DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT

1 In side diamentions 4.69 m x 4.22 m

2 Super imposed load 10000 N/m 3

3 Live load 45000 N/m2

4 Wieght of soil 18000 N/m2
5 Angle of repose 28 Degree
6 Nominal cover top / bottom 50 mm Nominal cover side 50 mm
6 Cocrete M- 20 wt. of concrete 2500 kg/m3
scbc 7 N/m2 m 13
7 Steel 415 Water side sst 150 N/m2 sst 190 N/m2
8 Thickess of side wall 400 mm thickness of side wall is OK
Thickness of top slab 390 mm O.K.
Thickness of bottom slab 390 mm
9 Reinforcement
Top slab Main 25 mm F @ 178 mm c/c
Distribution 13 mm F @ 229 mm c/c
At supports 19 mm F @ 229 mm c/c
Bottom slab Main 25 mm F @ 178 mm c/c
Distribution 13 mm F @ 229 mm c/c
At supports 19 mm F @ 229 mm c/c Through out slab at bottom

Side vertical wall Vertical 25 mm F @ 229 mm c/c Both side

O.K.
Distribution 19 mm F @ 229 mm c/c
25 mm F @ 178 mm c/c
13 mm F @ 229 mm C/C
19 mm F @ 229 mm C/c

390

940 25 mm F @
25 mm F @ 178 mm C/C
229 mm C/C

4.22

19 mm F @
229 mm C/C

25 mm F @
178 mm c/c

390

25 mm F @ 13 mm F @ 19 mm F @
178 mm c/c 229 mm C/C 229 mm C/c
400 4.69 400
 DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT
1 In side diamentions 4.688 x 4.218 m
2 Super imposed load 10000 N/m3
3 Live load 45000 N/m2
4 Wieght of soil 18000 N/m2 wt. of water 9800 N/m3
5 Angle of repose 28 Degree
6 Nominal cover top/bottom 50 mm Nominal cover Side 50 mm
6 Cocrete M- 20 wt. of concrete 2500 N/m3
scbc 7 N/m2 m 13
7 Steel Fy 415 Out side sst 190 N/m2
water side side sst 150 N/m2
1 Solution Genral
For the purpose of design , one metre length of the box is considered.
The analysis is done for the following cases.
(I) Live load, dead load and earth prssure acting , with no water pressure from inside.
(II) Live and dead load on top and earth pressure acting from out side, and water pressure acting from inside,
with no live load on sides
(III) Dead load and earth pressure acting from out side and water pressure from in side.

Let the thicness of Horizontal slab 400 mm = 0.4 m

Vertical wall thicness 390 mm = 0.39 m
Effective slab span 4.688 + 0.4 = 5.088 m
Effective Height of wall 4.218 + 0.39 = 4.608 m

2 Case 1 : Dead and live load from out side of while no water pressure from inside.
Self weight of top slab = 0.4 x 1 x 1 x 2500 = 1000 N/m2
Live load and dead load = 45000 + ### = 55000 N/m2
Total load on top = 56000 N/m2
Weight of side wall = 4.608 x 0.39 x 2500 = 4493.22 N/m
\ Upward soil reaction at base = ( 56000 x 5.088 )+( 2 x 4493 )=
57766.3 N/m2
5.08782385
1 - sin 28 1 - 0.422 0.578 1.156
Ka = = = = = 0.41
1 + sin 28 1 + 0.422 1.422 2.844
\ Latral pressure due to dead load and live load = Pv x Ka
p = ### x 0.406 = 22355.8 N/m2
Latral pressure due to soil Ka x w x h = 0.406 x ### h = 7316.46 h
Hence total pressure = ### + 7316 h
Latral presure intencity at top = 22355.84 N/m2
Latral pressure intencity at bottom = ### + 7316 x 4.608 = 56073.2 N/m2
w = 56000 N/m2

