ES 104: Introduction to Analog and Digital Electronics - Tutorial 1

Teacher: Prof. Nitin Khanna (nitinkhanna@iitgn.ac.in)

January 4, 2018

1. Consider an N-bit ADC whose analog input varies between 0 and VF S (where the subscript FS denotes
“full scale”).
(a) Show that the least significant bit (LSB) correspond to a change in the analog signal of VF S /(2N −1).
This is the resolution of the converter.
(b) Convince yourself that the maximum error in the conversion (called the quantization error) is half
the resolution;that is, the quantization error = VF S /2(2N − 1)
(c) For VF S = 10V , how many bits are required to obtain a resolution of 5mV or better? What is the
actual resolution obtained? What is the resulting quantization error?
2. Consider a 4-bit digital word D = b3 b2 b1 b0 used to represent an analog signal vA that varies between
0V and +15V .
(a) Give D corresponding to vA = 0V, 1V, 2V, and 15V.
(b) What changes in vA causes a change from 0 to 1 in (i) b0 , (ii) b1 , (iii) b2 , and (iv) b3 ?
(c) If vA = 5.2V , what do you expect D to be ? What is the resulting error in representation?
3. An Amplifier using balanced power supplies is known to saturate for signals extending within 1.2 V of
either supply. For linear operation, its gain is 500 V/V. What is the rms value of the largest undistorted
sine-wave output available, and input needed, with ± 5-V supplies? With ± 10-V supplies? With ±
15-V supplies?
4. Symmetrically saturating amplifiers, operating in the so-called clipping mode, can be used to convert
sine waves to pseudo-square waves. for an amplifier with a small-signal gain of 1000 and clipping levels
of ± 9V, what peak value of input sinusoid is needed to produce and output whose extremes are just at
the edge of clipping? Clipped 90% of the time? Clipped 99% of the time?

5. Various amplifier and load combinations are measured as listed below using rms values. For each, find
the voltage, current, and power gains (Av , Ai , and Ap , respectively) both as ratios and in dB:
(a) vI = 100mV, iI = 100µA, vo = 10V, RL = 100Ω
(b) vI = 10µV, iI = 100nA, vo = 1V, RL = 10kΩ
(c) vI = 1V, iI = 1mA, vo = 5V, RL = 10Ω

6. An amplifier operating from a single 15-V supply provides a 12-V peak-to-peak sine-wave signal to a
1 − kΩ load and draws negligible input current from the signal source. The dc current drawn from the
15-V supply is 8 mA. What is the power dissipated in the amplifier, and what is the amplifier efficiency?

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7. An amplifier designed using a single metaloxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor has the transfer char-
acteristic vO = 10 − 5(vI − 2)2 , where vI and vO are in volts. This transfer characteristic applies for
2 ≤ vI ≤ vO + 2 and vO positive. The amplifier saturates at the limits of this region.
(a) Sketch and clearly label the transfer characteristic. What are the saturation levels L+ and L− and
the corresponding values of vI ?
(b) (*Optional) Bias the amplifier to obtain a dc output voltage of 5 V. What value of input dc voltage
VI is required ?
(c) (*Optional) Calculate the value of small-signal voltage gain at the bias point.
(d) Find the resulting vO if a sinusoidal input signal is superimposed on the dc bias voltage VI , that is,
vI = VI + Vi cos ωt.
(e) Using the trigonometric identity cos2 θ = (1/2) + (1/2)cos 2θ, express vO as the sum of a dc com-
ponent, a signal component with frequency ω, and a sinusoidal component with frequency 2ω. The
later component is undesirable and is a result of the nonlinear transfer characteristic of the am-
plifier. If it is required to limit the ratio of the second harmonic component to the fundamental
component to 1% (the ratio is known as second-harmonic distortion), what is the corresponding
upper limit on Vi ? What output amplitude results?