2013/4/22

由於文化的差異和英語語言本身的特
科技英語論文寫作 點，英語科技論文寫作雖然在目的性上與
用其它語言形式的科技論文寫作是相同的，
但是還有其自己的語言特徵、文體要求和
格式變化。

科技論文體例 標題
標題的作用：
因學科不同、研究專案、過程和結果不同，科技論文
可以有多種寫作方法和體例結構。從20世紀20年代開始， 1. 讓讀者瞭解論文的研究領域，本文區別於其他研究的特

科技工作者從大量的論文中，總結出了其表達方式的共同 徵；

規律，逐步形成了一種較為嚴密而又符合邏輯的慣用格式； 2. 協助檢索
從此，雖然各種論文所涉及的內容各不相同，論證的方法 一個令人滿意的標題，既不要過於概括，以至流於空
各有差異，實驗的方法與手段相差很大，但是論文由哪些 泛，一般化；也不宜過於繁瑣，使人得不出鮮明印象，
部分組成已有規範可循；其常見的構成格式有：標題、署 難於記憶和引證。
名、作者單位(通常在第一頁底端的黑線下還要簡要介紹  標題要避免使用籠統、空泛、冗長、模棱兩可、誇張、
作者的姓名、年齡、職稱、學位等內容）、摘要、關鍵字、
華而不實以及與同類論文題目雷同的字眼。
引言、正文，結論、致謝、註腳、參考文獻和附錄等。

標題_書寫格式(1) 標題_書寫格式(2)

1. 開頭第一個字母大寫，專有名詞大寫，其餘全部小寫。
2. 開頭及每個實詞開頭字母大寫，5個字母的介詞、連詞
 Overview of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in slurry 第一個字母大寫
reactors
 Marco-kinetics of Vinyl Acetate Synthesis over a New
 An experimental study on gravity blending silo with
Type Hollow Cylindrical Catalyst
an inner downcomer
 Steam reforming of hydrocarbon fuels  Petrochemical Coke Combustion and Catalytic
Reaction Mechanism

 Research on a New Kind of Diesel Flow Improver

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標題_書寫格式(3) 標題_書寫格式(4)

3. 全部字母大寫
第1、2種形式最常用，普遍用於各種刊物和文摘雜誌
一般主張採用第1種形式，可讀性較強
 RUNAWAY PHENOMENON FOR PARALLEL
REACTIONS IN FIXED BED CATALYTIC REACTORS 第3種形式一般用於電腦檢索系統，比較難讀

 STYDY ON THE ATTRITION OF IRON CATALYST IN

SLURRY F-T SYNTHESIS

 PHASE EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN FLUOROTHENE

AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS

標題_書寫格式(5) 標題_注意事項(1)

一般標題多帶有“ 研究”、“ 試驗”“、初探”、“ 初報”、

1. 標題不宜太長，也不宜太短
“效果”、“ 影響”等等。 e.g.
標題太長易顯繁瑣，不易引起讀者興趣，太短則易流於籠
Study of
統、空泛甚至模糊。
Study on
一般不超過20個詞，控制在12個詞左右為宜。
Experiments of
英美科技期刊要求題目不超過12個詞或100個字元（包括
Experimental study of
間隔在內）。
Effect of … on

An preliminary report of

標題_注意事項(2) 標題_注意事項(3)

Solubility Studies (太籠統）
Solubility of Fluorothene （模糊）
A Study of the Phase Equilibria Between Fluorothene
and Some Solvents Such as Dibuty/Phthalate And
Chlorotrifluoroethylene at Elevated Temperature (冗長、
繁瑣）
Phase Equilibria Between Fluorothene and Organic
Solvents （簡明、具體）
 如果一個短標題不足以概括文章的內容，可考慮增加副標
題，兩者之間用冒號分開。
 如果是系列文章，可採用多報形式。e.g.
 Study on engineering parameters of A301 ammonia
synthesis catalyst. I. Determination of shape factor
 Study on engineering parameters of A301 ammonia
synthesis catalyst. II. Experimental measurement of fix-
bed heat-transfer parameters

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標題_注意事項(4) 標題_注意事項(5)

2 .一般採用名詞短語作標題。不使用一個句子或不定式短語， 3. 標題必須包括主要的關鍵字。
一般也不使用介詞短語，不出現從句。 標題的主要目的有二：一是吸引可能的讀者，二是協助檢
An exploration and study of the production methods of 索。因此一定要包含一些關鍵字，標題應該盡可能多的提
供電腦題目檢索所需要的資訊。
industrial cupric sulfate （繁瑣）
4. 選用文章內容所允許的、盡可能準確的術語。
Introduce the exploration and study of the production
例如: 使用“a vanadium-iron alloy”,
methods of industrial cupric sulfate （祈使句）
而不是“a magnetic alloy”。
Methods of producing of industrial cupric sulfate

