Differential Equations

MODULE - V
Calculus

28
Notes

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Having studied the concept of differentiation and integration, we are now faced with the question
where do they find an application.
In fact these are the tools which help us to determine the exact takeoff speed, angle of launch,
amount of thrust to be provided and other related technicalities in space launches.
Not only this but also in some problems in Physics and Bio-Sciences, we come across relations
which involve derivatives.
ds ds
One such relation could be = 4.9 t 2 where s is distance and t is time. Therefore,
dt dt
represents velocity (rate of change of distance) at time t.
Equations which involve derivatives as their terms are called differential equations. In this lesson,
we are going to learn how to find the solutions and applications of such equations.

OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to :
• define a differential equation, its order and degree;
• determine the order and degree of a differential equation;
• form differential equation from a given situation;
• illustrate the terms "general solution" and "particular solution" of a differential equation
through examples;
• solve differential equations of the following types :
dy dy
(i) = f ( x) (ii) = f ( x) g ( y )
dx dx
dy f ( x) dy d 2y
(iii) dx = g ( y ) (iv) + P( x ) y = Q( x ) (v) = f ( x)
dx dx 2
• find the particular solution of a given differential equation for given conditions.

MATHEMATICS 449
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
Calculus
• Integration of algebraic functions, rational functions and trigonometric functions

28.1 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

As stated in the introduction, many important problems in Physics, Biology and Social Sciences,
Notes
when formulated in mathematical terms, lead to equations that involve derivatives. Equations
dy d 2 y
which involve one or more differential coefficients such as , (or differentials) etc. and
dx dx 2
independent and dependent variables are called differential equations.
For example,
dy d 2y
(i) = cosx (ii) +y=0 (iii) xdx + ydy = 0
dx dx 2
2
 d2 y  3
2  dy  = 0 dy  dy 
2
(iv)  2  + x   (vi) y= + 1+  
 dx   dx  dx  dx 

28.2 ORDER AND DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Order : It is the order of the highest derivative occurring in the differential equation.
Degree : It is the degree of the highest order derivative in the differential equation after the
equation is free from negative and fractional powers of the derivatives. For example,
Differential Equation Order Degree

dy
(i) = sinx One One
dx
2
 dy  + 3y2 = 5x
(ii)   One Two
 dx 
2
 d 2s  4
2  ds  = 0
(iii)  2  + t   Two Two
 dt   dt 

d 3v 2 dv
(iv) 3
+ =0 Three One
dr r dr
2 5
 d4 y  3  d y  = sinx
3
(v)  4  + x  3  Four Two
 dx   dx 

450 MATHEMATICS
 Differential Equations
Example 28.1 Find the order and degree of the differential equation : MODULE - V
Calculus
3
d 2y   dy  2  2
+ 1 +    =0
dx 2   dx  

Solution : The given differential equation is Notes

3 3
d 2y   dy 
2 2
d 2y   dy 
2 2
+  1 +    =0 or = −  1 +   
dx 2   dx   dx 2   dx  

3
  dy  2  2
The term  1 +    has fractional index. Therefore, we first square both sides to remove
  dx  
fractional index.
Squaring both sides, we have
2 3
 d2 y    dy 2 
 2  = 1 +   
 dx    dx  

Hence each of the order of the diferential equation is 2 and the degree of the differential equation
is also 2.
Note : Before finding the degree of a differential equation, it should be free from radicals and
fractions as far as derivatives are concerned.

28.3 LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A differential equation in which the dependent variable and all of its derivatives occur only in the
first degree and are not multiplied together is called a linear differential equation. A differential
equation which is not linear is called non-linear differential equation . For example, the differential
equations

d 2y d 3y dy
2
+ y = 0 and cos 2 x 3
+ x3 + y = 0 are linear..
dx dx dx
2
 dy  + y = log x dy
The differential equation   is non-linear as degree of is two.
 dx  x dx

d2 y
Further the differential equation y − 4 = x is non-linear because the dependent variable
dx 2
d 2y
y and its derivative are multiplied together..
dx 2

MATHEMATICS 451
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V 28.4 FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Calculus
Consider the family of all straight lines passing through the origin (see Fig. 28.1).
This family of lines can be represented by
y = mx .....(1)
Differentiating both sides, we get
Notes dy
=m .....(2)
dx
From (1) and (2), we get
dy
y=x .....(3)
dx
dy
So y = mx and y =x represent the same family..
dx
Clearly equation (3) is a differential equation. Fig. 28.1

Working Rule : To form the differential equation corresponding to an equation involving

two variables, say x and y and some arbitrary constants, say, a, b, c, etc.
(i) Differentiate the equation as many times as the number of arbitrary constants in the
equation.
(ii) Eliminate the arbitrary constants from these equations.

