NAME: ______________________________________

PERIOD:______________________________________
1
Week at a glance 1.13
Date 1.20 (NO SCHOOL) 1.21 1.22/23 1.24

Objective SWBAT evaluate the SWBAT evaluate the SWBAT contrast the SWBAT analyze the
causes of the Industrial effects of the Industrial capitalist and communist role of new economic
Revolution. Revolution in Europe. views of human nature institutions in
and the industrial contributing to
revolution. economic change.

Standards ENV 5.D: Explain how
environmental factors
contributed to
industrialization from
1750 to 1900.
Historical Thinking Skill
1.B: Explain a historical
concept, development,
or process.
TEC 5.E: Explain how ECN 5.H: Explain the ECN 5.H: Explain the
different modes and development of development of
locations of production economic systems, economic systems,
have developed and ideologies, and ideologies, and
changed over time. institutions and how they institutions and how
contributed to change in they contributed to
the period 1750 to 1900. change in the period
1750 to 1900.
TEC 5.F: Explain how
technology shaped
economic production SIO 5.I: Explain the
over time. causes and effects of 5.K: Explain the extent
calls for changes in to which
industrial societies from industrialization
1750 to 1900. brought change from
SIO 5.J: Explain how 1750 to 1900.
industrialization caused
change in existing social
hierarchies and Historical Thinking Skill
standards of living. 3.C: Compare the Historical Thinking
arguments or main ideas Skill 5.B: Explain how
of two sources. a historical
development or
5.K: Explain the extent process relates to
to which industrialization another historical
brought change from development or
1750 to 1900. process.

Historical Thinking Skill

1.B: Explain a historical
concept, development,
or process.
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Highest enclosure, fossil fuels, canals, spinning jenny, bourgeoisie, proletariat, transnational
Leverage investment, cottage seed drill, urbanization, class consciousness, corporation, stock
Vocab industry, spinning jenny, tenements, steam laissez-faire, capitalism, markets,
seed drill engine, second classical liberalism, limited-liability
industrial revolution, socialism, communism, corporations, capital
middle class, aristocracy Adam Smith, Karl Marx

Texts for Crash Course, N/A Excerpts in Day 11 Chapman, “Rotten

lesson “Industrial Documents file: Fruit”
Revolution”
Smith, The Wealth of HSBC, “Our
Nations History”

