A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF TWITTER USAGE TO THE SELF-ESTEEM

OF STUDENTS

A Qualitative Research Paper

QUIRT ACE ROBERT S. BOER

GABRIEL ANGELO T. CASAGAN

MELANIE GINE V. LAGUERTA

2019
 ABSTRACT

Social media are websites or applications that allow users to interact with each other
through creating and sharing, and partaking in social networking. For a lot of teens, social media
can become almost addictive. (Gordon, 2019) Twitter, in the present time, gains more popularity
to youngsters as the social media platform for freer expression and thought. Because of this, the
researchers are primed to know the effects of Twitter usage to the self-esteem of students and
how can it affects several aspects of their lives. The present qualitative research study aimed to
determine the effects of Twitter usage to the self-esteem of Senior High School students of San
Jose National High Schools and the application’s effect to the following aspects of their lives:
self, social and family relationships, education and physical health. The qualitative study utilized
interview as its main instrument to gather data where ten student participants from San Jose
National High School- Senior High School department who are Twitter users were selected to
take part in the interview meeting. The participants were as follows: three students from
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strand, and Accountancy and Business
Management and; two students from Information and Communication Technology and
Humanities and Social Sciences. In generalization, as for the effect of Twitter to the self-esteem
of students, it can be seen that it increased the self-esteem of students on their inner feelings
and education. However, it doesn’t exhibit any effect on social and family relationship. Self-
esteem wasn’t improved with regards to social and family relationships. Also, Twitter wasn’t able
to pose any effect to the physical health to the majority of the participants.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

I. CONTEXT AND RATIONALE

` The prevalence of social media in this millennium has changed the way of lives of
people of all ages since it is used as a medium of expression and thought. Twitter, one of the
leading social media platforms, serves as the avenue of many teenagers to express themselves
more freely since older adults don’t own such app and it is rapidly becoming the online
reproduction site for trolls, negative-themed tweets, opinions and anything which mostly
somehow involves words. Twitter allows to share their thoughts, show-off their life events and
spend their leisure time on with.
That being said, the present research focuses mainly on determining the effects of
Twitter usage to the self-esteem of San Jose National High School Senior High School students
and its connection to several aspects of their lives. The study will be conducted in the first
semester of the school year of 2018 to 2019. In addition, since two of the researchers are users
of the said app and they have seen the effects of its usage firsthand, knowing Twitter’s effect to
other teenager users to come up with proper solutions are what drove them to continue the
conduct of the study. The researchers have seen that teenagers could express more freely in
Twitter since parental guidance is less observed than in other Social Networking Sites (SNS)
such as Facebook. The researchers want to establish a clearer picture on the effects of Twitter
usage to the self-esteem of teenagers who own Twitter account in their department since their
abilities is limited to such only.
San Jose National High School, as a learning institution recognizes that every child must
be respected and protected as mandated under R.A. No. 7610, otherwise known as the “Special
Protection of Children against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act”, which was
subsequently amended by R.A. No. 7658. This bolsters the conduct of the research since no
students should be inflicted with any kind of abuse and discrimination by their classmates and
other people in school in the cyberspace.
This law clearly indicates the responsibility of parents and teachers in protecting all
children or minors because of their vulnerabilities to all sorts of abuses whether psychological,
mental or physical, exploitations, and to further restore and strengthen their self-confidence and
self-esteem as individuals with worth and dignity. This indicates that any form of cyberbullying in
social media applications like Twitter that may affect the self-esteem of every youngster is
prohibited at all costs.
 Furthermore, these policies is in adherence to DepEd Order No. 40, s. 2012 requiring all
school to implement the DepEd Child Protection Policy instructing the protection of children in
school from abuse, violence, exploitation, discrimination, bullying and other forms of abuse. This
is also connected to Republic act no. 10627 an act requiring all elementary and secondary
schools to adopt policies to prevent and address the acts of bullying in their institutions. Section
2 letter D states that Cyber-bullying or any bullying done through the use of technology or any
electronic means. Section 3 also states that bullying is also prohibited through the use of
technology or an electronic device owned, leased or used by a school.
Thus, the school is a peace zone that provides a good learning environment for
students’ formal, moral, and emotional growth. (DepEd Order 44 s 2005).
In reiteration, the current research wants to discover the effects of Twitter usage to the
self-esteem of San Jose National High School- Senior High School pupils since the application
is currently reaching greater fame as the site of freer thoughts and opinions. Determining its
effects would obviously bring a clearer understanding and explanation to its psychological
impacts to teenagers in this day of age and would provide ways to address the resulting issues,
if any yield.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

FOREIGN LITERATURE

According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, Twitter is used to talk in a quick and informal
way about unimportant things. This is somehow inclined to the aforementioned usage of Twitter
above.