Remark
If an equation contains n arbitrary constants then we will obtain a differential equation of nth
order.

Example 28.2 Form the differential equation representing the family of curves.
y = ax 2 + bx. ......(1)
Differentiating both sides, we get
dy
= 2 ax + b ......(2)
dx
Differentiating again, we get
d 2y
=2 a ......(3)
dx 2
1 d 2y
⇒ a= ......(4)
2 dx 2
(The equation (1) contains two arbitrary constants. Therefore, we differentiate this equation
two times and eliminate 'a' and 'b').
On putting the value of 'a' in equation (2), we get
dy d2 y
= x + b
dx dx 2
452 MATHEMATICS
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V
dy d2 y
⇒ b = −x ......(5) Calculus
dx dx 2
Substituting the values of 'a' and 'b' given in (4) and (5) above in equation (1), we get
 1 d2 y   dy d 2y 
y = x2  2 
+ x  − x 
 2 dx   dx dx 2  Notes

x2 d2 y dy 2
2 d y
or y= + x − x
2 dx 2 dx dx 2
dy x 2 d 2 y
or y=x −
dx 2 dx 2

x 2 d2 y dy
or 2
−x +y=0
2 dx dx
which is the required differential equation.
Example 28.3 Form the differential equation representing the family of curves
y = a cos (x + b).
Solution : y = a cos (x +b) .....(1)
Differentiating both sides, we get
dy
= −a sin(x + b) ....(2)
dx
Differentiating again, we get
d 2y
= −acos ( x + b ) .....(3)
dx 2
From (1) and (3), we get
d 2y d 2y
= −y or +y=0
dx 2 dx 2
which is the required differential equation.
Example 28.4 Find the differential equation of all circles which pass through the origin and
whose centres are on the x-axis.
Solution : As the centre lies on the x-axis, its coordinates will be (a, 0).
Since each circle passes through the origin, its radius is a.
Then the equation of any circle will be

( x − a ) 2 + y2 = a 2 (1)
To find the corresponding differential equation, we differentiate equation (1) and get

MATHEMATICS 453
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V dy
2 ( x − a ) + 2y =0
Calculus dx
dy
or x−a+y =0
dx
dy
or a =y +x
Notes dx
Substituting the value of 'a' in equation (1), we get
2 2
 x − y dy − x  + y2 =  y dy + x 
   
 dx   dx 
2 2
 y dy  + y 2 = x 2 +  y dy  + 2xy dy
or    
 dx   dx  dx
dy
or y 2 = x 2 + 2xy
dx
which is the required differential equation.
Remark
If an equation contains one arbitrary constant then the corresponding differential equation is
of the first order and if an equation contains two arbitrary constants then the corresponding
differential equation is of the second order and so on.

Example 28.5 Assuming that a spherical rain drop evaporates at a rate proportional to its
surface area, form a differential equation involving the rate of change of the radius of the rain
drop.
Solution : Let r(t) denote the radius (in mm) of the rain drop after t minutes. Since the radius is
decreasing as t increases, the rate of change of r must be negative.
If V denotes the volume of the rain drop and S its surface area, we have
4
V = πr 3 .....(1)
3
and S = 4 πr 2 .....(2)
It is also given that
dV
∝S
dt
dV
or = −kS
dt
dV dr
or . = −kS .....(3)
dr dt
Using (1), (2) and (3) we have
dr
4 πr 2 . = −4k πr 2
dt
454 MATHEMATICS
 Differential Equations

dr
MODULE - V
or =k Calculus
dt
which is the required differential equation.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.1 Notes