Documents in Day 9 Marx, The Communist

Documents file: Manifesto

Warner, ​Landmarks
in English
Industrial History

Charts of new
agricultural
innovations

Knowles, ​The
Industrial and
Commercial
Revolutions

Descriptions of the
Enclosure Acts

Foster, ​Capital and

Innovation

Key ·​ ​The Industrial · In factories, ·​ ​Capitalism and ·​ ​Western

Points Revolution refers to workers were able to its emphasis on free European
the use of energy in specialize on one markets and private countries began
fossil fuels, rather specific low-skilled property is an abandoning
than humans or task rather than outgrowth of liberal mercantilism and
animals, to power needing to be highly Enlightenment ideas adopting free trade
the economy. It trained in producing that emphasize policies, partly in
included the rise of individual rights. response to the
an entire product
factories, which used growing
from start to finish. ·​ ​Both people see
the steam engine to acceptance of
This led to lower
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3
produce goods much wages as well as the that industrialization Adam Smith’s
faster and more entry of will lead to theories of
cheaply than before. marginalized groups mechanization, low laissez-faire
into the processes of wages, and capitalism and free
·​ ​Environmental production, such as interdependency as markets.
factors such as people sell their
women doing
access to resources labor. ·​ ​In place of the
piecework at home
gave Britain the old joint-stock
initial capital to start
or children working ·​ ​The key ideas of companies, new
the Industrial in factories. capitalism as transnational
Revolution. promoted by Adam corporations arose,
· Steam power Smith are that including
·​ ​The was harnessed to competition drives companies like the
accumulation of make the railroad innovation and profit: Hong Kong and
capital, facilitated in engine, which human selfishness Shanghai Banking
part by the enclosure quickly connected can be harnessed for Company, or the
movement (dividing cities in overall better United Fruit
up the commons), industrialized outcomes. Company, which
made it possible for nations. This Capitalism drives was a North
the first capitalists to provided a cheap governments to American company
emerge. way to transport reduce regulations that took over a
materials and on businesses and great deal of power
·​ ​New agricultural finished products as promote competition in Latin America.
technologies led to and private property
well as people.
more efficient ownership. ·​ ​These
production and · For the first Capitalists argue that companies were
made poor farmers’ “a rising tide lifts all able to accumulate
time, wealth was no
lives more difficult as boats”; the increased vast quantities of
longer based on land
they could not afford standard of living capital through the
this new technology
ownership but rather
caused by stock market,
and lost access to on capital ownership
industrialization will which allowed for
the commons. of all kinds. investors to easily
help everyone.
lend money to
·​ ​Increasing · The middle
·​ ​Socialists​ ​tried to companies they
population caused class developed apply ideals of thought had the
the growth of an during this time equality more potential to earn
available labor force period, seeking broadly. They profit.
to work in factories. upward mobility and wanted the workers,
as a result often rather than private ·​ ​Additionally,
being the primary investors, to the rise of
consumers of collectively own the limited-liability
cheaper, means of production corporations
mass-produced and share in the helped
goods. At the same wealth that their corporations take
time, the growing labor on machines on more economic
urban lower classes created. Socialism risk since in this
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saw their standard of was extended more situation, the
living stagnate or radically by Karl owners are not
even decline, Marx, who believed responsible for the
contributing to wider that capitalist losses of the
social inequality. conditions would company.
become so bad that
· Women of the workers
lower classes, as (proletariat) would
well as children, band together and
often took on work overthrow the
bourgeoisie,
in factories; before,
eliminating private
they had not been
property altogether.
part of work outside
the home.

· With
urbanization, the
extended family
living together on a
farm was replaced
with smaller nuclear
family units. These
families spent less
time together as their
work was no longer
taking place on the
farm.

· Conditions in
cities were often
smoggy and
unpleasant as well as
disease-ridden since
the growth of cities
outpaced the
implementation of
sewage systems. The
health of lower-class
people declined.

· The growing
middle class saw the
rise of the cult of
domesticity, which
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5
was the belief that
women’s domestic
work was an
essential part of the
moral fabric of the
nation and therefore
that women should
not work outside the
home if they could
help it.

Student Students sometimes Students are often Students often confuse The wording of the exit
Misconce struggle to comprehend confused that the socialism and ticket prompt is fairly
ptions what social classes in bourgeoisie, or middle communism (for good abstract
England were like class, saw the most reason!). In Marx’s view, today—ensure
before the revolution. improvement from the socialism is one step on students are clear on
Taking the time today to Industrial Revolution. the path to communism, what “economic
describe that system The old nobility is losing when private property is institutions” are early
(certainly unequal, but power with these totally abolished. in class to help them
not oppressively so) changes—they’re not organize their
before getting into things cutting edge any more. knowledge.
like the enclosure The economy is
movement will help for controlled by the
the rest of the week. upwardly mobile middle
classes.

CFS DBQ Thesis: Short Answer Short Answer LEQ Body

Question Responses: Question Responses: Paragraph:
·​ ​Answers the
question using a ·​ ​Begin with an ·​ ​Begin with an ·​ ​Includes an
historical reasoning assertion that assertion that assertion that
process echoes the prompt echoes the prompt clearly previews a
and uses language and uses language historical argument
·​ ​Previews of historical of historical using a historical
multiple subclaims reasoning reasoning reasoning skill

