April 20, 2017

The Dharmawangsa Hotel, Jakarta

Understanding Indonesia’s Regional

Exploration Potential

TOBIAS MAYA

PT. GEO SEARCH

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

55 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

54 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

53 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

52 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

51 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

50 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

49 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

48 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

47 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

46 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

45 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

44 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

43 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

42 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

41 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

40 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

39 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

38 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

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37 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

36 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

35 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

34 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

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33 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

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32 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

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31 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

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30 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

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29 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

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28 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

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27 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

26 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

25 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

24 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

23 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

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22 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

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21 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

20 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

19 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

18 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

17 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

16 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

15 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

14 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

13 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

12 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

11 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

10 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

9 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

8 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

7 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

6 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

5 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

4 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

3 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

2 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

1 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics

0 Ma

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001

 South East Asia Plate tectonics
China
0
India
Laos
Myanmar
Vietnam
Thailand Philippines
Cambodia
Malaysia

Sumatra
Kalimantan
Sulawesi Papua
Java

Australia
http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html Source: Hall 2001
INDONESIAN EARTHQUAKES FROM 1973-1999

Source: Garwin 2013

 Regional tectonic setting for South East Asia (Current day)
Major influences from the subduction of the Australian plate (west) and Pacific Plate (east)
under the Sunda plate where the Indonesia archipelago is situated

Source: R.McCaffery (2009)

 DISTRIBUTION OF COAL AND PEAT RESOURCES IN INDONESIA

Coal deposits in Indonesia are in 2

basic sedimentary age groups;

•Neogene 25myo – present

•Paleogene 65myo – 25myo

Source: Directorate of Mineral Resources (1990)

Major sedimentary coal basins of Indonesia

•larger sedimentary accumulation in the Sumatran

and Kalimantan basins due to a more stable
subsidence rate. Younging in direction from major
structural influences

PT. GEO SEARCH

Source: R.McCaffery (2009)
 METALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES DISTRIBUTION IN INDONESIA

Woyla
Manganese
Martabe
Toka Tindung
Gorontalo Gosowong
Bauxite
Kelian
Weda bay Wagieo
Mt Muro Luwuk
Timah Gag
Obi Cyclops
Sorako
Tembang Grasberg
Pomalaa
Kabeena
Way linggo

Pongkor
Wetar
Wonogiri
Tujuh bukit
Elang
Batu Hijau Manganese

PT. GEO SEARCH

Source: Directorate of Mineral Resources (1990)
 MAJOR COAL & MINERAL RESOURCES TRENDS IN INDONESIA

Woyla
Manganese
Martabe
Toka Tindung
Gorontalo Gosowong
Bauxite
Kelian
Weda bay Wagieo
Mt Muro Luwuk
Timah Gag
Obi Cyclops
Sorako
Tembang Grasberg
Pomalaa
Kabeena
Way linggo

Pongkor
Wetar
Wonogiri
Tujuh bukit
Elang
Batu Hijau Manganese

PT. GEO SEARCH

Source: Directorate of Mineral Resources (1990)
So….. How do we find the next major project in Indonesia,
now that we have a simple understanding of how the
geological / structural trends influence the formations of
both coal & minerals?
Typically best practice to optimize the cost and work schedule is to stage the exploration program
from lowest cost/risk options to roll into larger commitments based on the favorable outcomes of
the previous stage results.

Stage 1 - GIS / desktop studies to understand the regional geology(1-2 weeks)

Stage 2 – Preliminary site visits to observe the site geology & logistics (1-2 weeks)
Stage 3 - Detailed surface mapping to understand the local geology & structures( 3-6 weeks)
Stage 4 – Scout / Stratigraphic drilling & Geophysical survey’s (4-8 weeks)
Stage 5 – Exploration target identification with reasonable geological theory (2-4weeks)
Stage 6 – Testing the theory with systematic exploration drilling (8-24 weeks)
Stage 7 – Development of a In-situ Resource (24-48 weeks)
Stage 8 – ????
PT. GEO SEARCH
 GIS / DESKTOP STUDIES
Ideally exploration for most deposits
should begin with regional studies
and other GIS techniques.
Overlaying of regional geography, geology, forestry,
Google earth, Lansat topography & research of
previous studies

Generally, in Indonesia the

exploitation of these coal resources
are very sensitive to the logistics of
transportation and handling.
so targeting places where these challenges can be
minimized will give an immediate economic
advantage to a mining project development.

•Close to potential ports and other

transportation infrastructure such as roads,
rail

•Power stations (Source for minerals smelting

& mine mouth for low rank coals)

PT. GEO SEARCH

 SITE RECONNAISSANCE

Once an area of interest has been

identified a site visit with an
experienced guide from the concession
owner is advised to visually verify the
occurrence of coal or areas of
mineralization is evident

Things to bring?

