Journal

of Energy VOLUME 68 Number 1 | 2019

journal homepage: http://journalofenergy.com/

Neutral Point
Alen Bernadić, PhD

Associate on Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture University of Split,

Connections
a.bernadic@gmail.com

in Mv Power
Zahira Anane, PhD
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of technology,
Ferhat ABBAS university of Setif 1 , Setif, Algeria

Networks With
zahiraelect@yahoo.fr

Grounding
Zigzag
Transformers
— Analysis And
Simulations
SUMMARY
Treatment of transformer neutral point in middle–voltage (MV) networks become an important issue with increasing proportion of MV cables in power
networks. As consequence, overall capacitance of MV network is increased and moreover earth fault currents magnitudes. In MV networks with
feeding transformer winding in delta connection (isolated networks), that earth fault current increase requires forming of artificial ground point — a
neutral connection point on a three–phase ungrounded power system. Grounding transformer use, in zigzag or delty–wye connection, is common,
well–known solution for constructing neutral connection in power systems. Physical characteristics of grounding transformers, protection principles,
short–circuit calculations with symmetrical components and simulation techniques are presented in this paper. Characteristical operational modali-
ties of MV power networks are also revieved on practical examples.

KEYWORDS
Neutral point, grounding transformer, earthfault, simulation, PSCAD

INTRODUCTION
Depends on neutral point treatment of feeding transformer in MV networks
(isolated, grounded, grounded with resistance or petersen coil), fault with
ground means earth fault or one–phase short circuit [1]. Basic criterion for
transformer neutral point grounding is magnitude of capacitive earth fault
current. Boundary values of earth fault currents [2] are (until quoted values
arc fault can extinguish without relay tripping of faulted feeder):
Ic = 20 A (Un = 10 kV)
Ic = 15 A (Un = 20 kV)
Ic = 10 A (Un = 35 kV)
If capacitive earth fault magnitudes exceed this values, establishing a ne-
utral connection point is necessary. In practice, change of neutral point
treatment of feeding transformer leads to common problem with groun-
ding resistance of neighbouring substations in means of allowed touch
and step voltages. Magnitudes of earth fault currents are determined with
capacitances of MV power network, i.e. with length of MV cables in the
power network.
Criterions for neutral point treatment of feeding transformer are:
• magnitude of capacitive earth fault currents
• voltage level
• magnitudes of inner overvoltages
• relay protection efficiency and selectivity
• possibility of decreasing equipment isolating level

A. Bernadić, Z. Anane, Neutral Point Connections in Mv Power Networks With Grounding Zigzag Transformers — Analysis And Simulations, Journal of
42 Energy, vol. 68 Number 1 (2019), p. 42–48
 harmonics of magnetic flux. Flux can be closed between zigzag tur
magnetic resistance and considerable amount of ampere-turns would b
magnetizing primary current must have big magnitude.
• conditions of earthing components in power network
• specific soil resistance
• reliability of supply
If feeding transformer winding is delta connected, neutral connection I A0 I B0 IC 0
Magnetic core
point i.e. artificial neutral — is constructed with grounding transformers
usually in zigzag connection. Such grounding point is usually carried out
in combination with earthing resistor as short–circuit limiter. Advantages in
such operation modality of MV power networks are:
• Limiting of inner overvoltages N N N

• Elimination of intermitent earth faults

• Limitation of 3rd harmonics of magnetic flux in earthing transformers
• Efficient work of relay protections for single phase earth faults
Fault elimination is facilitated in MV network with neutral connection point
but bigger magnitudes of earth faults (single phase short circuits) causes
danger potentials and unallowable touch and step voltages in substations. N N
N

