study findings permit, on site sanitation facilities and disposal systems, treatment plants for and
all associated equipment and facilities. The Consultant will assess and analyses the technical,
financial, environmental, social and economic feasibility and all possible sustainable and
environmental friendly options identified during the feasibility study works.
Review regulation and standards of the government at national and regional levels related to
environmental quality, health, and safety, protection of sensitive areas and endangered
species.
Examine the technical, financial, Environmental social and economic feasibility and
sustainability of the proposed system. The economic, financial, and technical analysis will
check all possible technology options and analyze scenarios for implementation. including
the phasing of investments for wastewater management modalities: i) sewage collection and
treatment systems, ii) latrine, cess pool and septic tank sludge collection and treatment
systems, reuse and recycling and sludge management and iii) other related investments.

Determine the design parameters for alternative sanitation systems applicable for each sub-
region of the town(s). For designing treatment plants, the consultants shall undertake
laboratory tests and establish influent parameters from appropriate places in the town(s),
currently having water borne sewerage schemes.
Conduct the hydraulic analysis and design of sewer network and treatment plant. Computer
Software used for the analysis and design shall be submitted and trained to the client.
Assess the costs of wastewater collection and treatment and level of cost recovery possible,
and determine tariffs needed to ensure sustainable operations.
 Discuss with the Town utility a phased, politically acceptable way of introducing
cost recovery tariff/ fees for fecal sludge management.
 Assess options and the feasibility of transferring responsibility for wastewater
services to a dedicated wastewater utility.
 Recommend human resources and institutional set up for the upcoming sanitation
scheme
Prepare a report and present the outcome of the feasibility and preliminary design in a
workshop.
6.3.3 DETAIL DESIGN
Upon approval of the Preliminary Design of system components by the Client the Detailed Design
will be finalized as per the requirement of the TOR and to established international standard. As
clearly explained in the TOR, the Consultant will perform all the required Hydraulic,
Civil/Structural, Architectural, Electromechanical, etc. detailed design works in accordance with the
established design criterion for all facilities such as sewers, treatment plant, culverts, ditches, river
crossings, catch pits, septic tanks, guard houses, wash rooms, fencing, etc. We shall make sure that
the design shall be sound, assure a guaranteed performance, and consider ease of operation and
maintenance works. The Consultant will make sure that the sustainability and acceptance by the
community of the facilities is well addressed in the design.
For the realization of these detailed design works the Consultant shall prepare drawings,
specifications, bills of quantities and tender documents for supply and works contracts in different
packages and an order of priority as agreed with the Client. Wherever applicable, the detailed design
works and specifications shall follow the existing codes and practice in the country or international
code in the field of water supply and waste water engineering practices. Such codes and practices
will be counter checked with the situation on the ground and will be used in consultation with the
Client.
In consideration of procurement, maintenance and operation of equipment, Consultant shall include

provision of spare parts for two years operation, preparation of operation and training manual,
commissioning of new plant, and training the staff of the Client in operation and maintenance
procedures after handing over the completed works. This training by the contractor should cover
operation and maintenance procedures for equipment’s, structures and shall include the supply of
necessary tools to trainees. This training shall be based on operation and maintenance manuals that
the Contractor shall prepare.
The scenario, selected at the feasibility study for each sector of Adigrat town, shall be further
discussed, designed, and cost estimated (in reference to CAPEX and OPEX) capital expenditure and
operational expenditure and the potential restrictions, difficulties and any other challenge shall be
confront and eliminated.
Detail design and drawing preparation for “on-plot” sanitation options, including fecal
sludge management facilities.

Topographic surveying and geotechnical investigations, for sewer routes and for major
components like treatment plant.
Detail design of water borne sewerage system, with treatment plant
Detail Structural and Electro-mechanical components design (if any)
Prepare detailed cost estimates and financing plans for each of the project components and
the Project as a whole. Prepare the financial arrangements specifying the foreign exchange
and local currency costs as applicable.
6.3.3.1 HYDRAULIC MODELING SOFTWARE

The consultant suggests using the following software in design of the collection systems for liquid
waste;
Water CAD updated version
Sewer CAD updated version
However, the consultant is willing to avail and use any software preferred by the Client. The
modelling of the pipe lines will be based on the survey results and maps available to appropriate scale.
The road network of the city is very important for the preparation of the lay out for the modelling
purpose.
6.3.3.2 PRIORITIZATION OF PROPOSED WORKS AND PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

Consultant shall compare the implementation cost for estimating of revenue available to finance
construction and prepare prioritization schedule for short (5 years), medium (10 years) and long term
(20 years) planning horizons. Consultant will also prepare justifiable logical construction phases
according to the prioritized schedule.
6.3.3.3 PREPARATION OF DRAWINGS

The detail design drawings of the various wastewater facility components will take the form of
working drawings to allow determination of reasonable quantities of works and materials for the
various components of the sanitation facilities as well as realistic cost estimates.
The detail design drawings will include layout drawings of the components and functional drawings
showing details, as appropriate. The preparation of drawings will be supported by the required
hydraulic and static calculations to define the sizes and dimensions of the respective components of
the works.
6.3.3.4 PREPARATION OF BILL OF QUANTITIES

