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Originalul:
Second, since one’s attachment to the social basis of certain
cleavages is defined by attributes which can sometimes change
with relative ease, this social basis represents a grouping and a
set of social relationships which are normally much more fluid
than that constituted by the cleavage itself. The cleavage, on the
contrary, is a set of social relationships which implies some level
of external closure which, in turn, is always more pronounced
than that of the social group.16
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16 STEFANO BARTOLINI–PETER MAIR Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of
European Electorates 1885–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. p. 218. (Italice
în original.)
‘political cleavages’ which are primarily defined in terms of
political attitudes and behaviour, and who thus attempt to free
the concept from an emphasis on the link to social structural
variables, end up by failing to distinguish the notion of political
cleavage from other concepts such as political opposition or
political division.17
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adesea chiar cuvintele acestora – GXS FXP UHLHVH úL GLQ
fragmentul anterior.]
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Originalul:
First, the choice of players in a democratic order raises the
question of citizenship. Citizenship defines the range of players
who are entitled to enjoy the universal rights of participation
conferred on members of a political system. Political divisions
about ethnicity, race, and regional collective identities usually
involve distributive alternatives and conflicts about rules of
political decision making but are primarily focused on alternative
views of citizenship. At one end of the spectrum are demands for
an inclusive definition of citizenship, calling for the acceptance of
individuals as members of the polity regardless of ascriptive
economic, cultural or racial attributes. At the other end is an
exclusive definition of citizenship based on the cultural and
socioeconomic homogeneity of a polity’s citizenry.18
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BIBLIOGRAFIE:
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