Fig 1 show the box culvert 22356 22355.84

frame ABCD, along with the external A E B
loads, Due to symmetry, half of
frame (i.e. AEFD) of box culvert is
considered for moment distribution. h 5.09
Since all the members have uniform 22355.8368 4.61
thickness, and uniform diamentions, 7316.46 h
the relative stiffness K for AD will be
equal to 1 while the relative stiffness D F C
for AE and DF will be 1/2. 56073 22355.84 33717.39
w = 57766 N/m 2

Fig 1
 1 1/2
Distribution factore for AD and DA= = 2/3 Distribution factore for AB and DC= = 1/3
1+1/2 1+1/2
wL2 ### x 4.608 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= = -99109 N - m
12 12
wL2 ### x 4.608 2=
Mfdc= + = 102235 N - m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + +
12 15

MFAD = +
22356 x 4.608 2+ ### x 4.608 4.608
x = 63435 N-m
12 2 15
pL2 WL
MFDA = - -
12 15

MFDA = -
22356 x 4.608 2-- ### x 4.608 4.608
x = -39565 -35804 = -75369
12 2 10
The Moment distribution is carried out as illustrate in table
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 82376 56000 82376
102234.9 -75369 63435 -99109 84416

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

Joint D A 129036.092220285 129036.0922
Member DC DA AD AB 84416
82376
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 22356 98826
Fix end moment 102234.9 -75369 63435 -99109 A A
Balance -8955 -17910 23783 11891 82376 2.304216
Carry over 11891 -8955
###
balance -3964 -7928 5970 2985 4.6084 m
Carry over 2985 -3964
balance -995 -1990 2643 1321 87704 2.304216
Carry over 1321 -995 33717 D D
balance -440 -881 663 332 56073 115101 99213
87704
Carry over 332 -440
balance -111 -221 294 147 146952 146952
Carry over 147 -111 115101
balance -49 -98 74 37
Carry over 37 -49 57766
balance -12 -25 33 16 Fig 2
Carry over 16 -12
balance -5 -11 8 4
Final moment 87704 -87704 82376 -82376

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 56000 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 56000 x 4.608 = 129036 N/m2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ ### N/m2
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 57766.26 x 5.09 = 146952 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.2
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 5.09 ) + 82376 - ### + ### x 5.09 x 5.09 x 1/2
+ 1/2 x 33717 x 5.09 x 5.09 x 1/3
-ha x 5.09 + -5328 + 289351 + 145468
From which, ha = 84416
 Hence , hd =( 22356 + ### )x 5.09 - ### = 115101 N
2
56000 x 5.09 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 181202 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 181202 - 82376 = 98826 N-m
57766.2644 x 5.09 = 2
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 186917 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 186916.84 - 87704 = 99213 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
22355.8368 x 5.09 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x ### x 5.09 2= 126888
8
87704 + 82376
Net B.M. = = 85040 - 126888 = -41848 N-m
2
3 Case 2 : Dead load and live load from out side and water pressure from inside.
In this case , water pressure having an intensity of zero at A and 9800 x 4.61 = 45163 N/m2
At D, is acting, in addition to the pressure
considered in case 1. The various pressures
w = 56000 N/m2
are marked in fig 3 .The vertical walls will thus
be subjected to a net latral pressure of 22355.837 22355.84 22355.83685

Itensity = 22356 N/m At the Top

2
A E B 11445.24

And = 56073 - 45163

= 10911 N/m at the bottom
2 5.09
4.61

D F C
56073.224 56073.22 10911
w = 57766 N/m 2

Fig 3
wL2 = ### x 5.09 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= -120801 N - m
12 12
wL2 ### x 5.088 2=
Mfdc= = 124611 N - m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + +
12 10

MFAD = +
10911 x 5.088 2+ ### x 5.088 5.088
x = 38350 N-m
12 2 10
pL2 WL
MFDA = - -
12 15

MFDA = -
10911 x 5.088 2- ### x 5.088 5.088
x = -33412 N -m
12 2 15
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 78489 56000 78489
124611.2 -33412 38350 -120801 42370