Bill of quantities for each component of the sanitation facilities will be prepared from the detail
design drawings. The bill of quantities will include all sorts of works that require measurements and
payment for the work executed.
Bill of quantities for items that can be measured will be prepared in defined metric units or numbers
or pieces while items that cannot be measured will be prepared in lump sum. The bill of quantities
for each component will be prepared separately.
6.3.3.5 PREPARATION OF COST ESTIMATES

Engineer's cost estimates will be prepared based on similar works implemented recently in the
Country with appropriate adjustments to take into account cost escalation due to inflation and other
economic factors.

The Engineer's cost estimates will be prepared by multiplying the bill of quantities by the unit prices
established as stated above. The estimates will be checked for consistency and reliability compared
to the works of similar nature and complexity.
Physical and price contingencies for technical and economic risks, such as additional works,
inflation, changes in foreign exchange will be considered.
Cost estimates will be prepared on the basis of established prevailing market prices for civil works
(material and workmanship), as well as quoted prices from various suppliers and specific items, and
will be compared with available information from similar works completed recently or ongoing
projects.
We will identify the overall sanitation requirements for Adigrat Town, namely;
i. The Consultant in consultation with the Client/Stakeholder will identify priority interventions
as well as costs for operation and maintenance for each alternative scheme, based on the
estimated personnel and management requirements, labor, materials, maintenance and repair
costs, transport, energy, chemicals and other sundry operating costs and head office overhead
costs.
ii. Costs for preliminary and detailed design, construction supervision and additional
environmental and social impact assessment shall be included. Costs for implementing
recommended mitigating measures, mid-term review and end-of-project evaluation will also
be assessed and included in the report. A mix of interventions that best match the Client’s
priorities will be recommended.
6.3.3.6 PREPARATION OF SPECIFICATIONS & TENDER DOCUMENTS

The consultant will prepare tender documents based on Standard Bidding Documents of the World
Bank in consultation with the Client. The Tender documents will comprise of Agreement format,
General and Special Conditions of Contract, Specifications of the work, Tender Drawings, Security
format and other relevant information.
The schedules and bills of quantities will show the quantities of work arranged according to trades
for each component of the works. These will be set up as numbered items to be priced by the bidders
at unit prices and total costs which, when added up, would show the total amount of the tender.
Where required, the quantities will also contain schedules of charges for the use of plant and labour
in order to obtain from the bidders binding prices to be applied in the case of special or extra work.
6.3.3.7 DEVELOPMENT OF GIS SYSTEM

The Consultant will develop a Geo-database for the sanitation infrastructure with shape file from the
gathered information including digital GIS base map with a good resolution for the project area. As
stated on the TOR the Consultant will submit the master plan of the sewer system network with
ArcGIS shape file in addition to the printouts, Geotechnical and topographic surveying report,
profiles and layout.
6.3.3.8 AFFORDABILITY AND COST RECOVERY

Review the impact and affordability of introducing full and partial cost recovery in wastewater
management services. Assess demand on the basis of price, income, and access to alternative
supplies. Analyse the affordability of wastewater services and assess willingness to pay for
them. Identify mechanism for protecting exclusion of the poor and vulnerable groups.

Assess in detail (a) financial management capacity, and (b) financial performance including
borrowing capacity and debt service coverage ratios relating to existing and potential new
loans. Prepare financial projections including revenues, operating and capital expenditures,
and debt repayment.
Investigate alternative financing schemes for improving urban sanitation, including for
example Municipal bonds, and public-private partnerships.
Identify magnitude and duration of subsidy, its fiscal implication to the city
administration, and appropriate and timely exit plan and move towards full cost recovery
6.3.3.9 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Prepare detailed project implementation and phasing schedules for each component, and
investigate implementation options including integrated design-procure construct packages to
improve implementation efficiency.
Prepare an effective project performance monitoring system (PPMS) that includes monitoring
of the project's performance, benefits, and impact on poverty reduction. Identify the training
needs to strengthen performance monitoring capacity.
Hold discussions with the city stakeholders to identify key issues and obtain their views on
capacity-building needs, and develop concepts for the design of the capacity-building
components. Develop a capacity-building program, and outline training programs and
recommended interventions that should be included in the Project, and estimated costs.
Assess the possibility of land acquisition in the Project that fits to the type of alternatives
selected. Where land acquisition is required, (such as temporary or permanent) the Consultant
shall inform the Utility of the location, outline the likely resettlement requirements
Prepare an action plan to acquire the land (including the preparation of cadastral plans) and
resettle residents.
6.3.3.10HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Develop management system proposal to manage the newly constructed system, manpower
facility to manage the system, manpower organization and structure with different
combination of specialists, capacity building necessary to the staff to manage the new system
and the type and number of auxiliary building necessary to the staff to control the system with
all cost break down.
Recommend sub-project interventions to address gender imbalances, and interventions to

support other vulnerable groups, which will result in poverty reduction and social inclusion
strategy under the project.
Develop and recommend mechanisms and procedures for public consultation and community
participation in project planning, operation and maintenance, project implementation and
management, particularly in relation to levels of service performance, tariffs, and
environmental protection.
Assess the need for preparing local peoples development framework, development plan, or
specific action in accordance with World Bank’s policy.

