CONWORLD ( 2nd year : 1st semester )  By Manfred Steger

 Is not “one size fits all” straight jacket

The Study of Globalization : Aspects and Approaches  Enables the flourishing of ones economy
 McDonald’s Theory
Question : Why do we need to study the (contemporary) world?  Progress = War = relatively peaceful and stable country
 Malls , establishments , etc = within the premises
“ Though I’m not here , I’m really here. And I’m here in a different way
because I am now here. “ Global Imaginary

Framing Globalization  A concept referring to people’s growing consciousness of belonging to a global

community
BOOK : The Lexus and The Olive Tree (Understanding Globalization)  Destabilizes and unsettles the conventional parameters of understanding within
- Thomas L. Friedman which people imagine their communal existence
 Material and economy
 Lexus is a high end automobile Globalization : Levels of Debate
 Olive tree is about the values and challenges
What are the impacts on the human condition?
“Humanity is willing to compromise values for development.” a) Security = Terrorists
b) Equality = Milk Tea or Condo
Globalization : Key Themes and Characteristics (Manfred Steger) c) Democracy = Success or Economic growth and development

Globality What are the responses?

a) Neoliberalism (markets) open up the market to other countries
 A social condition characterized by tight economic , political , cultural and b) Rejectionism (localism or populism) government should provide
environmental interconnections and flows , making currently existing borders c) Reformism (public policies)
and boundaries irrelevant d) Transformism (social revolution)
 By Manfred Steger
Contending Perspectives of Globalization
Scarcity of Resources
1) Liberal or Hyper--global Perspective - in favor of Globalization
 Rely on other countries
 Pushes us to interconnect  “End of Geography” ; “End of Nation-State” ; borderless world of flows
 Privileges an economic and technological logic
K - 12 Program  Globalization as mutually beneficial , progressive and benign
 New , inevitable , levels off
 OFW’s that graduated college without K - 12 are inadequate  A new modernization theory? - much higher!
 Higher OFW abroad = higher lacking  The end of the “Cold War” and the “End of History” ; “There is no Alternative
(TINA)”
Globalization  Pessimistic globalist perspective - emphasizes both homogenization
(international std) and its negative consequences
 A set of social processes that appear to transform our present social condition of  Hegemon - superior country such as USA & China
weakening nationality into one of globality ; human lives played out in the world
as a single place ; redefining landscape of sociopolitical processes and social
sciences that study these mechanisms
2) Conservative or Skeptical Perspective
 Underplays globalization : internationalization (trading) or regionalization
 Dominant view in IR : Realism ; Methodological Nationalism and Territorialism
 Certain types of Marxism or Structuralism adopt a strongly - state - centric
perspective
 Rise of Anti - Global Authoritarian Populism / Nativism
3) Critical or Transformational Perspective
 Recognizes dissolution of old structures and boundaries (states , economies ,
communities)
 “The state as a space of flows” : power and politics are reconfigured ; they flow
through , across and around territorial boundaries
 Speed and magnitude of changes
 Mobility , hybridity , complexity
 Global - local nexus = “Think Globally , Act Globally”
 Emphasis on unevenness and new hierarchies : globalization of superficiality (Fr.
Adolfo Nicolas) ; globalization of indifference (Pope Francis)
Globalization versus Globalism
 Globalization represents the many processes that allow for the expansion and
intensification of Global connections
 Globalism is a widespread belief among the powerful people that the global
integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone , since it spreads
freedom and democracy across the world
Multiple Globalization versus Globalization as a single process
 Arjun Appadurai asserts that different kinds of globalization occur on multiple
and intersecting dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”
 Ethnoscape - refers to the global movement of people
 Mediascape - refers to the flow of culture
 Technoscape - refers to the circulation of mechanical goods and software
 Ideoscape - refers to the diffusion and sharing of political ideas
 Financescape - refers to the global circulation of money
Economic Globalization and The Global Economy
Is there a global economic system?
The Global Economy
 According to the IMF , “economic globalization” is the result of a historical
process representing the result of human innovation and technological progress
 Characterized by the increasing integration of economies around the world
through the movement of goods , services , and capital across borders
The International Trading System
 The Silk Road as the oldest international trade route --- a network of pathways
in the ancient world that spanned from China to what is now the Middle East
and to Europe. (130 B.C. to 1453 B.C.)
 The Silk Road though international is not truly “global” because it had no ocean
routes that could reach the American continent
When did full economic globalization begin?
 According to Dennis O , Flynn and Arturo Giraldez , the age of globalization
began when “all important populated continents began to exchange products
continuously --- both with each other directly and indirectly via other continents
 Flynn and Giraldez trace this back to 1571 with the establishment of the galleon