IC 0 I A0 I B0

GROUNDING TRANSFORMERS FOR

NEUTRAL CONNECTIONS IN MV
POWER NETWORKS N  Number of turns

3I0  I A0  I B 0  IC 0

Earthing transformer construction After grounding transformer installation, single phase to grou
powerwithout
A grounding transformer is usually zig–zag transformer Figure
system
secondary 2: Winding
means one-phase connections
short circuit. of the In zigzag
order grounding
Figure 2: Winding connections of the zigzag grounding transformer
transfor
to limit short-cir
a transformer
grounding resistor
winding, used for establishing a neutral connection to the ground in a three
phase ungrounded power systems [1]. Earthing for neutral usually is connected on neutral leads o
After grounding transformer installation, single phase to ground fault in
connection is positioned near the power feeding transformer.
transformer in the Resistor
sub- powerlimits fault
system means currents
one–phase up Intoorder
short circuit. 400 A short–circuit
to limit [1], in praxis m
station, directly connected on MV busbars. Usually, grounding transformer
toconnecting
300 A. Single
tran- phase to ground Resistor short-circuit
limits fault currents updistribution inside th
currents a grounding resistor usually is connected on neutral leads of gro-
is builted in zigzag connection. Basic principle of earthing unding transformer. to 400 A [1], in praxis
sformer in substations is presented on Figure 1.transformer is outlined most oftenonupFigure 3. phase to ground short–circuit distribution
to 300 A. Single
inside the grounding transformer is outlined on Figure 3.
A

B
A
C

C
B

1: Principle of zigzag earthing transformer connection

Figure 1: Principle of zigzag earthing transformer connection

nsformer construction
Earthing and winding
transformer construction connections
and winding connections should ensure
should ensu-
s: smallpowerimpedance in steady state (without faults in power
re following properties: small impedance in steady state (without faults in
network or big load impedance asymmetries) when small magne-
ad impedance asymmetries) when small magnetising currents
tising currents flows through the windings. When ground fault occurs in
power network, grounding transfomer impedance should be small in order
windings.to When ground
easily conduct fault
fault current occurs
into the ground.in power
Every phase turnnetwork,
consist of grounding Ruz
nce should be small in order to easily conduct fault current into
two parts in which phase shifted voltages are induced. Six equal half–win-
dings are spooled on three limbs such that every winding spans on diffe-
phase turn consist
rent limb of twospooled
with half–windings parts in which
in opposite directionphase
(Figure 2).shifted
Thus, voltages
qual half-windings are spooled on three limbs such that every
amperturns in phase half–windings are mutually balanced and earthing
transformer divide single–phase fault current on three equal components.
different limb with half-windings spooled in opposite direction
These currents are equal, not just on magnitudes, but in phase angles [1].
Spooling and construction of earthing transformers are outlined on Figure
amperturns in phase
2. Connections half-windings
of half–phases tends to cancel are
currentsmutually
Figure 3: balanced
of 3rd harmonics SLG short-circuit and distribution inside the grounding trans
er divide— single-phase fault current on three equal
practicaly there is not 3rd harmonics of magnetic flux. Flux can be
closed between zigzag turns with big magnetic resistance and conside-
components.
Figure 3: SLG short–circuit distribution inside the grounding transformer
equal, not
rable just
amounton magnitudes,
of ampere–turns would be but in i.e.
nedeed phase angles
Evidently
magnetizing primary[1].
from Spooling
Figure
Evidently 3 is
from Figure 3 isthat overall
that overall fault
fault current flowscurrent flows throu
through earthing
earthing transformers are outlinedresistor on Figure 2. Connections of
current must have big magnitude. resistor R. Fault current divides in manner that one third of fault current
R. Fault current divides in manner that one
flows through every winding of earthing transformer. Characteristic for third of fault c
o cancel currents of 3rd harmonics – practicaly
through every winding there is
SLG not
faults 3rd
of earthing transformer. Characteristic for S
in power networks with grounding transformers for ground path
netic flux. Flux can be closed between powerzigzag turns with big
connection is that two thirds of fault current flows through one phase while
networks with
remain grounding
flows through othertransformers
phases. for ground path conne
e and considerable amount of ampere-turns would be nedeed i.e.
two thirds of fault current flows through one phase while remain fl
ry current must have big magnitude.other phases.

