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Geography 2020 Notes
Geography 2020 Notes
FACTORS :-
HIMALAYAS
SEAS
WINDS
LATITUDNAL POSITION
ALTITUDE
JET STREAMS
RELIEF FEATURES – W. GHATS
FEATURES OF MONSOON : -
UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED
ERRATIC
UNCERTAIN
UNRELIABLE
LOW RAINFALL : JAMMU, RAJASTHAN
Low pressure
High temp. in northern parts away from sea
Rivers, wells dry up
Dust storms – Punjab, Haryana, U.P. – loo
Torrential rainfall due to high speed wind in w. Bengal & Assam –
kalbaisakhi
High speed hot winds
High pressure
Dry retreating winds
Clear skies and dry atmosphere
October heat
Low humidity
Oppressive weather
Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh – highest rainfall due to cyclones
originating in Bay of Bengal
CH – 2 soils in india
Soil – thin surface layer of earth, comprising mineral particles formed by
weathering of rocks
ALLUVIAL SOIL
BLACK SOIL
Volcanic origin
Deccan trap
Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
Disintegration of basalt rich in potash, humus and lime
Deep, fine grained and black to chestnut brown in colour
Moisture retentive – sticky when wet & forms cracks when dry
Crops – cotton & wheat
RED SOIL
LATERITE SOIL
Leaching of lateritic rocks
Building material due to poor quality
Unsuitable for cultivation
Goa and kerala & malwa plateau
Poor in nitrogen & lime
High acidity can’t retain moisture
Crops – cashew nut and tapioca
CAUSES
EFFECTS
Loosening of soil
Landslides & flash floods
Leads to unproductive soil – poor crop yield
METHODS TO PREVENT
FACTORS
Rainfall
Temperature
Soil
Topography – altitude and latitude
200 cm of rainfall
24° C to 27°C
Diff. trees germinate & wither @ different times
Dense trees, climbers & epiphytes
Dark floor as no sunlight penetrates
Trees not in pure stand
Rosewood, ebony, shisham – making furniture – Andaman & nicobar
islands, assam, Meghalaya & Tripura
TROPICAL DRY
TIDAL/DELTA FORESTS
MOUNTAIN FORESTS
FOREST CONSERVATION
Check deforestation
Prevent overgrazing
Reforestation
Shifting cultivation needs to be controlled
CH 4 WATER RESOURCES OF INDIA
Irrigation is key to india’s agricultural success :
METHODS
Rihand dam – rihand river – tributary of son – largest lake reservoir – govind
ballab pant sagar lake – bihar
IMPORTANCE
To store water
To generate electricity
To control floods
To provide drinking water
To develop pisciculture & recreational centres
Objectives –
EG: roof water harvesting, hand pumps, recharge through stop-dams on small
streams.
CH 5 MINERALS IN INDIA
COAL
4 TYPES:
PROBLEMS
Medium quality – more ash & smoke – water logging – fire accidents
PETROLEUM
MANGANESE
BAUXITE
LIMESTONE
CH 6 AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
SUBSISTENCE FARMING
Farming for farmer to consume – small sized land – more manual labour – no
machines – mostly food crops – double cropping, crop rotation & multiple
cropping
Slash and burn, low quality seed, less production, improper cultivation,
ecological balance disturbed, crops left to grow on their own & no irrigation or
fertilization is provided
Small sized fields, more labour & scientific method to make soil more
productive, use of hybrid seeds, mostly food crops.
Big fields, machines, cash crops, sparsely populated areas with ample of land.
product only for sale
MIXED FARMING
PLANTATION FARMING
Predominance of single crop with some other crops – only once plantation –
yield many years – scientifically managed crops only for sale
PROBLEMS
FOOD CROPS
Cereals – collective term for all kinds of grass like plants having starchy, edible
seeds.
CASH CROPS
OIL SEEDS
TEA
COFFEE
Arabica
Robusta
Liberica
Shrub with glossy, evergreen leaves & white flowers/
Shelter belts are provided
Wet or Parchment method – removal of skin, pulping, fermenting,
washing & drying
Dry or native method – covering is removed by drying in sun – pounded
to remove outer covering – colour, flavour & taste are result of roasting
FIBRE CROPS
COTTON
Manual labour
Clear soft water
Jute mites
stalks are cut near roots and then tied in bundles and steeped until
outer bark begins to rot. This is termed as ‘retting’.
Retting – soaking of stalks to remove fibre from bark
Rinsing
Washing
Cleaning
Drying
Problems – stiff competition in intl. market.
COMMERCIAL CROPS
RUBBER
SUGARCANE
Tall, perennial
Sugar cane is divided into internodes connected by joints called nodes.
Each node has a bud. Monoculture crop
Dry season for harvesting
More labour