Highway Safety Along Governor’s Drive, Cavite

Giamaica P. Legaspi, Joana Ericka A. Miranda, Kim Jaino S. Rivera, and Engr. Drexler B. Sibal
College of Engineering, Computer Studies, and Architecture, Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to determine the black spots, factors that contribute to road crashes, and to
propose mitigating measures or improvements along Governor’s Drive, Cavite. The methods used in this research were the
Classic Statistical Method, Benchmark Method, and RSA through Road Inventory Survey. After the assessment of Governor’s
Drive highway, nineteen out of forty-two (19 out of 42) road sections were identified as black spot using Classic Statistical
Method. Benchmarking was done to verified and support the result of the Classic Statistical Method. For the determination of
the factors that contribute to road crashes, the Road Inventory Survey was conducted along the black spot sections. Then the
researchers proposed mitigating measures based on highway safety manual and books to improve road safety along the
highway.

Keywords: Classic Statistical Method, RSA, black spot, road crash and road safety

INTRODUCTION Trias, and Trece Martires. Cavite residents are

Road crashes happened when there are
collision of vehicle and another vehicle, cyclist
and vehicle, pedestrian and vehicle or fixed
objects alongside the road and a vehicle.
Unplanned event that possibly prevented if
proper planning and efficient traffic
management was implemented to a particular
site. The Juanito Remulla Sr. Road also known
as Governor’s Drive in Cavite is a two to nine
lane, with a total length of 58.3km (36.2 mi). As
reported by the Philippine Statistic Authority as
of 2016, among 81 provinces, Cavite is the
second densely populated with 2,410 persons
per square kilometer. Therefore, there is a need
to examine traffic accidents so that safety
measure will be based on sound, sensible, and
most practical analysis. (Alvero et al, 2013)
LITERATURE REVIEW
As reported by the Journalist Anthody
Giron, Cavite is one of the provinces with the
highest number of road accidents in Region IV-A
or the Calabarzon (Cavite-Laguna-Batangas-
Rizal-Quezon) in recent years. One of the most
frequent areas of accidents reported was the
Governor’s Drive Carmona, Dasmariñas General
worried because of the alarming increase in
road accidents in their area, and called the
attention of Governor Jesus Crispin “Boying”
Remulla as well as other officials to find a
solution to reduce the incident of the road
accidents.
According to the study “Accident
Hotspot Mapping of Katipunan Avenue, Quezon
City” of Mr. Jerome Ballarta et al, Katipunan
Avenue, Quezon City is a section and one of the
major arterial roads in Metro Manila. Accident
reports data are collected through the database
of Metro Manila Accident Reporting and
Analysis System (MMARAS). They also got the
road network data from DPWH and MMDA.
According to Engineer Jonathan Araullo,
the Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH) is now halfway (58% of national roads
in the Philippines) through its process to
conduct safety audits on all roads in the
country, a move to lessen future road crashes.
The measure, according to Engr. Araullo, is a
system for the treatment of accident-prone
areas through conducting Accident Blackspot
Investigation. Its objective is to reduce the
incidence or severity of major accidents at the
worst accident locations.
Synthesis
The researchers assessed the road
safety of the highways of Governor’s Drive by
the Blackspot Identification and Road Inventory
Survey. Though the data gathered from the
police stations of the seven municipalities and
cities, the researchers have considered and
decided to use the Classic Statistical method in
finding the blackspots because this method
would best fit the gathered data. For the K-
Value, the researchers used 95% level of
confidence because statisticians say that the
common shorthand idea is that the calculations
would work 95% of the time and would be
within the given range of the parameters rather
than having almost 100% certainty. After using
the classic statistical method, benchmarking
was done to verify the results of the
computations. Road Inventory Survey using the
Road Inventory Form from the Department of
Transportation and Communication (DoTC),
now Department of Transportation (DoTR), was
used to investigate the blackspot sections and
determine what type of improvement is needed
in it. Through the related studies and literature
gathered, different mitigating measures that
suffice the problems in the blackspot sections
are suggested.