Justify the Project from the point of view of social dimensions (social impact, impact on
poverty, marginalized and vulnerable groups, and gender specific issues)
Conduct environmental and social impact assessment to understand the impact due to the
proposed intervention, based on criteria established under ESFW.
6.3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT & MANAGEMENT PLAN

As indicated earlier, the environmental study will be conducted at two different levels. The first one
is Situation Assessment and Mapping Stage. And the second is at Feasibility and Detail Design of
Wastewater Management. During the former stage the existing condition of the Town drainage and
waste management system will be assessed and at the second stage detail environmental impact the
proposed liquid waste management project will be assessed. The assessment will follow the national
and World Bank’s guidelines on EIA processes and deliverables.
The FDRE Constitution and the WB’s EIA guideline stressed the importance and significance of
public consultations, during development projects implementation. Thus, the primary objective of
the public consultations is to inform and continually update about the project and to engage, seek and
maintain active participation and support of project-affected communities and their representatives;
throughout the various stages (appraisal, planning, implementation, follow up, monitoring and
evaluation) of the project.
As such, the approach to the study will be designed in such a way that it becomes participatory in as
much as possible in order to take the advantages of views and opinions of all stakeholders in matters
related to identification of positive and any negative impacts on the biophysical and socioeconomic
impacts of the proposed project and the nearby environment as well as the enhancement and
mitigation of the identified potential and negative impacts respectively.
It will also be designed in such a way that it utilizes and maximizes on ideas and opinions that come
from the different disciplines involved in the design work. The consultative and participatory
approach will be important for the utilization of the EIA Standard Analysis Procedures in such a way
that the EIA process passes through screening and scoping of impacts as required.
Throughout the assessment different strategies will be employed, to contact all possible project
stakeholders. The study team will contact the town residents, on sample bases, and discuss
significance of proper drainage and waste management system and the impacts weak urban waste
management of the Town.
Survey questions will be developed and conducted, on sample base, for different actors involved in
collection and disposal of waste. Moreover, focus group discussions and Key Informant Interviews
will be conducted for selected key informant officials and staffs of Town administration, health,
education and urban development bureaus, youth groups as well as vulnerable groups.
To this effect, consultations will be carried out with but not limited to:
Tigray Region Environmental Protection Authority

Tigray Region Bureau of Water Irrigation and Energy
Adigrat Town Water Board
Adigrat Town Water Supply and Sewerage Service
Adigrat Town Health Service
Town Resident`s, Women and Youth Representatives
Regarding technical matters on drainage and waste management systems, discussions will be
conducted with the Regional experts and Adigrat Town Water Utilities.

The baseline environmental data, the prevailing drainage and waste management and sanitation
conditions and associated impacts will be compiled through the collection of relevant documents
from different stakeholder organizations at Adigrat.
The main emphases of this discussion will understand the role of key stakeholders and joint
contributions of these actors to the success of the urban waste management. Levels of public
participation in urban waste management will be given special emphasis.
Existing institutional arrangements of the town and utility will be assessed to determine capacity to
manage urban sanitation-related activities and drainage. Key stakeholders responsibilities and roles
will be reviewed to confirm that their responsibilities are clearly defined and known.
The EIA study will pass through all the processes required for scoping, detailed data gathering and
review, review/assessment of the baseline data or existing environmental conditions, looking into
project alternatives, consultations, determining of potential impacts and their analysis (Identification,
Prediction, and Evaluation), recommendation of enhancing and mitigation measures for the positive
and negative impacts respectively and environmental management.
This is done with the aim of

improving the environmental design of the proposal;
ensuring that resources are used appropriately and efficiently;
identifying appropriate measures for mitigating the potential impacts of the proposed
construction and
Facilitating informed decision making, including setting the environmental terms and
conditions for implementing the Environmental and Management and Monitoring Plan to be
recommended.
The Consultant will utilize standard methodology to conduct the environmental assessment study of
the proposed water supply and sanitation project as briefly discussed below.
The preparation of the EIA will be conducted parallel to the design review. The Team utilizes
Google earth software, photo camera, GPS, and topographic map of the project area to collect and
compile the required information.
6.3.4.1 LITERATURE AND DOCUMENT REVIEW