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

Joint D A 129036.092220285 129036.0922
Member DC DA AD AB
78489
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 22356 42370 70175
Fix end moment 124611.2 -33412 38350 -120801 A A
Balance -30400 -60800 54967 27484 78489 2.304216
Carry over 27484 -30400
35144
 35144
balance -9161 -18322 20267 10133 4.6084
Carry over 10133 -9161
balance -3378 -6756 6107 3054 80112 2.304216
Carry over 3054 -3378 10911 D D
balance -1018 -2036 2252 1126 34284 73240
80112
Carry over 1126 -1018
balance -375 -751 679 339 133106 133106
Carry over 339 -375 34284
balance -113 -226 250 125
Carry over 125 -113 57766
balance -42 -83 75 38 Fig 4
Carry over 38 -42
balance -13 -25 28 14
Final moment 80112 -80112 78489 -78489

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 56000 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 56000 x 4.608 = 129036 N/m2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ ### N/m2
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 57766 x 4.61 = 133106 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.3
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 4.61 ) + 78489 - 80112 + ### x 4.61 x 4.61 x 1/2
+ 1/2 x 11445 x 4.61 x 4.61 x 2/3
-ha x 4.61 + -1623 + 115858 + 81023.3
From which, ha = 42370
Hence , hd =( 10911 + ### )x 4.61 - ### = 34284 N
2
56000 x 4.61 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 148664 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 148664 - 78489 = 70175 N-m
57766 x 4.61 = 2
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 153352 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 153352.422 - 80112 = 73240 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
10910.5921 x 4.61 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x ### x 4.61 2= 44156
8
80112 + 78489
Net B.M. = = 79301 - ### = 35144 N-m
2

4 Case 3 : Dead load and live load on top water pressure from inside no live load on side.
in this case, it is assume that there is no latral oressure due to live load . As before .
The top slab is subjected to a load of '= 56000 N/m2
and the bottom slab is subjected to a load w = 56000 N/m2
Itensity = 57766 N/m2 3333 1/3 3333.333
Lateral pressure due to dead load = A E B 3333.333

1/3 x 10000 = 3333 1/3 N/m2

Lateral pressure due to soil = 5.09
1/3 x 18000 = 6000 N/m 2
4.61

Hence earth pressure at depth h is =

3333 1/3 + 6000 h D F C
30983.925 30983.92 11445.24471
Earth pressure intensity at top = 3333 N/m2 45163 w= 57766 N/m245163
Fig 5
Earth pressure intensity at Bottom= 3333 + 6000 x 4.61 = 30983.9 N/m2
In addition to these, the vertical wall lslab subjectednto water pressure of intensity ZERO at top and 45162.632
N/m2 at Bottom, acting from inside . The lateral pressure on vertical walls Is shown in fig 5 and 6

wL2 ### x 5.09 2=

Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= = -120801 N - m
12 12
wL2 ### x 5.088 2=
Mfdc= = 124611 N - m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + -
12 15

MFAD = +
3333 x 5.088 2- ### x 5.088 5.088
x = -2686 N-m
12 2 15
pL2 WL 7191 - 9876
MFDA = - +
12 10

MFDA = -
3333 x 5.088 2- ### x 5.088 5.088
x = 7623 N -m
12 2 10
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 57974 56000 57974
124611.2 7623 -2686 -120801 =
The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1
Joint D A 129036.092220285 129036.09
Member DC DA AD AB
57974
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 3333 123228
Fix end moment 124611.2 7623 -2686 -120801 A A
Balance -44078 -88156 82325 41162 57974 2.304216
Carry over 41162 -44078
66517
balance -13721 -27442 29385 14693 4.6084
Carry over 14693 -13721
balance -4898 -9795 9147 4574 59598 2.304216
Carry over 4574 -4898 0 D D
balance -1525 -3049 3265 1633 11445 127319
59598
Carry over 1633 -1525
balance -544 -1088 1016 508 133106 133106
Carry over 508 -544 1463
balance -169 -339 363 181
Carry over 181 -169 57766
balance -60 -121 113 56 Fig 4
Carry over 56 -60
balance -19 -38 40 20
Final moment 59598 -59598 57974 -57974

