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Chapter2 PDF
Chapter2 PDF
Chapter 2
Linear Waveshaping: High-pass Circuits
Solution:
From Eq. (2.64):
v o = 1 e t /
V
T
v o = V 1 e t /
T
The peak of the output will occur at t = T. We know:
v o(peak) = V 1 e T /
T
(i) When T = :
=1
T
v o (peak) = (1) 1 e 1 = 0.632 V.
(iii) When T = 5 :
T
=5 = 0.2
T
v o (peak) = (0.2)
1 e 5 = 0.198 V.
Solution:
For a ramp input
t
vo (t ) RC (1 e RC
)
At t t1 0.005 106 s
6
0.00510
vi 12
50 250 10 1 e 25010
12
0.005 10 6
6
0.00510
1 12
vi 250 10 1 e 25010
12
50 0.005 10 6
vi (max) 1000V
For t t1
t
vo 50 e 2501012
1106
vo 50 e 25010
12
vo 0 V
Solution:
For a ramp input
t
vo (t ) RC (1 e RC
)
At t = t 1 = 0.4 10 3 s
0.410 3
10
v(t ) 2 10 3 (1 e 210 )
3
3
0.4 10
The peak value occurs only at t = t 1 = 0.4 10 3 s
vo (max) 9.063 V
For t > t 1
t
vo 9.063 e 210
3
1010 3
vo 9.063 e 210 3
vo 0.061 V
The voltage at t = 10.4 ms is 0.061 V. The output waveform is shown in Fig.3.
Solution:
Given T 1 = 100 s , T 2 = 1 s , τ = 10 s
The steady-state output waveform is drawn by calculating V 1 , V1' , V 2 and V2' .
At t 0 , vo V2' and at t 0 , vo V1
t
For 0 t T1 , vo V1 e
At t = T 1
For
At
T1 100
At t T1 , v o V1 V1 e
'
V1 e 10
0
T2
For T1 t (T1 T2 ), vo V2 e
T2 1
At t T2 , v o V 2' V 2 e
V 2 e 10 0.904 V 2
V1' V1e
9.6e 10
0
T2 1
V2' V2 e
V2 e 10 0.904 V2 0.904 100 90.4 V
v o = 1 e t / (1)
v o = 1 e t / V1e t
V
For the ramp input, the slope = .
T1
Given T 1 = T 2 =
At t = T 1 vo (t ) = V2
Using (1)
V
V2 = T1 (1 e 1 ) V 1 e 1 0 . 632 V 0 . 367 V 1 (2)
T1
vo (T1 ) =V 2 –V
T2
V1 (V V )e r
(0.632V 0.367V1 1)e 1
V1 (1 0.134) 0.135
0.135
V1 0.156V
0.864
Solution:
Given T 1 = T 2 = 0.2 ms, τ = 4 ms
(i) For t <0, vi = 0, and hence vo = 0
At t = 0, vi jumps to 12 V
As the voltage across capacitor cannot change instantaneously, vo is also equal to 12 V.
At t = 0, vo = Va = 12 V.
(ii) During the period 0 < t < 2.0 ms, as the input is constant the output decays.
t
vo = Va e
t 2
At t = 2.0 ms, vo = Vb = Va e = 12 e = 7.27 V 4
Solution:
Given V = 10 V
(i) f 1 = 0.6 Hz
1 1
= RC = 0.265 s
2 f1 2 (0.6)
1
T= = 1 = 0.05 s.
f 20
T
= 0.025 s.
2
V 10
V1 = T / 2
= 0.025 / 0.265
= 5.25 V.
1 e 1 e
T 0.025
V1' = V 1 e 2 = 5.25e 0.265 = 5.25(0.91) = 4.8 V.
=
V 1 = –V 2 and V1' V2'
V 1 = V 2 = 5.25 V
(ii) f 1 = 6 Hz
1 1
= RC = 0.0265 s
2 f1 2 (6)
V 10
V1 = T / 2
= 0.025 / 0.0265
= 7.20 V
1 e 1 e
T 0.025
V1' = V 1 e 2 = 7.20e 0.0265 = 7.20(0.389) = 2.8 V.
=
V 1 = –V 2 and V1' V2'
V 1 = V 2 =7.20 V
(iii) f 1 = 60 Hz
1 1
= RC = 0.00265 s
2 f1 2 (60)
V 2
V1 = T / 2
= 0.025 / 0.00265
=10.0 V
1 e 1 e
T
V1' = V 1 e 2 =10(0.00008) = 0.0008 V.
=
V 1 = –V 2 and V1' V2'
V 1 = V 2 =10.00 V
Solution:
We have P = 0.1, R = 10 kΩ and C = 10 F
T
Per cent tilt, P = 100 per cent
2
1 1
f 50 Hz
2 P 2 10 10 10 106 0.1
3
f
P = 1 100 per cent
f
Pf 0.1 50
f1 1.59 Hz
Solution:
τ = RC = 10 ms
For 0< t < t p
vi =10 V
3
v =10 e t 10 10
o
110 3
At t = t p– , vo = V1' 10e 1010 3
9.05 V
10. The input to the high-pass circuit in Fig. 2p.10 is the waveform shown in Fig. 2p.10.
Calculate and plot the output waveform to scale, given that RC = τ = 0.1 ms .