有些情況下，也有用on引出的介詞短語，表示“ 論（關於）…”的意思

標題_注意事項(6) 標題_注意事項(7)

5. 標題中開頭的冠詞可以省去
7. 避免使用下列寫法（19世紀或更早的標題中常出現）：
(The) application of microprocessors on processing of
Some Thoughts on …
chemical heat-treatment
A Few Observations on …
6. 標題中所有的術語都應該拼寫，而不要用俗語、符號、公
Some Studies on …
式、略語以及縮寫詞，在可能的情況下，能夠用詞彙，就
不要用帶有上標、下標或其他符號的運算式。不要引用公
司的名稱、特定的商標，或者化學品、藥物、材料及儀器
的品牌。

標題_注意事項(8) 署名
正式發表的論文中，編輯會在標題右上方打一個*，然後在 作者姓名
本頁的註腳（footnote）中注明論文收到時間及修改後寄 作者的姓名要用全稱（full name）
達時間。我國雜誌中還包括連絡人、第一作者簡介，某某  外國人的姓名分三部分：
基金資助等等資訊。 教名－Christian name, first name, given name, forename
Manuscript received Mar. 11, 2002; revised Nov. 22, 2002 中間名－middle name
姓－surname, family name, last name
To whom correspondence should be address.
 中國人的姓名應根據中國人的習慣，按漢語的順序以中文
Corresponding author. 拼音寫出
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Transfer Characteristics in Mechanically Stirred Airlift Loop
China Reactors with or Without Static Mixers
Lü Xiaoping, Wang Yanru

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署名 作者單位

 在多名作者時，名字以逗號分開，最後兩位作者的名字以 論文作者的工作單位（institution）
and相連。
作者的工作單位一般直接標在作者的姓名下。如果作者分
Li Gang, Liu Ming, Zhang Yiqi and Wang Xinyi 屬不同的單位，應注明:
 若名字是三個字，後兩個可以用縮寫形式給出。
Cao Yiwei1, Chai Xiaodan1, Desce M.B.2 and Lehn J. M.2
1 Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R.
China, 110000
2 Chimie des Interactions molecularies, College de France,
Paris, France

摘要 摘要
 摘要的英文術語及概念
現在的趨勢是一篇論文或專著的摘要，無論是
摘要的英文術語原來有兩個詞彙，一個是abstract，
一個是summary。 自寫還是他寫，統稱為abstract，尤其是放在索引
“過去時”： 資料中一律要用abstract這個術語，在論文的題目
summary 一次文獻的文摘（作者自寫的提要）， 下也一律用這個詞。summary現在更多的是用於
專門介紹論文的實質性內容。
對文章主要內容作再一次扼要的陳述，放在文章
abstract 二次文摘（他人 為文獻編寫的濃 縮格
式），介紹論文的大致內容。 的結尾，目的是為已經讀過正文的讀者歸納出方
向性結論，因此也可稱為小結。

摘要 摘要_類型

按對原文的壓縮程度，摘要一般分為三類：
Abstract 中文有二種說法:
 指示性或說明性摘要（indicative or descriptive abstract）
文摘—獨立存在，單獨出版，如SCI、EI、CA等  資料性或報導性摘要（informative abstract）
摘要—與原文在一起  報導－指示性摘要（informative- indicative abstract）
共同點：從原文中抽出主題內容，以簡練的文字寫寫成， 按摘要內容，大致分為三類：

