Ontoseno Penangsang1)

1) Electrical Department, Sepuluh Nopember of Institute Technology

Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
 Introduction
 Synchronous machine model for
stability study
 Developing Swing equation
 Steady-state stability – small
disturbance
 Stability analysis on Swing equation
 Transient stability
 Equal Area Criterion
 INTRODUCTION TO
STABILITY

 What is stability

 the tendency of power system to restore the state of

equilibrium after the disturbance

 mostly concerned with the behavior of synchronous

machine after a disturbance

 in short, if synchronous machines can remain

synchronism after disturbances, we say that system is
stable
 Phase angle difference (fault cleared at 0.5s)
1400

1200

Phase angle difference (fault cleared at 0.4s) 1000

150

800

Delta, degree
100 600

400
50
Delta, degree

200

0
0

-200
0 0.5 1 1.5
-50 t, sec

UNSTABL
-100
0 0.5
t, sec
1 1.5 E
STABLE
 Stability issue

 steady-state stability – the ability of power system to

regain synchronism after small and slow disturbances
such as gradual power change

 transient stability – the ability of power system to

regain synchronism after large and sudden
disturbances such as a fault
 POWER ANGLE

 Power angle
 relative angle r between
rotor mmf and air-gap
mmf (angle between Fr
and Fsr), both rotating in
synchronous speed
 also the angle r between
no-load generated emf E
and stator voltage Esr
 also the angle  between
emf E and terminal
voltage V, if neglecting
armature resistance and
leakage flux
 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE MODELS
FOR STABILITY STUDY

Simplified synchronous machine model

 the simplified machine model is decided by
the proper reactances, X’’d, X’d, or Xd
 for very short time of transient analysis,
use X’’d
 for short time of transient analysis, use X’d
 for steady-state analysis, use Xd
P = fs (δ)
DARI GENERATOR SEREMPAK DENGAN ROTOR
BULAT (NON SALIENT POLE)

Xs V
T ~
I Infinite bus
E

E = V + j I Xs

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Olof Samuelsson
 E IX s
E 
IXs sin(90  f ) sin 
E
 V
I cos f  sin 
f
Xs

P  V I cos f
I

Daya yang dibangkitkan generator :

P
VE
P sin 
Xs Pm


Pm= P mekanis turbin
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P = fs (δ)
DARI GENERATOR SEREMPAK DENGAN ROTOR
KUTUB MENONJOL (SALIENT POLE)

E  V  I d ( jX d )  jI q ( jX q )

 V  jI d X d  jI q jX q  jI d X q  jI d X q

 V  ( I d  jI q )( jX q )  jI d ( X d  X q )

E  V  jIX q  jI d ( X d  X q )

dimana I  I  jI
d q
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 jI d X d  X q 
Iq

E
  Iq X q
f jIX q

V
I
Id
jI d X q jI d X d

O I cos f  ob  oa  ab
Iq

x oa  I q cos 
f
ab  ac  cb  x sin   y sin 
 x  y  sin 
a
c
b
y  I d sin 
Id I cos f  I cos   I d sin 
I V
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 jI d X d  X q 
Iq
V cosδ
E
  Iq X q
f V sinδ jIX q

V
I
Id
jI d X q jI d X d

V sin 
Iq 
V sin   I q X q Xq
E  V cos 
V cos   E  I d X d Id 
Xd

I cos f  I q cos   I d sin 

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 VE V 2 ( X d  xq )
sin   sin 2
Xd 2 X d xq

P  VI cos f
P
 E sin  V X d  X q  
V   sin 2 
 X d 2X d X q 

VE V 2
X  Xq
VE
Xd
sin  V 2 (X d  X q )
Sin2
P sin   sin 2
d
2X d X q
Xd 2X d X q

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EXAMPLE :

Infinite Bus
E1
X gen
Xe
E~ = 1.0 pu
GS
Trafo
Eg Transmisi dll
Eg’

A 2 POLE TURBO ALTERNATOR, CONNECTED TO SYSTEM

WITH THE FOLLOWING SPECIFICATIONS:

100 MVA, 2 POLE, 50 HZ, 85%P.F., 13.2 kV (L-L)

Xd = 100%, Xq = Xq’ = 96%, Xd’ = 20% Xe = 50%

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THE SYSTEM IS IN OPERATION WITHTHE NOMINALCURRENT
FLOWING, THE POWER FACTOR AT THR INFINITE BUS IS 1.0,
CALCULATE P vs  FOR STEADY STATE AND TRANSIENT
CONDITION.

STEADY STATE :

Eg E  E 2  X d  X e   X q  X e 
P sin   sin 2
Xd  Xe 2 X d  X e X q  X e 

TRANSIENT :

E g' E    
E 2 X d'  X e  X q'  X e 
P sin   sin 2
X  Xe
'
d 2X '
d  Xe X '
q  Xe 

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STEADY STATE :

Id(Xd- Xq) Eg Eg

IaXq P
1.811.0
sin  
1.0 2 1.0  0.96
sin 2
1.5 21.51.46

Iq E1
P = 1.20 sin  + 0.0091 sin 2
IaXe  1.2 sin 
δ
Ia = 1.0 pu
E~ = 1.0 pu

Id =IaSinδ
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TRANSIENT :

Id(Xq’ - Xd’) Eg’

E’g IaXq’
P
1.151.0
sin  
1.0 2 0.20  0.96
sin 2
Iq E1 0.20  0.50 20.701.46

IaXe
δ P = 1.65 sin  - 0.372 sin 2
Ia = 1.0 pu
E~ = 1.0 pu

Id

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 Analisa Stabilitas yang ditunjukkan Oleh Kurva P Vs  
2.5

2 P = 1.65 sin  - 0.372 sin 2

1.65 sin  (transient)
1.5

P = 1.20 sin 
1 (steady-state)
P

0.5
- 0.372 sin 2
0
Steadystate
Transient
-0.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

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STEADY STATE STABILITY

Electrical
 Power
P MAX E1 E 2
PE  sin 
X
Mechanical
Power  PM
PE  PM
Y-Axis

  
RotorDeclerates
PM
OperatingPo int
PE  PM
PE  PM
  
RotorAccelerates

 90 o 180 o


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 STABL UNSTABLE
 E
P MAX
Y-Axis

PM

δ 1’ δ 1 δ 1” δ2” δ2 δ2’180 
o
90 o

STEADY STATE Electric

STABILITY LIMIT
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TRANSIENT STABILITY


P MAX
3 4

PDECEL Turbine
Power
Y-Axis

Stable TRANSIENT
1
PM STABILITY LIMIT
Unstable

Power PACCEL
2

 90 o 180 o


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 DEVELOPING SWING EQUATION

Synchronous machine operation

 consider a synchronous generator with

electromagnetic torque Te running at synchronous
speed ωsm.
 during the normal operation, the mechanical torque
Tm = Te
 a disturbance occur will result in
accelerating/decelerating torque Ta=Tm-Te (Ta>0 if
accelerating, Ta<0 if decelerating)