.
Fig.2p.10 Input to the high-pass circuit
Solution:
(i) At t = 0.1 ms, the input suddenly falls to –5 V, and the output also changes by the
same amount as the capacitor acts as a short circuit.
For 0.1 < t <0.2, vi remains constant at –5 V. Therefore, vo decays exponentially with the
time constant 0.1 ms.
At t = 0.2 ms, the input suddenly rises by 15 V, vo also rises by the same amount.
vo (t = 0.2 ms) = –1.839 + 15 = 13.16 V
For 0.2 ms < t < 0.3 ms, vi remains at 10 V. Hence vo decays exponentially with the time
constant 0.1 ms
(iii) At t = 0.3 ms
0.1103
vo 13.16 e 0.110 4.84 V
3
At t = 0.3 ms, input suddenly falls by 20 V. The output also changes by the same amount.
vo (t = 0.3 ms) = 4.84 – 20 = –15.16 V
For 0.3 ms < t < 0.4 ms, vi remains constant at –10 V. Hence, vo will decay exponentially
with the time constant 0.1 ms.
11. A pulse of 10-V amplitude with a pulse width of 0.5 ms, as shown in Fig.2p.9, is
applied to a high-pass RC circuit of Fig. 2.1(a), having time constant 10 ms. Sketch the
output waveform and determine the per cent tilt in the output.
Solution:
10 ms
For, 0< t < t p
vi =10 V
3
v =10 e t 10 10
o
0.5103
At t = t p- , vo = V1' 10e 10103
9.512 V
12. A high-pass RC circuit is desired to pass a 3-ms sweep (ramp input) with less than 0.4
per cent transmission error. Calculate the highest possible value of the lower 3-dB
frequency.
Solution:
Consider the circuit in Fig. 2.1(a).
T = 3 10-3 s
per cent e t(max) =0.4 per cent or e t(max) = 0.004
T
et f1T
2
0.004 f1 3 10 3
13. A symmetric square wave with f = 500 kHz shown
0.004
f1 0.4244 Hz in Fig.2p.13 is fed to an RC high-pass network of
3 10 3 Fig.2.1(a). Calculate and plot the transient and the
steady-state response if: (i) τ = 5T and (ii) τ = T/20.
Solution:
Given f = 500 Hz, hence T = 2.0 ms.
Case 1:
Given, τ = 5T =10 ms.
When τ is large, the capacitor charges and discharges very slowly. The output has a
small tilt. The voltages are calculated to plot the transient response.
i. For t < 0, vi = 0, and hence vo = 0
At t = 0, vi jumps to 150 V.
As the voltage across capacitor cannot change instantaneously, vo is also equal to 150 V.
At t = 0 vo = Va = 150 V.
ii. During the period 0 < t < 1.0 ms, as the input is constant the output decays.
t
vo = Va e
t 1
At t = 1.0 ms, vo = Vb = Va e = 150 e = 135.72 V. 10
At t = 1.0 ms, the input falls by 100 V. The output also falls by 100 V.
Vc = Vb – 100 = 135.72 – 100 = 35.72 V.
( t T / 2 )
iii. For 1.0 < t < 2.0, vo = Vc e
1.0
At t = 2 ms, the input rises by 100 V. The output also rises by 100 V.
Ve = Vd + 100 = 32.32 + 100 = 132.32 V.
iv. During the period T < t < 3T/2, that is, between 2 to 3 ms, the output decays.
1.0
Fig.13.3 Output for the given input when time constant is very small
i C decays exponentially,
0.1 RC
at t t p , iC (t p ) 5 e RC
4.524 A
( t t p ) t t p
i C = – [5 iC (t p )] e RC
= –0.4758 e RC
Case 2:
For 0 < t < t p t
iC (t ) 5e RC
i C decays exponentially,
RC
at t t p , I c (t p ) 5e RC 5e 1 1.839 A
t t p t t p
[5 I C (t p )] e RC
= –3.16 e RC
Case 3:
For 0 < t < t p t
i C decays exponentially, iC (t ) 5e
RC
5RC
at t t p , I c (t p ) 5 e RC
5e5 0.0336 A
For t > t p i C rises exponentially as
t t p t t p
– [5 iC (t p )] e RC
= –4.966 e RC
15. Draw the output waveform if the waveform shown in Fig.2p.15(a) is applied at the
input of the RC circuit shown in Fig.2p.15(b).
100
For 2 < t < 4 ms, vi 3
(t 2 10 3 )
2 10
d 100
vo 1000 109 3
(t 2 10 )
dt 2 103
(100)
1000 109 50 mV
2 103
The output waveform is shown in Fig. 15..