只是準確、扼要地表述原文內容，不加以解釋或評論。  論著摘要
 綜述摘要
 專利摘要
以下統稱為摘要

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摘要_摘要的長短
摘要一般不宜過長，多在100～150詞左右，更確切地
說，約為原文長度的1％～5％。美國有些高校規定，碩士
論文提要以250詞為宜，博士論文以350詞為宜。
華東理工大學規定：碩士學位論文摘要250 詞，博士
學位論文摘要500詞。
摘要_指示性摘要
指示性摘要（indicative or descriptive abstract），也稱
說明性摘要，只向讀者指出文獻的主要內容是什麼，主
要概括論文的涉及範圍、研究方向和研究目的，以便讀
者決定是否有必要閱讀全文。因此，說明性摘要的篇幅
較短，一般詞數在50詞以內。
這類摘要主是泛泛敘述，不涉及實質問題，所以一
般在科研論文中不予使用，只刊登在文獻索引這類期刊
中，也可用于討論性文章、綜述性文章、圖書或某些會
議論文集。
摘要_資料性摘要
資料性摘要（informative abstract）是原文內容要點的
總結，盡量多而完整地報導原文獻中的具體內容，涉及
論文的主題範圍、研究物件（裝置、流程、工藝、材料
等）及原理、所使用的研究手段和方法、主要研究結果
和結論、以及建議等方面的內容，並列出主要資料、公
式、圖表。反映論文的基本面貌，一般情況下能夠代替
閱讀論文全文。
這類摘要適用於研究或試驗報告、研究論文及專題
論文。此類文摘篇幅稍長，一般為100～250詞，多者可
達500詞～1000詞。
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摘要_應具備的要素
 簡明扼要（conciseness）:去除文獻中的次要材料或輔助
細節。
 客觀公正（objectivity）:摘要中不應有原文中沒有的資訊
資料。
 全面完整（completeness）:要包括主題思想，主要資料，
結論或建議。
摘要_指示性摘要
This paper presents an analysis of principles of
magnetic refrigeration with application to air conditioning.
A comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation
gas cycle device is presented. Conclusion concerning the
applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning
are made.
Cooling water requirements in the petroleum refining,
oil shale retorting, coal liquefaction, and coal gasification
industries are described.
摘要_資料性摘要
Selective oxidation kinetics of n-butane to maleic anhydride in air
were studied over a commercial, fixed-bed vanadium-phosphor oxide
catalyst. The temperature range was 573-653 K with butane
concentrations up to 3 mol % in the feed, which is within flammability
limits but below ignition temperatures.
The rate data were modeled using power low kinetics with product
inhibition and included total oxidation and decomposition reactions.
Kinetic parameters were estimated using a multiresponse, nonlinear
regression algorithm showing intercorrelation effects. The kinetics were
combined with independent measurements of catalyst diffusivity and
reactor heat transfer using a one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor
model. Model predictions and observed temperatures and concentrations
from non-isothermal pilot plants compared up to 115 days on stream.
Agreement was acceptable with inlet butane concentrations up to 2.7 mol
%. For example, runaway was predicted at a temperature 3 K higher
than observed. Effectiveness factors around the hot spot were estimated
at o.6 with catalyst surface temperature 2-3 K higher than average gas
temperature.
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摘要_報導－指示性摘要 摘要_報導－指示性摘要
Baffle effects on the performance of a catalytic fluidized bed

對文獻中的基本內容作較為詳盡的報導性介紹，對其 reactor were examined experimentally. The circulating fluidized bed

reactor or riser was 102 mm in diameter and 6.32 m in height.
它部分則作指示性的表述。 Reaction was the catalytic decomposition of ozone using FCC particles
with a mean diameter of 89 um, impregnated with ferric oxide as
以最短的篇幅傳遞最大信息量。
catalyst. Four ring-type baffles, mounted horizontally around the riser
wall, were used in this study. Ozone concentrations were measured in
both axial and radial directions under various operating conditions in
a riser with baffles, the ozone concentration in the radial direction was
more uniform and the ozone conversion was higher than that in a riser
without baffles except at the lowest gas velocity used. A mathematical
model developed accounted for the gas-phase ozone conversion under
various operating conditions. The gas-solid contact efficiency in the
riser was discussed in light of the model.

摘要_論著摘要 摘要_論著摘要
A major difficulty affecting the control of product quality in
論著摘要包括期刊論文、會議論文、技術報告、學位 industrial polymerization reactors is the lack of suitable on-line
polymer property measurements. In this article a scheme is developed
論文、專著等的摘要，內容通常有四個方面： to predict melt index and density in a fluidized-bed ethylene
研究的目的和範圍 copolymerization reactor. Theoretically-based models are derived to
predict quality variables from the available on-line temperature and
研究的方法 gas composition measurements. Adjustable parameters in these models
研究的結果 are updated on-line using infrequent laboratory measurements and a
recursive parameter estimation technique. The application of this
作者對研究的主要結論 methodology is illustrated using operating data from an industrial
reactor. It is shown that both melt index and density can be
successfully predicted. Knowledge of product property derivations
from desired targets is required so that manufacturers can take
corrective actions to reduce the quantity of off-grade material made
and produce a consistent product.

摘要_綜述摘要 摘要_專利摘要

綜述通常有專題評述、政策評述和書評等。 專利摘要是專利說明書的提要，是專利文獻的重要檢
例如，專題評述是綜合有代表性的材料，對某一專題 索工具。

的方向、特點、效果、研究手段和有關方法的優缺點等予 介紹技術發明的要點與專利持有人的專利權範圍。

以綜合比較，提出作者的看法。 專利摘要屬於專利文獻之一。
專利摘要不僅具有科技摘要的一般語言特點，而且具
有法律檔的語言特點。例如多用長句，許多專利摘要僅有
一、二句，常用wherein, whereby, therein, thereof等詞語
連接。