·​ ​Has subclaims ·​ ​Include a piece ·​ ​Include a piece ·​ ​Uses specific

which are each of specific and of specific and evidence to
supported by accurate historical accurate historical support the
multiple documents evidence evidence assertion (from
from the DBQ multiple points in
·​ ​Explain how that ·​ ​Explain how that time and/or
·​ ​Is neither too evidence proves the evidence proves the regions, as
specific nor too
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6
broad (subclaims assertion assertion appropriate)
could be turned into
assertions, backed ·​ ​Explains the
up with multiple cause of the
pieces of evidence) historical process
at issue in the
·​ ​Includes nuance paragraph
/ counterargument

·​ ​Has subclaims,
each of which
contain a line of
reasoning
connecting the
subclaim back to the
prompt

Exit ticket Thesis: Using the Consider the way you A. Identify and explain Body Paragraph:
documents from class felt as the urban game one SIMILARITY Between the years
today, analyze the went on. What can that between Marx and 1750 and 1900, new
most significant cause tell us about the Smith’s argument. economic systems,
of the Industrial Industrial Revolution? ideologies, and
Revolution. One similarity between institutions
As we went through the the two arguments is developed​.
Although new game, it became more that they both
innovations that and more stressful understand that
lessened the manpower because we had to add industrialization will lead
required to produce food things to our map more to the increased use of Develop an argument
helped make the and more quickly. This labor specialization. that evaluates how
Industrial Revolution stress echoes the way Smith describes a pin new economic
possible, and shifts in that the pace of living factory in which each institutions led to
English law protected during the Industrial person does only one global economic
private property and Revolution increased small task and Marx change during this
thus encouraged the and workers in factories characterizes factory time.
development of needed to produce more work as being made up
factories, and more to keep up, of small and boring rote During the years 1750
industrialization was which must have been tasks. Both authors and 1900, new
primarily driven by very difficult and therefore see that economic institutions
Britain’s geographical stressful. factory work is easier led to an increase in
advantages, both in and simpler than work in the size and scope of
terms of its resources the cottage industry. European and North
and its ports and American companies’
waterways. What changes reach. In the beginning
resulted from the of this time, European
Industrial Revolution? B. Identify and explain corporations did have
Think about politics, one DIFFERENCE impact in other
NAME: ______________________________________
PERIOD:______________________________________
social classes, family between Marx and
structure, Smith’s argument.
environmental
condition, etc. A difference between
their arguments is that
Society became much Smith is more optimistic
more unequal after the about who will benefit
Industrial Revolution. In from the increase in
particular, the working production during the
classes started to see Industrial Revolution. He
their lives become more explains that the more
and more unpleasant as efficient output will
they lived in tenements trickle down to benefit
in environmentally even the lowest classes,
horrific conditions and but Marx thinks that the
had very little say over proletariat will be forced
their work conditions or to take lower and lower
any ability to improve wages until they can
their low wages. In barely survive. This
contrast, the middle shows that Marx
class benefitted a great believes only some
deal from the people will benefit from
opportunities of living in industrialization’s profits
the cities. They had while Smith thinks
opportunities like private everyone will.
education and museums
which enhanced their
quality of life. Families
would also be reshaped C. Identify and explain
since now women and one historical
children were working in development that
factories, rather than supports one of the
just working in the two authors.
home.
One piece of evidence
to support Marx is the
influx of Irish migration
to England in the 1800s.
As more and more Irish
immigrants moved in,
there was a vast source
of new labor for the
factories. Owners knew
that they could always
hire someone to do the
work for less, and so
7
regions, most notably
in the Indian Ocean
with companies like
the British and Dutch
East India Company.
However, by 1900,
even larger and more
expansive
transnational
corporations had
developed, such as
the United Fruit
Company who
dominated the
economies of many
Latin American
countries, or the Hong
Kong and Shanghai
Banking Company
which became a major
player in the Asian
economy. Economic
institutions led to these
changes because of
the rise of capitalism
leading to a lowering
of restrictions on the
flow of money. New
capitalist institutions
like the stock market
allowed capital to
quickly and easily
accumulate in these
corporations’ hands,
giving them the
resources to expand
their scope.
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they had no incentive to
raise wages, leaving the
lower classes to suffer in
poverty, as Marx
predicted would happen.

