LYMARK C.

AMPATIN BSCE 4B

Designs of Surfaces and Guideways

Surface - the term surface refers to Roadway pavement which

includes Portland Cement concrete, treated soil (gravel or other
aggregate materials)
Guideways -a track along which Automated Transit Vehicles are
guided. Guideway include monorails, concrete guideway for rubber
tired vehicles and conventional duo-rail steel-on-steel railroad track

HIGHWAY PAVEMENT- is the durable surface material laid down on

an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or
walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, cobblestone and granite
setts were extensively used, but these surfaces have mostly been
replaced by asphalt or concrete.

PAVEMENT COMPONENTS
Sub-grade Course - The original soil lying below the layers
designated as the base and sub-base materials. On fill road section,
sub-grade consists of imported materials taken from nearby roadway
cuts or from borrow pit.
Sub-base Course - The earth beneath the road, properly arrange and
graded, compacted and stabilized. It is defined as the supporting
structure on which the pavement surface and its special under-
courses rest.
Base Course - is the materials laid on top of the sub-base consisting
of crushed stone or gravel, sometimes mixed with asphalt binders.
Surface Course - is the material laid over the base course consisting
of Asphalt or Portland Cement Concrete. It provides a smooth and
safe riding.

Therefore, the base course and the sub-base course is used in

the flexible pavement to disperse the upcoming loads to large area
through a finite thickness, so as to increase the load bearing capacity
of the pavement.

TWO PAVEMENTS TYPES:

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT OR ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT -
Asphalt concrete,
 Designs of Surfaces and Guideways

Surface - the term surface refers to Roadway pavement which

includes Portland Cement concrete, treated soil (gravel or other
aggregate materials)
Guideways -a track along which Automated Transit Vehicles are
guided. Guideway include monorails, concrete guideway for rubber
tired vehicles and conventional duo-rail steel-on-steel railroad track

HIGHWAY PAVEMENT- is the durable surface material laid down on

an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or
walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, cobblestone and granite
setts were extensively used, but these surfaces have mostly been
replaced by asphalt or concrete.

PAVEMENT COMPONENTS
Sub-grade Course - The original soil lying below the layers
designated as the base and sub-base materials. On fill road section,
sub-grade consists of imported materials taken from nearby roadway
cuts or from borrow pit.
Sub-base Course - The earth beneath the road, properly arrange and
graded, compacted and stabilized. It is defined as the supporting
structure on which the pavement surface and its special under-
courses rest.
Base Course - is the materials laid on top of the sub-base consisting
of crushed stone or gravel, sometimes mixed with asphalt binders.
Surface Course - is the material laid over the base course consisting
of Asphalt or Portland Cement Concrete. It provides a smooth and
safe riding.

Therefore, the base course and the sub-base course is used in

the flexible pavement to disperse the upcoming loads to large area
through a finite thickness, so as to increase the load bearing capacity
of the pavement.

commonly called asphalt, tarmac, pavement or black top, is a

composite material used in the construction of roadways and parking
lots.
RIGID PAVEMENT OR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE
PAVEMENT - Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement, or
sometimes called rigid pavement, refers to the rigid concrete layer of
the pavement structure that is in direct contact with the traffic.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE ROADS

Advantages:
 Durability and maintenance free life
 Vehicles consume less fuels
 Resistant to automobile fuel spillage and extreme weather
 Greener process
  Saving of natural resources
 Disadvantages:
 Paving cost
 Safety features
 Maintenance problem
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ASPHALT
ROADS
Advantages:
 Economical
 Easy Maintenance
 Recyclable
 Safe
 Disadvantages
 Durability

Traffic Analysis Techniques

This chapter contains discussion about probability theory and
traffic phenomena. It is the basis for design of transportation system
operating strategies, traffic control system, and certain physical
features of transportation system. A variety of mathematical
techniques are used in the analyzing space-time relationships,
graphical and mathematical techniques for analyzing traffic queues
and delays, and analysis of transportation networks.