43
3.2. Protection of the Grounding transformers for artiffic
A. Bernadić, Z. Anane, Neutral Point Connections in Mv Power Networks With Grounding Zigzag Transformers — Analysis And Simulations, Journal of

I A0 I B0 IC 0
connection in substations
Energy, vol. 68 Number 1 (2019), p. 42–48
Magnetic core
 example of short-circuit calculation with symmetrical components

Configuration for neutral connection of ungrounded MV network consist of

grounding transformer with for
resistor
neutral for limiting short circuit MVcurrents and allows
Protection of the Grounding transformers for
flow of SLG fault
Configuration connection of ungrounded network consist
of current
groundingtotransformer
the ground.with Consequently, equivalent
resistor for limiting short circuitzero sequence
currents
artifficial neutral connection in substations network of grounding transformer
and allows flow of SLGwith
fault resistor
current tohave connections
the ground. as presented
Consequently, equi- on
Grounding transformer for neutral point connection is Figure
installed6.usually valent zero sequence network of grounding transformer with resistor have
in vicinity of feeding transformers in substations. Consequently, overall connections as presented on Figure 6.
configuration is protected with differential protection (Figure 4). Depend of
speciffic applications, current transformer is added with earthing resistor
jX 0tr jX 0earth _ tr 3  Rearth
with independent overcurrent protection. In protection parametring fault
current distribution should be considered as presented on Figure 3. Pro-
tection principle of characteristic feeding transformer 110/2x10.5/36.75 1 2
kV, 20 MVA, YNyn0d5 is outlined on Figure 5.

110 kV

N0
SMT :150 /1A
Figure 6: Zero sequence connection of grounding transformer in combination with
Figure 6: Zero sequence connection of grounding transformer in combination with
short circuit limiting resistor

Considering shortFigure circuit limiting

6 schematic, resistorof direct, inverse and zero
connection
sequence networks for SLG calculation for MV power network from Figure
Considering Figure 6 schematic, connection of direct, inverse and zero
5 is outlined on Figure 7:
ANSI 87

sequence networks for SLG calculation for MV power network from Figure 5 is
I
SMT : 400 / 5 A
outlined on Figure 7:
35 kV
ANSI 51N 6
I

SMT :1200 / 5 A

X dSys110kV X dtr
direct network Vn  1 p.u.

10 kV

Figure 4: Protection principle of characteristic feeding transformer

Figure 4: Protection
Fault principle
currents of characteristic
have much feeding transformer
bigger magnitudes then earth fault currents in inverse network X iSys110kV X itr
I k'' 1  3  I 0
unearthed networks and overcurrent protections efficient trips the circuit breakers
Fault currents
in small have much
time intervals bigger
– in order of magnitudes
magnitudes ofthen
shortearth fault
circuits. currents
That is saferin X( d X i)
unearthed
operational networks and overcurrent
mode of power MV networks, protections
especially efficient
from from trips
thethe circuit
point of
operationalin personell
breakers small timesafety with consideration
intervals — in order of of magnitudes
equations for of calculation of
short circu-
allowed
its. Thatstep and touch
is safer voltages mode
operational in substations [4]. MV networks, especially from
of power
from the point of operational personell safety with consideration of equa- zero network X 0 Sys110kV X 0tr X 0earth _ tr 3  Rearth

tions for calculation

3.3. Short of allowed step
circuit calculations withand touch voltages
symmetrical in substations
components [4].
in power
networks with earthing transformers

For the analysis with symmetrical components of MV power networks with

Short circuit calculations with symmetrical
grounding transfomers, sequence networks should be determined along with
calculations of impedances of network elements. Construction of symmetrical Figure 7: Connection of direct, inverse and zero sequence networks for SLG
components
components networks in willpower networks
be illustrated with
on MV power earthing
network configuration
Figure 7: Connection of direct, inverse and zero sequence networks for SLG
calculation for MV power network from Figure 5
calculation for MV power network from Figure 5
presented on Figure 5, with SLG fault on 35 kV busbars.
transformers
According to the Figure 7, short circuit current calculation is carried out
For the analysis with symmetrical components of MV power networks with for According
MV powertonetwork
the Figure
from7,Figure
short5.
circuit current calculation
Impedances of network is carried out
elements are for
grounding transfomers, sequence networks should be determined along MVdetermined
power networkandfrom Figure 5. are
calculations Impedances
performedof network
accordingelements
to theare
IECdetermined
60909
with calculations of impedances of network elements. Construction of andstandard
calculations are performed according to the IEC 60909 standard [7]:
[7]:
symmetrical components networks will be illustrated on MV power network Active 110 kV power network:
configuration presented on Figure 5, with SLG fault on 35 kV busbars. Active 110 kV power network:
'' c U n
5 '' c ⋅ U n Z110kV  Sk''
110 kV eq. net Z110 kV =
'' 110kV  0.995  Z110
''
Sk''  5000 MVA
X
Sk kV  j 0.842765(35kV ) (1)