METHODOLOGY
The researchers obtained the road
crash investigation reports from Naic Municipal
Police Station, Tanza Municipal Police Station,
Trece Martires City Police Station, General Trias
City Police Station, GMA Police Station,
Dasmarinas City Traffic Investigation Unit and
Carmona Police Station. AADT was obtained
from the website of DPWH Road Traffic
Information Web Application.
The assessment of the information
gathered was done through conducting
investigation. The accident rate was identified
per unit length upon assessment of the data
that are gathered. The whole stretch of the
highway was divided into segments with a
maximum length of 1 kilometer and was
sectioned starting from every major
intersection due to the difference of AADT in
other areas. The compilation of municipality,
date committed, and time committed, location
of road crash, and type of injury was collected
for the determination of black spots. The
section that gets higher value of accident rate
than the equated mean accident rate was
considered as a black spot.
Then researchers include four
parameters that considered as a factor in
plotting the black spots along the highway:
parameters including the time and date,
location, and type of injury. Road crash reports
were taken from the seven municipal police
stations that could be found near the study
area. Those data were tabulated and then used
to plot the number of road crashes in a map.
The researchers verified the result using
the benchmark method to determine if the
black spot section obtained from the
computation of Classic Statistical Method is the
same with the result of benchmark method.
The researchers identified the areas
that are to be considered as a hazardous
location or black spot. These particular
locations need further investigations and
evaluations which must be done to further
improve the road and to determine the right
treatments and solutions to the problem
encountered. After organizing and compiling
the data the researchers proceeded to Road
Inventory Survey to determine the factors that SPOT
contribute to road crashes. BLACK
14 241.80 264.55
SPOT
Finally treatment and solution to the 15 127.26 264.55 NOT
16 0.00 264.55 NOT
problems will provide some mitigating
BLACK
measures which will be proposed by the 17 585.40 264.55
SPOT
researchers after the site evaluation. These 18 152.71 264.55 NOT
recommendations concerning road BLACK
19 445.41 264.55
improvements might prevent the occurrence of SPOT
the road crashes for the future implementation. BLACK
20 521.77 264.55
SPOT
21 114.54 264.55 NOT
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22 152.71 264.55 NOT
BLACK
23 267.25 264.55
SPOT
With the data that the researchers have
24 190.89 264.55 NOT
gathered, the researchers have identified 19
BLACK
out of 42 sections which are Black Spots shown 25 452.39 264.55
SPOT
in Table I. 26 104.05 264.55 NOT
27 39.02 264.55 NOT
Figures and Tables 28 148.64 264.55 NOT
BLACK
29 273.13 264.55
TABLE I SPOT
Black spot Location along Governor’s Drive 30 76.98 264.55 NOT
̅ +(K*S) 31 86.60 264.55 NOT
Xi > 𝑿
ROAD ̅ +(K*S) BLACK BLACK
Xi 𝑿 32 317.53 264.55
SECTION SPOT SPOT
(mvk) (mvk)
33 164.95 264.55 NOT
BLACK
1 373.90 264.55 34 163.58 264.55 NOT
SPOT
35 134.71 264.55 NOT
2 67.30 264.55 NOT
36 182.82 264.55 NOT
3 134.60 264.55 NOT
BLACK
4 67.30 264.55 NOT 37 269.42 264.55
SPOT
BLACK
5 269.21 264.55 38 222.39 264.55 NOT
SPOT
BLACK
6 134.60 264.55 NOT 39 241.73 264.55
SPOT
7 67.30 264.55 NOT
BLACK
BLACK 40 261.07 264.55
8 269.21 264.55 SPOT
SPOT
BLACK
9 67.30 264.55 NOT 41 312.04 264.55
SPOT
10 201.90 264.55 NOT
BLACK
BLACK 42 457.66 264.55
11 403.81 264.55 SPOT
SPOT
BLACK
12 336.51 264.55
SPOT
13 1211.42 264.55 BLACK
Using the Benchmark Method researchers was Auto clearly markings
able to verify that the identified black spots Repair visible to especially
Shop the view the
were right as shown in Figure 1. of the pedestria
drivers in n lanes.
their
vehicle.  Installati
(Refer to on of
Appendix street
E, Figure lights to
1) improve
roadway
 No street lighting.
lights are
present
along the
Figure 1. Benchmark Method area.
