What is Transmission line?

A conductor or conductors designed to carry electricity or an electrical signal over large

distances with minimum losses and distortion.

A transmission line is used for the transmission of electrical power from generating
substation to the various distribution units. It transmits the wave of voltage and current from one
end to another. The transmission line is made up of a conductor having a uniform cross-section
along the line.

A transmission line is defined as a pair of electrical conductors carrying an electrical

signal from one place to another.

1. OPEN-WIRE LINE
• These lines are the parallel conductors open to air hence called open wire lines.
• The conductors separated by air as the dielectric and mountain on the towers.

Examples:

1. Telephone lines
2. Electrical power lines

Advantages:

 Less capacitance compare to underground cable

Disadvantages:

 Requirement of towers/poles
 High initial cost
 Affected by atmospheric condition (like wind, air, ice)
 Shorting by flying objects

2. CABLES
• These are underground lines.
• Telephone cables consist hundreds of conductors which are individually insulated with
paper.
 Electrical transmission cables consists two or three large conductor which insulated with
oil impregnated paper or other solid dielectric materials.

ADVANTAGES:

 Reduced range of electromagnetic filed (EMF) emission, into the surrounding

area.
 Underground cables pose no hazard to low flying aircraft or to wildlife.
 Much less subject to conductor theft, illegal connections.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Undergrounding is more expensive.

 Whereas finding and repairing overhead wire breaks can be accomplished in
hours, underground repairs can take days or weeks.

3. CO-AXIAL LINES
• As the name suggests, there are two conductors which are co-axially placed.
• One conductor is hollow and other placed co-axially inside the first conductor.
 • The dielectric may be solid or gaseous.
• These lines use for high voltage levels.

ADVANTAGES:

 Lower error rates.

 Coaxial cable shielding reduces noise .

DISADVANTAGES:

 More expensive to install compare to twisted pair cable.

4. WAVE GUIDES
• These type of transmission lines are used to transmit the electrical waves at micro
frequencies.
• Constructionally these are the hollow conducting tubes having uniform cross section.

The energy is transmitted from inner walls of the tube by the phenomenon of total
internal reflection.
ADVANTAGES:

 Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables.
 Low Power Loss.
 Since the fiber is a dielectric, it does not present a spark hazard.
 Optical fibers are difficult to tap.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Cables are expensive to install but last longer than copper cables.
 Transmission on optical fiber requires repeating at distance intervals.
 Optical fibers require more protection around the cable compared to copper.

What is a transmission tower?

Transmission towers support the high-voltage conductors of overhead power lines, from
the generating station switchyard right up to the source substations and satellite substations
located near populated areas.

Their shape, height and sturdiness (mechanical strength) depend on the stresses to
which they are exposed. Towers do not transmit electricity themselves unless lightning strikes
the ground wire strung along the top of the structure. This cable is designed to protect
conductors by allowing lightning discharges to reach the ground through the tower.
What are the types of Transmission tower?

WAIST TYPE TOWER

This is the most common type of transmission tower. It's used for voltages ranging from
110 to 735 kV. Because they're easily assembled, these towers are suitable for power lines that
cross very uneven terrain.

DOUBLE-CIRCUIT TOWER

This small-footprint tower is used for voltages ranging from 110 to 315 kV. Its height
ranges from 25 to 60 metres.
GUYED-V TOWER

This tower is designed for voltages ranging from 230 to 735 kV. It's used mainly for
power lines leaving the La Grande and Manic-Outardes hydroelectric complexes. The guyed-V
tower is more economical than the double-circuit and waist-type towers.

TUBLAR STEEL POLE

Featuring a streamlined, aesthetic shape, this structure is less massive than other
towers, allowing it to blend easily into the environment. For this reason, it's being used more and
more in urban centres.
GUYED CROSS-ROPE SUSPENSION TOWER

With its simple design, This tower is easy to assemble. It's used on some sections of
power lines leaving the La Grande complex and supports 735-kV conductors. This type of
structure requires less galvanized steel than the guyed-V tower, making it lighter and less
costly.

CROSSINGS

Hydro-Québec's most prominent towers are used when overhead power lines must
cross large water bodies, such as the Rivière Saguenay or the St. Lawrence near Île d'Orléans
and Carignan.

However, there is another way to reach the opposite shore: underneath the river. As a
matter of fact, Hydro-Québec operates a rather unique underwater power line designed for this
purpose. In 1990, the company built the world's first underwater river crossing for a 450,000-volt
direct-current power line. The tunnel leaves the north shore near Grondines and surfaces on the
south shore close to Lotbinière substation.
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture & Fine Arts
www.batstate-u.edu.ph Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118

EE 517
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

GROWTH OF POWER SYSTEM

Assignment

Claveria, Ian Paul E.

Closa, Earl Lance
Dator, Merry Anne L.
Dimaano, Melisa
Enriquez, Jezrel R.
EE-5201

February 13, 2020

Engr. Marjorie G. Marcaida, REE, RME
Instructor