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摘要_專利摘要
A continuous process of producing sodium carbonate peroxide for
use in laundry compositions by introducing separate streams of 50-
70% hydrogen peroxide and saturated sodium carbonate solution into
a crystallization zone at a pH of 11.5 at about 30℃ for about 8 hours.
The reactants are added in essentially 3.2 molar proportions. Before
use, sodium carbonate is freed of iron and heavy metal contaminants
by treatment with magnesium oxide. The reaction is carried out at in
the presence of magnesium silicate stabilizer. After separating the
product by centrifugation, the mother liquor is concentrated by
removal of water by evaporation under vacuum. Fresh charge
materials are added to maintain a steady state system.
摘要_結構形式（橫向展開）
橫向展開
從橫向不同角度來闡明主題，多層次、多線索的敘述
Heat recovery from gas and liquid in different temperature ranges
(1) There are many ways of saving energy in industrial process. (2)
Mentioning several of industry as examples, the author shows how
utilization of energy in industrial processes can be improved by heat
recovery and the use of waste heat. (3) Cost aspects and profitability
are outlined. (4) Measures designed to utilize the heat content of
vapours as produced in the processing of foodstuffs are described. (5)
The author further outlines and evaluated possibilities for process
improvements and production increase in a light alloy melting furnace.
摘要_結構形式（上下勾連）
上下勾連
與論文段落相似，句子之間邏輯關係緊密。
Use of blast furnace gas at temperature below 0℃
(1) In terms of quality, blast furnace top gas is classified as lean
gas. (2) Lean gases have a low heating value and are of low grade
owing to the high nitrogen content. (3)Their unstable ignition
characteristics deteriorate if during winter the gas drops to
temperatures below zero during conveyance. (4) In view of these
negative factors, the combustion of blast furnace top gas therefore
requires that specific conditions be met. (5) The author describes one
way of using mixed gas under stable conditions.
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摘要_結構形式（緊扣題旨）
緊扣題旨
圍繞標題，深化要旨，每一句話都重複標題中的一、二個
關鍵字。
Corrosion of copper by soft water with different content of humic
substances and various temperatures
An investigation on corrosion of copper in soft water has shown
that the corrosion rate increases with increasing amount of humic
substances and with increased additions of CO2. In hot water, the
corrosion rate increases with increasing temperature to a maximum. In
water without humic substances, the corrosion maximum is at about
50℃ and seem to shift towards higher temperatures in water with
humic substances. The decreases in corrosion rate at higher
temperature may be due to the formation of copper oxide on the metal
surface.
摘要_結構形式（總起分述）
總起分述
文摘的前一、二句說明論題的背景、條件、作用、意義等，接下來分
門別類，呈平行的層次敘述。
Study of extraction techniques for heavy metals in the evaluation of
aquatic sediments
The principle of assessing the usefulness of chemical extraction
techniques are discussed. A suitable general procedure is as follows, on
the assumption that the geology of aquatic sediments in polluted and
less polluted areas is similar. (1) Extract total heavy metals from
sediment samples in polluted area by a method recommended by the
Environment Agency, Japan. (2) Extract soluble heavy metals from
sediment samples of step 1 with a proposed technique. (3) Calculate
the 50% non-excess probability from the difference of analytical
results of step 1 and 2. (4) Extract total heavy metals from sediment
samples in a less polluted area by the method of step 1. Calculate the
range of distribution of heavy metal concentrations.
摘要_結構形式（一氣呵成）
一氣呵成
把研究目的、工藝流程、主要方法、專題的動向等溶於一
句，一氣呵成。專利摘要常用這一結構。
Method of converting a downflow/upflow wet flue gas desulfurization
(WFGD) system to an upflow single-loop WFGD system
A method of reducing the pressure drop in a downflow/upflow
wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system and improving overall
sulfur dioxide collection efficiency by converting the downflow / upflow
WFGD system to an upflow single-loop WFGD system including the
replacing of the downflow quencher and related duct work with a
bypass for connecting the incoming flue gas duct with the upflow
absorber and the adding of a quenching zone in the absorber
comprised of spray headers.
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摘要_寫作特點 摘要_句子結構（常用句型）
 常用句型
 謂語動詞很簡單而句子其餘成份十分複雜。
 大量使用be和have的變化形式做謂語動詞。 the principle of is outlined
 使用不提及人的陳述句。 the apparatus for is described
 經常以第三人稱作為主語。以一個主題句開頭，可以用主 the use of is addressed
動態，主語為“作者、本文、本文的目的” 等。也可用被動 the mechanism of … is examined
態，句尾一般不加‘“ in this paper ” the analysis of was carried out
 時態可用一般現在時、一般過去時、現在完成時。 the dependence of was established
 切忌逐字抄原文的句子，必須濃縮或改寫原文的句子。 an account of is given
 盡量避免使用人們不熟悉的術語、縮略語、符號等。 automation of is disscused
 文摘下要求寫出主題詞、關鍵字，一般3～5個。

摘要_句子結構（主語）

 主語