(Refer to
Appendix
E, Figure
Equations 1)
Classic Statistical Method
 No  Placemen
pedestrian t of
𝑋𝑖 > 𝑋̅ + 𝐾(𝑆) lanes accessible
present in pedestria
Where: front of n lanes
the with
𝑋𝑖 - Accident frequency or rate at location i subdivisio advanced
ns. (Refer placing of
𝑋̅- mean frequency or rate for all location under to pedestria
consideration Appendix n crossing
E, Figure signage.
𝐾- Constant corresponding to a certain level of 2)
confidence Sterling  Installatio
Residence  No street n of
𝑆- sample standard deviation for all location One – lights are street
Camp present lights to
5
Panama, along the improve
Naic area. roadway
TABLE II (Refer to lighting.
Appendix
Factors that Contribute Road Crashes and E, Figure  Placemen
Mitigating Measures for Black spot Areas 3) t of
warning
Road Factors that Proposed  Inadequat signs to
Sectio Landmark Contribute Mitigating e warning alert the
n Road Crashes Measures signs near drivers of
Jollibee  Some of  Proper the minor the
near Naic the maintena junction. incoming
1 (Refer to minor
Cross markings nce of
Road - were not road Appendix junction.
 E, Figure E, Figure
4) 8)
 No  Placemen
pedestria t of
 No  Placeme n lane in pedestria
chevron nt of front of n lane in
markers illuminat School front of
along the ed (Refer to school
curved chevron Appendix
area of markers E, Figure  Clearanc
the along 8) e of tree
section. the branches
(Refer to curved Cabuko  Chevron so that
Appendix areas of Resort, markers the
E, Figure the Trece – are not chevron
11
5) section. Camella visible to markers
Homes roadway became
 Some of  Proper Trece users due visible to
the maintena to bushy drivers
markings nce of branches
were not road of trees
clearly markings (Refer to
visible to especially Appendix
the view the E, Figure
of the pedestria 10)
drivers in n lanes.
their
vehicles.  Placeme
(Refer to nt of  Most of  Install
Appendix accessibl the flashing
E, Figure e accident warning
Cathay
6) pedestri happened lights
Poulty
an lanes in the near
Farm, Camella
 No with minor minor
Tanza – Homes
8 pedestria advance intersectio intersecti
Barangay Trece –
n lanes pedestri n due to on, so
Hall 12 Church of
present in an lack of that the
Tanauan, Latter-Day
front of crossing warning driver
Tanza Saint,
the Brgy. signage. signs. would be
Trece
Hall. (Refer to alerted
(Refer to  Installati Appendix of the
Appendix on of E, Figure danger
E, Figure street 11) ahead.
7) lights to
improve Church of  SM Trece  Placemen
 No street roadway Latter-Day placed t of new
lights are lighting Saint, plastic accessible
present Trece – barriers as pedestria
13
along the Intersecti median, n lane in
area. on of causing front of
(Refer to Trece blockage SM Trece
Appendix near 7-11 of the with
 original advance direction.  Placeme
pedestrian placemen (Refer to nt of
lane. t of the Appendix gore line
(Refer to pedestria E, Figure markings
Appendix n crossing 15) between
E, Figure signage the
12)  No gore barrier
 Proposal line of the
 PUJ going of Naic- marking bridge.
to Naic Trece between
tends to terminal the
park at of PUJ. barriers of
the Mag-
roadway Asawang
since Layon
there Bridge.