On the other hand, Gil (2019) said that people send tweets for all sorts of reasons:
vanity, sadness, attention, shameless self promotion of their web pages, or simple boredom. He
also revealed that users also tweet to gain fame. According to him, people are now having a
hard time to tweet. They may be contemplating on how their tweet can be noticeable. Users
know that negative or sad tweets are the catchiest among them. Due to this, Twitter was filled
with negativity.

In an article written by Gordon, 2019 medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD, it is

mentioned that for a lot of teens, social media can become almost addictive. The author noted
that a study by researchers at the UCLA brain mapping center, it was discovered that certain
regions of teen brains became activated by "likes" on social media, sometimes causing them to
want to use social media more.
 The article presents social media’s impacts to several mental health aspects such as
depression, anxiety, sleep deprivation, envy, and communication issues. The article shares
commonality with the present study in such a way that teenagers were used as its sample and it
studied about six mental health aspects. With contrary to the present study, this article tallied
the effects of social media as a whole compared to the present research which is scoped on
Twitter. Also, self-esteem, which is the primary focus of the present research study, is not
mentioned in the whole article as one of the mental health aspects studied. However, it could
also be linked to these mental health aspects and further mentioning its impacts could help in
the development of the concepts in this study.

In an article in The Conversation, 2016 written by Misha Ketchell, Twitter’s effects in six
fields namely politics, science, business, journalism, relationships and celebrity culture were
enumerated. With respect to the present study, this article eloquently stated Twitter’s impact to
numerous fields. Twitter is the focus SNS of this study and so, this article could further explain
how Twitter impacts to the world where teenagers dwell. In addition, although this article didn’t
state mental health impacts unlike the previous article written by Gordon, the understanding of
the application’s effect and contribution to the world are clearly stated.

Politics

Sharon Coen, senior lecturer in media psychology of University of Salford stated

that Twitter has obviously been used to increase awareness of political topics, spread
political messages and encourage collective action. This has often come through
specific campaigns such as #blacklivesmatter and #JezWeCan.

Science

Philip James, senior lecturer in geographic information system at Newcastle

University, has stated that Twitter data opens up new horizons for scientists since it can
be used to gather information from netizens.

Business

Aleksej Heinze, senior lecturer in digital business at University of Salford

revealed that Twitter has opened up interaction between businesses and their
customers. Twitter also creates a market research opportunity for businesses to see
what customers are talking about and what is important to them about products and
services.
 Journalism

Richard Jones, lecturer in journalism and media at University of Huddersfield

stated that flow of information around the world is no longer just controlled by the
Associated Press or Reuters – it’s being tweeted. Also, the spread of information
becomes faster.

Relationships

Deborah Chambers, professor of media and cultural studies at Newcastle

University said that Twitter is unlike other sites, such as Facebook, since Twitter’s highly
public space makes users open themselves to some of the same codes of intimacy as
conventional relationships.

Celebrity Culture

Kirsty Isaacs, senior lecturer in media and performance at University of Salford

said that Twitter makes netizens closer to their idol celebrities. Netizens can
communicate directly to celebrities through Twitter, making celebrities’ image not fixed.

In the book Self-Esteem Across the Lifespan Issues and Interventions edited by Mary H.
Guindon on 2010, the section III of the book covers a whole wide range of topics about self-
esteem on adolescents. On the ninth chapter belonging on the section written by David A.
Crenshaw and Jenifer Lee, it is concluded that low self-esteem could give rise to youth violence
and teen pregnancy. While it is still unclear how exactly low self-esteem contributes to these
hazards, it is clear that basic need of all human beings is acceptance and belongingness- and
those are the basic components of global self-esteem. The chapter also discussed intervention
and prevention strategies as well as detailed case study in which relationship and empathetic
healing played a crucial role.