Feeding transformer 110/35 kV,''20 MVA:

X110kV =0.995 ⋅ Z110 U n2 =j 0.842765(35kV )
u kV k
(1)
Ztr    j10.4125 
100 Sn
2
Feeding transformer 110/35 U
R  kV,
ukR 20
110 kV  n MVA:
 1.837 
tr (2)
100 Sn
2 2
2 X tr  Ztr  Rtr  10.24908
uk U n
Ztr = ⋅ = j10.4125 Ω
Transformer 100 S 7
n
110 / 35 kV , 20 MVA, YNd 5
U2
ZigZag transformer
u
Rtr = kR ⋅ n = 1.837 Ω
36 kV ,3.4 MVA uk  17%, ukR  3%
Z 0  j 70  100 S
n
35 kV busbars 2 2
X tr = Ztr − Rtr = 10.24908
(2)
R ground  70  With correction factor for transformer:

cmax
KT =0.95 ⋅ 0.984461 , calculated on 14 MVA
=
Figure 5: Typical
Figure MVMVpower
5: Typical network
power network withwith
zigzagzigzag grounding
grounding transformer
transformer for example for
1 + 0.6 ⋅ xT (3)
of short–circuit calculation with symmetrical components
example of short-circuit calculation with symmetrical components

Configuration for neutral

A. Bernadić,connection of Point
Z. Anane, Neutral ungrounded
ConnectionsMV
in Mvnetwork consist
Power Networks of
With Grounding Zigzag Transformers — Analysis And Simulations, Journal of
44
rounding transformer with resistor
Energy, for limiting
vol. 68 Number 1 (2019), p.short
42–48 circuit currents and allows
ow of SLG fault current to the ground. Consequently, equivalent zero sequence
 1  0.6  xT
rated
(3)
power cost saving can be accomplished.

Feeding transformer reactance is:

Feeding transformer reactance is: 4. MODELING OF MV NETWORKS
MODELING WITH ARTIFICIAL
OF MV NETWORKS WITH GR
(4)
= j10.08924 POINT
X tr  KT  X tr  j10.08924 
X tr = KT ⋅ X tr Ω (4) ARTIFICIAL GROUND POINT
:
:
Single line to ground
Single short circuit
line to ground is: is:
short circuit 4.1. Grounding transformer in zigzag connection modeling
Grounding transformer in zigzag connection
modeling
I k1  3  I f  3 ⋅ c ⋅3U cn U n Model
 285.20 A of MV ungrounded
(5) power network with grounding zigzag tran
Model of MV ungrounded power network with grounding zigzag transfor-
I k1 =3 ⋅ I f = X X =285.20 A
 X  eq 0 for earth
 3  Rground connection is merbuilt in order
for ground connectiontois demonstrate physical
built in order to demonstrate characteristi
physical cha-
X eqd + eqd
X eqi +eqi
X (5)
eq 0 + 3 ⋅ Rearth racteristic of such networks. Figure 9 represents a principle of modeling
networks. Figure 9 grounding represents a principle
zigzag transformers. of three
Model is built from modeling grounding
monophase tran-
Simulation
Simulation model of model
SLGofonSLG on power
power network transformers.
network from Figure
from Figure Model
5 is 5presented ON is
is presented built
sformer
Figure from
with three
connections
cal connections on Figure 2.
monophase
in half–windings whichtransformer with
corresponds with physi- conne
ON Figure 8:
8:
half-windings which corresponds with physical connections on Figure 2.