were no (Refer to
terminals Appendix
present E, Figure
for them. 16)
(Refer to
Appendix  Several  Placemen
E, Figure numbers t of
13) of pedestria
 Unavailabi  Traffic pedestria n
lity of light in n hit and crosswalk
traffic the run cases s in front
lights that intersecti happene of
cause the on of d in front Puregold
driver to Trece of with
act on Puregold advance
their own  Installatio upon pedestria
and do n of investigat n crossing
not give median Shell ion, the signage
Intersecti
way to barriers Gasoline research
on of
other from the Station, ers found  Proper
Trece
drivers intersecti 17 Hugo out that mainten
near 7-11
(Refer to on of Perez – the ance of
14 – Kum
Appendix Trece Pasong existing road
Kang
E, Figure (infront of Elo Bridge pedestria markings
Ceramic
14) 7/11) to n lane is
Philippine
Walterma slightly
s
 Other rt Trece far in
drivers do or front of
not follow installatio Puregold
road n of
median rumble  Faded
lines and strips median
tends to along the markings
counterflo centerline and
w in marking. pedestrian
opposite lanes near
 Moya. Hospital
(Refer to (Refer to
Appendix Appendix
E, Figure E, Figure
17) 19)
 Most of  Proper
 Inadequat the road mainten
e warning markings ance of
signs and road
along the pedestrian markings
section. lanes are and
already pedestri
 There are faded an lanes
no along this so that
barriers black spot this line
in the section. markings
road side (Refer to are
that will Appendix maintain
prevent E, Figure ed in an
vehicles 20) optimal
from Manggaha conditio
falling in n  No gore n.
waterway Intersecti area
s. on near between  Installatio
Mcdonald the n of gore
20
s – SMC barriers of are
 There is  Install Yamamur the markings.
no sign for advance a Fuso bridge.
pedestrian pedestria Moulds (Refer to  Installati
crossing n sign and Appendix on of
that will improve E, Figure advance
reduce marking 21) warning
pedestrian of signs
exposure pedestria  No near
to n advance minor
Interoil
vehicular crosswalk warning junctions
Gasoline
traffic. s. signs .
Station –
(Refer to near the
Manggaha
Appendix  Installatio minor
19 n
E, Figure n of junctions.
Intersecti
18) advance (Refer to
on near
warning Appendix
Mcdonald
 Inadequa signs near E, Figure
s
te minor 22)
warning junctions.
signs Langkaan  Some  Proper
near Intersecti median maintena
minor on near strips are nce of
junction 23 Green already median
going to Breeze faded and markings
Gentri Subd. – not visible so that
Medical Monterey to the line
Meat driver. marking is
Plant maintaine  Inadequat
 Some d in an e warning
parts of optimal signs of
the condition. incoming
pedestria minor
n lane in  Repaint junctions.
front of the
ICA is pedestria  No gore  Placemen
faded n lanes markings t of gore
and and between markings
might not maintain the that are
be visible it merging visible to
to the properly junction the
driver to keep it of Pala- drivers.
especially in an pala Road
in night optimal and  Install
time. condition. Governor’ rumble
(Refer to s Drive. strips
Appendix  Installatio (Refer to ahead of
E, Figure n of Appendix merging
23) street E, Figure junction
lights 26) of Pala-
 No street along the pala Road
lights section.  Most of and
from the traffic Governor’
Langkaan  Removal accidents s Drive.
intersectio of the Pala-pala occur in
n until electric Intersecti Pala-pala  Provide a
Monterey post or on – SM intersecti prohibitio
25
Meat repaint Dasmarin ons were n sign of
shop. the object as rear-end minimum
(Refer to using Terminal collision separatio
Appendix reflectoriz due to n distance
E, Figure ed paint. red light between
24) and vehicles
 Provide green to avoid
 Some advance light. the rear-
electric warning There end
posts are signs to was no collision.
