derivation of formula

Unit Weights and Densities of Soil

Symbols and Notations
γ, γm = Unit weight, bulk unit weight, moist unit weight
γd = Dry unit weight
γsat = Saturated unit weight
γb, γ' = Buoyant unit weight or effective unit weight
γs = Unit weight of solids
γw = Unit weight of water (equal to 9810 N/m3)
W = Total weight of soil
Ws = Weight of solid particles
Ww = Weight of water
V = Volume of soil
Vs = Volume of solid particles
Vv = Volume of voids
Vw = Volume of water
S = Degree of saturation
w = Water content or moisture content
G = Specific gravity of solid particles

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Length of Arc in Polar Plane | Applications of Integration
The length of arc on polar plane is given by the formula:

s=∫θ2θ1r2+(drdθ)2−−−−−−−−−−√ dθs=∫θ1θ2r2+(drdθ)2 dθ

The formula above is derived in two ways. See it here:

http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/length-arc-polar-pla...

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Length of Arc in XY-Plane | Applications of Integration
The length of arc in rectangular coordinates is given by the following formulas:

s=∫x2x11+(dydx)2−−−−−−−−−√dxs=∫x1x21+(dydx)2dx and s=∫y2y11+(dxdy)2−−−−−−−−

−√dys=∫y1y21+(dxdy)2dy

See the derivations here: http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-

calculus/length-arc-xy-plane-...

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The Three-Moment Equation
The three-moment equation gives us the relation between the moments between any
three points in a beam and their relative vertical distances or deviations. This
method is widely used in finding the reactions in a continuous beam.
Consider three points on the beam loaded as shown.

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Quadrilateral Circumscribing a Circle
Quadrilateral circumscribing a circle (also called tangential quadrilateral) is a
quadrangle whose sides are tangent to a circle inside it.

Area,

A=rsA=rs
Where r = radius of inscribed circle and s = semi-perimeter = (a + b + c + d)/2

Derivation for area

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Derivation of Heron's / Hero's Formula for Area of Triangle
For a triangle of given three sides, say a, b, and c, the formula for the area is
given by

A=s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√A=s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)

where s is the semi perimeter equal to P/2 = (a + b + c)/2.

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Derivation / Proof of Ptolemy's Theorem for Cyclic Quadrilateral
Ptolemy's theorem for cyclic quadrilateral states that the product of the diagonals
is equal to the sum of the products of opposite sides. From the figure below,
Ptolemy's theorem can be written as

d1d2=ac+bdd1d2=ac+bd

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Derivation of Formula for Area of Cyclic Quadrilateral
For a cyclic quadrilateral with given sides a, b, c, and d, the formula for the
area is given by

A=(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)(s−d)−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√A=(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)(s−d)

Where s = (a + b + c + d)/2 known as the semi-perimeter.

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Derivation of Formula for Lateral Area of Frustum of a Right Circular Cone
The lateral area of frustum of a right circular cone is given by the formula

A=π(R+r)LA=π(R+r)L

where
R = radius of the lower base
r = radius of the upper base
L = length of lateral side

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Derivation of Formula for Radius of Circumcircle
The formula for the radius of the circle circumscribed about a triangle
(circumcircle) is given by

R=abc4AtR=abc4At
where At is the area of the inscribed triangle.