STATISTICS

1. Find the preferred measure of central location for the sample whose observations 18, 10, 11,
98, 22, 15, 11, 25, and 17 represent the number of automobiles sold during this past January
by 9 different automobile agencies. Justify your choice (10 points)

Ans. In this situation, the mode is the preferred measure of central tendency since it is the most
frequent occurrence in the given data.
Solution:
Mean (X) = ∑X ÷ N
= 18 + 10 + 11 + 98 + 22 + 15 + 11 + 25 + 17
= 227 ÷ 9
= 25.22
Mode= 11
Median = 17

2. At a recent convention in Daytona Beach, delegates could choose one of three optional
recreational tours: Disneyworld, Marineland, and St. Augustine. Determine the modal choice
of 15 delegates who made the following decisions : Disneyworld, St. Augustine, Disneyworld,
Disneyworld, Marineland, St. Augustine, Marineland, Disneyworld, Marineland, Marineland,
Disneyworld, St. Augustine, Disneyworld, Marineland, and Disneyworld. (10 points)

Ans. Mode can be determined by identifying the frequently repeated or variable. For the
situation, Disneyworld appears to be chosen seven times (7) than Marineland which was chosen
by five (5) delegates and St. Augustine which was selected by three (3) delegates.
Solution:
Options/Choices Disneyworld Marineland St. Augustine
Score 7 5 3

Mode (Mo) = 7 ; Disneyworld

3. How many teachers have efficiency grades of mean and above based on the given data?
98 93 88 83 78
97 92 87 82 77
96 91 86 81 76
95 90 85 80 75
94 89 84 79 74

Answer: Thirteen (13) out of 25 teachers have efficiency grades of mean (86) and above.
Mean (X) =2, 150 / 25 = 86

4. Workers A and B, doing the same job, show the following results over a long period:
A B
Mean time of completing the job (in hours) 5 4
Standard deviation (in hours) 1.50 1.50
a. Who appears to be more consistent in performance?
Ans. Worker B
b. Who is more efficient from an over-all point of view?
Ans. Worker B is more efficient than Worker A since Worker B can finished the job for a
short period compared to Worker A. Thus, implicates that less time consumed to finish a
job, more efficient the worker can be.

5. A statistical test of significance would have no useful purpose in a purely descriptive study in
which sampling was not involved. Do you agree? Why?

Ans. Yes because descriptive studies do not allow us to make conclusions beyond the data we
have analyzed or each conclusions regarding any hypotheses we might have made. Therefore
the test of significance is not useful since there is no need for inferential data. The aim is purely
descriptive, besides there is no comparison between the computed and tabular or critical value.
6. When a statistical test determines that a finding is significant with the 0.05 level, it indicates
that there is a 5/100 probability that the relationship was merely the result of sampling error.
Do you agree? Why?

Ans. Yes, because it implies error is committed or error may occur at 0.05 level of significance
which is 5 out of 100 probability of committing the certain error.

7. Any hypothesis that can be rejected at the 0.05 level of significance can surely be rejected at
the 0.01 level. Do you agree? Why?

Ans. Yes. A hypothesis rejected at 0.05 level of significance means that it commits more than 5%
error in the conduct of the study. Therefore, this hypothesis could surely be rejected at 0.01
level of significance since it only requires 1% error, furthermore the tabular or critical value of
0.01 level of significance is greater than 0.05 level of significance.

8. Study the given data below:

Sex Age Fam Educat Place Atti English Grade Achieve

ily In ional of Resi tude ment Test
co Attain dence
me ment
1 21 1 1 1 1 86 45

1 19 1 1 1 1 87 42

1 18 1 1 1 1 89 34

1 22 2 2 1 1 90 35

2 18 3 2 1 1 88 46

2 20 2 2 2 2 85 42

2 19 1 3 2 2 80 39

2 20 2 3 1 2 78 38

1 21 3 3 1 2 79 34

2 21 3 2 2 1 89 37

2 22 2 1 2 1 90 39

2 19 1 3 2 1 91 34

2 21 1 2 1 2 93 37

1 21 2 2 1 1 87 36

1 20 1 1 1 1 86 35

a. How many variables are there in the data? What are they? (10 points)

Ans. There were 8 variables namely, sex, age, family income, educational attainment, place
of residence, attitude, English grade, and Achievement test.

b. Indicate the scale or level of measurement for each data.