1. Find the order and degree of the differential equation

dy 1
y=x +
dx dy
dx
2. Write the order and degree of each of the following differential equations.
4 2 2
 ds  + 3s d s = 0 dy  dy
(a)   (b) y = 2x + x 1 + 
 dt  dt 2 dx  dx 
2
 d 2s  3
 ds  + 4 = 0
(c) 1 − x dx + 1 − y dy = 0
2 2 (d)  2  + 3  
 dt   dt 
3. State whether the following differential equations are linear or non-linear.
(a) ( xy2 − x ) dx + ( y − x 2 y ) dy = 0 (b) dx + dy = 0

dy dy
(c) = c o s x (d) + sin 2 y = 0
dx dx
4. Form the differential equation corresponding to
( x − a )2 + ( y − b )2 = r2 by eliminating 'a' and 'b'.
5. (a) Form the differential equation corresponding to

(
y2 = m a2 − x2 )
(b) Form the differential equation corresponding to
y 2 − 2ay + x 2 = a 2 , where a is an arbitrary constant.
(c) Find the differential equation of the family of curves y = Ae 2x + Be −3x where A
and B are arbitrary constants.
(d) Find the differential equation of all straight lines passing through the point (3,2).
(e) Find the differential equation of all the circles which pass through origin and whose
centres lie on y-axis.

28.5 GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS

Finding solution of a differential equation is a reverse process. Here we try to find an
equation which gives rise to the given differential equation through the process of
differentiations and elimination of constants. The equation so found is called the primitive or
the solution of the differential equation.
MATHEMATICS 455
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V Remarks
Calculus (1) If we differentiate the primitive, we get the differential equation and if we integrate the
differential equation, we get the primitive.
(2) Solution of a differential equation is one which satisfies the differential equation.

Notes Example 28.6 Show that y = C 1 sin x +C2 cos x, where C1 and C2 are arbitrary

constants, is a solution of the differential equation :

d 2y
+y=0
dx 2
Solution : We are given that
y = C1 sinx + C 2 c o s x .....(1)
Differentiating both sides of (1), we get
dy
= C1 cosx − C2 sin x .....(2)
dx
Differentiating again, we get
d 2y
= −C1 sinx − C2 c o s x
dx 2
d 2y
Substituting the values of and y in the given differential equation, we get
dx 2
d 2y
+ y = C1 sin x + C2 cosx + ( −C1 sinx − C2 cosx)
dx 2
d 2y
or + y= 0
dx 2
In integration, the arbitrary constants play important role. For different values of the constants
we get the different solutions of the differential equation.
A solution which contains as many as arbitrary constants as the order of the differential equation
is called the General Solution or complete primitive.
If we give the particular values to the arbitrary constants in the general solution of differential
equation, the resulting solution is called a Particular Solution.
Remark
General Solution contains as many arbitrary constants as is the order of the differential equation.

a
Example 28.7 Show that y = cx + (where c is a constant) is a solution of the differential
c
equation.

456 MATHEMATICS
 Differential Equations

dy dx MODULE - V
y=x +a Calculus
dx dy
a
Solution : We have y = cx + .....(1)
c
Differentiating (1), we get
Notes
dy dx 1
=c ⇒ =
dx dy c

dy dx
On substituting the values of and in R.H.S of the differential equation, we have
dx dy

1 a
x ( c ) + a   = cx + = y
c c
⇒ R.H.S. = L.H.S.
a
Hence y = cx + is a solution of the given differential equation.
c
Example 28.8 If y = 3x 2 + C is the general solution of the differential equation

dy
− 6x = 0 , then find the particular solution when y = 3, x = 2.
dx
Solution : The general solution of the given differential equation is given as

y = 3x 2 + C ....(1)
Now on substituting y = 3, x = 2 in the above equation , we get
3 = 12 + C or C = −9
By substituting the value of C in the general solution (1), we get

y = 3x 2 − 9
which is the required particular solution.