trade that connected Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in Mexico. This was
the first time the Americas connected to Asian trading routes
*insert the European View of the Age of Mercantilism*
The Gold Standard
 If you want to add more money , you must add more gold
 A system in which a currency is backed by gold reserves. Each unit of currency is
worth a specific weight in gold
 PROS :
Long - term price stability.
It is difficult for government to inflate prices.
Fixed international exchange rates between trading nations reduces
uncertainty.
 CONS :
A disadvantage for countries that do not produce gold.
May limit economic growth.
Economists say it can prolong economic recessions.
Limits how central banks can respond to economic crisis.
 “Money backed by Gold”
 Open Trade System in 1867 as facilitated by United Kingdom , United States and The Washington Consensus
other European countries adopted the GOLD STANDARD at an international
monetary conference in Paris  Neo - liberal policies prescribed by the US Treasury Department , the IMF - WB ,
 Established a common system as basis for currency prices and a fixed exchange WTO and the GATT came to be called as the Washington Consensus.
rate system --- all based on the value of gold (1980’s - 2000’s)
 The gold standard proved to be a very restrictive system as it compelled  Advocated minimal government spending to reduce government’s debt ;
countries to back their currencies with fixed gold reserves  Privatization of government services ;
 Gold as the International Monetary System (IMS). Monetary authorities are  Reduction of tariffs
obliged to exchange their national currencies for gold at the official exchange  Trade liberalization or opening up one’s economy as the key driver to achieve
rate economic progress
 Advocates of the Neo - liberal policies like US President Ronald Reagan and
The Bretton Woods System British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
 Both argued that economies should be run like households ( e.g. reduction of
 Create a global economic system government expenses or belt tightening )
 Establishment of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development  The Global Financial Crisis of 2007 - 2008 challenges the potency and
(IBRD or World Bank) to cater for the post war reconstruction projects effectiveness of Neo - Liberalism
 And the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the global lender of last resort
Current Status of Economic Globalization
GATT : General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
 Economic Globalization is an uneven process
 Several countries embraced deeper global economic integration through the  It cannot be denied that the Washington Consensus has nurtured a system
GATT in 1947. GATT sought to reduce tariffs and other hindrances to free trade where the world or economies have become too integrated. Some of its
prescriptions are necessary for countries to develop in the contemporary world
WTO : World Trade Organization
Countries % of Global Exports
 The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization US , Japan and European Union 65%
dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to Developing countries 29%
ensure that trade flows as smoothly , predictably and freely as possible By 2011 : more countries opened up
their economies
Emergence of Neo - Liberalism Developed countries 45%
Developing China including the 51%
 Oil Embargo and Stock Markets crashed in 1973 - 1974 Philippines , China , Argentina and Brazil
 Keynesian Economic Theory versus Neo - Liberalism
(Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman)  According to the IMF , the global per capita GDP rose over five - fold in the
 Hayek and Milton argued that the government’s practice of pouring money into second - half of the 20th century
their economies had caused inflation by increasing demand for goods without  This growth created the large Asian economies like Japan , China , Korea ,
necessarily increasingly supply Hong Kong , Singapore
 Both argued that government intervention in economies distort the proper
functioning of the market. Hence , the birth of Neo - Liberalism
The downside part : Treaty of Westphalia

 Developed countries maintained selective protectionist policies. They refuse to  Ended the Thirty Years’ War signed by the major continental powers of Europe
lift policies that safeguard their primary products that could similarly in 1648
overwhelmed by imports from the developing countries.  Designed a system that would respect the sovereignty of each state
 Example : Japan’s refusal of rice imports  It provided stability in Europe
US protectionist policy on its sugar industry
 Trade imbalances characterize economic relations between developed and The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
developing countries The rise of Napoleon challenged the Sovereignty of nation-states challenged
 The beneficiaries of global commerce have been mainly transnational Westphalian system by the concept of supra - nationalism
corporations (TNC’s) and NOT governments
 TNC’s gain more profits while host countries are made to loosen tax laws , lower How? Bonaparte believed in spreading
their labor standards and wages to attract foreign investors the principles of the French Revolution
 Governments more often bend their own environmental laws to attract --- liberty , equality , fraternity
investors to the detriment of their finite resources like oil , coal , minerals
Napoleonic Wars 1803 - 1815 challenged
Global Governance the power of kings , nobility , and religion
in Europe
Can you imagine a world without international order? French Hegemony Implemented the Napoleon Code