•Printed map to plan where you want to go

•GPS to make sure where you went

•Geologist to measure & sample what you see

•Engineer to assess the logistics & economic viability

•Plenty of water

PT. GEO SEARCH

 DETAILED SURFACE MAPPING

Usually involving several teams of

geologists walking the stream
tributaries where recent erosion has
exposed fresh outcrops of rocks
which may contain coal or extractable
minerals
•For Coal thickness & quality should be measured

•For minerals trace element found need to be

correlated to the source rocks

•Identify major structural trends such as Strike & Dip

of the deposits

PT. GEO SEARCH

 SCOUT / STRATIGRAPHIC DRILLING

To best test the surface observations a

scout drilling program is used to test the
depth continuity of the deposit & obtain
fresh core samples

•For Coal a stratigraphic drill line is used for understanding of

each seam that intersect the concession is valuable
information to plan the next drilling plan to target the best coal
seams (thickness & quality)

•For minerals to obtain a larger section of the mineralized

zone from coring to observe structural influences & obtain
representative samples of the source rocks

•Confirm major structural trends such as Strike & Dip of the

deposits at depth

PT. GEO SEARCH

100
SL 001
90
P4 P6
P3
80 P2 P7 SL 011
P1 P45 P46
P8 P32
70 0 P9 SL 007 P31 P44
SL 005 P22 P23 P47
P10SL 003
P20
P21
P24 P27 P28 P29 P30 P33 P36 P37 SL 009
P43
60 P11 P25 P26 P34 OC 05 P38 P39 P41 P42
0,75 m
P19 P86 P87P88 P116 P117
P18 0,90 m P85 P89 SL 002
P12 P17
P40
P48
P84 SL 008 P115
50 0,11 m P13 0,20 m
P16 0,61 m (0.04 m and 0.03 m parting) P83 P91
P60 P61 P82 P92 P93 P114
40 P14P15 0,85 m (0,11 parting) P49 P50 P59 P81 P118
SL 013 P63 P100 P107
P51 P52 P53 P54 P55 P58 P62 P64 P65 P66 P80 P94 P119
0,40 m
P67 P79 P95 P99 P101
SL 006
P108 P110 P112 P113 SL 010
30 P68 P78 P96 P97 SL 004 P120 seam A 0.70 m
0.08 m P57 P69 P102 P103 P106 P109 P111 P121
0,59 m P56 P73 P74 P77 P105
20 0,98 m (0,14 m parting) P70 P75 P76 P122 P123 P125 P126 P127 P128 SL 012
P71 P72 0.47 m (0.06m parting) P104 P124 P129 P134 P149
0,80 m P133 P135
0,30 m P136 P137
10 0,72 m (0.06 m parting) P130 P131 P132 P144 SL 016 P146 P147 P148
P150
td. 81.00 m P143 P145
0,30 m SL 014
0.50 m (0.04m parting)
P138 P142
0 P139 P140 P141 P151
P152 P166
0,60 m
0,25 m P153 P161 P162 P165
- 10 td 81,00 m P154 P163 P164
0,11 m P155 P156 P159
0.33 m
0,15 m P157 P158 P160
td 81,00 m
- 20 0,40 m /td. 81.00 m
0,td.281.8 m00 m
td 81,00 m 0,30 m

- 30 td. 81.00 m 0,0,1165 mm

0.43 m (parting 0,11 m)
td. 81.00 m

- 40

- 50 td 81,00 m
0,23 m
td. 81.00 m
td. 81.00 m td. 81.00 m
- 60
td 81,00 m
- 70
td 81,00 m
- 80 td 81,00 m

- 90
PT DANMAR EXPLORINDO
Jalan Danau Tamblingan, Gg Astasari No. 4, SANUR, BALI
-100 Telp / Fax +62361283518 / +62361 283631
Mobile +62816579680
e-mail dmadre@attglobal.net
-110 website www.danmarexplorindo.com

-120
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200
 GEOPHYSICS??
It is common to use various geophysical
research methods during this stage to study
the structure and composition near-surface
parts of the Earth. Usually covering a larger
area quicker. These methods of applied
geophysics are often used to support
ongoing geological investigations

-2D shallow seismic

-proton magnetometer
-resistivity / IP
-down hole geophysical logging
-ground penetrating radar (Ultra GPR)

Important Note: the use of geophysical surveys are considered as

Supportive data (Not Observations) in the JORC 2012 code
guidelines. Although they can be used to increase the confidence
of geological interpretation between points of observation, they
should not be used for resource estimation directly

PT. GEO SEARCH

 Ground Magnetometer Survey
The ground magnetic survey method measures
variation in the earth’s magnetic field. Local
anomalies that may be caused by subsurface
geological formations, such as igneous rocks.
Magnetic ore bodies can be identified where a
surface expression is not obvious. Such magnetic
anomalies can help interpret the shape and extent
of the exploration target.

Hand held magnetometers are a quick and cost

effective exploration tool to measure the magnetic
PT. GEO SEARCH
response and the distribution of rock magnetization
to identify targets.