28.6 T E C H N IQ U E S O F S O L V IN G A D IF F E R E N T IAL EQUATION

28.6.1 When Variables are Separable

dy
(i) Differential equation of the type = f(x)
dx
dy
Consider the differential equation of the type = f(x)
dx
or dy = f (x) dx
On integrating both sides, we get

∫ dy = ∫ f ( x ) dx
MATHEMATICS 457
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V y = ∫ f ( x ) dx + c
Calculus where c is an arbitrary constant. This is the general solution.
Note : It is necessary to write c in the general solution, otherwise it will become a particular
solution.

Notes Example 28.9 Solve

dy
(x + 2) = x 2 + 4x − 5
dx
dy
Solution : The given differential equation is ( x + 2 ) = x 2 + 4x − 5
dx
dy x2 + 4x − 5 dy x2 + 4x + 4 − 4 − 5
or = or =
dx x +2 dx x +2

dy ( x + 2 )
2
9 dy 9
or = − or = x+ 2−
dx x +2 x+2 dx x+2

 9 
or dy =  x + 2 −  dx .....(1)
 x+2
On integrating both sides of (1), we have

 9  x2
∫ dy = ∫  x +2 −x + 2 dx or y =
2
+ 2x − 9 log | x + 2 | +c ,

where c is an arbitrary constant, is the required general solution.

Example 28.10 Solve

dy
= 2x 3 − x
dx
given that y = 1 when x = 0
dy
Solution : The given differential equation is = 2x 3 − x
dx
or (
dy = 2x 3 − x dx ) ...(1)
On integrating both sides of (1), we get

∫ ( 2x3 ) x4 x2
∫ dy = − x dx or y = 2.
4
−
2
+C

x4 x2
or y= − +C .....(2)
2 2
where C is an arbitrary constant.
Since y = 1 when x = 0, therefore, if we substitute these values in (2) we will get
1= 0− 0+ C ⇒ C=1
458 MATHEMATICS
 Differential Equations
Now, on putting the value of C in (2), we get MODULE - V
Calculus
y=
2
(
1 4
x − x 2 + 1 or ) y=
2
(
1 2 2
)
x x −1 +1

which is the required particular solution.

dy
(ii) Differential equations of the type = f(x) ⋅g(y) Notes
dx
Consider the differential equation of the type
dy
= f (x) ⋅ g(y)
dx
dy
or = f (x) dx .....(1)
g(y)

In equation (1), x's and y's have been separated from one another. Therefore, this equation is
also known differential equation with variables separable.
To solve such differential equations, we integrate both sides and add an arbitrary constant on
one side.
To illustrate this method, let us take few examples.

Example 28.11 Solve

( 1 + x2 ) dy = (1 + y2 ) dx
Solution : The given differential equation

( 1 + x2 ) dy = (1 + y2 ) dx
dy dx
can be written as = (Here variables have been seperated)
1+ y 2
1 + x2

On integrating both sides of (1), we get

dy dx
∫ 1 + y2 = ∫ 1 + x 2
or tan −1 y = tan −1 x + C
where C is an arbitrary constant.
This is the required solution.
Example 28.12 Solve

( x 2 − yx 2 ) dy
dx
+ y2 + xy2 = 0

Solution : The given differential equation

MATHEMATICS 459
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V
Calculus ( x 2 − yx 2 ) dy
dx
+ y2 + xy2 = 0

dy
can be written as x2 (1 − y ) + y2 (1 + x ) = 0
dx

(1 − y ) −(1 + x )
Notes or dy = dx
y2 x2
(Variables separated) ....(1)
If we integrate both sides of (1), we get
 1 1  1 1
∫  y 2
−  dy = ∫  − 2 −  dx
y  x x
where C is an arbitrary constant.
1 1
or − − log y = − log x + C
y x

x 1 1
or log = + +C
y x y
Which is the required general solution.