The environmental study team will collect all important documents at federal, regional, town
administration and utility levels. Review will be done on previously conducted environmental
studies; waste management related development project papers, literatures, reports, research papers,
etc…
Review of the National Policy, Legislative and Institutional Framework and Competent Authority
Guidelines of the Federal and Regional Commissions of Environment Forest and Climate Change
(MEF&CC) Tigray Water Resources Bureau, Adigrat Water Supply and Sewerage Office (Utility),
etc., etc.
During exploration relevant documents which highlight the existing condition of biophysical
conditions of the Town will be collected. However, at feasibility and detail design level additional
and detailed information regarding legal and institutional frameworks will be collected. Thus, the
environmental study team will collect and review:
Documents of performance standard on environmental sustainability. These include:
environmental policies, regulations and guidelines, and the waste management related
development project and other relevant published national and regional state policies,
legislatives, regulations and guidelines;

international conventions and protocols ratified by the Federal Democratic Republic of

Ethiopia (FDRE):
Central Statistical Authority (CSA) Census Reports: and
Reference will be made to the WB’s Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations
and. other relevant documents.
Ethiopian Water Sector Strategy
Ethiopian Health Sector Strategy
Pollution Standards
6.3.4.2 SITE VISIT/OBSERVATION
The consultant will pay visits to the project site and premises and surroundings to gather essential
field data about the natural and human environment (Biophysical and socioeconomic phenomena in
and around the project area). These include, with respect to biophysical, observation of existing
topography, climate, hydrology and natural drainage (river) system, vegetation cover, soils, any
fauna, etc. With respect to socioeconomic phenomena, existing population and settlement,
infrastructures, type, nature and functions of housings around as well as access road and traffic
density, any incompatible activity.
To get information regarding environmental impacts of the existing urban waste management and
drainage condition sample survey will be conducted on households, public and private
establishments, industries and private actors involved in generation, collection and disposal of waste.
For household sample size determination, the Consultants will use appropriate sampling techniques
to get representative sample of the target population.
The feasibility and detail design stage demands more detail and targeted information with particular
focus on proposed sanitary project. Thus, site visits will be conducted not only to define the areas
targeted by the proposed liquid waste treatment system project but also to assess in detail the
baseline environmental conditions of the project influence area; and to identify bio-physical
components that are likely to be affected by the project.
This is intended to serve as a baseline assessment. As such, during site observation, information on
physical, biological and socio-economic environment will be collected and their location determined
by using checklists and GPS. This will be compared with the maps that are expected to be provided
as part of the design project. Photography will also be used to show important features. This
information will be collected using checklists, GPS and camera.
6.3.4.3 DISCUSSION WITH RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS AND PROFESSIONALS

Regarding environmental effects of technical matters on drainage and waste management systems,
discussions will be conducted within the overall study team of the project which is composed of
different specialists and relevant experts of Adigrat Town Water Utilities.
The environmental impact study will include the identification and description of the existing
environmental situation in the project area, an assessment of the potential effects of the sanitation
facilities and development of feasible mitigating measures for adverse impacts.
In particular, the environmental study will include:-

Assess all relevant government policies, proclamations, regulations guidelines and toolkits
developed in relation to environmental impact management norms of the urban sanitation
services.
An assessment of public health and sanitary conditions of the project area;
An assessment of the social and health impacts on downstream users and ecological impacts;

An analysis of the increased risks of water related diseases associated with increased
availability of stagnant water;
An analysis of the increased risk of water related diseases associated with the construction of
the sanitation facilities;
An analysis of the impact of the project on the social, physical and biological environment,
related to displacement, fauna and flora of the project area and water sources.
In summary the main items to be assessed may include but not limited to:
Impact on water resources
Impact on the surrounding land and forest
Impact on public health
Impact on flora and fauna
Impact on cultural heritage
Impact on human settlement
Impact on socio-economic condition
Impact during construction works
Experience has shown that some commercial entities, industries and government institutions are
connecting their septic tanks and/ waste to storm water drainage systems or to the nearest natural
streams or channels without proper treatment and permit. The Consultant will assess situations
during the environmental study by discussing with the health offices and the community themselves
and make field assessment to verify the situation.
Following the assessment works the consultant will prepare an environmental management plan
(EMP). The management plan is intended to provide the basis for management and mitigation of
environmental impacts during implementation, operation and maintenance of the liquid and solid
waste, storm water collection, treatment and final disposal system. The Consultant will conduct
investigations to assess the environmental impact of the project following the guideline of the
Environmental Management Framework (EMF) of the World Bank. The Consultant will provide
separate report for the environmental impact assessment with its recommended mitigation measures
as per the guide lines and procedures set out in the Financiers’ Environmental and Social
Management Framework (ESMF).
6.3.5 STUDY OF THE INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP

The institutional set up study is to provide a comprehensive set of ideas and plans to address the
existing bottlenecks in wastewater management services and to provide a strategic management tools
in order to improve the current services by the Client.
In an effort to strengthen the organizational and structural management of the wastewater services,
the Consultant will thoroughly analyse the existing wastewater management system. In an endeavour
to establish/strengthen the institutional set up, the consultant will apply the following approach and
method:
Consultation with the Client, project office and Stakeholders about the management of the
existing sanitation service systems including organizational management (personnel
management, management information system, procurement, logistics, etc.)
Review existing study documents, recommendations and data regarding the institutional setup
Assess and identify the current problems, bottlenecks of the structural set up & propose an
appropriate, best fit modern and tested organizational and structural management of
wastewater management services.
Assess all relevant government policies, proclamations, regulations guidelines and toolkits
developed in relation to institutional set ups of the urban sewerage /sanitation services.
Study of the rules and regulation of the country WSS programs and Proclamation with respect
to institutional set ups,
Review inter-organizational linkages across different actors and the community perception to
clearly identify and recommend.
Review the line of authority, information flow, reporting mechanism, duties and
responsibilities for each line and the supporting staff.
Review the existing organizational capacity to understand suitability, legitimacy,
effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and the tariff setting and efficiency of billing and
collection of revenues
Identify the strength and weakness of the existing organization structure and develop an
appropriate capacity building strategy to meet the required objective
In line with the study for strengthening of the organizational and structural management of the
wastewater services, the Consultant will investigate deeply to devise ways for efficient management
of the day to day operation and maintenance of the system. Administrative, financial and technical
aspects will be studied to assess the capacity of the sewerage service set up to administer daily
routine operation and maintenance efficiently. The possible organizational structure of the
institutional set up will be prepared considering the different user customers and service type of the
scheme.
In general, the consultant will address the following organizational issues:

Recommending appropriate organizational staffing... etc.
Outlining the capacity building required at present and in the future.
Assessing the office situation including administrative buildings, wastewater quality
laboratories, technical workshops, trucks, computers with accessories etc.
Recommending / proposing methods of improving the O&M management of the system
6.3.6 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
The Consultant will prepare an investment plan and a corresponding Financing Plan. The return on
the investments shall be determined, and financial and economic analyses of the proposed plans
including cash flow, profit and loss statement, balance sheet, and NPV shall be prepared.
For cost recovery, the Consultant shall check the projected tariff schedule and per capita costs
against willingness to pay (from survey and fraction of GNP).
In carrying out the above, the Consultant shall take into account the following specifics among
others:
a. It is essential that a financial model be used to advise the sanitation providers on the tariff
implications of the different technical options and that communities be consulted in preparing
the designs so that their preferences are taken into account.
b. Preparing estimates for recurrent costs for the implementation, operation and maintenance of
the development alternatives with expenditure categories including manpower requirements,
chemicals, energy, transportation and administrative costs. Other related recurrent costs as
embodied in the institutional plans, strategies and modalities shall be costed and included in
the cost stream.
c. Using tariff rates estimated through interactive analysis between the financial, economic and
tariff analysis to be carried out as part of the study, cost benefit analysis shall be carried out
for each alternative.
d. Preparation of future financial forecasts in the form of annual financial statement.
Based on the cash stream defined for each development alternative, the Financial Internal Rate of
Return [FIRR], Net Present Value [NPV] and Pay Back Period [PBP] shall be calculated to

determine the financial viability of each option and to rank them for the purpose of selecting the
least-cost option.
The net Present Value [NPV] and Economic Internal Rate of Return [EIRR] for each option shall be
determined. To the extent possible, all social, economic and environmental costs and benefit shall be
quantified and included in the analysis. Where it is difficult to directly quantify, proxies shall be
used. Wherever applicable opportunity costs should be applied instead of the financial costs, shadow
pricing should be applied as necessary. The opportunity costs should carefully be estimated for
comparison with the EIRR to determine the viability of the project.
A risk analysis shall be carried out and incorporated through a sensitivity analysis. Special attention
shall be given to risks related to the price of basic project inputs, timely availability of proposed
tariffs for the provision of water supply services and revenue collection.
The financial study will deal with the investment and operation & maintenance costs, financing plan
of investment, tariff setting, tariff structure, and financial management systems. The feasibility
analysis shall consider the following components.
6.3.6.1 INVESTMENT COSTS

Investment costs include costs of construction of sewerage system, civil works and electro
mechanical installations and replacement of equipment cost. The Consultant will collect reliable and
updated construction costs from concerned sources in addition to the engineering cost estimates.
6.3.6.2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS

Operation & Maintenance costs can be divided as variable and fixed. Variable operation and
maintenance costs are those costs that change with the volume of activity of the urban sewerage
system. Fixed operation & maintenance costs are not directly related to the volume of operation of
the system. The Consultant will estimate O&M cost based on the different acceptable methods and
guidelines.
6.3.6.3 INVESTMENT PLAN

The Consultant will review and develop an appropriate investment plan to address the following two
major targets.
To reduce scope to meet 10-year demand and provide for phasing of future investment.
Establish the level of investment affordable to customers according to financial and economic
analysis
6.3.6.4 COST RECOVERY STRATEGY
Major issues that shall be considered during cost recovery planning stage are: examining the
demand-driven projects respond, willingness to pay, full cost recovery, institutional framework to
manage the financial system accompanying with legal and policy issues. The second factor is putting
cost recovery into practice, which covers estimating costs, establishing appropriate tariff structure,
developing an effective financial management system (budgeting; revenue collection, bookkeeping
and accountability; financial control and monitoring) and service efficiency.
The cost recovery system will be sustainable through proper identification of cost implications of the
projects’ characteristics and the environment, maximizing the willingness to pay, clarifying financial
responsibilities, optimizing operation and maintenance costs, setting an appropriate and equitable
tariff structure, developing an effective financial management system and organizing access to
alternative financial sources. Thus, the Consultant will review and recommend an appropriate cost
recovery strategy based on the objective of the proposed project.