Extras/
interventio
n

The Urban Game

The year is 1700 and the nation is England. The scene is a rural village​[RH1] ​.

3 minutes​: Draw a river across your paper connecting east to west; the river should be about 1 inch wide;
draw a simple wooden bridge crossing the river; draw 2 roads one running north to south and crossing the
river at the bridge and one running from east to west. Neither road need be a straight line. Draw 10
houses; 1 church; 1 cemetery; 1 store; 1 pub; 1 coalmine; and at least 50 trees!! Include a 6x6” “common
area.”

Life here in our rural English village is similar to other villages throughout Europe in the 18th century.
Change traditionally comes very slowly. People moved at a much slower pace and had access to very
little information about the world outside their village. The average village was inhabited by about 200-400
people. The tallest structure in the village was the church. The religion of England is Anglican (Church of
England). Home life and work life were closely integrated as most work was done in nearby fields or in the
home or perhaps adjoining workshop. The family was an economical unit as well as a social unit. Every
member of the family worked very hard from sun-up to sun-down. Even small children had chores. The
homes of villagers were very small with earthen floors and inadequate lighting and ventilation. All
members of the family slept in the same room and sometimes shared living quarters with the livestock.
Sons worked with their fathers farming and tending livestock while daughters worked with their mothers
cleaning, cooking, sewing and at other domestic chores. Life expectancy was slightly over 40 years of
age. Most people married in their teens and had babies before they were 20. It was common for women
to die during childbirth so the average marriage lasted about 15 years. Step mothers and step fathers
were common. One baby out of three died before their first birthday, only one child in two saw their 21st
birthday.

Unlike France, the English were not rigidly divided into social/legal Estates. However, there was a distinct
social class system. Most English were poor farmers. A few were middle class like the bourgeoisie of
France. They lived, for the most part in London. Still a small few were aristocrats and usually owned
large tracts of land in the English countryside. For both peasant and aristocrats, the soil was the key to
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the economy. Land was the source of livelihood and well-being. Having enough land to produce
adequate food, or to produce enough to sell, or even to rent was the key to economic survival.

Every village had a public area called the commons. This was land which was available to anyone for
pasturing, hunting, the gathering of fire wood, growing of crops, etc... So poor farmers who did not own
their own land, or rented, could eke out a marginal living by depending on the commons. Unlike France,
most English peasants or farmers did own their own land, however small.

Villages were connected by a system of dirt roads that became almost impassable during the wet season.
As a result, transportation was often slow and trade beyond the village was not easy. Most English
farmers never visited any place further than 25 miles from their birthplace, ever! People made their own
food, clothes, furniture, tools, and homes.

Over the next 100 years, a revolution as significant as the Neolithic Revolution (when early man turned
from hunting and gathering to agriculture) will completely change life in your village. Some historians
believe this revolution (the industrial) is the most fundamental change in human history. We will
experience some of these changes in the next few minutes.

An enterprising young capitalist (you) decides to invest money in the construction of a canal. This is not a
public venture but rather a private one. The profits from your canal are astonishing! For example, one
canal built in 1745; the Oxford Canal yielded a 300% annual return for its investors for a period of more
than 30 years. This new revolution in transportation reduced the price of raw materials and reduced the
cost of transportation drastically. Coal could now be transported from the mines to the towns for half the
price of horse-wagon transportation.

1:30 ​Since you invested your money, thereby making a tidy profit, build yourself 1 nice home anywhere on
the map you would like it to be. Don’t forget to construct the canal. It must run parallel to the river.

It is now 1750. For a variety of different reasons (soap, diet, sanitation, but especially improvements in
agricultural productivity due to innovations) there is a population explosion in England, and your village.
The cursed Bubonic Plague which for centuries wiped out your village has been virtually eliminated due to
the disposal of sewage in the canals and then ultimately the ocean.