Example 28.13 Find the particular solution of

dy 2x
= 2
dx 3y + 1
when y (0) = 3 (i.e. when x = 0, y = 3).
Solution : The given differential equation is
dy 2x
= 2
dx 3y + 1 or ( 3y 2 + 1 ) dy = 2xdx (Variables separated) ....(1)

If we integrate both sides of (1), we get

∫ ( 3y2 + 1 ) dy =∫ 2xdx ,
where C is an arbitrary constant.
y3 + y = x 2 + C ....(2)

It is given that, y ( 0 ) = 3.
∴ on substituting y = 3 and x = 0 in (2), we get
27 + 3 = C
∴ C = 30
Thus, the required particular solution is
y3 + y = x 2 +30
460 MATHEMATICS
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V
28.6.2 Homogeneous Differential Equations
Calculus
Consider the following differential equations :

( x3 + y3 ) dx
dy dy
(i) y2 + x2 = xy (ii) − 3xy2 dy = 0
dx dx
dy x3 + xy 2
(iii) = Notes
dx y2 x

dy
In equation (i) above, we see that each term except is of degree 2
dx
[as degree of y 2 is 2, degree of x 2 is 2 and degree of xy is 1 + 1 =2]
dy
In equation (ii) each term except is of degree 3.
dx
dy
In equation (iii) each term except is of degree 3, as it can be rewritten as
dx
dy
y 2x = x3 + x y2
dx
Such equations are called homogeneous equations .
Remarks
Homogeneous equations do not have constant terms.
For example, differential equation

( x 2 + 3yx ) dx − ( x3 + x ) dy = 0
dy
is not a homogeneous equation as the degree of the function except in each term is not the
dx
same. [degree of x 2 is 2, that of 3yx is 2, of x3 is 3, and of x is 1]
28.6.3 Solution of Homogeneous Differential Equation :
To solve such equations, we proceed in the following manner :
(i) write one variable = v. (the other variable).
( i.e. either y = vx or x = vy )
(ii) reduce the equation to separable form
(iii) solve the equation as we had done earlier.
Example 28.14 Solve

( x 2 + 3xy + y2 ) dx − x 2dy = 0
Solution : The given differential equation is

( x 2 + 3xy + y2 ) dx − x 2dy = 0
MATHEMATICS 461
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V dy x2 + 3xy + y2
Calculus or = .....(1)
dx x2
It is a homogeneous equation of degree two. (Why?)
Let y = vx . Then
dy dv
Notes = v+ x
dx dx
∴ From (1), we have

dv x 2 + 3x.vx + ( vx )
2 dv  1 + 3v + v2 
v+ x = or v+ x = x2  
dx x2 dx  x2 
dv dv
or v+ x = 1 + 3v + v2 or x = 1 + 3v + v 2 − v
dx dx
dv dv dx
or x = v2 + 2v +1 or =
dx v + 2v + 1
2 x
dv dx
=
or ( v + 1) 2 x .....(2)

Further on integrating both sides of (2), we get

−1
+ C = log x , where C is an arbitrary constant.
v +1
On substituting the value of v, we get
x
+ log x = C which is the required solution.
y+x

28.6.4 Differential Equation

Consider the equation
dy
+ Py = Q .....(1)
dx
where P and Q are functions of x. This is linear equation of order one.
To solve equation (1), we first multiply both sides of equation (1) by e ∫ Pdx
(called integrating factor) and get

e∫ + P y e∫ = Qe ∫
Pdx dy Pdx Pdx
dx

or
d
dx
(ye∫
Pdx
)= Qe ∫
Pdx
.....(2)

 d
Q
 dx ye( )
∫ Pdx = e ∫ Pdx dy + Py.e ∫ Pdx 
dx 

462 MATHEMATICS
 Differential Equations
On integrating, we get MODULE - V
Calculus
ye ∫ = ∫ Qe ∫
Pdx Pdx
dx +C .....(3)
where C is an arbitrary constant,
− Pdx 
y=e ∫ Qe ∫ dx +C 
 ∫
Pdx
or 
Notes
Note : e ∫ Pdx is called the integrating factor of the equation and is written as I.F in short.

Remarks
(i) We observe that the left hand side of the linear differential equation (1) has become
d
dx
(
ye ∫
Pdx
)
after the equation has been multiplied by the factor e ∫ Pdx .
(ii) The solution of the linear differential equation
dy
+ Py = Q
dx
P and Q being functions of x only is given by
ye ∫ ∫ Q ( e∫ ) dx +C
Pdx Pdx
=

dy
(iii) The coefficient of , if not unity, must be made unity by dividing the equation by it
dx
throughout.
(iv) Some differential equations become linear differential equations if y is treated as the
independent variable and x is treated as the dependent variable.