in the alert prohibiti
middle of drivers of on sign  Installati
the road incoming that on of
shoulder danger. indicate rumble
with no separatio strip in
proper n shoulder
hazard distance and
markings between centerlin
(Refer to vehicles. e
Appendix
E, Figure  Vehicles
25) leaving
 their lane
and  Unsignaliz  Rumble
either ed strips
crossing intersectio (specially
roadway n coming
centerlin from
View Fort
e  No street GMA to
(Terrace
lights Carmona)
View Hill)
 Unsignaliz  Install a present
– Jollibee
ed traffic 37 along the  Install
Carmona
intersectio light section. traffic
near
n (Refer to (Refer to light
Piela Carmona
Appendix  Placeme Appendix
Bridge – Bypass Rd
Paliparan
E, Figure nt of E, Figure  Make one
27) accessibl 31) lane for
Rd
29 e trucks
Intersecti
 No pedestri only
on near
pedestria an lane.
Wilcon
Depot
n lane  No street  Install
(Refer to lights street
Appendix present lights
E, Figure Total
along the
28) Gasoline
section.
39 Station –
 No street  Install (Refer to
Puregold
lights street Appendix
Carmona
present lights E, Figure
along the 32)
section.  Implemen
(Refer to t no  No street  Install
Appendix parking lights street
E, Figure Puregold
along the present lights
29) Carmona -
road or along the
Petron
shoulder. section.
Shell 40 Gasoline
 No proper (Refer to
Gasoline Station
parking  Install a Appendix
Station near
areas for sign for E, Figure
and Rotonda
vehicles. the 33)
Bancal
32 school
Police
Station –
(School  Not  Implemen
 Unsignaliz Zone enough t a “No
CBS
ed Sign) parkings. Parking”
Warehous
intersectio (Refer to sign along
e Petron
n (Refer to Appendix the road
Appendix Gasoline
E, Figure or
E, Figure Station
34) shoulder.
41 near
30)  Unsignaliz
Rotonda -
ed  Place a
 No sign On Semi-
intersectio rumble
for school Conductor
n strips for
zone. upcoming
 No intersecti
warning on and
 sign for roundabo and Carmona, researchers determined the
upcoming ut. factors that contribute road crashes such:
junction
(Refer to
• Unavailability of street lights;
Appendix  Install a • Unclear pavement markings;
E, Figure sign for • Inadequate warning signs;
35) upcomin • Lack of pedestrian lanes; and
g
roundab
• Inadequate traffic signs.
out
 No street  Install And based on the researchers gathered
lights street information the study proposed the following
On Semi- present lights
Conductor along the
mitigating measures about modification and
– Arko section. maintenance of roadways along Governor’s
42
Grill (Refer to Drive such:
Restauran Appendix • Installation of street lights;
t E, Figure
36) • Proper maintenance of pavement
markings;
• Installation of rumble strips;
• Installation of warning signs;
CONCLUSION
• Removal of obstacles; and
Based on the result of the assessment • Speed limit reduction.
of Highway Safety along Governor’s Drive,
Cavite, the researchers identified nineteen (19)
black spot sections out of 42 sections using RECOMMENDATION
Classic Statistical Method, wherein section 13
To conduct speed surveys to reassess
(refer to Table 4.2) was considered as the
speed limits on black spot sections; Use the
highest black spot section. Followed by section
latest AADT data; Gather road crash reports and
17 and section 20 as rank number two and
surveys from other LGUs and Hospitals along
number three with maximum length of 1
the study area; Use shorter distance of section
kilometer for every section. In addition, as
more accurate number of black spot section;
shown in Figure 4.4, the greatest number of
and Implementation of the mitigating measures
road crashes happened in roadways occurred
discussed in the study with the help of local
between 11 o’clock and 12 o’clock during
government unit.
noontime and 8 o’clock at night. Moreover,
result shown in Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6, the
vehicle that is commonly involved in road
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
crashes are cars and about 70% of road crashes
that happened along Governor’s Drive has a This undergraduate thesis would not
severity of being unharmed which incur damage have been possible without the support of
to properties. Through Road Inventory Survey many people. To their research teacher and
and road crash reports from seven adviser, Engr. Drexler B. Sibal, who was
municipalities and cities including Naic, Tanza, abundantly helpful and offered invaluable
Trece Martires, General Trias, Dasmarinas, GMA assistance, support and guidance. Deepest
gratitude is also due to the members of the
panel of examiners: Engr. Siva Das P. Abaya,
Engr. Mark G. Costelo and Engr. Carmelo O.