2 minutes: ​Add 5 houses (total 15) and one city hall. You cannot erase anything unless I tell you to.

It is 1760. The people of your village need a bit more food and goods to meet the needs of the new
inhabitants. Coincidentally, a number of other noteworthy events occur around 1760. First, a number of
new mechanical inventions for farming are developed. Perhaps the greatest impact was Jethro Tull’s
creation of the seed drill and the horse drawn cultivator. Also, farmers begin to experiment with new, more
productive framing practices like crop-rotation, new fertilizers, and new livestock breeding techniques.
Consequently farm production is significantly increased, leading to a boom in population. But there is one
problem. Most farmers own one tract of land. Why should they, or how could they, invest in expensive
machines when their land is so small? What’s more, it’s almost impossible to buy land from anyone! At
the same time, pressure is placed on Parliament by large and small landowning farmers to make more
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land available. Where is that land coming from? The Commons of course! A series of laws call the
Enclosure Acts are passed by Parliament. This means that landowners can buy pieces of common land
from the government, giving them the ability to start building up resources.

2 minutes: ​Divide the common area in half. Add 5 houses (total 20) and 1 more nice house.

It is now 1773. A man named Richard Arkwright invents a new machine that can spin and weave cloth a
hundred times faster than could be done by hand in a farm cottage (the most common way of producing
cotton cloth up to this time; the cottage industry (putting-out system). He calls his new machine the Water
Frame because its principle source of power was water. Let’s imagine that the first water frame was built
in your village (because of the river). Since the water frame was large, a special building was needed and
thus, the first factory for producing cotton cloth was built.

2 minutes: ​Add 1 factory (no smoke—it is powered by water). Remember, the cotton factory must be
placed on the river bank. Canal water is not swift enough to generate the power to the working parts of
the water frame. Don’t add any smoke to this factory!! Add 5 houses for workers (total 25).

It is now 1774. Workers are needed to work in this new factory. Since many people (women) cannot
compete with the spinning and weaving of cloth made in the factory and there are large numbers of poor
families who have lost their livelihood due to the Enclosure Acts, we do have an available supply of
workers.

2 minutes: ​People move to your village to find work. Add 15 houses (total 40); 1 church, 1 pub, and 1
store. You may draw additional roads and 1 additional bridge.

The profits from the first textile factory are enormous. It should be no surprise that Richard Arkwright is
referred to with two titles: The first millionaire and the father of the factory. New factories are built in your
community.

2 minutes: ​Add 5 new factories (must be on the river bank as they need water power). The early owners
of these factories called themselves ​capitalists​ because they had the capital or money to purchase the raw
material, the building, the water frame, and to pay their workers a fixed wage and make a profit. Add 5
houses (total 45)

It is 1780. Unemployed workers from surrounding areas flood into your community looking for work.
Although wages are very low, they look attractive to starving families. Housing is in great demand and for
the first time a new kind of housing is constructed called Tenements. Here dozens of families reside
under one roof.

1:30 ​Add 5 Tenements.

It is now 1781. More workers need to live, eat, shop, drink, worship. We need the social support services
to go along with the demand.
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2 minutes: ​Add 1 store, 1 pub, 1 church, and 1 school for those families wealthy enough to send their
children (boys) to school. Since workers in the factories work 6 days a week, the only day of rest is
Sunday. People flock to your churches so make them convenient for their tired feet.

It is now 1782. Workers work long, hard hours in the factories. The average work day begins at 6:00 a.m.
and ends at 9:00 p.m. There is only a 30 minute break for lunch. After work, exhausted, “stressed out”
workers stop at their local pub for some relaxation.

2 minutes: ​Alcohol begins to be consumed throughout England in record amounts. Add 5 more pubs.
Destroy 5 houses (total 40), add 4 tenements.