According to Hedley Bull : Forbade birth privileges

“Men within each state are subject to a common government , sovereign Freedom of religion
states in their mutual relations are not.”
Promoted meritocracy in government
Theorizing a World of Anarchy service

 This ‘anarchy problematique’ continues to this day to play its part in seeking to Restoration of the Westphalian System
understand the manner in which international relations functions in the absence Battle of Waterloo in 1815 Anglo and Prussian armies defeated
of a central government and the manner in which cooperation manifests itself Napoleon
within an anarchical framework Establishment of an alliance of “great
powers” known as the CONCERT of
Roots of Interstate System EUROPE (UK , Austria , Russia , Prussia)

The Thirty Years’ War Restored royal powers --- monarchial ,

hereditary and religious privileges before
 One of the longest and destructive wars in human history the ascend to power of Napoleon
 Religious war between Catholics and Protestants , the Holy Roman Empire ,
Spain , France , Sweden , and the Dutch Republic The Metternich system (Klemens Von
Metternich)main architect of the
“Concert of European powers” sought to
restore the sovereignty of states
The Birth of Internationalism
 The desire for greater unity and cooperation among nation-states
A. Liberal Internationalism
Immanuel Kant (18th Century)
 Imagined a form of global government
 “States like citizens of countries , must give up some freedom and establish a
continuously growing state consisting of nations which will ultimately include
the nations of the world.”
 Without a government , international system would be chaotic
Jeremy Bentham (18th Century)
 Advocated the creation of ‘international order’ that would govern that
inter-state relations
 Coined the term ‘international’ in 1870
 “The greatest good for the greatest number.”
Giuseppe Mazzini (19th Century)
 Major critic of the Metternich system
 Advocated the unification of Italian - speaking mini - states
 Believed in a Republican government
 System of free nations to create an international system / global cooperation
Woodrow Wilson (1913 - 1921)
 Nationalism as a pre - requisite internationalism
 Principle of self - determination - the world’s nation have a right to a free and
sovereign government (international law , collective security , league)
 Prominent advocate of the League of Nations
B. Social Internationalism
Karl Marx
 One of Mazzini’s biggest critics
 True form of internationalism should reject internationalism , which rooted
people in domestic concerns instead of global ones
 Hence , the proletariat battle cry , “Workers of the world , unite!”
 The proletariat has no nation
 Marxist anti - nationalism : affinity to the nation retards the workers’ struggle
Communist International (Comintern) : 1919 - 1943
 Product of the Bolshevik victory in Russia
 Lenin’s tool to promote revolution
 Directed all the Communist parties around the world
 Dissolved by Joseph Stalin in 1943 to appease the Axis Powers (WW II)
 The collapse of Soviet Union in 1991 paved the way for the gradual
disappearance of communist internationalism
Postwar Period
 The establishment of the United Nations (UN) as the center of global
governance
 Process of decolonization among Third World Countries
 Bandung Conference (1955). established to eradicate colonialism and
neocolonialism of US and USSR (e.g. President Sukarno of Indonesia)
 Developing world as the Global South
 G22 and the anti - globalization movement
 Regionally - driven internationalism
The United Nations and Contemporary Global Governance
 Various intersecting processes that create this order
 Example : organizations , NGO ‘ s
International Organization
 International Intergovernmental Organization or groups that are primarily made
up of member states
Power of International Organization

 Power of Classification : global standards

 Power of Fix Meanings : definition of terms
 Power of Diffuse Norms : spreading of ideas all over the world

* United Nations (UN) - most prominent International Organization (IO)

- successful for averting another war

Five Active Organizations

General Assembly (GA)

 Main deliberative policy making and representative organization

Security Council (SC)

 Most powerful
 Military intervention
 Has 15 member states
 5 permanent ones :
 China
 France
 Russia
 United Kingdom
 United States of America

Economic and Social Council (ECO SOC)

 Has 54 members
 Principal body for coordination
 Policy review policy dialogue
 Reco on social and environmental issues as well as the implementation of
internationally agreed development goals

International Court of Justice

 To settle legal disputes and give advisory opinions

The Secretariat

 International Civil Service

 United Nations employees not stake representatives