Ans.
a. Sex – nominal
b. Age – ratio
c. Family income - ordinal
d. Educational Attainment - ordinal
e. Place of residence - nominal
 f. Attitude – ordinal
g. English grade – interval
h. Achievement test - interval

c. What is the total number of samples (2 points each)

Ans.
a. Sex = 15
b. Age = 15
c. Family Income = 15
d. Educational Attainment = 15
e. Place of residence = 15
f. Attitude = 15
g. English grade = 15
h. Achievement test = 15

d. Prepare a cross-tabulation table for the attitude (1-positive and 2-negative) and English
grade of students (80 and below, 81 – 85 and 86 and above). (10 points)
Attitude vs English Grade
English Grade
Total
Attitude 80 & below 81-85 86 & above
f % f % f % f %
Positive 0 0 0 0 10 100 10 100
Negative 3 60 1 20 1 20 5 100
Total 3 20 1 6.67 11 73.33 15 100

e. Which of the variables are considered numeric and string variables? (8points)

Ans. Numeric variables are English grade & Achievement test

String variables are sex, age, family income, educational attainment, place of
residence, and attitude

f. What is the appropriate measure of relationship between English grade and achievement
test? Why? (10 points)

Ans. English Grade as the independent variable will give an interval data and
Achievement Test as the dependent variable will also give an interval data. Based on this
information, it is appropriate to use the Spearman Rank-order correlation coefficient
because the data are expressed in raw score and it is nonparametric.

9. In a 3 x 4 chi-square test contingency table, it was found out that socio-economic status was
significantly related to educational attainment of the respondents. Can we claim that the two
variables are independent from each other? Why? (5 points)

Ans. Yes, because the relationship is symbiotic.

10. State a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis for each research objective below.

a. To test the effect of peer counseling on the personality and behavior of children with
behavioral problems.

Null hypothesis (HO) = There is no significant effect of peer counseling on the personality of
behavior or children with behavioral problem.

Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is a significant effect of peer counseling on the

personality of behavior or children with behavioral problem.
 b. To describe the identified male and female homosexuals in terms of mental ability,
personality and career preferences.

Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the mental ability, personality and
career preferences when grouped according to sex.

Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant difference in the mental ability, personality

and career preferences when grouped according to sex.

c. To study how English writing skills of pupils whose language teacher followed a new
teaching strategy compare with those of pupils whose teacher followed the traditional
strategy.

Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the English writing skills of pupils whose
language teacher followed a new teaching strategy compared with those of pupils whose
teacher followed the traditional strategy.

Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant difference in the English writing skills of pupils
whose language teacher followed a new teaching strategy compared with those of pupils
whose teacher followed the traditional strategy.

d. To compare the temperament of subjects who are classified as smokers and non-smokers.

Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the temperament of subjects who are
classified as smokers and non-smokers.

Alternative hypothesis: There is a difference in the temperament of subjects who are

classified as smokers and non-smokers.

e. To determine whether social orientation programs develop personal and interpersonal

awareness among college students.

Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the social orientation programs that
developed personal and interpersonal awareness among college students.

Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant difference in the social orientation programs

that developed personal and interpersonal awareness among college students.

11. Below are the hypothesis stated in different ways. Answer the following questions about each
item.
a. In what form is the hypothesis stated?
b. Does it use a directional or non-directional test?

1. There will be significant difference in mean scores between boys and girls in a Reading
Achievement Test.
a. Alternative hypothesis b. Directional test
2. The proportion of males will not differ significantly from the proportion of females in their
attitudes toward birth control.
a. Null hypothesis b. Non-Directional test
3. There is a positive relationship between ranks of children on a social adjustment instrument
as judged by two teachers.
a. Alternative hypothesis b. Directional test
4. The low scorers in a Self-Concept test will also be the low scorers in an intelligence Test.
a. Alternative hypothesis b. Directional test
5. There is no significant difference of performance in a math Concept test among low IQ and
high IQ students.
a. Null hypothesis b. Non - Directional test
12. The data below show the cross-tabulation between frequency of smoking and risk of lung
cancer.

Risk of Lung Cancer

Total
Frequency
High Moderate Low
of Smoking
f % f % f % f %

Often 25 55.56 12 26.67 8 17.78 45 100

Sometimes 10 18.18 15 27.27 30 54.55 55 100

Never 6 0.92 12 29.33 40 61.54 65 100

Total 41 24.85 46 27.88 78 47.27 165 100

Gamma value = 0.76 p<0.05

a. What are the variables involved in the data? (5 points)

Ans. The variables are the Risk of Lung Cancer & the Frequency of Smoking

b. What level of measurement are they? (5 points)

Ans. They are classified under the ordinal level of measurement.

c. What appropriate test is used? Why? (5 points)

Ans. Goodman and Kruskal's gamma it is a measure of rank correlation, i.e., the similarity of
the orderings of the data when ranked by each of the quantities. It measures the strength of
association of the cross tabulated data when both variables are measured at the ordinal level. It
makes no adjustment for either table size or ties. Values range from −1 (100% negative
association, or perfect inversion) to +1 (100% positive association, or perfect agreement). A
value of zero indicates the absence of association.

d. Discuss the result of the data. (10 points)

Ans. The result showed that most of the respondents have the low risk of lung cancer since
most of them never smoke as observed in the frequency of smoking of the respondents.