It is now 1783. Workers barely eke out a marginal existence. There is never enough money to save and
some workers go into debt. Few, if any, could afford to send their children to school. Still, there are a few
families whose lifestyle is quite comfortable, even luxurious. Who are they? They are the large
landowning farmers and in particular the growing middle class of factory owners.

2 minutes: ​Handsome manor houses are built and some are lavishly furnished with art. These new rich
(nouveau riche) are not part of the aristocratic class of England but they now can enjoy some of the
refinements of the aristocratic rich such as food, servants, furniture, education, fine clothing, carriages,
etc…. Add 2 special homes. Add 1 factory, add 15 houses for management personages (total 55) (Note:
from this point on trees may be removed if you need space).

The year is 1785. A man named James Watt invents a new machine called the steam engine. The steam
engine replaces the water frame. First, it is far more efficient. Second, it allows factories to be built away
from the river. This source of power is more mobile. Capitalists quickly replace their water frames with
steam powered weaving and spinning machines. The main business in England is still textile
manufacturing.

2 minutes: ​Add 10 factories with smoke. Add smoke to all other pre-existing factories. Also, add one
nicer house since people continue to get rich. Add 5 houses (total 60) and 1 tenement.

The year is 1800. A man named Henry Cort has just invented the puddling process. This process makes
it possible for coal, which is, fortunately, in abundant supply in England, to be used as the primary fuel in
the new iron industry. Consequently, your town is thrust into the “New Age of Heavy Industry”. Larger
factory districts appear which manufacture iron at low prices and that can easily be transported by your
canal.

1:30 ​Add 1 new coal mine and a new iron bridge to replace the old wooden one. Add 5 houses (total 65).

The year is 1815. Coal miners are busy mining coal. There is a great demand for coal right now:
home-heating, fuel for the steam engines, for the production of iron. Add another coal mine. Although in
the 1700’s coal miners were adults who worked in the winter to supplement their wages, in the 1800’s they
are typically children between the ages of 8 and 14. The work is dangerous and unhealthy. Children
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become victims of black lung, explosions, and accidents. Their growth is stunted as they spend their 14
hour day stooped over. They are malnourished and unable to exercise or eat properly.

1:30 ​Casualty rates go up. Draw 1 cemetery.

It is 1820. The existing canals and dirt roads cannot accommodate the heavy industrial traffic. New
experiments with transportation using the power of a steam engine are tried. The most successful
appears to be a steam engine that pulls a series of wagons or cars on an iron track. The first railroad is
tested and proves to be quite effective.

1:30 ​Add 1 major railroad line connecting all your factories to your coal mines. This is one continuous
track which must connect all factories and mines (you may build additional railroad bridges only as
needed). Add 5 houses (total 70) for railroad builders.

It is 1827. This new “revolution” in transportation draws thousands of people to your community. Soon
there becomes a surplus of workers. Capitalists who wish to ensure their profits decide to hire women and
children over men because can perform the same factory labor at one-half to one-quarter the price. More
and more children leave their homes to work. Depressed, ashamed, and angry about their wives, and
children toiling in factories, many men turn to crime, and the social life of the pub. For the first time in
England’s history, alcoholism appears in epidemic proportions. Family life that existed for hundreds of
years in England is disrupted. Family members seldom eat together or see each other.

1 minute: ​Add 1 jail and 2 pubs and 2 tenements.

It is 1838. Let’s look at the working conditions in the factories. The two predominant factories are textile
and iron (steel). Working conditions in either of these two were appalling. Many workers contacted the
deadly factory fever or white lung disease. It was probably a variety of lung ailments: cancer,
tuberculosis, emphysema, etc… Other workers were injured on the job in factory accidents. There were
no protective railings around the huge moving mechanical parts of machinery. Children, weakened from
lack of proper sleep or diet, stumbled into machinery and were mutilated. Women with long hair that
became undone often found themselves caught in moving machinery. Regardless, if you were unable to
work, you were fired. There was no health insurance. There was always a daily line of unemployed
workers waiting to fill vacant jobs.