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 56000 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 56000 x 4.608 = 129036 N
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ ### N/m2
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 57766 x 4.61 = 133106 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.6
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( ha x 4.61 ) + 57974 - ### + 3333 x 4.61 x 4.61 x 1/2
 - 1/2 x 11445 x 4.61 x 4.61 x 1/3
-ha x 4.61 + -1624 + 35396.07 - 40512
From which, ha = 1463
Hence , hd =( 11445 x 4.61 )- 3333 x 4.61 - 1463 = 9547.9
2
56000 x 5.09 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 181202 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 181202 - 57974 = 123228 N-m
57766 x 5.09 2=
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 186917 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 186916.84 - 59598 = 127319 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
3333.33333 x 5.09 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x 11445 x 5.09 = 7731.1
2
8
59598 + 57974
Net B.M. = = 58786 + 7731 = 66517 N-m
2

5 Design of top slab :

Mid section
The top slab is subjected to following values of B.M. and direct force
Case B.M. at Center (E) B.M. at ends (A) Direct force (ha)
(i) 98826 82376 84416
(II) 70175 78489 42370
(II) 123228 57974 1463

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 123228 N -m

for water side force
sst = = 150 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 2500 N/m3
scbc = = 7 N/mm 2
wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
m = 13 for water side force
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.378 K = 0.378
m*c+sst 13 x 7 + 150
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.378 / 3 = 0.874 J = 0.874
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155 R = 1.155
Provide over all thickness = 390 mm so effective thicknesss = 340 mm
Mr = R . B .D2 = 1.155 x 1000 x 340 2
= 133545424 > 123228000 O.K.
123228000 = 2764 mm2
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD=
150 x 0.874 x 340
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 25 x 25
using ### mm F bars A = = = 491
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars =Ax1000/Ast 491 x 1000 / 2764 = 177 say = 170 mm
Hence Provided 25 mm F Bars @ 178 mm c/c
Acual Ast provided 1000 x 491 / 178 = 2756 mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5 = 5.09 / 5 = 1.10 m
0.1 x( 390 - 100 %
Area of distributionn steel = 0.3 - = 0.22
450 - 100
Ast = 0.22 x 390 x 10 = 847 mm2 area on each face= ###
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 13 x 13
using ### mm F bars A = = = 133
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 133 x 1000 / 424 = 313 say = 310 mm
Hence Provided 13 mm F Bars @ 229 mm c/c on each face
 Section at supports :-
Maximum B.M.= 82376 N-m. There is direct compression of 84416 N also.
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
Since steel is at top sst = 190 N/mm2 concrete M 20
k = 0.3238 J = 0.892 R = 1.011
82376000
\ Ast = = 1430 mm2
190 x 0.892 x 340

Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section = 2756 / 2 = 1378 mm2
1430 > 1378
Fail , hence shear reinforcement will provided.

6 Design of bottom slab:

The bottom slab has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case B.M. at Center (F) B.M. at ends (D) Direct force (ha)
(i) 99213 87704 115101
(II) 73240 80112 34284
(II) 127319 59598 9548

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 127319 N -m

for water side force
sst = = 150 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 2500 N/m3
scbc = = 7 N/mm2 wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
m = 13 for water side force
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.378 K = 0.378
m*c+sst 13 x 7 + 150
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.378 / 3 = 0.874 J = 0.874
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155 R = 1.155
127318840
\ d = = 332 mm D = 382 mm
1000 x 1.155
Provide thickness of bottom slab D= 390 mm so that d = 340 mm
127318840 = 2856 mm2
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD=
150 x 0.874 x 340
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 25 x 25
using ### mm bars A = = = 491
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars =Ax1000/Ast 491 x 1000 / 2856 = 172 say = 170 mm
Hence Provided 25 mm F Bars @ 178 mm c/c
Acual Ast provided 1000 x 491 / 178 = 2756 mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5 = 5.09 / 5 = 1.10 m
0.1 x( 390 - 100
Area of distributionn steel = 0.3 - = 0.22 %
450 - 100
Ast = 0.22 x 390 x 10 = 847 mm2 area on each face= 424
3.14xdia 2
3.14 x 13 x 13
using ### mm bars A = = = 133
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 133 x 1000 / 424 = 313 say = 310 mm
Hence Provided 13 mm F Bars @ 229 mm c/c on each face
Section at supports :-
Maximum B.M.= 87704 N-m. There is direct compression of 115101 N also.
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
Since steel is at top sst = 190 N/mm2 concrete M 20
k = 0.3238 J = 0.892 R = 1.011
87704000
\ Ast = = 1522 mm2
 \ Ast = = 1522 mm2
190 x 0.892 x 340
Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section = 2756 / 2 = 1378 mm2

