INTEGRATED TRAINING RESOURCESGD&T Summary based on ASME Y14.

5M, ISO 1101, and related standards

Material Condition Tolerance Material Condition
on Tolerance Zone Datum on Datum References
Type Tolerance Symbol ASME Y14.5 ISO 1101 Shape Reference ASME Y14.5 ISO 1101
Form Straightness $ RFS, M, V RFS, M, V 1, 6 Never N/A N/A
Unrelated Flatness r RFS, M, V RFS Only 2 Never N/A N/A
Features
Circularity e RFS Only RFS Only 3 Never N/A N/A

Cylindricity j RFS Only RFS Only 4 Never N/A N/A

Profile Profile of a Line m RFS Only RFS Only 1, 7 Usually RFB, M, V RFS, M, V
Related or
Unrelated Profile of a Surface h RFS Only RFS Only 2, 4, 5, 8 Usually RFB, M, V RFS, M, V

Orientation Angularity g RFS, M, V RFS, M, V 1, 2, 6 Always RFB, M, V RFS, M, V

Related
Features
Perpendicularity n RFS, M, V RFS, M, V 1, 2, 6 Always RFB, M, V RFS, M, V

Parallelism i RFS, M, V RFS, M, V 1, 2, 6 Always RFB, M, V RFS, M, V

Location Position l RFS, M, V RFS, M, V 1, 2, 6, 9 Always RFB, M, V RFS, M, V

Related
Features
Concentricity a RFS Only RFS, M, V 6 Always Axis RFB RFS, M, V

Symmetry d RFS Only RFS, M, V 2 Always RFB Only RFS, M, V

Runout Circular Runout ^ RFS Only RFS Only 3 Always Axis RFB Axis RFS
Related
Features
Total Runout _ RFS Only RFS Only 2, 4, 5 Always Axis RFB Axis RFS

Tolerance Zones: 1-Two Parallel Lines 2-Two Parallel Planes 3-Two Concentric Circles 4-Two Concentric Cylinders
5- Two Concentric Cones 6-A Cylinder 7-Two Irregular Lines 8- Two Irregular 3D Limits 9-A Sphere 10- Two Coincident Circles

Datum Selection Guidelines

 Select datums based on contact with mating parts that establish orientation and location relationships. Analyze the part within the
context of the assembly, identifying part-to-part and feature-to-feature relationships. The best datum features will based on part-to-
part interfaces, and will also facilitate inspection without introducing excess measurement variation.
 When multiple options are possible, consider manufacturing and inspection practices, and also choose datums with more surface area
or that will provide more consistent setups, controlling the appropriate degrees of freedom in a robust fashion.
 Manufacturing datums should dimensionally be tied back to functional datums. Consider datum targets to reflect functional contact
or mfg. setups, especially for machined parts.
 Create additional datum schemes when appropriate to better reflect local functional relationships and to open or close tolerances on
groups of related features.
Modifier Application Guidelines
On tolerances…
 Per ASME Y14.5M and ISO 1101, RFS is implied for all tolerances and datum references unless otherwise specified.
 MMC or LMC modifiers can only be used on features of size (typically diameters or widths establishing or controlling an axis or
center plane).
 MMC should be the first choice on position and perpendicularity tolerances when locating features of size that are primarily
concerned with assembly.
 Use RFS when MMC has been shown to allow excessive tolerance, or when more precise centering or balance is required.
 Use LMC when wall thickness conservation is a primary consideration; should be considered for pre-machined features of size on
cast, forged, or stock size features.
On datum references…
 MMC or LMC modifiers can only be used on axis or center plane datums (derived from features of size).
 If the feature of size datum will have a centered or press fit in the assembly, it should be referenced RFS.
 If the feature of size datum will have a slip or line fit in the assembly, it can be referenced MMC or RFS.
 Pattern datums should be referenced MMC to avoid conflict between features within the pattern.
Inspection and Gaging Guidelines
 Tolerances applied on an RFS basis should be measured using variable (adjustable) inspection equipment.
 Fixed gages can be used to verify features with tolerances applied on an MMC basis (straightness, orientation controls, and position).
 The virtual condition value of tolerances or datums applied on an MMC basis may used as the target gage feature size.

MMC Formulas Bonus Tolerance = MMC – Actual Size Maximum Bonus = Size Tolerance
Internal Features of Size External Features of Size
Virtual Condition MMC –– Feature Control Frame Tolerance MMC + Feature Control Frame Tolerance
Resultant Condition Actual Size + (FCF Tol. + Bonus Tol.) Actual Size –– (FCF Tol. + Bonus Tol.)

2000-2012 ITR  2420 WOODLANE DR.  NEW BRAUNFELS, TEXAS 78132  (915) 867-4500  FAX  DAN.BAUER@ITR-SA.COM