1 minute: ​Add 2 hospitals and 1 more cemetery.

It is 1840. There is a need for quicker transportation. Coal, iron, finished products, and raw materials
must all be transported from one area of England to another. In Ireland in the late 1830’s a devastating
potato famine drove hundreds of thousands of Irish to England. Here was the cheapest of labor possible
to build more railroads.

1 minute: ​Add 1 more railroad line passing east to west through your town. Add 5 houses (total 75) and
1 tenement for the new railroad workers.
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It is 1842. There are some advantages to urban dwellers. City life is very different from the country life.
For the small but growing middle classes, a whole new cultural life is available. Museums, theater, opera,
restaurants, plays, & concerts are made available. Whereas before only the aristocrats could afford the
arts, but now the ​middle class​ — those factory owners and bosses — enjoys the fine life of culture and
good living.

1 minute: ​Add 1 theater and 1 museum. Add 2 private schools for upper class students (mark these
schools with the letter “P”. Add 1 nice house.

It is 1845. There are no pollution controls so the air in your community looks dark. Windows, walls even
trees are covered with layers of soot and coke. The river that once flowed through your quiet village for
hundreds of years is now unfit for drinking, bathing, or laundry. A new disease begins to take the lives of
people. Malignant tumors grow in peoples’ bodies and the term cancer is first used in the medical
profession. The average life expectancy for the poor classes is now 30 years of age. Your city is
overcrowded and shrouded in factory smoke. The noises, the loss of privacy, and the loss of the family
unit shatters the peace of the old ways. Suicide rates double, and then triple.

45 seconds: ​Add 1 cemetery, 1 jail, 1 hospital to accommodate the victims of urban life.

It is 1850. By this year several million acres of good English land has been enclosed and sold to private
parties who own large estates. Despite the misery this creates for England’s landless poor, the economy
benefits for the upper and middle classes are obvious. These farmers purchase the newest power-driven
machinery and can easily feed the working class of England (including the Irish). The small landowning
farmer is crushed by the enclosed commons. They cannot afford the machinery and therefore cannot
compete and grow food profitably. Thousands of these folk leave their villages (where their ancestors had
lived for hundreds of years) and move to towns and cities looking for work to feed their families. Some
refused to leave but took jobs working for the large landowning farmers. By the thousands, they moved to
the bleak, uninviting towns of the north and the new cotton mills.

30 seconds: ​Add 20 houses (total 95), 5 tenements, 2 stores, 1 church, 5 factories, and 1 pub, and 2
more nice houses and one special house.

[RH1]​timings are all a bit long.

1.22.20

Adam Smith, ​The Wealth of Nations​ (CAPITALISM)

In a pin factory…one man draws out the wire, another straights it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at
the top for receiving, the head. Each person, therefore, making a tenth part of forty-eight thousand pins, might be
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14
considered as making four thousand eight hundred pins in a day. But if they had all wrought separately and
independently, and without any of them having been educated to this peculiar business, they certainly could not each
of them have made twenty, perhaps not one pin in a day…

This great increase of the quantity of work which, in consequence of the division of labor, the same number of
people are capable of performing, is owing…the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and
abridge labor, and enable one man to do the work of many....[This creates] universal opulence (wealth) which
extends itself to the lowest ranks of the people.

Man has almost constant need for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their
benevolence only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-interest in his favor, and show them
that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them. Whoever offers to another a bargain of any
kind, proposes to do this. Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want…It is not from the
benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own
self-interest.

EVERY man is rich or poor according to the degree in which he can afford to enjoy the necessaries, conveniences,
and amusements of human life. But after the division of labor has once thoroughly taken place, it is but a very small
part of these with which a man’s own labor can supply him. The far greater part of them he must derive from the
labor of other people, and he must be rich or poor according to the quantity of that labor which he can command, or
which he can afford to purchase…

Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ​The Communist Manifesto​ (SOCIALISM)

Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and
oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a
fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the
contending classes….