Main Applications

• Exploration for minerals hosted in igneous rock

formations ( Iron Ore, Gold,)

• Coal Exploration associated with igneous

intrusions or flows
 2D Shallow Seismic Survey
Seismic survey methods penetrate the subsurface using acoustic waves. The signals respond to the rock reflection,
refraction and scattering of waves. The propagation of these refracted waves can identify stratigraphic units.

Seismic surveys are useful for lateral interpretation of sedimentary deposits such as coal formations and understanding other
geological subsurface complexities where conventional drilling methods are less effective.

Main Applications

• Coal & other sedimentary exploration

• Geologically complex subsurface areas such as fault & fold structures

PT. GEO SEARCH

 EXPLORATION TARGET Final exploration target map

Combining the preceding stages of GIS

techniques, Geophysics, surface & scout
drilling observations, development of an
exploration target is usually possible

•Exploration targets can be reported using the JORC code

2012 at this stage

Important Note: the reporting of such results is common in the

early stages of exploration when the quantity of the data is
generally insufficient to allow reasonable estimate of resources as
they are considered conceptual in nature

PT. GEO SEARCH

Mapping GeoMag survey Topography

 EXPLORATION DRILLING
Using Systematic drilling is the key to
defining coal & mineral deposits

drilling should only take place when the

geology is understood or a reasonable
exploration target hypothesis is needed
to be tested

drilling in the optimum location can save

significant time and costs 204500 205500 206500 207500 208500 209500 210500

33

•Preferably drilling on regular spaced grids and lines perpendicular

0.70 m

25

> 0.70 m
81

2.50 m

to the Strike direction to best capture the sectional interpretation of

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70
3.80 m
1.70 m
70

the dip direction

21

39

>0.8 m
42 27

2.50 m 1.30 m

UG 05

•The drillhole spacing & depth is important for eventual resource 45

UG 04
UG 11

estimation, but it is usually dependant on the geometry of the

52
2.70 m
UG 03
UG 10 UG 14

individual deposit characteristics

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UG 02
UG 09 UG 13

B3_04 UG 23
UG 17
UG 01 UG 26
UG 08
B3_05
10

ND 10 ND 07
UG 16 UG 20

•Full or Partial coring methods should be used to obtain fresh

B2-14
47.92 ND 11 UG 31 UG 35 B2_13
14.41 88 B2_15
UG 07
UG 12 2.75 DEP 201042.39
UG 38 0.01
45.32
3.35
UG 15 UG 19 UG 22 UG 25 UG 30 B3-02

samples for lab analysis to establish quality grades

UG 06 96.45 B2-16
3 UG 43 B2-12 89.06
UG 37 ND 17
3.32
B3_03 ND 09
UG 18 UG 21
UG 48 126.65
UG 29 UG 34 UG 52 3.59
B2-11 B2_17
UG 42 DEP 2003
201.65 B2_01 ND 217
B3-01 2.8 B2_02 137.4
UG 24 122.72 UG 47 UG
117.46 60 0.4

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2.15 155.85
1.12
1.7

•Survey of the topography & drillhole collars are recommended at

UG 28 UG 33 B2-10 UG 51 DEP 2001
191.04 DEP 2004 141 DEP 2008
1.24 2.4
UG 41 214.76 82.6
2.99 UG 55 1.7
DEP 2018
135.8 UG 46 ND 14 UG 59 UG 63
ND 08 DEP 2002
0.01
UG 27 UG 32 150.46 ND 219
UG 50 3.26

this stage to increase the accuracy of the shape & size of the UG 36
UG 40
B2-09
210.2
0.01
UG 45
DEP 2021
203.28
3.32

B2-08
GT2_01
64.18
2.97
ND 12
138.15
0.55
ND 218 UG 72

GT2_02
UG 44

deposit
UG 49
UG 39 78.86 UG 67
0.80 m 0.74 UG 71
UG 54 30

1.50 m
38
B2_19
UG 53 UG 62
B2-06
UG 58 UG 66
B2_07 236 UG 70
0.01

UG 61

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UG 57 UG 65 UG 69

PT. GEO SEARCH UG 56

B2_05
UG 64
UG 68
 RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

At the end of the systematic exploration

stage the development of the resource
should be possible

Important to note on things to remember to

help increase confidence in the assessment;

•Down hole logging for increased confidence in coal thickness

& seam correlation (size, shape & volumes)

•Sufficient core samples with high level of core recoveries

(Product Quality = Market Value)

•Using appropriate software for geological modeling (relevant

experience by competent person)

• Eventual economic extraction (Exploration is for mining)

PT. GEO SEARCH

 Future Exploration Targets???
•Indonesia has excellent potential for the discovery of new coal & mineral
resources,

•The majority of obvious deposits have already been found in areas that are
accessible and near surface.

•The next generation project discoveries will consist of deposits that are not so
obvious. These new discoveries will be made by companies willing to interpret
the geology and to test their ideas in the field

•Although project logistics, infrastructure and land use conflict are challenges,
huge opportunities exist to expand development of the Indonesian mining
industry

•Overall the exploration possibilities are wide open

GO EXPLORE!!! PT. GEO SEARCH

Thank You.