6.3.6.5 TARIFF SETTING

The financial plan is a key input to determine tariff rates. Tariff setting is based on the tariff policy of
the government and principles that emanate from the policy and the prevailing situation in the
country. The Consultant will thoroughly examine the following important points to set tariffs:
The income of beneficiaries
The project area, location, the users, the cost and other characteristics of the schemes.
Full cost recovery.
The price for sewer line connection should be neither too high nor too low.
Social Tariff that enables poor communities to cover operation and maintenance costs.
Setting appropriate tariff rates
Another important part of tariff setting is design of the tariff structures. The tariff structure should
meet the principles of tariff setting and cost recovery criteria. In order to develop manageable tariff
structure, the consultant will review the four basic elements of tariff settings:
Efficiency to pay for the improved system
Social equity
Financial autonomy
Administrative capacity
6.3.7 CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING
As suggested in the TOR, Consultant shall involve counter-part staff of the utility throughout the
study and design period to ensure know-how transfer through on-the-job training. The training shall
include assessment of existing condition, proposing of alternative solutions, design of facilities and
tender document preparation.
The staff shall be assigned for on-the-job training but it is the Consultant’s responsibility to fulfil the
requirements of the TOR. Consultant’s experience in other projects on skill transfer is rather
positive. Counterpart staffs of the client have benefited a lot from the experiences of the consultant.
This suggestion will obviously require the Client’s willingness to assign counterpart staff.
6.3.8 GENDER ISSUES

Considering that women are the main providers of sanitation in the households, the study will
analyse and make recommendations on the impact the project will have on women and children.
This will involve but not limited to the following:
The role of women particularly in urban and peri-urban areas with respect to the provision of
sanitation to the household.
The impact on women and children of the present and proposed sanitation, solid waste, sludge
and drainage services in the town.
The costs and benefits accruing to women from the proposed improvement of sanitation in
Adigrat Town and measures that should be built into the project to enhance benefits and
reduce costs on women.

7 REVISED WORK PROGRAM AND STAFF SCHEDULE
7.2 WORK PROGRAMME
The work program has been prepared taking into account the various activities of the assignment and
the methodology and approach described in Chapter 6 and project duration stipulated in the TOR.
An overall activity (work) schedule that indicates the sequence of the activities to be undertaken
during Task I and Task II of the study has been prepared. The schedules for Task I and Task II is
shown in Figure 7-1. The schedules shows the interrelation among the various activities and steps that
have to be taken in order to complete Task I and Task II Reports so that the Final Reports can be
submitted at the end of July, 2020.
The schedule is used as a planning instrument for the remainder of Task I and Task II activities since
the start of the Inception period. The major strategy is to group activities efficiently together so that
data can be collected in a manner that avoids multiple visits to the same areas, duplication of effort and
repeated questioning of authorities and focus groups by different specialists.
Apart from specific surveys, such as topography survey, much data will be collected through the use of
participatory approach using well-planned questionnaires and checklists. The questionnaires and
checklists are designed to facilitate data entry and analyses using SPSS, Excel and GIS and other
software packages appropriate for the specific purposes of the various activities.
Each activity is linked with inputs from the corresponding specialists, and the schedule is used for
detailed planning of the staff inputs required to realise the programme. It is also noted that
achievement of the planned progress is partly dependent on the achievement of external reviews at
various stages within the periods shown in the schedule.
Further, during the inception phase we have noted that there is a need to assess the requirements
related to resettlement or reallocation of people residing on the proposed communal and public toilets
sites. The specific site for liquid waste treatment plant is not identified and resettlement plan will be
prepared by the Consultant in cooperation with the Municipality.