1522 > 1378 Fail , hence additional reinforcement will provided.

Additional reinforcemet required = 144 mm2

3.14xdia2 3.14 x 13 x 13
using ### mm bars A = = = 133
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 133 x 1000 / 144 = 922 say = 900 mm
Hence Provided 13 mm F Bars @ 229 mm c/c throught out the slab, at its bottom.

7 Design of side wall:

The side wall has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case B.M. at Center (F) B.M. at ends (D) Direct force (ha)
(i) -41848 87704 146952
(II) 35144 80112 133106
(II) 66517 59598 133106

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 87704 N -m, and direct force = 146952
87704 x 1000
Eccentricity = = 597 mm
146952
proposed thickness of side wall '= 400 mm \ e/D 597 / 400 = 1.49 < 1.5
thickness of side wall is OK
Let us reinforce the section with 25 mm F bars @ 229 mm c/c provided on both faces, as shown
in fig xxx . With cover of 50 mm and D = 400 mm
1000 3.14 x 25 x 25
Asc = Ast = x = 2142 mm2
229 4
The depth of N.A. is computed from following expression:
b n D - dt - n + (m - 1)Asc 1 (n - dc)(D - dt- dc)
3 3 n D
= e+ - dt
b n + (m -1) Asc n - dc D - dt - n 2
- m Ast
n n

1000 n n 2142
400 - 50 - + 12 x x n - 50 x
or 2 3 n
1000 n+ 2142 2142
12 x x n - 50 - 13 x x 400 - 50
2 n n

n -3E+06
500 n 350 - + n - 50 x
3 n
= 597 + 150
25710 ###
500 n+ x n - 50 - x 350 - n
n n

-128548035
175000 n - 167 n2 + -3E+06 -
n
= 747
1285480 9748226
500 n + 25709.607 - - + ###
n n
multiply by n
175000 n2 - 167 n3 + -3E+06 n - -128548035
= 747
500 n2 + 25709.607 n- 1285480 - 9748226 + ### n

175000 n2 - 167 n3 + -3E+06 n - -128548035

= 0
 = 0
373500 n2 + 40010576 n - 8242178630

-198500 n2 - 37439615 n - -8113630595 = 167 n3

-1191 n2 + 224638 n - 48681784 = n3

Solwing this trial and error we get, n = 128.78 mm
12 x 2142 13 x 2142
\ c' ( 500 x ### + ( ### - 50 )-
128.78 128.78
x( 400 - 50 - ### )

or 64391 + 199.6 x 78.78 - 216 x 221.22 = 32275

146952
\ c' = = 4.55 < 7 N/mm2 Stress is less than permissiable
32275
m c' 13 x 4.55
Also stress in steel t = (D-dc-n) = x ( 400 - 50 - 128.78 )
n 128.78
= 101.7 N/mm2 < 190 N/mm2 O.K.
Stress in steel is less than permissiable Hence section is O.K.
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
ting from inside,
 -75369

