ORAL COMMUNICATION

PROBLEMS EMANATING FROM THE SOURCE/SENDER

LACK OF LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY/SKILLS
i. Choosing the right words to express the intended message.
ii. Weaving these words in grammatical or comprehensible language structures.
iii. Pronouncing intelligibly the words and employing appropriate stress, juncture, and intonation;
iv. Organizing ideas; and
v. Using appropriate volume, pitch, and tone of the voice.

LACK OF SENSITIVITY TO THE RECEIVER’S BACKGROUND

 When the speaker does not consider the PERSONAL BACKGROUND OF THE RECEIVER, a breakdown in
communication may result because the intended message may not be understood.
 Recognizing their AGE, CULTURE, EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, GENDER,
KNOWLEDGE, SOCIAL STATUS, NEEDS, and PREFERENCES.

LACK OF PREPARATION

 Preparation includes checking the accuracy of facts and details and verifying the credibility of the sources.

NEGATIVE PERCEPTION OF SELF AND OTHER EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS

 A speaker who lacks self-confidence and who possesses emotional problems might find talking to other
people intimidating, which we all refer to as STAGE FRIGHT/ COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION.
 There’re people who cannot apprehend, but they learn how to control them and minimize their negative
effect.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
A. THERAPEUTIC FUNCTION/ EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
 Communication is curative and serves to maintain good health. After the talk, we find ourselves in a
much better condition to think over matters that trouble us.

B. MOTIVATION FUNCTION
 We communicate to entice and direct people to act and reach their goals/objectives in life. POSITIVE
LANGUAGE is used as reinforcement.

C. INFORMATIVE FUNCTION
 We want to inform people of what we know—facts, information, and knowledge.

D. INSTRUCTIVE FUNCTION
 Many times, older people, people in higher ranks communicate to instruct us what to do, when and
where, and why and how to do them.

E. PERSUASIVE FUNCTION
 You find yourself wanting to influence the opinion of others to believe and accept your stand or claim on
an issue/problem.
 F. AESTHETIC FUNCTION
 We use communication for pleasure and enjoyment.

G. REGULATION/CONTROL
 People use communication to maintain control over other people’s attitudes and behavior.

H. SOCIAL INTERACTION
 Communication helps us start, maintain, regulate or even end relationships with other people.
 In business, communication is used to PROMOTE, INFORM, AND PERSUADE goodwill with the people
inside the organization.

LANGUAGE BARRIER
 People who speak different language have problems understanding one another, but also those who speak
the same language. Ex: FIRST FLOOR
AMERICAN-ENGLISH= The floor of a building that is at ground level
BRITISH-ENGLISH= The level above the ground floor.

SYSTEMATIC BARRIERS
 It may exist in structures and organizations where there are inefficient or inappropriate information systems
and communication channels, or where there is a lack of understanding the roles and responsibilities for
communications.

ATTITUDINAL BARRIERS
 It may result from personality conflicts, poor management, resistance to change of a lack of motivation.

TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXTS

SPEECH
 Is essential to our human being; it affects who we are and how we develop as individuals, how we learn and
communicate what we know, and how we interact with others in our world. IT IS ALWAYS CONTEXTUALIZED.

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION [Involves one other (dyad) and some others (group)]
 PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT refers to the participants and what each brings to the interaction.
 RELATIONAL CONTEXT concerns the relations the interlocutors have toward each other.
 SITUATIONAL CONTEXT deals with the psychological “where” such as interaction in classroom, or at picnics.
 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT deals with the physical “where” they are communicating (place).
 CULTURAL CONTEXT all the learned behaviors and rules that affect the interaction.

INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
 It takes place within a single person.
o INTERNAL DISCOURSE is where we talk silently in our head.
o SOLO VOCAL is where you talk to yourself out loud.
 Psychologists include both DAYDREAMING and NOCTURNAL as intrapersonal communication.
 PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
 People use it to PREACH, GET ELECTED, IMPROVE BUSINESSES, AND PROMOTE SOCIAL CAUSES:
movies, or even themselves.
 Public speech uses IDEAS and IMAGES, PERSUASION and INFORMATION, STRATEGY and TACTICS
targeted to the right audience in a creative and innovative way.

TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

1. INFORMATIVE
 This speech serves to provide interesting and useful info to the audience.

2. DEMONSTRATIVE/ INSTRUCTIVE
 Teaches you to do or perform something.
 The speaker commonly demonstrates or perform the process.

3. PERSUASIVE
 Aims to persuade or convince people the way they think or to start doing something when they’re not
casually doing.

4. ENTERTAINING
 Provides pleasure and enjoyment that make the audience laugh or identify with anecdotal information.

TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO DELIVERY

1. IMPRTOMPTU
 It is a speech delivered on the spur of the moment. It depends solely on your ability to speak in an
instant.

2. EXTEMPORANEOUS
 It’s a speech that allows the speaker his/her thoughts and mode of delivery. NOTE CARDS or SHORT
OUTLINES written on a sheet of paper help significantly in making the speech delivery organized.

3. MANUSCRIPT
 The speaker prepares the manuscript that s/he has to present. It requires the speaker to read every
word in it. The script must be read AS EXACT as how it was written.

4. MEMORIZED
 This usually sounds mechanical and is seldom used or recommended.
 Keep it short and add expression in your voice.

“COMPLAIN WHEN YOU ALREADY MADE A DIFFERENCE. LIFE'S UNFAIR ASPECT OFTEN BECOMES
OUR ADVANTAGE. Ngudlakkk!!” -Jang