#1

#1

#1
#2

#2

#2
Ifaultzz
Slika 8: Computer simulation – SLG fault on 35 kV busbars
Figure 8: Computer simulation — SLG fault on 35 kV busbars
It is evident that difference between calculation and simulation case is under 1%
70 [ohm]

It is evident that difference between calculation and simulation case is un-

der 1%
8
Figure 9: Model of grounding zigzag transformer for artifficial ground p
Earthing transformer dimensioning Figure 9: Model of grounding zigzag transformer for artifficial ground point

Earthing transformer dimensioning is carried out on a way that rated voltage
is equal or bigger with feeding transformer winding in power network where
artifficial ground point is builded [1]. In typical sample substation, common
feeding transformer rated data are: rated volteges 110/2x10.5/36.75 kV,
rated power 20 MVA, winding connections Y0yn0d5. For such rated data,
earthing transformer rated voltage is choosen. Rated power of earthing
transformer is determined with phase voltage and short–time allowed cu-
rrent. In most of the practical application, that fault current is limited on 300
A for 10 seconds time period.
38kV 1 For the illustration of physical principles of artifficial ground point connec-
Sn= ⋅ 300 A ⋅ = 3.8 MVA
3
(6) 3 based on typical 110/35/10 kV substation equipment data taken from [6].
Grounding transformer in zigzag connection have bigger number of turns.
That allows that phase voltage can be for smaller and as consequent de-
creasing rated power cost saving can be accomplished.
Based on formed grounding transformer simulation model, simulations
for characteristic operational modalities of MV power networks are carri-
ed out. For every operational mode analysis of grounding configuration is
performed.
Normal (symmetrical load) operation of MV
power network
tion operation, simulation model [5] of 35 kV power network is developed
Underground power cables capacitances are simulated with concentra-
te capacitances connected on MV busbars. In considered substation,
36.75 kV winding of feeding transformer is delta connected, earth fault
currents reached the allowed maximum values and ground connection for
this isolated network must be formed. Artifficial ground connection point
is formed with grounding transformer (Figure 9) along with grounding re-
sistor for limiting short circuit currents. Normal operation of 35 kV power
network without faults and with symmetrical loads is modeled according
data taken from [6] and presented on Figure 10.

A. Bernadić, Z. Anane, Neutral Point Connections in Mv Power Networks With Grounding Zigzag Transformers — Analysis And Simulations, Journal of
45 Energy, vol. 68 Number 1 (2019), p. 42–48
 along with grounding resistor for limiting short circuit currents. Normal operation
of 35 kV power network without faults and with symmetrical loads is modeled
according data taken from [6] and presented on Figure 10.

Current through earthing resistor in normal operation of MV power net

without asymmetrical loads and faults is presented on Figure 11. Magnitu
current through earthing resistor is under 1A (caused with stray capacita
which prove correctness of simulation model for assumpiton – small magnet
current and big impedance of earthing zigzag transformer in normal net
operation.

Figure 11: Current through earthing resistor – normal operation of MV pow

network
Figure 10: Simulation model of 35 kV power network with grounding transformer
Figure 10: Simulation model of 35 kV power network with grounding 4.2.
load in MV network Asymmetrical
transformer
neutral point connection – Asymmetrical
neutral point connection — symmetrical loads symmetrical load
loads
in MV network
CurrentCurrent
through earthing
through resistor
earthing resistor in normal
in normal operation
operation of MV power In practice
ofnetwork
MV power is very
network
In practice
rare to find symmetrical loaded MV power network. T
is very rare to find symmetrical loaded MV power network.
without asymmetrical loads and faults is presented on Figure 11. Magni-
reason for installation higly asymmetric load in observed MV network (diff
hout asymmetrical loads and faults is presented on Figure
tude of current through earthing resistor is under 1A (caused with stray11. Magnitude
That’s reason offor installation of higly asymmetric load in 10
observed MV
rent through earthing
capacitances) resistor
which is underof1A
prove correctness (caused
simulation load
with
model phasecapacitances)
stray
for assum- resistances)
network (differentinloadorder to examine
phase resistances) grounding
in order transformer in
to examine grounding
ch prove correctness of simulation
piton — small magnetising currentmodel
and big for assumpiton
impedance operational
small mode
– zigzag
of earthing (Figure
transformer
magnetising 12).
in such operational mode (Figure 12).
transformer in normal network operation.
rent and big impedance of earthing zigzag transformer in normal network
ration.