Zapanta Jr., without their knowledge and
assistance this study would not have been
successful. Also, to their beloved family and
friends for their understanding and endless
love, throughout the duration of their studies.
Special thanks also to Engr. Jasfer Jade Binalay
and Engr. Rommel Maglaya, for guiding and
helping them in completing their research.
Above all, the researchers would like to give
their sincerest and warmest appreciation to the
Lord and Savior, ALMIGHTY GOD, who is the
source of their strength, knowledge and skills,
who always hears their prayers, guides their
path, and never leaves their side throughout
their journey in life.
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 National Highway 4 (New Katraj Tunnel to June 15, 1998 in Lemery, Batangas. She took
Chandani Chowk). IOSR Journal of Mechanical and
Civil Engineering Ver. I, 12(3), 2278–1684. her Secondary Education at Tagaytay City
https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-12316167 Science Highschool Tagaytay City, Cavite and
graduated on March 2014 with honors. She is
currently taking her undergraduate degree in
BIOGRAPHY
Bachelor of Civil Engineering at Lyceum of the
Giamaica P. Philippines University – Cavite.
Legaspi was born on
To broaden her knowledge and skills
January 14, 1998 in
about Engineering, she attended seminar such
Rosario, Cavite. She took
Image and Skills Training: Business Etiquette,
her secondary education
YOUNIQUE (Personality Development
at Indang Christian
Workshop), National Civil Engineering
Academy, Alulod, Indang
Symposium (NCES) at University of the
Cavite and graduated on March 2014 with
Philippines-Diliman, Civil Engineering General
honors. She is currently taking her
Assembly at Lyceum of the Philippines
undergraduate degree in Bachelor of Civil
University – Cavite. Ms. Miranda is currently
Engineering at Lyceum of the Philippines
member of the Philippine Institute of Civil
University – Cavite.
Engineers at Lyceum of the Philippines
University.

The seminar that she had attended are

International Engineering Research Conference
Kim Jaino S.
at Taylor’s University Malaysia, Image and Skills
Rivera was born on
Training: Business Etiquette, YOUNIQUE
March 21, 1997 in
(Personality Development Workshop), National
Arayat, Pampangga. He
Civil Engineering Symposium (NCES) at
took Secondary
University of the Philippines-Diliman and
Education at St. Jude
Architectural and Structural Drafting with
College Dasmariñas,
AutoCAD 2D Power Skills Technical Center. She
Cavite and graduated on
also passed Career Service Professional Exam
March 2014. He is currently taking his
last March 2018. She became the Director on
undergraduate degree in Bachelor of Civil
Communication of PICE-SC-LPUC during the
Engineering at Lyceum of the Philippines
academic year 2018-2019 and is also currently a
University – Cavite Campus.
member of the Philippine Institute of Civil
Engineers at Lyceum of the Philippines
University.
To apply his acquired knowledge and
skills in the actual field and further enhance his
capabilities and develop his personality, he
Joana Ericka A. practices his learned knowledge at the EEI
Miranda was born on Corporation as a future civil engineer. He also
attended seminar such Image and Skills
Training: Business Etiquette, YOUNIQUE
(Personality Development Workshop), National
Civil Engineering Symposium (NCES) at
University of the Philippines-Diliman, Civil
Engineering General Assembly at Lyceum of the
Philippines University – Cavite. And is currently
member of the Philippine Institute of Civil
Engineers at Lyceum of the Philippines
University.