Figure 7-1: Work/Activity Program

7.2 STAFF COMPOSITION AND STAFF PROGRAMME
Table 7-1 present staff composition and responsibilities for the duration of the project as contracted.
Figure 7-2 provides organogram of the Consultant and Figure 7.3 the Consultants’ staff schedule.
Table 7-1: Staff Composition and Responsibility for Step-I Activities
1. Key Experts
Years of
No Name Position Company Education
Experience
K-1: Team Leader /Water Supply &
1.1 Mr. Mesfin Amare MCE MSc 37
Sanitation Engineer / Contract Engineer.
1.2 Mr. Mohammed Hassen K-2: Wastewater / Sanitary Specialist MCE MSc. 30
1.3 Mr. Abebaw Bekele K-3: Solid Waste Management Specialist MCE MSc 28
1.4 Mr.Tadewos Alemu K-4: Electromechanical Engineer MCE B.Sc. 33
1.5 Mr. Semunigus Ayalew K-5: GIS & Remote Sensing Specialist MCE B.Sc. 32
1.6 Ms. Aynalem Kassa K-6: Socio Economist / Financial Analyst MCE MA 21
1.7 Mr. Abera Mekonene K-7: Hydrologist MCE M.Sc. 38
1.8 Mr. Melkamu Kifetew K-8: Environmental Expert MCE M.Sc. 20
1.9 Mr. Getachew Belayneh K-9: Public Health and Hygiene Specialist MCE M.Sc. 25
1.10 Mr. Binyam Adugna K- 10: Structural Engineer MCE M.Sc. 17
1.11 Mr. Fasil Teshome K-11: Urban Planner MCE M.Sc. 22
1.12 Mr.Biazine Setarge K-11: Geotechnical Specialist MCE MSc 30
1.13 Mr. Solomon Woldeyesus K-12: Topographic Surveyor MCE B.Sc. 20
2. Non-Key Experts
2.1 Mr. Sime Bekele NK-1: Managment / Institutional Expert MCE MA 40
2.2 Ms. Meaza Getachew GIS / AutoCAD Expert MCE Diploma 27

Figure 7-2: Organizational chart of the Project team
Waste Water / Solid Waste

Sanitary Specialist Management
Specialist
Electromechanical Socio-Economist /
Engineer Team Leader/ Financial Analyst
Water Supply &
GIS & Remote Sanitation Environmentalist-
Sensing Specialist Engineer / Expert
Contract Engineer
Public Health & Hydrologist
Hygiene Specialist
Geotechnical
Structural Engineer Specialist
Topographic
Urban Planner Surveyor
Management / GIS and CAD Expert

Institutional Expert

Figure 7-3: Staffing Schedule
Second Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Development of an Intigrated City-Wide Sanitation Pla; Feasibility Study & Detail Design of Waste Water Management for Adigrat Town
STAFFING SCHEDULE
MOBILIZATION & INCEPTION Option Analysis, Concept Design,FEASIBILITY STUDY, Prioritization
Months
Deliverables /PROJECT ACTIVITIES November December January Fbruary March April May June July
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
D-1 Mobilization and Inception
D-1-1 Mr. Alemayehu Bekele
D-1-2 Mr. Mohammed Hassen
D-1-3 Mr. Mesfin Amare
D-1-4 Mr. Abebaw Bekele
D-1-5 Ms. Aynalem Kassa
D-1-6 Mr.Biazine Setarge
Situation Assessment and Mapping Stage

D-2 including short term saniation intervention
D-2-3 Mr. Abebaw Bekele
D-2-4 Mr. Abera Mekonene
D-2-5 Mr. Getachew Belayneh
D-2-6 Mr. Teweldebirhan Weldegerima
D-2-9 Mr. Fasil Teshome
D-2-10 Mr. Sime Bekele
Feasibility Study, Design Criteria and
D-3 Conceptual Plan
D3-1 Mr. Mesfin Amare
D-3-3 Mr.Tadewos Alemu
D-3-4 Ms. Meaza Getachew
D-4 Preliminary Design of System Components
Mr.Tadewos Alemu
Mr. Teweldebirhan Weldegerima
Ms. Aynalem Kassa
D-4-4 Mr. Solomon Woldeyesus
D-4-6 Mr. Semunigus Ayalew
Detail Design and Bid Document
D-5 preparation
D-5-5 Mr. Semunigus Ayalew
D-5-6 Mr.Tadewos Alemu
D-5-7 Mr. Sime Bekele
D-6 Reporting
D-6-4
Adigrat office
Inception report Asseseement of existing sanitation situation, Detail design Report
Feasibility study Reports Development plan, Design and BOQ

8 REPORTING
8.1 SUMMARY OF REPORTING SCHEDULE

The Consultant will submit all reports and documents to the Client. All reports will be submitted
in hard and soft copies as required in the TOR. All the reports will be prepared in the English
language and all the quantities expressed in BOQ’s and specification will be in Metric Unit.
8.2 REPORTS
The consultant will submit the following reports/documents during the consulting services.
8.2.1 INCEPTION REPORT

Inception report comprises of the findings of the initial review works, the way the consultant will
be delivering the required services, revised schedules and manpower. The inception report
includes identification of data gaps, method of data collection describing the works to be
implemented.
The report will allow the Client to comment, discuss and conclude on key issues.
8.2.2 SITUATION ASSESSMENT, SANITATION MAPPING

The reports will be submitted in separate bindings. A comprehensive review and analysis of the
existing situation across wastewater management and treatment, the full sanitation service chain
(containment-Emptying-Transport-Treatment-Reuse/Disposal), solid waste management and
drainage situation in the town, with respect to type of household, service coverage,
technical/operational issues, environmental issues, institutional and human resources/staffing
issues, financing arrangements for both capital investment and running costs/service management
costs, current levels of investment, and existing master plans.
8.2.2.1 DESIGN FOR SHORT TERM INTERVENTION