The proletariat is a class of laborers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as
their labor increases capital. These laborers, who must sell themselves piecemeal, are a commodity, like every other
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article of commerce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition, to all the fluctuations of the
market.

Owing to the extensive use of machinery, and to the division of labor, the work of the proletarians has lost all
individual character, and, consequently, all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it
is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of him. Hence, the cost of
production of a workman is restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for maintenance,
and for the propagation of his race….

With the development of industry, the proletariat not only increases in number; it becomes concentrated in greater
masses, its strength grows, and it feels that strength more….. The increasing improvement of machinery, ever more
rapidly developing, makes their livelihood more and more precarious; the collisions between individual workmen
and individual bourgeois take more and more the character of collisions between two classes. The proletariat will use
its political supremacy to wrest, by degree, all capital from the bourgeoisie, to centralise all instruments of
production in the hands of the State, i.e., of the proletariat organised as the ruling class; and to increase the total
productive forces as rapidly as possible.

1.23

Proclamation of the Young Turks February 26, 2016

Beginning in the 1890s the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress, better known as the Young Turk

Party, started agitating for the resignation of the Ottoman sultan Abdül Hamid and the restoration of

the constitution of 1876. After years of underground activity, the Young Turks forced the sultan to

reestablish a parliamentary government and reinstate the constitution in 1908. Shortly thereafter the

Young Turks outlined their plans for a new Turkish state.

1. The basis for the Constitution will be respect
for the predominance of the national will. One of
the consequences of this principle will be to
require without delay the responsibility of the
minister before the Chamber, and, consequently,
to consider the minister as having resigned, when
he does not have a majority of the votes of the
Chamber.
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2. Provided that the number of senators does not
exceed one third the number of deputies, the
Senate will be named (which is not provided for
in article 62 of the Constitution) as follows: one
third by the Sultan and two thirds by the nation,
and the term of senators will be of limited
duration.
3. It will be demanded that all Ottoman subjects
having completed their twentieth year, regardless
of whether they possess property or fortune, shall
have the right to vote. Those who have lost their
civil rights will naturally be deprived of this right.
4. It will be demanded that the right freely to constitute
political groups be inserted in a precise
fashion in the constitutional charter, in order that
article 1 of the Constitution of 1293 (1876) be
respected …
7. The Turkish tongue will remain the official
state language. Official correspondence and
discussion will take place in Turk …
9. Every citizen will enjoy complete liberty and
equality, regardless of nationality or religion, and
be submitted to the same obligations. All Ottomans,
being equal before the law as regards rights
and duties relative to the State, are eligible for
government posts, according to their individual
capacity and their education. Non-Muslims will be
equally liable to the military law.
10. The free exercise of the religious privileges
which have been accorded to different nationalities
will remain intact …
14. Provided that the property rights of landholders
are not infringed upon (for such rights must be
respected and must remain intact, according to the
law), it will be proposed that peasants be permitted
to acquire land, and they will be accorded
means to borrow money at a moderate rate.
16. Education will be free. Every Ottoman citizen,
within the limits of the prescriptions of the
Constitution, may operate a private school in
accordance with the special laws.
17. All schools will operate under the surveillance
of the state. In order to obtain for Ottoman citizens
an education of a homogeneous and uniform
character, the official schools will be open, their
instruction will be free, and all nationalities will
be admitted. Instruction in Turk will be obligatory
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in public schools. In official schools, public
instruction will be free. Secondary and higher
education will be given in the public and official
schools indicated above; it will use the Turkish
tongue as a basis … Schools of commerce, agriculture
and industry will be opened with the goal
of developing the resources of the country.
For Further Reflection
How do the plans of the Young Turks privilege their own age cohort within the Ottoman empire,
particularly in regard to voting rights and education?