82376

129036.0922

98826

99213

146952
N-m

22355.83685
Net latral pressure diagram

78489

129036.0922

70175
 N-m
133106
Net latral pressure diagram

11445.24471
73240
45162.632

57974

129036.09

123228

127319

133106
 N-m

r water side force

0.378

0.874
1.155

mm2

mm2

mm2
r water side force

0.378

0.874
1.155

mm2

mm2

mm2
 mm2

OK

aces, as shown

-100

-n
han permissiable
 Box culverts

25 mm F @ 178 mm c/c
13 mm F @ 229 mm C/C
19 mm F @ 229 mm C/c

390

940 25 mm F @
25 mm F @ 178 mm C/C
229 mm C/C

4.22

19 mm F @
229 mm C/C

25 mm F @
178 mm c/c

390

25 mm F @ 13 mm F @ 19 mm F @
356 mm c/c 229 mm C/C 229 mm C/c
400 4.69 400
 Table 3.1.
Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS
100A
Grade of co M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 bd
Tensile < 0.15
stress 1.2 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4
N/mm2 0.25
0.50
Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000) 0.75
Permission stress in compression (N/mm2) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for 1.00
Grade of Bending acbc Direct (acc) plain bars in tention (N/mm2) 1.25
concrete
(N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) in kg/m2 1.50
M 10 3.0 300 2.5 250 -- -- 1.75
M 15 5.0 500 4.0 400 0.6 60 2.00
M 20 7.0 700 5.0 500 0.8 80 2.25
M 25 8.5 850 6.0 600 0.9 90 2.50
M 30 10.0 1000 8.0 800 1.0 100 2.75
M 35 11.5 1150 9.0 900 1.1 110 3.00 and above
M 40 13.0 1300 10.0 1000 1.2 120
M 45 14.5 1450 11.0 1100 1.3 130
M 50 16.0 1600 12.0 1200 1.4 140
Over all depth of slab
k
Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO
Grade of co M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Table 3.3. Maxim
Modular ra 31 19 13 11 9 8 7
(31.11) (18.67) (13.33) (10.98) (9.33) (8.11) (7.18) Grade of concrete
tc.max
Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS
Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 Table 3.4
Modular Ratio 18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.11 7.18 Grade of concrete M
scbc N/mm2 5 7 8.5 10 11.5 13 tbd (N / mm2
m scbc 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33
kc 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
(a) sst = Table
jc 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867
140
N/mm2 Rc 0.867 1.214 1.474 1.734 1.994 2.254 Grade of
(Fe 250) P (%) concrete
c 0.714 1 1.214 1.429 1.643 1.857
kc 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 M 15
(b) sst = jc 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 M 20
190 Rc 0.732 1.025 1.244 1.464 1.684 1.903 M 25
N/mm2
Pc (%) 0.433 0.606 0.736 0.866 0.997 1.127 M 30
kc 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 M 35
(c ) sst =
jc 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 M 40
230
N/mm2 Rc 0.653 0.914 1.11 1.306 1.502 1.698 M 45
(Fe 415)
(c ) sst =
230
N/mm2
(Fe 415) Pc (%) 0.314 0.44 0.534 0.628 0.722 0.816 M 50