PACE-TIME RELATIONSHIP
Many traffic analysis problems involve the analysis of the motion
of vehicles or traffic states in space and time. Such problems may
vary a great deal in complexity. When such motion takes place along
a single linear facility such as roadway or railway, it can often be
represented by a graph known as space- time diagram.

DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS

Most space-time problems are complicated enough that it is not
efficient to use graphical methods for routine solutions. In this case,
space-time diagrams are often used to derive analytical relationships,
which may then be used to produce a large number of solutions
quickly and accurately. An example of this type of use of space-time
diagrams is the derivation of basic relationships used in the analysis of
capacity for airport runways used for landings only.

• Runway capacity is largely a function of the air traffic rules used by

the air traffic control system.
• Fundamental Rule: When flying under certain minimum conditions,
all aircraft at a given elevation must maintain certain minimum
longitudinal distance separations.
• Minimum distance separation is 3 nautical miles.
•Common Approach Path – path from the entry gate to the runway
threshold.
1. Capacity of Runaway is the max number of aircraft it can
handle per unit time (say, per hour). This, in turn, is the
reciprocal of the average time separation between aircraft at the
runway threshold.

DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODELS

To solve even more complicated problems, space-time
diagrams may be used to develop simulation models. Such models
represent the behaviour of a system in a step-by-step manner. It is
usually necessary to analyze both what is happening at the same
location over time and what is happening at different locations at the
same time.
Development of a graphical solution is useful in determining the
proper order of calculations to move from what is known to what is
unknown, and can be used as a basis for developing a computer
model of the behavior of the system.

•Block Signal Control System – intended to provide protection for

trains against collisions and other hazards such as broken rails.
• Blocks – electrically insulated sections of track.
• Occupied – whether a train is in particular block
•Signal System – used to warn or control trains approaching the
occupied block. Most commonly involve a set of colored lights along
the track or in the locomotive operator’s signals.
• Aspects – meaningful combinations of signal lights.

TWO-BLOCK, THREE-ASPECT SYSTEM

It is the simplest system. Signal lights are either red, yellow, or green.
A red signal means stop and proceed at some restricted speed
(usually less than 7.5 km/h) prepared to stop behind the train ahead, a
yellow signal means reduce speed and be prepared to stop at the next
signal, and a green signal means to proceed at full speed.

THREE-BLOCK, FOUR-ASPECT SYSTEM

It can be devised by using double lights. In this case red-red and
green-green signals replace the red and green signals of the simpler
systems, and there are two intermediate levels of restricted speed.

GREEN-YELLOW signal - to approach the next signal at medium

speed
RED-YELLOW signal - prepare to stop
Two blocks corresponds to the maximum stopping distance and
capacity is increased.
NONTRAJECTORY SPACE-TIME DIAGRAMS
Space-time diagrams may be used to display information about traffic
states (such as speed, flow rates, or densities) as well as vehicle
trajectories. The most common way of displaying traffic-state
information in a space-time format is by means of contour diagrams.
In these, contours are used to isolate space-time regions with similar
traffic-state values.

QUEUING ANALYSIS
A second major issue in analysis of traffic systems is the analysis of
travel times and delays. Normally travel time will be thought of as the
time required to cover a fixed distance, and will be of.

QUEUING THEORY FUNDAMENTALS

The fundamentals of queuing theory may best be introduced by
means of an example. Consider an airport runway being used for take
offs only. Air traffic rules state that there can be only one aircraft on
the runway at a time. Each aircraft spends about the same amount of
time on the runway, so that a runway can process take offs at a fairly
constant rate.

TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS OF QUEUING THEORY

~ Queuing theory may be used for analyse a wide variety of
transportation-related problems. For airports, queuing theory can be
used to model the operation of runways, airspace on runway
approaches, baggage handling systems, ticketing and check-in
operations, security checkpoints, and departure lounges.