For example, dx + Px = Q , where P and Q are functions of y only, is also a linear

dy
differential equation of the first order.
In this case I.F. = e ∫ Pdy
and the solution is given by
x ( I.F. ) = ∫ Q. ( I.F. )dy +C

Example 28.15 Solve

dy y
+ = e −x
dx x
Solution : Here P = 1 , Q = e− x (Note that both P an Q are functions of x)
x
1
I.F. (Integrating Factor) e ∫ Pdx = e ∫ x
dx
=e logx =x (x > 0)
On multiplying both sides of the equation by I.F., we get

MATHEMATICS 463
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V dy d
x⋅ + y = x ⋅ e −x or ( y ⋅ x )= xe − x
Calculus dx dx
Integrating both sides, we have

yx = ∫ xe− x dx + C

Notes where C is an arbitrary constant

or xy = −xe − x + ∫ e− x dx + C

or xy = −xe − x − e −x + C
or xy = −e − x ( x +1 ) +C

 x + 1  −x C
or y = − e +
 x  x

Note: In the solution x > 0.

Example 28.16 Solve :
dy
sinx + y c o s x = 2sin 2 x c o s x
dx
Solution : The given differential equation is
dy
sinx + y c o s x = 2sin 2 x c o s x
dx
dy
or + ycotx = 2sinxcosx .....(1)
dx
Here P = cotx,Q = 2 s i n x c o s x

I.F. = e ∫ Pdx = e∫ cotxdx =e logsinx =s i n x

On multiplying both sides of equation (1) by I.F., we get (sin x >0)
d
( y s i n x ) = 2sin 2 x c o s x
dx
Further on integrating both sides, we have
ysinx = ∫ 2sin 2 x cos x d x + C
where C is an arbitrary constant (sin x >0)
2
or ysinx = sin 3 x + C , which is the required solution.
3

Example 28.17 Solve ( 1 + y 2 ) dx

dy
= tan −1 y −x

Solution : The given differential equation is

464 MATHEMATICS
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V
( 1 + y 2 ) dx
dy
= tan −1 y −x Calculus

dx tan −1 y x
or = −
dy 1 + y 2
1 + y2

dx x tan −1 y Notes
or + = ....(1)
dy 1 + y2 1 + y2
dx
which is of the form + Px = Q , where P and Q are the functions of y only..
dy
1
∫ dy
−1
I.F. = e ∫ Pdy = e 1+ y
2
=e tan y
Multiplying both sides of equation (1) by I.F., we get
d  tan −1 y tan −1 y ( tan −1 y )
 xe  = e
dy   1 + y2
On integrating both sides, we get

or ( e tan−1 y ) x = ∫ e t .tdt +C ,

1
where C is an arbitrary constant and t = tan −1 yanddt = dy
1 + y2

or ( e tan−1 y ) x = te t −∫ et +C
or ( e tan−1 y ) x = te t −et +C
or ( e tan−1 y ) x = tan −1 y e tan−1 y − etan
−1 y
+C (on putting t = tan −1 y )
−1 y
or x = tan −1 y −1 +Ce− tan

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.2

d2 y
1. (i) Is y = sin x a solution of + y = 0?
dx 2
dy
(ii) Is y = x 3 a solution of x − 4y = 0 ?
dx
dy
2. Given below are some solutions of the differential equation = 3x .
dx
State which are particular solutions and which are general solutions.

