CHAPTER IV

DRIVELINE DYNAMICS

I. ENGINE DYNAMICS
II. DRIVELINE AND EFFICIENCIES
III. GEAR BOX AND CLUTCH DYNAMICS
IV. GEAR BOX RATIO
I. ENGINE DYNAMICS

For indirect injection For direct injection

Diesel engines Diesel engines

A sample of power and torque

performances for a spark ignition engine
I. ENGINE DYNAMICS

An example of power performance in a spark ignition engine with constant

efficiency contours
II. DRIVELINE AND EFFICIENCIES
2.1 Driveline

Driveline components of a rear wheel drive vehicle

II. DRIVELINE AND EFFICIENCIES
2.1 Driveline

The input and output torque and angular velocity of each driveline component
III. GEAR BOX AND CLUTCH DYNAMICS
3.1 Velocity and Traction Force
III. GEAR BOX AND CLUTCH DYNAMICS
3.2 Velocity and Traction Force - example
III. GEAR BOX AND CLUTCH DYNAMICS
3.2 Velocity and Traction Force - example

A sample of a gear-speed plot for a gearbox

III. GEAR BOX AND CLUTCH DYNAMICS
3.2 Velocity and Traction Force - example

Wheel torque-speed at each gear ni of a gearbox

III. GEAR BOX AND CLUTCH DYNAMICS
3.3 Acceleration capacity at different speed

An example for the acceleration capacity ax as a function of forward speed vx

III. GEAR BOX AND CLUTCH DYNAMICS
3.4 Gear box stability condition

When we shift the gear to ni−1 the engine speed ωe jumps to a higher speed
ωe = ωi−1 >ωT at the same vehicle speed

The stability condition requires:

A simple rule for a stable gearbox design

III. GEAR BOX AND CLUTCH DYNAMICS
3.5 Example - Gear box stability condition
Transmission ratios and stability condition

The stability condition requires that ni−1/ni = cte

III. GEAR BOX AND CLUTCH DYNAMICS
3.5 Example - Gear box stability condition
Using n1 and n6
IV. GEAR BOX RATIO

used to calculate the gear ratios of a

gearbox as well as vehicle performance

- Engine should work at its maximum power to have the best performance.
- To control the speed of the vehicle, we need to vary the engine’s angular velocity.
- The engine’s working range: (ω1,ω2) around ωM, which is associated to the
maximum power PM.

Recommendations to design the transmission ratios of a vehicle gearbox

1.Design the differential transmission ratio nd and the final gear nn such that the
final gear nn is a direct gear, nn=1, when the vehicle is moving at the
moderate highway speed.
2.Same as item 1, however, when the vehicle is moving at the maximum
attainable speed.
3.The first gear n1 may be designed by the maximum desired torque at driving
wheels, (determined by the slope of a desired climbing road).
4.The gear stability condition is used to find the intermediate gears.
5.The value of cg for relative gear ratios, can be chosen in the range 1≤cg≤2.

To determine the middle gear ratios, there are two recommended methods:
1 - Geometric ratios
2 - Progressive ratios
IV. GEAR BOX RATIO
4.1 Geometric Ratio Gearbox Design

Geometric gearbox: the jump of engine speed in any two successive gears is
constant at a vehicle speed.

The engine’s speed jump is kept constant for any gear change from ni to ni+1
IV. GEAR BOX RATIO
4.1 Geometric Ratio Gearbox Design

A gear-speed plot
for a geometric
gearbox design
IV. GEAR BOX RATIO
4.2 Progressive Ratio Gearbox Design

Progressive gearbox: the speed span of a vehicle in any two successive gears is
kept constant.
IV. GEAR BOX RATIO
4.2 Progressive Ratio Gearbox Design

A gear-speed plot for a progressive gearbox design

IV. GEAR BOX RATIO
4.3 Example 1: A gearbox with three gears

Consider an m = 860 kg car having an engine with η = ηdηg = 0,84 and the power-
speed relationship

We define the working range for the engine, when the power is 100kW ≥ Pe ≥ 90 kW
IV. GEAR BOX RATIO
4.3 Example 1: A gearbox with three gears

The power performance curve and its working range

At the maximum speed vx=50 m/s, the engine is rotating at the upper limit of the
working range ωe = 524 rad/s and the gearbox is operating in third gear.
IV. GEAR BOX RATIO
4.3 Example 1: A gearbox with three gears
The gear-speed plot for a three-gear gearbox
IV. GEAR BOX RATIO
4.4 Example 2: Better performance with a four-gear gearbox

The gear-speed plot