Shear stress tc Reiforcement % Value of angle

100As 100As Degree sin cos tan
M-20 M-20
bd bd 10 0.17 0.98 0.18
0.15 0.18 0.18 0.15 11 0.19 0.98 0.19
0.16 0.18 0.19 0.18 12 0.21 0.98 0.21
0.17 0.18 0.2 0.21 13 0.23 0.97 0.23
0.18 0.19 0.21 0.24 14 0.24 0.97 0.25
0.19 0.19 0.22 0.27 15 0.26 0.97 0.27
0.2 0.19 0.23 0.3 16 0.28 0.96 0.29
0.21 0.2 0.24 0.32 17 0.29 0.96 0.31
0.22 0.2 0.25 0.35 18 0.31 0.95 0.32
0.23 0.2 0.26 0.38 19 0.33 0.95 0.34
0.24 0.21 0.27 0.41 20 0.34 0.94 0.36
0.25 0.21 0.28 0.44 21 0.36 0.93 0.38
0.26 0.21 0.29 0.47 22 0.37 0.93 0.40
0.27 0.22 0.30 0.5 23 0.39 0.92 0.42
0.28 0.22 0.31 0.55 24 0.41 0.92 0.45
0.29 0.22 0.32 0.6 25 0.42 0.91 0.47
0.3 0.23 0.33 0.65 30 0.50 0.87 0.58
0.31 0.23 0.34 0.7 35 0.57 0.82 0.70
0.32 0.24 0.35 0.75 40 0.64 0.77 0.84
0.33 0.24 0.36 0.82 45 0.71 0.71 1.00
0.34 0.24 0.37 0.88 50 0.77 0.64 1.19
0.35 0.25 0.38 0.94 55 0.82 0.57 1.43
0.36 0.25 0.39 1.00 60 0.87 0.50 1.73
0.37 0.25 0.4 1.08 65 0.91 0.42 2.14
0.38 0.26 0.41 1.16
0.39 0.26 0.42 1.25
0.4 0.26 0.43 1.33
0.41 0.27 0.44 1.41
0.42 0.27 0.45 1.50
0.43 0.27 0.46 1.63
0.44 0.28 0.46 1.64
0.45 0.28 0.47 1.75
0.46 0.28 0.48 1.88
0.47 0.29 0.49 2.00
0.48 0.29 0.50 2.13
0.49 0.29 0.51 2.25
0.5 0.30
0.51 0.30
0.52 0.30
0.53 0.30
0.54 0.30
0.55 0.31
0.56 0.31
0.57 0.31
0.58 0.31
0.59 0.31
0.6 0.32
0.61 0.32
0.62 0.32
0.63 0.32
0.64 0.32
0.65 0.33
0.66 0.33
0.67 0.33
0.68 0.33
0.69 0.33
0.7 0.34
0.71 0.34
0.72 0.34
0.73 0.34
0.74 0.34
0.75 0.35
0.76 0.35
0.77 0.35
0.78 0.35
0.79 0.35
0.8 0.35
0.81 0.35
0.82 0.36
0.83 0.36
0.84 0.36
0.85 0.36
0.86 0.36
0.87 0.36
0.88 0.37
0.89 0.37
0.9 0.37
0.91 0.37
0.92 0.37
0.93 0.37
0.94 0.38
0.95 0.38
0.96 0.38
0.97 0.38
0.98 0.38
0.99 0.38
1.00 0.39
1.01 0.39
1.02 0.39
1.03 0.39
1.04 0.39
1.05 0.39
1.06 0.39
1.07 0.39
1.08 0.4
1.09 0.4
1.10 0.4
1.11 0.4
1.12 0.4
1.13 0.4
1.14 0.4
1.15 0.4
1.16 0.41
1.17 0.41
1.18 0.41
1.19 0.41
1.20 0.41
1.21 0.41
1.22 0.41
1.23 0.41
1.24 0.41
1.25 0.42
1.26 0.42
1.27 0.42
1.28 0.42
1.29 0.42
1.30 0.42
1.31 0.42
1.32 0.42
1.33 0.43
1.34 0.43
1.35 0.43
1.36 0.43
1.37 0.43
1.38 0.43
1.39 0.43
1.40 0.43
1.41 0.44
1.42 0.44
1.43 0.44
1.44 0.44
1.45 0.44
1.46 0.44
1.47 0.44
1.48 0.44
1.49 0.44
1.50 0.45
1.51 0.45
1.52 0.45
1.53 0.45
1.54 0.45
1.55 0.45
1.56 0.45
1.57 0.45
1.58 0.45
1.59 0.45
1.60 0.45
1.61 0.45
1.62 0.45
1.63 0.46
1.64 0.46
1.65 0.46
1.66 0.46
1.67 0.46
1.68 0.46
1.69 0.46
1.70 0.46
1.71 0.46
1.72 0.46
1.73 0.46
1.74 0.46
1.75 0.47
1.76 0.47
1.77 0.47
1.78 0.47
1.79 0.47
1.80 0.47
1.81 0.47
1.82 0.47
1.83 0.47
1.84 0.47
1.85 0.47
1.86 0.47
1.87 0.47
1.88 0.48
1.89 0.48
1.90 0.48
1.91 0.48
1.92 0.48
1.93 0.48
1.94 0.48
1.95 0.48
1.96 0.48
1.97 0.48
1.98 0.48
1.99 0.48
2.00 0.49
2.01 0.49
2.02 0.49
2.03 0.49
2.04 0.49
2.05 0.49
2.06 0.49
2.07 0.49
2.08 0.49
2.09 0.49
2.10 0.49
2.11 0.49
2.12 0.49
2.13 0.50
2.14 0.50
2.15 0.50
2.16 0.50
2.17 0.50
2.18 0.50
2.19 0.50
2.20 0.50
2.21 0.50
2.22 0.50
2.23 0.50
2.24 0.50
2.25 0.51
2.26 0.51
2.27 0.51
2.28 0.51
2.29 0.51
2.30 0.51
2.31 0.51
2.32 0.51
2.33 0.51
2.34 0.51
2.35 0.51
2.36 0.51
2.37 0.51
2.38 0.51
2.39 0.51
2.40 0.51
2.41 0.51
2.42 0.51
2.43 0.51
2.44 0.51
2.45 0.51
2.46 0.51
2.47 0.51
2.48 0.51
2.49 0.51
2.50 0.51
2.51 0.51
2.52 0.51
2.53 0.51
2.54 0.51
2.55 0.51
2.56 0.51
2.57 0.51
2.58 0.51
2.59 0.51
2.60 0.51
2.61 0.51
2.62 0.51
2.63 0.51
2.64 0.51
2.65 0.51
2.66 0.51
2.67 0.51
2.68 0.51
2.69 0.51
2.70 0.51
2.71 0.51
2.72 0.51
2.73 0.51
2.74 0.51
2.75 0.51
2.76 0.51
2.77 0.51
2.78 0.51
2.79 0.51
2.80 0.51
2.81 0.51
2.82 0.51
2.83 0.51
2.84 0.51
2.85 0.51
2.86 0.51
2.87 0.51
2.88 0.51
2.89 0.51
2.90 0.51
2.91 0.51
2.92 0.51
2.93 0.51
2.94 0.51
2.95 0.51
2.96 0.51
2.97 0.51
2.98 0.51
2.99 0.51
3.00 0.51
3.01 0.51
3.02 0.51
3.03 0.51
3.04 0.51
3.05 0.51
3.06 0.51
3.07 0.51
3.08 0.51
3.09 0.51
3.10 0.51
3.11 0.51
3.12 0.51
3.13 0.51
3.14 0.51
3.15 0.51
Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table t c in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
100As Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2
bd M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
< 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 and above 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.62 0.63

