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LEARNING GUIDE
Written, edited and produced by Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao, July 2008
BASIC EDUCATION ASSISTANCE FOR MINDANAO
ELEMENTARY SCIENCE GRADE VI
UNIT VI-EARTH
LAYERS OF THE EARTH
Objectives
• Name and describe the layers of the Earth.
• Differentiate the layers accurately
• Construct an Earth model.
Multiple Intelligences
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Verbal/Linguistic
Skills
• Use old ideas to create new ones
• Organization of parts
Multiple Intelligences
• Visual/Spatial
• Verbal/Linguistic
Skills
• Grasp meaning
• Interpret facts, compare, contrast
• Organization of parts
Multiple Intelligences
• Interpersonal
• Visual/Spatial
• Verbal/Linguistic
Skills
• Grasp meaning
• Generalize from given facts
• Identification of components
Multiple Intelligences
• Visual/Spatial
• Verbal/Linguistic
Skills
• Knowledge of major ideas
• Assess value of theories, presentations
• Generalize from given facts
Multiple Intelligences
• Body/Kinaesthetic
• Visual/Spatial
Skills
• Translate knowledge into new context
• Use information
Multiple Intelligences
• Intrapersonal
• Verbal/Linguistic
Skills
• Translate knowledge into new context
• Generalize from given facts
Mind Map
The Mind Map displays the organization and relationship between the concepts and
activities in this Learning Guide in a visual form. It is included to provide visual clues on
the structure of the guide and to provide an opportunity for you, the teacher, to
reorganize the guide to suit your particular context.
Stages of Learning
The following stages have been identified as optimal in this unit. It should be noted that
the stages do not represent individual lessons. Rather, they are a series of stages over one
or more lessons and indicate the suggested steps in the development of the targeted
competencies and in the achievement of the stated objectives.
Assessment
All six Stages of Learning in this Learning Guide may include some advice on possible
formative assessment ideas to assist you in determining the effectiveness of that stage on
student learning. It can also provide information about whether the learning goals set for
that stage have been achieved. Where possible, and if needed, teachers can use the
formative assessment tasks for summative assessment purposes i.e as measures of student
performance. It is important that your students know what they will be assessed on.
Strategy
Brainstorming is a process used for generating many ideas. Pupils write ideas down. It is
used to brainstorm ideas which are recorded. Some rule to observe: Quantity not quality;
Be free-wheeling, anything goes; Hitch-hiking on other's ideas is to be encouraged; No
criticism is allowed (positive or negative comments to be avoided); Ideas must be written
as said-no paraphrasing.
Materials
• Globe, meta cards, marking pens
Background or purpose
Beneath the surface of the earth, lies the different layers . In this stage, the pupils will be
able to visualize the layers of the earth through a jigsaw puzzle.
Strategy
Visualization is a process of internally making an object, event or situation visible to each
mind by mentally constructing or recalling a visual image.
It allows for individual response, extends thinking and enhances creativity through the use
of prompts on prior experience.
Materials
• jigsaw puzzle of the layers of the earth page 13.
• manila paper, marking pens and masking tape
Strategy
Guided Reading -Thinking Activities is a strategy that provides opportunity to group pupils
of different abilities and background to successfully find meaning in text.
Group Discussion is a purposeful talk through which pupils explore thinking, respond to
ideas, process information and articulate their thoughts in verbal exchanges with peers. It
places the emphasis on pupils talking and listening to each other.
Materials per group
• Activity sheet, Layers of the Earth, page 16
• Manila paper, masking tape, marking pen
• hard boiled egg
• plastic knife
• garbage bag and clean rag
Roundup
The pupils should have clearly identified, described and differentiated the layers of the
Earth.
Strategy
“Do It Ourselves” is a strategy that encourages pupils to work with the group applying what
they know or learned from the topic.
Materials
• Set 1 - Styrofoam ball, knife, watercolors or any medium in four colors, brush, vertical
stand
• Set 2 - coconut husk, dye in four colors
• Set 3 - colored papers, scissors, manila paper, marking pen with Activity Sheet 5, Our
Earth Model, page 21.
• Set 4 - clay in four colors, plastic knife
6. Closure
This stage brings the series of lessons to a formal conclusion. Teachers may refocus the
objectives and summarize the learning gained. Teachers can also foreshadow the next set of
learning experiences and make the relevant links.
Background or purpose
In this stage, the pupils should be able to write a short paragraph about what they have
learned from the topic. They should be able to include some interesting facts about each
layer.
Strategy
Reflection is a thinking process that involves taking time to consider information and
making sense of it in light of previous experience. It is a reflective practice that provides
opportunities for pupils to synthesize their thoughts, document their thinking, and become
aware of their decision-making and learning process.
Materials
• Activity Sheet “Interesting Facts' page 22
Teacher Evaluation
(To be completed by the teacher using this Teacher’s Guide)
The ways I will evaluate the success of my teaching this unit are:
1.
2.
3.
Activity 2
What' Inside the Earth?
Source: http://library.thinkquest.org/10136/media/layers.jpg
Source:http://eqseis.geosc.psu.edu/~cammon/HTML/classes/IntroQuakes/Notes/'
Activity 3
Layers of the Earth
Materials:
• Manila paper, masking tape, marking pen
• 1 hard boiled egg
• plastic knives (Caution: Be careful in handling this object)
• garbage bag and clean rag.
Procedure:
1. Cut the egg into halves. Carefully examine the egg (from the shell to
the egg yolk). How many layers have you noticed? ______.