In comparison with the present research study, this chapter of the book presents how
forms of low self esteem and devaluation can deepen emotional scars that can further lead to
reckless behaviors such as violence, sexual behavior and teenage pregnancy for girls. This
chapter did not thoroughly mention how technology and social media affect the self-esteem but
rather how can low self-esteem induce violence and sexual intercourse to teenagers.

FOREIGN STUDY
 A foreign study written by Graeme A study revealed that 298 Britons that interacting
through social media that affects their behavior. Based on this British Study, social media will
make you more anxious and less confident and that it may be linked to low self esteem. It stated
that more than half polled on 298 Britons was admitted that may have problem in their behavior
by interacting through the social media. The findings suggest that some may used to re-
establish control over the technology use rather than being controlled by it if you're addicted on
social media. Like what other says that "we create the internet to control it but now, our creation
used to control us".

III. RESEARCH QUESTION

The aim of this qualitative research is to determine the effects of Twitter usage to the
self-esteem of students and its connection to several aspects of their lives. Students from San
Jose National High School Division of Antipolo City during school year 2019-2020 who are
Twitter users are those participants of the study. More specifically, it sought to expand the
following objectives:
1. know the number of tweets that each account user have;
2. determine the number of tweets each user sends per day;
3. determine the length of time each user allots per day in the usage of the application;
4. determine the duration of time they have been using the application ;
5. discover how Twitter users define the application;
6. know if Twitter make the users feel good about themselves;
- determine in what ways can Twitter make the users who felt good about
themselves feel that way
- determine the reasons why non-affected people think that way
7. ascertain if Twitter make the users feel good about their family and social
relationships
- determine in what ways can Twitter make the users who felt good about their family
and social relationships feel that way
- determine the reasons why non-affected people think that way
8. know if Twitter boosts the users’ self-esteem and its relation to their education;
- determine in what ways can the enhancement in their self-esteem improve their
education
- determine the reasons why non-affected people think that way
9. fathom out if Twitter usage affects the physical health of the users.
 - determine in what ways can Twitter make the users whose physical health are
affected be affected
- determine the reasons why non-affected people think that way

IV. SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This is held during the months of June to October or the first semester of the school year
2019-2020. The participants are those who own Twitter account. As per the teacher’s
instruction, ten participants are selected. The participants limited to three students from
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, and Accountancy and Business
Management and; two students from Information and Communication Technology and
Humanities and Social Sciences. This study is limited to those students coming from the same
strand only. Moreover, no students from General Academic Strand, Beauty Care, and Tourism
are included in the conduct of this study.
The study’s scope is to knowing Twitter’s effects to the participants’ self-esteem and its
connection to their feelings, social and family relationships, education, and physical health.
V. Research Methodology
The present research is categorized as a qualitative research. With the aim of
determining Twitter’s effects to the self-esteem of SJNHS-SHS students, the researchers and
offer solutions to any resulting problems, the researchers are going to use personal
unstructured interview method. It will allow them to come up with variety of open-ended results.
This study utilized a qualitative research where its main research paradigm assumption
is ontological because the study is constructed by the respondents’ research situation and
researchers faithfully report it through the voices and interpretations of the respondents
(Melegrito & Mendoza 2016).

a. Sampling

All in all, there are 10 participants for this research study. The chosen participants are
those who own Twitter account. The participants were as follows: three students from Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strand, and Accountancy and Business
Management and; two students from Information and Communication Technology and
Humanities and Social Sciences of San Jose National High School Senior High students in the
school year 2019 to 2020.
 This study utilized homogeneous purposive sampling, a purposive sampling technique
that is selected for having a shared characteristic or set of characteristics. (Crossman, 2019) In
this case, this study only selected samples of those students who own Twitter account to come
up with the data essential to answer research questions.

b. Data Collection
The researchers gave letter of permission to conduct research to the school principal for
approval and then gave letter to conduct interview to the students who will participate.
The researchers developed a semi-structured questionnaire for the student participants
to answer via interview. The researchers will meet the students according to their vacant
schedule in order to be interviewed and audio recorded.