Figure 11: Current through earthing resistor – normal operation of MV power

network
Figure 11: Current through earthing resistor — normal operation of MV power
network
Asymmetrical load in MV network

In practice is very rare to find symmetrical loaded MV power network. That's

son for installation of higly asymmetric load in observedFigure
MV network (differentmodel of 35 kV power network with grounding transfor
12: Simulation
Figure 12: Simulation model of 35 kV power network with grounding transformer
d phase resistances) in order to examine grounding transformer inpoint
neutral such
neutral point
connection connection
— asymmetrical loads– asymmetrical loads
rational mode (Figure 12).

A. Bernadić, Z. Anane, Neutral Point Connections in Mv Power Networks With Grounding Zigzag Transformers — Analysis And Simulations, Journal of
46 Energy, vol. 68 Number 1 (2019), p. 42–48
 Figure 16: Earthing resistor current of artifficial grounding point connection and
grounding transfomer phase C current
Current which continuously flows through grounding resistor is presented on
urrent which
Current Currentcontinuously
which continuouslyflows
continuously flows through
through grounding
grounding Currentis
resistor
resistor distribution
presented
presented on
onper phases of grounding
transformertransformer
is evidently uni- is eviden
13. which
on Figure 13.
flows through grounding resistor is presented
uniform, current
Current distribution
magnitudes
form, current
per phases
magnitudesand
of grounding
andphases are
phases are equal,
equal, whichof proves
which proves another of anoth
e3.13.
assumption for grounding transformer characteristics. Also, magnitudes of pha
assumption for grounding transformer characteristics. Also, magnitudes
of phase currents through earthing transformers are under 10 A which is
currents through earthing transformers are under 10 A which is permitted rat
permitted rated value.
value.

4.3.1 Single-phase to ground

Single–phase (SLG)
to ground (SLG) fault
fault in in 35network
35 kV kV network
Earth fault or single–phase to ground (SLG) fault (depend on network gro-
Earth fault
unding or
type)single-phase
is the most commonto ground
fault type(SLG) faultnetworks.
in MV power (depend For on netwo
grounding type) is theSLG
assumed most common
fault fault
is simulated type insubstation
in sample MV powerwith networks.
configurationFor assum
SLG fault is simulated in sample
outlined on Figure 17. SLGsubstation with
fault is apllied configuration
on one outlined on Figu
phase of underground
power cable, at 0.4 seconds at distance of one kilometer from 35 kV
17. SLG fault busbars.
is apllied on one phase of underground power cable, at 0.4 seconds
distance of one kilometer from 35 kV busbars.
Figure 17: Simulation model of 35 kV power network with grounding transformer —

re 13: Current through earthing resistor of artifficial ground point – higly

gure 13: Current through asymmetricalearthing resistor loads of artifficial ground point – higly
e 13: Current through earthing resistor of artifficial ground point – higly
asymmetrical loads
asymmetrical loads
Figure 13: Current through earthing resistor of artifficial ground point — higly
asymmetrical loads
or high asymmetric load current magnitude is 26 A which is permitted
For
us highForasymmetric
current for earthing
high load
asymmetricresistor. current
load current Phase magnitude
magnitudecurrents inis
is 26 A which 26
groundingA which
is permitted is permitted
transformer for
or
oushigh asymmetric
continous current load
current for earthing current
resistor.
for earthing resistor. magnitude
PhasePhase currents inis
currents in 26 A tran-
grounding
grounding which is permitted
transformer for
mmetricalsformer
load forcase are presented onare Figures
presented14 on – 16. 14 — 16.
s current forload
ymmetrical earthing
case are resistor.
the asymmetrical
Phase
load case
presented currents14in– grounding
on Figures
Figures
16. transformer for
mmetrical load case are presented on Figures 14 – 16.