2. Read the text in the box. While reading, use the hard-boiled egg to
represent each layer of the earth.
The earth's interior has three layers: crust, mantle and core (outer core and inner
core).
The crust is the first and outermost layer of the Earth. It is the surface where we
live on. It is approximately 5-8 kilometers thick under the ocean and 40 kilometers
thick under the continents. It contains solid rock (which is mostly granite), but also
contains igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock. It is as thin as the shell of an
egg. It is cool. The crust is made of many plates which "float" above mantle. It is
thicker and lighter at the continents and thinner and denser at the ocean floor.
The Mantle is the second layer of the earth. It is approximately 2,900 kilometers
thick and contains igneous rock, which is soft-like clay due to the extreme
temperature inside. It is so hot. It is thick and flexible (able to bend or change).
The mantle lies below the crust. It is a thick layer of solid rock. Many scientists
believe that the mantle transfers heat from the core to the surface.
The core is the third layer of the Earth. It consists of two layers:
— outer core which is approximately 2250 kilometers thick. It is hotter than the
mantle. It contains liquid nickel and iron. It is much denser than the rock layers
above it. The temperature of the outer core can range from 2204 0C to 4982 0 C
— inner core is approximately 1220 kilometers. It contains solid metals, nickel and
iron. These materials sank to the center of the earth while it was still in a molten
form. It has the highest temperature.
Which layers of the Earth are represented by the following parts of the egg?
Shell _____ Egg yolk _____
Egg white _____ Middle part of the egg yolk _____
4. You are given 40 minutes to do the task. All members should take part
in accomplishing the task.
5. Draw an Earth model of your own. Label its parts.
The Earth is composed of four different layers. Many geologists believe that as the Earth
cooled the heavier, denser materials sank to the center and the lighter materials rose to
the top. Because of this, the crust is made of the lightest materials (rock- basalts and
granites) and the core consists of heavy metals (nickel and iron).
The crust is the layer that you live on, and it is the most widely studied and understood.
The mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow. The Outer and Inner Cores are
hotter still with pressures so great that you would be squeezed into a ball smaller than a
marble if you were able to go to the center of the Earth!!!!!!
The Crust
The Earth's Crust is like the shell of an egg. It is very thin in comparison to the other three
layers. The crust is only about 8 kilometers thick under the oceans(oceanic crust) and
about 40 kilometers thick under the continents (continental crust). The temperatures of
the crust vary from air temperature on top to about 870 0C) in the deepest parts of the
crust. You can bake a loaf of bread in your oven at 177 0 C, at 8710C, rocks begin to melt.
The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called plates. The plates "float" on the
soft, plastic mantle which is located below the crust. These plates usually move along
smoothly but sometimes they stick and build up pressure. The pressure builds and the rock
bends until it snaps. When this occurs an Earthquake results!
Notice how thin the crust of the Earth is in comparison to the other layers. The seven
continents and ocean plates basically float across the mantle which is composed of much
hotter and denser material.
The Mantle
The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima, the silicate-magnesium middle
layer. It is the largest layer of the Earth, 2900 kilometers thick. The mantle is composed of
very hot, dense rock. This layer of rock even flows like asphalt under a heavy weight. This
flow is due to great temperature differences from the bottom to the top of the mantle.
The movement of the mantle is the reason that the plates of the Earth move! The
temperature of the mantle varies from 871 0C at the top to about 2204 0C near the bottom!
Outer Core
The core of the Earth is like a ball of very hot metals. (2204 0C to 4982 0C) The outer core
is so hot that the metals in it are all in the liquid state. The outer core is located about
4667 kilometers beneath the crust and is about 2250 kilometers thick. The outer core is
composed of the melted metals nickel and iron.
Inner Core
The inner core of the Earth has temperatures and pressures so great that the metals are
squeezed together and are not able to move about like a liquid, but are forced to vibrate
in place as a solid. The inner core begins about 5100 kilometers beneath the crust and is
about 1200 kilometers thick. The temperatures may reach 4982 0C and the pressures are
45,000,000 pounds per square inch. This is 3,000,000 times the air pressure on you at sea
level!!!
Activity 4
“Beneath my Feet”
Activity 5
Our Earth Model
Materials:
4 colored papers (e.g blue, brown, yellow, black)
glue or paste, marking pens, pair of scissors
manila paper, protractor (optional)
Procedure:
1. Using colored papers, cut out circular figures that will show the layers of
the earth. One layer should be represented by a certain color.
2. Label each layer with its temperature and thickness.
3. Mount your cut outs on a sheet of manila paper. Include a brief
description of each layer.
4. You may decorate your constructed Earth model.
Activity 6
Interesting Facts!
Name _________________________________ Date _____________
Identifies Item Identified four Identified two out Identified one out Selected items
layers of the of the four layers of the four layers that are not
earth and gives of the Earth and of the earth and appropriate to be
extremely successfully did not compare compared.
suitable compared the the layers.
comparison. layers.
Comparisons show
creative and
original thinking.
Total Points
Source: http:www.mrconant.org/webquests/insideearth/3dmodelrubric.html
Group Number
Indicators
1 2 3 4 5 6
For the Teacher: Translate the information in this Learning Guide into the following matrix to help you prepare your lesson plans.
Stage
1. Activating Prior 2. Setting the 3. Learning 4. Check for 5. Practice and 6. Closure
Learning Context Activity Sequence Understanding Application
Strategies
Materials and
planning needed
Total time for the Learning Guide Total number of lessons needed for this Learning Guide