c. Ethical Issues
As stated in the letter for the participants, confidentiality of the information will be
maintained. The recordings will be used for academic purposes only. Their anonymity will be
considered at all times. After their interviews, the their recordings will be labelled with A, B,C…J.
The current study’s ethical issues must be considered in employing positive discipline
and in the implementation of school’s rules and regulation. This will pave a way for better
understanding of Twitter’s effect to the self-esteem of the students of the school. This would
better improve the quality of relationship that exists between the students and their community
especially in the cyberspace. This would impose kindness and proper netiquette in the
cyberspace where many students are in.
d. Plan For Data Analysis
The researcher used thematic analysis in order to analyze the interview result. The
following steps were used in the treatment of data (Braun and Clarke, 2006): (a) create initial
codes based on the audio recorded interview, (b) revisit initial coding, (c) develop initial list of
categories, (d) modifying initial list based on rereading, (e) revisit categories and subcategories
(f) create themes from the revisited categories.

VIII. PLANS FOR DISSEMINATION, UTILIZATION AND ADVOCACY.

As a student researcher and a netizen, the results of the present study could be held

available for the school. The research plans to recommend results of this research in the San

Jose National High School and Schools Division of Antipolo City, for the development of positive
discipline in the implementation of school’s rules and regulation especially with the rules which

pertains to netiquettes and the cyberspace.

IX. ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Themes and Their Corresponding Categories for Teachers and Students Participants based on

Interviews.

Frequen Perce
Question Themes
cy nt
Less than or equal to 100:
 2 1 10%
 30-40 1 10%
 50 1 10%
 100 1 10%

1. How many tweets do you More than 100 but less than or
have in your main equal to 1000
account?  450 1 10%
More than 1000
 2000 1 10%
 3000 1 10%
 4000+ 1 10%
 14,000 1 10%

TOTAL 10 100%
Table 1: The number of tweets that the respondents have in their main account
The table shows that there are varied number of tweets that the respondents have in
their main accounts. But in the case of the study, the respondents have saturated values to
lesser than or equal to 100 tweets, and more than 1000 tweets. This proves that the
respondents have only either small or huge number of tweets in their accounts.
Some have more than the others since they have been using the application for so long
with more frequent tweeting activity. Some have lesser than the others since they are more
concerned of only reading tweets than tweeting themselves.
 This implies that there are different kinds of students who use Twitter. The ones with
more are the ones who are old to the application and those who frequently tweet. The other
seem to be otherwise.
Frequen Perce
Question Themes
cy nt
1-3 2 20%
2 3 30%
2. How many tweets do you 2-3 2 20%
send per day? 3-5 2 20%
Depends
 20 1 10%
TOTAL 10 100%
Table 2: The number of tweets that the respondents send per day
The table displays that Twitter users only tweet as much as 5 tweets per day, showing
only a small number they hit the “tweet” button. The results saturated to the number of tweets at
most five.
This implies that users only have a small number of tweets within their time of usage in a
day. This is influenced primarily with the duration they use Twitter daily and the activities they
do, and the schedules they have.
Frequen Perce
Question Themes
cy nt
Less than 1 hour 3 30%
3. How much time do you  10-20 minutes 1
allot per day in using 1 hour 1 10%
Twitter? 1 to 1.5 hours 1 10%
1 to 2 hours 1 10%
2 hours 4 40%
TOTAL 10 100%
Table 3: The time that the respondents allot per day in using Twitter
The table showed that Twitter users allot a large period of time in their usage of the
application, with all of them only having at most 2 hours in the usage of the application. This is
influenced by the responsibilities they have to fulfill in a day, as well as the duration they use the
application.
 This implies that students have a big time allotment when it comes to the application
even though they have certain responsibilities to do. The fact that Twitter is addictive can also
be pointed out as one factor as for this.
Frequen Perce
Question Themes
cy nt
2 to 3 weeks 1 10%
1 year 3 30%
4. How long have you been
2 years 1 10%
using Twitter?
2.5 years 1 10%
3 years 3 30%
6 years 1 10%
TOTAL 10 100%
Table 4: The duration that the respondents have been using Twitter
The table shows that many of the researchers are old in using Twitter. The results are
saturated to their apps aging older or equal to a year. Their experience on Twitter, whether or
not in affects their self-esteem can also be influenced by how many years are they on the
application.
This implies that Twitter has gained popularity just in the last six to seven years. The
results show that the oldest account is 6 years already. There is a saturation to 1 year or less,
giving one an idea that Twitter underwent a major boom in the past year or two.
Question Themes Frequen Perce
cy nt

