Experiment 6

1 Objective
To design and implement Half and Full Adders.

2 Purpose
Having completed this experiment you will be able to:
• How to construct the basic binary adder, i.e. Half-Adder circuit by using discrete components as well
as on Multisim
• How to use to Half-Adders to construct a Full-Adder circuit by using discrete components as well as
on Multisim
• How to construct parallel binary adder in Multisim

3 Apparatus
• Logic Trainer
• Components (ICs)
– 74LS08
– 74LS86
– 74LS32
• Connecting wires
• Multisim

4 Theory
4.1 Binary Addition
To build a binary adder of any size it is sufficient to build a unit, which can add two single bits. Such a
circuit is not very complex as there are only three calculations that needs to be performed, i.e.
0+0=0
0+1=1
1 + 1 = 10
In the third case we encounter a slight complication: A single bit of output does not suffice to represent the
sum of 1 and 1, and we must ”carry” a 1 to the next place. A 1-bit adder, therefore, must accept two bits
of input (the bits to be added) and generate two bits of output. These two bits can be designated the SUM
bit and the CARRY OUT bit.

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4.1.1 Half Adder Circuit
Half Adder is a combinational logic circuit that generates the sum of two single-bit binary numbers. The
logic circuit has two inputs A and B and two outputs i.e. Sum and Carry abbreviated as SHA and CHA
respectively. The functionality of this truth table can be described by the following two Boolean equations
for Sum and Carry as shown below:

S =−−−−−−−−−−−−−

C =−−−−−−−−−−−−−
The implementation of half adder boolean functions is shown in Fig. 1. Although the Half-Adder circuit is
very basic and simple, but it is the first stage in the design of any n-bit adder circuit.

4.1.2 Full Adder Circuit

As can be seen from the operation of Half-Adder, even the addition of two single-bit numbers may generate
a carry. This implies that the circuit, which is going to perform addition on the next higher bits, must take
into account the carry from the previous stage. Thus in order to built n-bit adders, we require a modification
in the Half-Adder circuit that can accept three inputs rather than two, i.e. two bits to be added and the
carry from the previous stage. Such a circuit is called a Full-Adder. In this table, x and y represent the two
bits to be added and z is the carry from the previous stage. The Boolean expressions for the two outputs,
after algebraic simplification, are given below.

S =−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

C =−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Figure 2 shows an implementation of full adder boolean functions. Especially note that how two Half-Adders
are used to implement a Full-Adder.

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4.1.3 Procedure
• Connect the Logic Trainer to 220V AC power supply.
• Turn On the trainer and verify its DC voltage, it should be +5 volts exactly.

• Install the IC 7408 and 7486 on the trainers breadboard.

• Connect the +VCC (pin 14) and Ground (pin 7) pins of the IC to +5V and Ground supply of the
trainer board.
• Make the appropriate circuit connections as shown in Fig. 1. Use the trainers logic switches to provide
0 and 1 at the input and use the trainers LEDs to display the outputs. Note that there are more than
one gates in each IC chip, so you can use any one of these gates to make your connections for the pin
numbers corresponding to each gate in that particular chip.
• Apply inputs to the circuit and record corresponding values of outputs in Table 1.
• Now without disconnecting the previous circuit, make another half-adder circuit and connect the two
half adders to implement the functionality of a full-adder as shown in Fig. 2.
• Record your observations in Table 2.

4.2 Experimental Results

4.2.1 Truth Table for Half Adder

Table 1: Truth Table for Half Adder

Inputs Outputs
P
X Y Cout
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

4.2.2 Truth Table for Full Adder

Table 2: Truth Table for full Adder

Inputs Outputs
P
X Y Z Cout
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

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5 Exercise: 1
• Design Full Adder in Multisim and attach results.

6 Exercise: 2
• Construct the circuit for 2 bit parallel binary adder by using full adder circuit in Multisim and attach
the result.

7 Exercise:3
• Construct the circuit for 4-bit parallel binary adder by using full adder circuit in Multisim and attach
the result.

8 Exercise:4
• Construct the circuit for 4-bit look ahead carry adder as discussed in class by using full adder circuit
in Multisim and attach the result.

9 Conclusion
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