MATHEMATICS 465
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V 3 2
(i) 2y = 3x 2 (ii) y= x +2
Calculus 2
3 2
(iii) 2y = 3x 2 + C (iv) y=
x +3
2
3. State whether the following differential equations are homogeneous or not ?
Notes x2
( 3xy + y2 ) dx + ( x 2 + xy ) dy = 0
dy
(i) = (ii)
dx 1 + y2

( x3 − yx 2 ) dy + ( y3 )
dy
(iii) ( x + 2) = x 2 + 4x − 9 (iv) + x 3 dx =0
dx
d 2y
4. (a) Show that y = a sin 2x is a solution of + 4y = 0
dx 2
d3 y
(b) Verify that y = x 3 + ax 2 + c is a solution of =6
dx3
5. The general solution of the differential equation
dy
= sec 2 x is y = tan x + C .
dx
Find the particular solution when
π 2π
(a) x= ,y=1 (b) x = ,y = 0
4 3
6. Solve the following differential equations :

(a)
dy
dx
= x5 tan −1 x3 ( ) (b)
dy
dx
= sin3 x cos 2 x + xe x

(c) ( 1 + x 2 ) dy
dx
=x (d)
dy
dx
= x 2 + sin3x

dy
7. Find the particular solution of the equation e x = 4 , given that y = 3 , when x = 0
dx
8. Solve the following differential equations :

(a) ( x 2 − yx 2 ) dy
dx
+ y2 + xy2 = 0 (b)
dy
dx
= xy + x + y + 1

dy
(c) sec 2 x t a n y d x + sec 2 y t a n x d y = 0 (d) = e x − y + e − yx 2
dx
9. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
 dy 
log   = 3x + 4y, given that y = 0 when x = 0
 dx 
10. Solve the following differential equations :

(a) ( )
x 2 + y2 dx − 2xydy = 0 (b) x
dy y2
dx
+
x
=y

466 MATHEMATICS
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V
+sin 
dy x 2 − y2 + y dy y y Calculus
(c) = (d) = 
dx x dx x  x
dy
11. Solve : + y s e c x = tan x
dx
12. Solve the following differential equations :
Notes

(a) ( 1 + x2 ) dy
dx
+ y = tan −1 x (b) cos 2 x
dy
dx
+ y = tanx

dy
(c) xlogx + y = 2logx, x > 1
dx
13. Solve the following differential equations:
dy
(a) ( x + y + 1) =1
dx
dx dx dx
[Hint: = x + y + 1 or − x = y + 1 which is of the form + Px = Q ]
dy dy dy

( x + 2y 2 ) dy
dx dx x
(b) = y, y > 0 [Hint: y = x + 2y 2 or − = 2y ]
dx dy dy y

28.7 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF HIGHER ORDER

Till now we were dealing with the differential equations of first order. In this section, simple
differential equations of second order and third order will be discussed.
d 2y
28.7.1 Differential Equations of the Type = f(x)
dx 2
Consider the differential equation
d 2y
= f(x)
dx 2
It may be noted that it is a differential equation of second order. So its general solution will
contain two arbitrary constants.

d 2y
Now we have, = f(x) ....(1)
dx 2

d  dy 
or   = f(x)
dx  dx 
Integrating both sides of (1) , we get
dy
dx
= ∫ f ( x ) dx + C1 , where C1 is an arbitrary constant

Let ∫ f ( x ) dx = φ( x )
MATHEMATICS 467
 Differential Equations
MODULE - V dy
Then = φ( x ) +C1 .....(2)
Calculus dx
Again on integrating both sides of (2), we get
y = ∫ φ ( x ) dx + C1 x + C2 ,

where C2 is another arbitrary constant. Therefore in order to find the particular solution we
Notes
need two conditions. [See Example 28.19]
d 2y
Example 28.18 Solve 2
= xe x
dx
Solution : The given differential equation is
d 2y
= xe x .....(1)
dx 2
Now integrating both sides of (1), we have
dy
= ∫ xe + C1 ,
x dx
dx
where C1 is an arbitrary constant
dy
or = xex − ∫ e x dx + C1
dx
dy
or = xex − e x + C1 .....(2)
dx
Again on integrating both sides of (2), we get
y= ∫ ( xe x − ex + C1 ) dx + C2 ,
where C2 is another arbitrary constant.

or y = xe x − ∫ e xdx − e x + C1x + C2

or y = xex − 2e x + C1x + C2
which is the required general solution.
Example 28.19 Find the particular solution of the differential equation
d 2y
2
= x 2 + sin 3 x
dx
dy
for which y(0) = 0and = 0 when x = 0
dx
Solution : The given differential equation is
d 2y
2
= x 2 + sin 3 x .....(1)
dx
468 MATHEMATICS