Figure 17: Simulation model of 35 kV power network with grounding transformer

SLG fault on underground power cable
e 14: Earthing resistor current of artifficial grounding point connection SLG and fault on underground power cable
ure 14: Earthinggrounding
resistor current of artifficial
transfomer phase A current grounding point
Simulation connection
Simulation
results are andare presented
results
presented on Figures
on Figures 18 –1820.
— 20.
Simulation results are presented on Figures 18 – 20.
14: Earthing grounding
resistor
grounding transfomer Atransfomer
current
phase phasegrounding
of artifficial
current A currentpoint connection and
Figure 14: Earthing resistor current of artifficial grounding point connection and

grounding transfomer phase A current

Figure 18: Earthing resistor current of artificial grounding point connection and
Figure 18: Figure
Earthing resistor
resistorcurrent
current of of artificial grounding pointand connection and
grounding
e 15: Earthing resistor current of artifficial grounding point connection and transfomer
18: Earthing phasegrounding
artificial A current
point -connection
SLG fault
grounding
grounding transfomer transfomer
phase A current phase A current - SLG fault
— SLG fault
ure 15: Earthinggrounding
resistor current transfomer of artifficial
phase Bgrounding
current point connection and
grounding
Figure 15: Earthing transfomer
resistor current phasepoint
of artifficial grounding B connection
currentand
15: Earthing resistor
grounding current
transfomer phase of artifficial grounding point connection and
B current
grounding transfomer phase B current
12
12

12

Figure 19 Earthing resistor current of artificial grounding point connection and

Figure 19 Earthing resistor current of artificial grounding point connection and
grounding transfomer phase B current - SLG fault
Figuregrounding transfomer
19 Earthing resistor phasegrounding
current of artificial B current - SLG fault
point connection and
grounding transfomer phase B current — SLG fault
ure 16: Earthing resistor current of artifficial grounding point connection and
Figure 16: Earthing resistor current of artifficial grounding point connection and
grounding
grounding transfomer phase transfomer
C current phase C current

Current distributionA. Bernadić,

per phases of grounding transformer is evidently
Z. Anane, Neutral Point Connections in Mv Power Networks With Grounding Zigzag Transformers — Analysis And Simulations, Journal of
m, current47magnitudes and
Energy, vol. phases
68 Number arep. 42–48
1 (2019), equal, which proves of another
mption for grounding transformer characteristics. Also, magnitudes of phase
 Figure 19 Earthing resistor current of artificial grounding point connection and
grounding transfomer phase B current - SLG fault

CONCLUSION
Use of grounding transformer is common in everyday practice. With incre-
asing proportion of underground cables in MV power networks overall
network capacitance is increasing and moreover earth fault currents ma-
gnitudes. In MV isolated networks that earth fault current increase requ-
ires forming of artificial ground point — a neutral connection point on a
three–phase ungrounded power system. Grounding transformers physical
characteristics along with their acting in the power networks protection
principles and modeling are examined and presented in this paper. Also,
characteristical operational modes of MV networks with artificial ground
connection (MV power network with symmetrical and asymmetrical load,
single–phase to ground fault) necessary for understading of working prin-
ciples of MV networks are elaborated with detailed simulation cases.
Figure 20 Earthing resistor current of artificial grounding point connection and
Figure 20 Earthing resistor current of artificial grounding point connection and
grounding
grounding transfomer transfomer
phase C current phase
— SLG faultC current - SLG fault
Even for the case of SLG fault, current distribution per phases of grounding
Even for the case of SLG fault, current distribution per phases of grounding
transformer is evidently uniform. Furthermore, current magnitudes and
ansformer is evidently
Fourier analysis are
phases uniform.
harmonic
equal, is Furthermore,
decomposition
which of current
groundingmagnitudes
another prove contribution of thirdcha-
transformer and phases are
harmonic of
qual, which
magnetic flux isin another
earthing
racteristics. prove
With Fourier of grounding
transformer
analysis is
harmonicobtainedtransformer
and
decomposition characteristics.
presented
contribution of FiguresWith
on 21
ourier analysis harmonic decomposition contribution of
third harmonic of magnetic flux in earthing transformer is obtained and third harmonic of
Fourier's flux
magnetic decomposition
in earthing oftransformer
phase C flux) and Figure 22 (detailedonview of flux
presented on Figures 21 (Fourier’s is obtained
decomposition and presented
of phase C flux) and Figures 21
scillationsdecomposition
Fourier's by harmonics
Figure inview
22 (detailedof magnetic
phase core
flux)ofand
of fluxCoscillations earthing
Figuretransformer
by harmonics 22 (detailed
in magnetic during
coreviewthe
of SLG
flux14
ault).
scillations of
byearthing
harmonics in magnetic
transformer during thecore
SLG of earthing transformer during the SLG
fault).
ault).