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab 300 or more 275 250 225 200 175 150 or less
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
tc.max 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table t bd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-- 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Plain M.S. Bars H.Y.S.D. Bars
tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F
0.6 58 0.96 60
0.8 44 1.28 45
0.9 39 1.44 40
1 35 1.6 36
1.1 32 1.76 33
1.2 29 1.92 30
1.3 27 2.08 28
 1.4 25 2.24 26

Value of angle
tan Degree sin cos
0.18 10 0.17 0.98
0.19 11 0.19 0.98
0.21 12 0.21 0.98
0.23 13 0.23 0.97
0.25 14 0.24 0.97
0.27 15 0.26 0.97
0.29 16 0.28 0.96
0.31 17 0.29 0.96
0.32 18 0.31 0.95
0.34 19 0.33 0.95
0.36 20 0.34 0.94
0.38 21 0.36 0.93
0.40 22 0.37 0.93
0.42 23 0.39 0.92
0.45 24 0.41 0.92
0.47 25 0.42 0.91
0.58 30 0.50 0.87
0.70 35 0.57 0.82
0.84 40 0.64 0.77
1.00 45 0.71 0.71
1.19 50 0.77 0.64
1.43 55 0.82 0.57
1.73 60 0.87 0.50
2.14 65 0.91 0.42