5. For you, what is Twitter? Freer Self-Expression

 Rants, Feelings 4 29%
 Few audience 2 14%
Entertainment 1 7%
Social Media 5 36%
Connect and Communicate 1 7%
 Messaging 1 7%
TOTAL 14 100%
Table 5: Perception of respondents on the definition of Twitter
The table showed that the respondents defined the application based on their
experience, with most of them noting it as the application of freer self-expression where they
can post rants and vent out their emotions since there are only a small number of audience.
Also, the table showed that it is a general knowledge that Twitter is a social media application
as results are saturated to it as respondents defining as a social media platform. Some
associated it as an application in which one can connect and communicate through messaging.
One has associated it with entertainment.
This implies that the students have defined it the same way that many would define it
too. This also flaunts that students are freer in the application than in other social media
platforms. This implies that tweets are more genuine since students worry less.
Response

Question Themes Frequency Percent

Yes

6. Does Twitter Stalking for crush 1 10%

make you feel Freedom in expression 3 30%
good about  No parent guidance 2 20%
yourself?  No judgments 1 10%

Comfort of problem 1 10%

No

Private account 1 10%

Unsociable 1 10%
TOTAL 10 100%
Table 6: Perception of the respondents on the effect of Twitter on their self-esteem with
regards to themselves
The table showed that students have increased self-esteem with the usage of Twitter.
Students experience freedom of expression in Twitter, improving the self-esteem within
themselves. This is because there is less parental guidance in Twitter and there are less
judgements. Also, it made them feel good about themselves since it can serve as a comfort in
adversities.
This implies that Twitter improves the self-esteem of students today since there is more
freedom of expression and comfort.
On the contrary, few of the respondents said that Twitter did not make them feel good
about themselves because they have private account and they are unsociable.
This implies that self-esteem in Twitter may be interconnected with the personal factors
such as the attitude of the person. A person may be so private and that Twitter usage could not
make him/her feel good. Also, he can be too unsociable, giving the same result.
Response
Question Themes Frequency Percent
Yes

Learning to socialize 1 7%
Commenting on Tweets 2 14%
7. Does Twitter Crowdsourcing 1 7%
make you feel Page management 1 7%
No

good about Small interaction 4 29%

your social and Family members have no 1 7%
family Twitter
relationships?  Facebook only 1 7%
Less time in usage 2 14%
Indirect throwing of concerns 1 7%
TOTAL 14 100%
Table 7: Perception of the respondents on the effect of Twitter on their self-esteem with
regards to their social and family relationships
The table showed that Twitter posed mainly no effect on the self-esteem of the
respondents with regards to their social and family relationships. This is because they have
small interactions made in Twitter, less time in usage, and family members don’t own such app.
Also, Twitter could disrupt relationships as one could throw indirect concerns with their tweets.
This implies that the usage of Twitter for students are mostly self-centered. It proved that
they are more concerned of self-expressions than social relationships.
Moreover, for the ones who have related improved self-esteem with Twitter usage, they
stated that Twitter made them learn how to socialize. Also, through Twitter, they can ask the
audience of a specific question, comment on tweets and manage pages.
With the small number of favoring results, this implies that through Twitter’s offered
functions, students felt good self-esteem. Through direct messages, reply features, and page
management, they felt good about themselves with regards to social and family relationships.
Response

Question Themes Frequency Percent

Yes

8. Does Twitter Information on news 2 20%

usage affect  Politics and
 your self- Governance 2 20%
esteem in your Expansion of unsaid things 1 10%
education? in classroom discussion
No justification 2 20%
No