Figure 21: Harmonic decomposition of magnetic flux of grounding transformer

Figure 21: Harmonic decomposition of magnetic flux of grounding transformer
Figure 21: Harmonic decomposition of magnetic flux of grounding transformer

Figure 22: Detailed view of flux oscillation by harmonics during the SLG fault
Figure 22: Detailed
Figure view
22: Detailed viewofofflux oscillation
flux oscillation by harmonics
by harmonics during
during the SLG fault the SLG fault

As quoted,
As quoted,connections
connections of of half–phases
half-phases tendstends to currents
to cancel cancel of currents
3rd of 3rd
armonics –harmonics
practicaly — practicaly
there is there3rd
not is not 3rd harmonics
harmonics of of magnetic
magnetic flux.Fou-
flux.Fourier analysis
As quoted, connections of half-phases tends to cancel currents
rier analysis of magnetic flux in grounding transformer shows that 3rd flux of 3rd
farmonics
magnetic–harmonic
flux inminor
practicaly grounding
there
which transformer
is isnot 3rd harmonics
another showsof
confirmation of that 3rd transformer
magnetic
grounding flux harmonic
flux.Fourier minor
analysis
which is another
f magnetic flux confirmation
in groundingoftransformer
characteristics. grounding transformer
shows thatcharacteristics.
3rd flux harmonic minor
which is another confirmation of grounding transformer characteristics.

. CONCLUSION
. CONCLUSION
Use of grounding transformer is common in everyday practice. With
ncreasing
Use proportion of underground
of grounding transformer cables in MV power
is common networks overall
in everyday network
practice. With
apacitanceproportion
ncreasing is increasing and moreover
of underground earth
cables fault
in MV currents
power magnitudes.
networks In MV
overall network
solated networks
apacitance that earth
is increasing and fault current
moreover increase
earth requires magnitudes.
fault currents forming of artificial
In MV
round point
solated – a that
networks neutral connection
earth point increase
fault current on a three-phase ungrounded
requires forming power
of artificial
round point – a neutral connection point
[1] on a three-phase ungrounded power
REFERENCES M. Shen, L. Ingratta, and G. Roberts: [3] S. Ravlić: “Uzemljenje zvjezdišta transfor-
“Grounding Transformer Application, Mo- matora mreža srednjeg napona“
tačkom 35 kV mreže koja se napaja iz TS
110/35/10(20) kV Konjic”
deling, and Simulation”, IEEE 2008. 15
[4] IEEE Std 80 — grounding [7] IEC 60909: Tecnical report TR 60909
[2] R. Detjen, “Grounding Transformer Appli- 2000–07
15Application’s Guide, Manitoba,
[5] »EMTDC
cations and Associated Protection Sche- 2008 [8] Short, „Electric Power Distribution
mes”, IEEE Transactions on industry appli- Handbook“, CRC press, 2004.
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laska na rad sa uzemljenom neutralnom

A. Bernadić, Z. Anane, Neutral Point Connections in Mv Power Networks With Grounding Zigzag Transformers — Analysis And Simulations, Journal of
48 Energy, vol. 68 Number 1 (2019), p. 42–48