The report for short term intervention will include detailed architectural, sanitary and electrical
design for typical public and communal latrines. Further to this, BOQ, specification and tender
documents will be prepared and submitted.
8.2.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT

The feasibility study report will include, but not limited to:
analysis of the existing situation of waste collection and disposal system,
analysis of the available wastewater technologies and the recommended technology
including on site sanitation system
population projection,
projection of waste quantities and waste characteristics,
assessment of topography of project area,
assessment of capacity of disposal and treatment sites,
conceptual design for liquid waste management system (collection, transfer, and
treatment), with two options for treatment sites
alternative plans for Liquid waste management system (collection, transfer, disposal and
leachate treatment),
financial analysis, and
Recommendation of the necessary measures.
8.2.4 FINAL DESIGN REPORT

The final design report will include, but not limited to:
summaries of all the assumptions and criteria used in the analysis and design of the
facilities,
details of all standards and specifications used,
design calculations (hydraulic and civil engineering) for facilities as an appendix,
implementation schedule and detailed prioritization schedule
8.2 ENGINEERING COST ESTIMATE
Confidential engineering cost estimate of the component on the basis of calculated quantities of
the facilities shall be prepared and submitted. We shall estimate realistic bill rates based on the
rates of recent similar construction works in Ethiopia taking into account the location and size of
the project as well as the availing construction market situation
8.2.5 TENDER DOCUMENT

The consultant shall prepare standard tender documents based on recommended contract
packaging.
The document shall comprise:

Volume I: Invitation to tender, Instruction to Tenders, Forms, Schedules,
Conditions of Contract, Technical Specifications, Bill of Quantities or Bill of Schedules
Volume II: Complete set of Drawings
8.2 REPORTING SCHEDULE
The timing for submittal and approval of documents is as follows.

The inception report shall be submitted within one (1) month of commencement of
services.
Draft report on Assessment of existing sanitation situation, infrastructure works and
existing plan with respect to liquid waste, drainage and solid waste including draft
Development plan within Three (3) commencement of services.
Final report on Assessment of existing sanitation situation, infrastructure works and
existing plan with respect to liquid waste, drainage and solid waste including draft
Development plan within Four (4) commencement of services.
Draft Feasibility and design of wastewater management study report shall be delivered
within six (6) months after commencement of services.
Final Feasibility and design of wastewater management study report shall be delivered
within seven (7) months after commencement of services.
Draft detail design of wastewater management report shall be delivered within eight (8)
months after commencement of services.
Final detail design of wastewater management report shall be delivered within nine (9)
months after commencement of services.
Drawings shall be delivered in draft form within nine (9) months after commencement of
services.
Cost estimate and Draft Tender Document shall be submitted within nine (9) months
after commencement of services.
8.2 FORMAT OF REPORTS
Reports shall be printed on A4 size paper with accompanying Drawings in A3 paper (landscape)
sizes. Tender Drawings shall be in A3 paper (landscape) sizes with the scale appropriately
modified.

Annex I – Terms of Reference

Integrated Sanitation Plan for Adigrat Town

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Integrated Sanitation Plan for Adigrat Town

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The Government of National State of Tigray

Water Resource Bureau

DRAFT INCEPTION REPORT

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4.4.1 Geomorphology ................................................................................................................. 54

6.2.12 Topographic Survey and Base map ................................................................................... 89

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7 REVISED WORK PROGRAM AND STAFF SCHEDULE ............................................. 108

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Figure 4-13 Abandoned Public Toilet ................................................................................................38

Annex I -TERMS OF REFERENCE

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A.U.R.I Acute Upper Respiratory Infection

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TOR Terms of reference

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Project information and some relevant documentation.

Data on general feature and socio economic condition of the town;

Master plan of the town

Quick response and action to issues raised by the Consultant.

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1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW

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1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

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1.4 PROJECT MOBILISATION

1.5 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT

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1.6 LAYOUT OF THE INCEPTION REPORT

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2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ADIGRAT TOWN

2.2 LOCATION AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADIGRAT TOWN

Table 2-1 General Information of Adigrat Town

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Adigrat is surrounded by a range of mountains. EmabAlequa/Andiyel/ mountain to the west, Erar to

2.1.4 Climate and Hydrology

2.1.5 Geology and Hydrogeology

2.1.6 Land Cover and Land Use

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Table 2-3 Land use profile of Adigrat town in 2006

Table 2-4 Estimate of land area occupied by each kebele

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Figure 2-1Adigrat City Existing Land Use Map

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Figure 2-2 Kebele Boundary Map

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2.1.7 Socio-Economic Condition of the Town

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2.1.7.4 HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURES AND PERSONNEL

Table 2-5 Ten top diseases registered in the Health Centre

Education is very essential for development as it is an instrument in fostering progress towards

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2.1.7.7 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

2.1.7.8 OTHER SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURES

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Total 49,239 55,095 104,334 14,482 16,205 30,687

Table 2-8 2019 estimated population by the municipality

Kebele Estimated population

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