No justification 2 20%
Separation of social media to 1 10%
social life
TOTAL 10 100%
Table 8: Perception of the respondents on the effect of Twitter to their education
The table shows that Twitter usage have increased the self-esteem of students with
regards to their education. It made them feel good as Twitter usage made them acquire
information on news and say things that they didn’t say in the classroom.
This implies that Twitter, as many students can relate to, is also a site of news and
information. Updated information can be seen easily. Some students in the Senior High School
such as HUMSS students have subjects with relates to social sciences, and politics and
governance and Twitter usage made them catch news, causing an improved self-esteem on
their side.
Moreover, for the three who stated that Twitter didn’t exhibit any effect on their self-
esteem with regards to their education, they separate social media to their social life, making
them not feel any good about Twitter usage in their education.
This implies that some students are good on separating their social media life to their
actual living, making them not feel any good with the use of an application to their
responsibilities such as education.
Response

Question Themes Frequency Percent

Yes

9. Does Twitter Sleeping Late 1 10%

usage affect Skipping Meals 1 10%
No

your physical Infrequent usage 4 40%

health? Limitations 2 20%
No justification 2 20%
TOTAL 10 100%
Table 9: Perception of the respondents on the effect of Twitter to their physical health
The table shows that Twitter usage exhibit no effect to the health of most student users.
This is driven by the fact that their usage is not that frequent and they know their limitations.
This prevents them from making the app addictive to their system.
This implies that students are good and knowledgeable that Twitter is an addictive
application to many, making them limit their use. Also, some only use it seldom, making it not
pose any effect in their overall physical health.
Moreover, results are unsaturated to the ones affected. As one could perceive, Twitter
can also induce sleeping late and skipping meals, posing health risks.
This implies that some students compromise their health with Twitter usage as it may be
so addictive. This just proves that some are at risk of health diseases.
X. Generalization

The number of tweets that an account have depends on how frequent a person tweets

and the duration that he has been using the application. As for the daily use of Twitter which

includes the duration of the use and the tweets sent per day, the daily schedule and limitations

on the use of Twitters are one of the main deciding factors.

Students have defined Twitter as site of freer expression where rants, and feelings can

be vent out easily because of fewer audience. Furthermore, Twitter improved the self-esteem of

students within themselves as they found freedom in expression in Twitter, comfort for their

problems, and stalking with their crushes. However, Twitter exhibited no effect on the self-

esteem of students with regards to social and family relationships as they don’t interact

immensely on Twitter, they have less usage and family members don’t own such app.

Twitter was also found to increase the self-esteem of students with regards to their

education since through it, they can perceive news and information, and communicate with

unsaid thoughts in the classroom. In addition, Twitter was also found to not affect the physical

health of most students since they use the app infrequently and they know their limitations.

In generalization, as for the effect of Twitter to the self-esteem of students, it can be

seen that it increased the self-esteem of students on their inner feelings and education.
However, it doesn’t exhibit any effect on social and family relationship. Self-esteem wasn’t

improved with regards to social and family relationships. Also, Twitter wasn’t able to pose any

effect to the physical health to the majority of the participants.

XI. Recommendation

In view of the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are

hereby proposed:

1. Movements of the school regarding the education to limit the use of social media

applications such as Twitter should push more. The study has found out that

students already know how to prioritize and allocate their time but others don’t. With

that, seminars and forums could help.

2. Education on extent to freedom of expression must in schools must be integrated.

The researchers found out that students have seen Twitter as freer site of

expression. Some use profane and disruptive words and those should be avoided.

3. Parents should be educated with at least a glimpse of what happens in Twitter.

Parenting involves a process of knowing what their children do. In the case, only few

adults own Twitter, making it not prominent to them. Education to them would help.

4. Dissemination of Twitter accounts that post educational videos, journalistic articles,

readings, and the like should be enumerated by the school and be made available

for students. This would increase the productivity of students in Twitter usage.

5. Education on the health risks of social media should be made accessible to students.

By forums and seminars, this can be taught. The research has found out that some

compromise themselves with the use of Twitter- a problem.

6. Further researches on other mental health aspects should be pushed as social

media could exhibit adverse effects to students today. This would bring further

understanding of the broad topic.

 7. The result of this research could be used to for further researches aiming to find

information regarding self-esteem and its connection to students’ way of living and

social media.

XII. References
Book Sources

 Guindon, M. (2010). Self-esteem across the lifespan : issues and interventions. New
York, USA: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC,

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https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-esteem-2795868.
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