Literature and studies related to this study are presented

in this chapter. These materials provided the researcher the

much needed background information and insights to the present

research.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

Based on the literature and studies of this research,

learning style of learners vary from one learner to the other.

In this regard, it was found in the literature and studies

included that there is no particular approach in teaching

subject matter to better engage students.

In the respective articles written by Rosenshine,

Vellabrion, Fisher, and Hattie, it was discussed on regards to

the process of learning of students and the major role a teacher

plays in initiating in the learning process of the students.

Furthermore, the respective studies made by Gonzalez, Beldia,

Carmello, Henry and Gallagher cemented the same idea.

It was also apparent in the articles written by Cruz,

Brimar, Talina, Manner and Guterl that their comments agree with

each other that when teachers and learners understand how they

learn and their favored ways to learn, the likelihood for

learning rises.Klaus, Flavell, Cogan, Reyes and Dotong, in their

respective studies, correlated the teaching- learning process

and the plethora of ways to engage students in learning subject.

Gap Bridged by the Study

Although the above-mentioned studies also discussed

learning styles, none of them focused on the context chosen by

the researcher specifically the relationship of learning styles

vis-a vis the performance skills of the grade 10 students in

Panlayaan Technical Vocational School. This present study

likewise focused on performance skills of the students in their

TVE subjects. One unique features of the present study was the

formulation of instructional strategies to enhance the learning

styles vis-a-vis there performance skills. These are the gaps

bridged by this study.

Theoretical Framework

Based from the cited literatures and studies, learning is

affected by several factors. The process of acquiring knowledge

can be correlated through the learning styles of the students

and their learning behaviour.

David Kolb's model is based on his experiential learning

model. Kolb stresses that the experience/s of the learner is the

springboard in acquiring knowledge. Based from his model, he

proposed a learning cycle wherein the there are four stages in

the cycle. The first stage is the concrete stage wherein the

learner had a previous experience on something then the learner

will review and reflect on their learning. In the 3rd stage the

learner will conclude or learn from the experience. And the last

stage, the learner will plan or tryout what they have learned.

Walter Barbe explains his Learning Modalities that the

learning maybe achieved through auditory, visual and tactile

approaches. Visual learners can easily acquire learning through

the use of visual or tangible materials like visual aids and the

like. Auditory learners can learn easily through the use of

sounds and resonance. Tactile learners are using body

kinesthetics to attain learning.

 Neil Flemings VARK Model added additional sensory modality.

This modality is reading/ writing learning. The learning

modality model of Walter Barbe was expanded by Flemings.

According to Fleming learning can be also achieved through

writing and reading style.

National Association of Secondary School Principal (NASSP)

worked on a research regarding different learning styles of the

students in secondary. They came up with NASSP Learning Style

Model wherein they defined that learning style is a gestalt or

process. They pointed out that learning style is not anymore an

amalgam in nature, structured or hierarchical but learning is a

progression in nature. The NASSP Learning Model emphasised three

broad category of learning style such as Cognive, Affeactive and

Physiological Learning.

To be able to construct the researcher’s theory, the

researcher used the above mentioned theories that serve as the

foundation of the study. The researcher’s theory asserts that

the acquisition of learning of students is a conscious

preference. Nevertheless, it is apparent that the teacher is a

major factor in the preferential acquisition of knowledge of the

learner.
 David Kolb’s Model/Theory

The students learn through their

experiences and touching the four
learning stages in the learning cycle.

Researcher’s Theory

Walter Barbe Learning Acquisition of learning of Neil Flemings VARK Model

Modalities Model
Asserts that learning can be done
and process through Visual,
Auditory and Tactile
students is a conscious
preference Emphasized that learning
can be achieved through
the combination of visual,
auditory, reading/ writing
and tactile

NASSP Learning Style Model

Put emphasis that learning is a

“Gestalt”. Learning can be process
through 3 major learning styles
(cognitive, affective and physiological)
 Figure 1

Theoretical Paradigm

Conceptual Framework

Figure 2 illustrates the conceptual paradigm of the study.

It uses a system of input, process, output and feedback

components of the study.

The input component includes common learning styles of

Grade 10 students in Panlayaan Technical Vocational School,

level of students’ performance skills in TVE subjects and

problems encountered by students regarding their learning styles

and performance skills.

The data were acquired through survey and unstructured

interview. These were utilized to process the components of the

study.

The output component was formulation of instructional

strategies to improve the learning styles vis-a-vis their

performance skills.

Further, the feedback mechanism must be continuously done

in order to attain the objectives of the output. The same

mechanism is used to continuously evaluate the formulated

instructional strategies made by the researcher.

 Input Process Output

Common learning
styles of Grade 10
students in Panlayaan
Technical Vocational Formulation of
School Instructional
Survey strategies to
Level of students’ Unstructured improve the
performance skills in interview learning styles
TVE subjects
vis-a-vis their
Problems encountered performance
by students regarding skills
their learning styles
and performance
skills

FEEDBACK

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm