Department of Mechanical Engineering

College of Engineering and Architecture

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

TITLE OF THESIS

PRECISION WOOD CUTTING MACHINE

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

For the course MEPS-523 ME PROJECT STUDY 1

JOSELITO R. DATO (GROUP LEADER)

TIM LUIS LAZARO (MEMBER 1)

SERGIERO CIELO DADOLE (MEMBER 2)

RAM ACE OCAMPO (MEMBER 3)

JOBELLE ANNE G. TECSON (MEMBER 4)

GYLMYR DIZON (MEMBER 5)

November 25, 2019

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The wood can be used as a material for decorations. Mosaic is an art form which

uses small pieces of materials placed together to create a unified whole. The materials

commonly used are marble or other stone, glass, pottery, mirror or foil-backed glass, or

shells. Mosaics have a long history, starting in 3rd millennium BC where pebble mosaics

were made. Modern mosaics have developed into a popular craft and art, and are not

limited to professionals.

Wood Mosaic

Figure 1.1 Illustration of Wood Mosaic

(Source: Argazwood mosaic finished product.)

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1.1.1 WOOD CRAFT INDUSTRY IN BATAAN

How wood craft industry start in Bataan. It is all started in historic place in Bagac,

Bataan called Las Casas Filipina de Acuzar, and there are 22 features antique mansions

build during the Spanish colonial period, from the 17th to the 19th centuries.

In our modern era all kind of antique mansion is from old years started to decay.

The owner is started to rebuild Spanish colonial- era mansion in Bagac, Bataan year 2003

they hired many workers skilled in wood craft, wood curving, making furniture, designer

and builder. While rebuilding the antique mansion the owner and its group build a project

hotel named Hotel de Orientebecause of growing tourist in Bagac, after the rebuilding

project was completed in year 2015. That also meant all worker will lose their job

because most of the workersare woman from Bagac.

Mrs Angelina Reyesstart a business of wood mosaic and she hire workersfrom

Las Casas finish project the workers with a skilled in wood craft and wood curvingand

because most of the workers are woman she start a vision is to help every woman and

school youth in Bagac to augment family income.She also conduct training to the woman

willing to know how to make and design wood craft and wood mosaic and also to start

business ever family in Bagac to make their own product to sell it and to make their own

income.

That is why Bagac, Bataan is the highest production in Bataan who sales their

product in market because their joined trade fair and exhibits outside Bataan through the

support of Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and Enterprise Development Office

(PCEDO) and the Provincial Government of Bataan. There are two things that

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ArgazWood Mosaic Making lives for: to empower women in Bagac and to make their

wood handicrafts known globally.

1.1.2 BENEFITS FOR WOOD CRAFT

Our local industry in wood mosaic in Bagac, Bataan they helping its members

financially also they share their skills and knowledge by conducting trainings to other

woman in cooperation with the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) which has

benefited a total of 70 women.

It is one of the best ways to eradicate unemployment. It provides in numerous

opportunities to explore the skills and talents. Women who are homemakers and

unemployed people can spend their leisure time in learning handicraft skills to earn good

amount of income. Income generation depend upon the quality of skills that you have,

resources and investment you allot for the handicraft business.

Wood craft is the only hand made products of good quality arrives to the market.

Hence, people can completely trust and buy them.Usually, handicrafts are unique because

creativity plays an important role in this business. Due to the uniqueness factor, the

designs and craft works really amaze many buyers.

Wood craft is also eco-friendly. It uses wood piece, recycled wood from old

houses and other waste materials which can converted to a beautiful pieces of wood craft

items and wood mosaic.

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 Wood Crafting does not need having a great talent of math, science and English it

is in your idea. How will your imaginary lead you to meet the requirement and quality

criteria of your customers.

1.1.3 PROCESS OF MAKING MOSAIC

Wood sowing is a process that makes a wood mosaic. But our local industry like

Argaz wood mosaic they have their own process by making their product.

The wood source of their wood is from old houses so they need to clean it first by

use of Katam (plainer) is to remove its old surface. Second the wood will cut by circular

saw to its desired size to make plank and cutting it in to square shape. Third they will

draw the parts of the mosaic to make image in the frame. Forth the drawing will be the

trace line by cutting the part of the mosaic. Then every piece of wood they cut will be

glued one by one to make image on the frame. And the last is Varnish is used in wood

finishing applications where the natural tones and grains in the wood are intended to be

visible. It is applied over wood stains as a final step to achieve a film for gloss and

protection to avoid wood decay.

1.1.4 PROBLEMS ON WOOD CRAFT LOCAL INDUSTRY

Wood mosaic and wood carving is started for project of Hotel de Oriente at Las

Casas Filipina de Acuzar. However, when the project was completed in 2015 that also

meant losing their job, but the problem of this is solve by Municipal government of

Bagac came to the rescue. Former Bagac Mayor Ramil Del Rosario provided them with

4
starting equipment so as to continue what they started. And one problem in wood mosaic

is wood source of their product because they proudly shared that all of their materials are

from old houses and they never cut trees for their crafts. And this kind of resource has a

limited source too.

After the researcher went to our local wood mosaic industry in Bataan, they found

the main specific problem of the wood mosaic. First is the cutting machines does not

provide precise measurement, the cutting blades are not durable enough for longer wage

and the cutting blades shatter and might be a cause of injuries

The other machine they used is out dated and is not working because the machine

is operates in a long period of time. So it is possible to break or to lose its function

because of over usage and reached its limit. The problem of this, they can’t buy a new

one because the machine they usually used has a high price. And buying a new wood

cutting machine can affect the owner income and not buying a new one can also affect

the production of their mosaic.

1.1.5 PROPOSED SOLUTION ON WOOD MOSAIC

Argaz Wood Mosaic Making has already joined trade fairs and exhibits outside

Bataan through the support of Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Provincial

Cooperative and Enterprise Development Office (PCEDO) and the Provincial

Government of Bataan. The limited supply of antic wood from the heritage houses has a

solution now. Because Argaz wood mosaic have a connection to Department of Trade

and Industry.

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 To resolve their present problem, finding an alternative machine with lower cost or

if they can hire a professional technician to rebuild and fix their machines or even to find

a machinist that could fabricate their desired machine design would be a solution for their

crisis.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study will look towards the different problems of an existing manual wood

cutting machine output in woodcraft products and how to increase the precision of the

machine. What are the factors that can contribute to increase its accuracy and how can the

complete output increase the user’s safety, productivity and the aesthetic of their

products.

The study focuses mainly on the machine and how it is going to be built. What

type of materials to use particularly the type of blade which places a significant impact in

the machine, what part can be built on the machine to make it more serviceable and how

to mitigate the exposure to danger of the users and is the estimated duration of the

machines fabrication be sufficient. Then after the completion of the machine will the

output produced satisfies the client?

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 General Objective

The General objective of the study is to develop a machine design, to fabricate

and to test a manual wood cutting machine while monitoring its precision serviceability.

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1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 To fabricate the prototype based on the evaluated final design.

 Improve the cutting tool in terms of the durability of the blades for longer usage.

This also includes the sharpness of the cutter.

 To attain smooth cuts of the wood to minimize the time in filling the wood edges.

 To implement better precision of the wood cutting measurement of the desired

design and shape.

 To test the effectiveness of the prototype through factorial considerations

including the precision, productivity and own perspective of the user compared to

the existing wood cutting machine.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of this study contribution in our society is to help wood mosaic

industry and workers to cut the wood more precisely and make their product more

efficiently and mitigate the danger in their work. The cutting procedure is to produce

more accurately cut wood measurement with better curves and dimensions.

The wood mosaic local industry with high or low income or wage is the direct

recipients in the output of the study. These are small and huge factory of wood mosaic or

any profession revolving the use of wood artistry.

The machine has the capability to produce the time of work, by reducing the time

due to increased percentage of precision cutting.

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 The factor of safety is significantly higher because of the improvement of the

manoeuvrable grip that holds the wood tightly and clear cover that protects the user from

shrapnel coming from the wood being cut. The study will greatly benefit the following;

Labourers during production can save more time when they are cutting wood

crafts and can produce equivalent result like any other wood cutting industry. Owner

having a workshop with enhanced equipment can increase their production, income and

asset. Clients can be able to avail good quality products from the market in no time.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

1.5.1 SCOPE

The focus of the study is the innovated design of manual wood cutting machine

that that is used in creating wood crafts and wood mosaic of resident in Bagac. The study

look towards enhancement factor to increase the machine’s precision on cutting woods

and to modify some structures to improve its safety feature for users.

The study highlights information from the main problem and the explanations on

modified parts of the machine, their functions, parameter and step by step procedures on

fabricating the prototype. Test are also provides to monitor the efficiency and quality of

the prototype to verify that the machine is function according to its main design. This

study also includes procedure and guidelines on how to operate and control the machine

after its final evaluation.

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 The study also addresses the perspective to the beneficiary on the prototype and

its impact to the wood crafting industry in Bagac, Bataan.and includes objectives for

other further studies.

1.5.1 LIMITATIONS

The study is limited to manual wood-cutting machine that are used in making

mosaics, other wood crafts and light wood cutting processes. It is due to the reason that

the type of blade to be used, will greatly affect the precision of the prototype. The study

can only provide test within two machines which is the existing and the prototype. The

evaluation will only be based on the tests and the perception of the primary beneficiary.

9
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 METHODS IN WOODWORKING INDUSTRY

2.1.1 DIRECT METHOD

The pieces of material you are going to mosaic with, known as tesserae, are

directly fixed top side up onto a base or substrate and then grouted [22].

The direct method involves putting the mosaic pieces, or tesserae, directly onto

the base (which could be wood, stone, concrete, ceramic etc), grouting the completed

piece and that, more or less, is that. Alternatively, you can apply the pieces onto fibre

glass mesh as I did for the mosaic floor which means the finished work is light and

transportable and also bendable so that it can be applied to rounded surfaces. The mosaic

on mesh is fixed to its final substrate using tile adhesive (indoor or outdoor as

appropriate) and grouted on site [23].

The direct method is great for small projects that you would move once it is

finished. Another nice thing about the direct method is that you get to see your resulting

mosaic take life. It also allows for you to make little adjustments to tile placement and

color [24].

The direct method has its disadvantages. With this method the artist must work

directly on the chosen surface. It is not suitable for large projects. It is also difficult to

control the evenness of the finished surface when the pieces are not all the same thickness

[24].

1
2.1.2 INDIRECT METHOD

The pieces are temporarily fixed top side down onto a removable base material.

This is (then) cast in its final form and the temporary base material is removed to reveal

the mosaic, top side up. The indirect method is most often used when the finished surface

needs to be extremely smooth [22].

The completed mosaic will be entirely flat, so if you are using tesserae which are

different depths and need a flat surface then this is the the method to use. Obviously, it’s

perfect for floors.With the mould method, the completed work will be extremely solid

and durable [23].

The indirect method used for creating mosaics is often used for large projects.

With this method the pieces are glued face down on a paper backing. When completed it

is transferred to its permanent resting place, and once the mortar has dried the paper can

be washed away [24].

This method is very useful for large projects as it gives the artist time to rework

areas. Floors, murals benches and table tops are examples of where you would use this

method [24].

This method is in the wood working industry is used in large projects because of

the soft and smooth finish of the surface. It is the most fine-looking designs the

researches saw in the finish products like the face of the President and face of Jesus

Christ. In the Argaz wood mosaic, the indirect method is the one they used regularly

because of the versatility and efficiency of this method in woodworking industry.

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 Figure 2.1 Direct Method vs. Indirect Method

(Source https://diamondtechcrafts.wordpress.com/2012/02/01/direct-vs-indirect-3-questions-to-

help-to-decide-how-to-apply-your-mosaic/)

Table 2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Different Methods

Advantages Disadvantages

Direct -Easiest for beginners. -Smooth surfaces can be achieved as

Method long as the materials are of the same

-Large number of colours is used.
thickness and the adhesive is applied
-Suited to projects where a flat
evenly.
surface is not important.
-Difficult to achieve a flat surface.
-Creates mosaic with different
-Not suited to mosaicing large areas.
textures.

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 -Can be grouted or left ungrouted. -Not suitable for intricate designs.

Indirect Ideal for intricate designs A more complicated method

Method Flat and smooth surface finish Difficult to keep track of coloured

tiles as they are applied face down

Best for large mosaics

Surfaces with a tight curves and

Easier to start and stop work
turns aren't suitable for the indirect
Changes can be made before the
method as it's not possible to
design is completed
properly place the tiles with the

removable base attached.

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2.2 RELATED TECHNOLOGIES

2.2.1 BAND SAW

Figure 2.2 Bandsaw with the rotating diamond blade

(Source: https://inlandcraft.com/shop/band-saws/db-100-band-saw-with-diamond-blade/)

A band saw may be a control saw with a long, sharp edge comprising of a

ceaseless band of toothed metal extended between two or more wheels to cut fabric. They

are utilized basically in carpentry, metalworking, and ambling, but may cut an assortment

of materials. Focal points incorporate uniform cutting activity as a result of an equitably

conveyed tooth stack, and the capacity to cut unpredictable or bended shapes like a

jigsaw. The least span of a bend is decided by the width of the band and its kerf. Most

bandsaws have two wheels turning within the same plane, one of which is fueled, in spite

of the fact that a few may have three or four to convey the stack. The edge itself can

come in a assortment of sizes and tooth pitches (teeth per inch, or TPI), which empowers

5
the machine to be exceedingly flexible and able to cut a wide assortment of materials

counting wood, metal and plastic. Almost all bandsaws nowadays are fueled by an

electric engine. Line shaft adaptations were once common but are presently antiques [25].

2.2.1.1 VERTICAL BAND SAW

The metal-cutting vertical band sawing machine, also called a contour machine, is

made in a variety of sizes and models by several manufacturers. The size of a contour

machine is determined by the throat depth, which is the distance from the saw band to the

column.Figure 2.3 shows a typical contour machine and identifies its main parts, which

are discussed below [26].

The head is the large unit at the top of the contour machine that contains the saw

band idler wheel, the drive motor switch, the tension adjustment hand wheel and

mechanism, a flexible airline (directs a jet of air at the work to keep layout lines free from

chips), and the adjustable post which supports the upper saw guide. The job selector dial

is also located on the head [26].

6
 Figure 2.3 Vertical band sawing machine parts

(Source: https://smithy.com/machining-handbook/chapter-7/page/3)

The column contains the speed indicator dial, which is driven by a cable from the

transmission and indicates the speed in feet per minute (FPM). The butt welder is also

mounted on the column [26].

The base contains the saw band drive wheel, the motor, and the transmission. The

transmission has two speed ranges. The low range gives speeds from 50 FPM to 375

FPM. The high range gives speeds from 260 FPM to 1,500 FPM. A shift lever on the

back of the base can be placed in the high, low, or neutral position. Low is recommended

for all speeds under 275 FPM. The base also supports the table and contains the lower

saw band guide, which is mounted immediately under the table slot. The power feed

7
mechanism is located within the base, and the feed adjustment handle and foot pedal are

located on the front of the base [26].

2.2.1.2 VARIABLE SPEED UNIT

The variable speed unit is located within the base of the machine. This unit

consists of two V-type pulleys which are mounted on a common bearing tube. A belt on

one pulley is driven by the transmission, while the belt on the other pulley drives the saw

band drive wheel. The two outside cones of the pulleys are fixed, but the middle cone is

shifted when the speed change wheel is turned. A shift in the middle cone causes the

diameter of one pulley to increase and the diameter of the other pulley to decrease. This

slowly changes the ratio between the two pulleys and permits a gradual increase or

decrease in the speed of the machine [26].

2.2.1.3 HORIZONTAL BAND SAWING MACHINE

The horizontal band sawing machine does the same job as the power hacksaw but

does it more efficiently. The blade of the handsaw is actually a continuous band which

revolves around a drive wheel and idler wheel in the band support frame. Two band

guides use rollers to twist the band so that the teeth are in the proper cutting position. The

guides are adjustable and should be adjusted so that they are just slightly further apart

than the width of the material to be cut. This will give maximum support to the saw band

and help assure a straight cut. [26]

8
 Figure 2.4 Horizontal Band Saw Parts

(Source: https://smithy.com/machining-handbook/chapter-7/page/3)

The vise on the horizontal bandsaw is much like the one on the power hacksaw.

However, the horizontal bandsaw has a much greater capacity for large stock than does

the power hacksaw. The stationary jaw can be set at several angles. The movable jaw

adjusts automatically to whatever position the stationary jaw is in when the

visehandwheel is tightened [26].

The horizontal bandsaw is operated hydraulically by controls on a control box,

which is located on the front side of the machine. A motor and pump assembly supplies

hydraulic fluid from a reservoir in the base to a cylinder, which raises and lowers the

support arm and also controls the feed pressure and band tension. A speed and feed chart

is sometimes provided on the machine, but when it is not, consult the operator's manual

for the proper settings for sawing [26].

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2.2.2 SCROLL SAW

Figure 2.5 Scroll Saw with labels

(Source: https://www.finepowertools.com/saws/scroll-saw/ )

A scroll saw has a machine base. The machine base includes two parallel

transmission shafts thereon. The two transmission shafts are connected to each other

through a synchronous unit. The synchronous unit has an upper crankshaft and a lower

crankshaft connected to the transmission shafts, respectively. A plurality of crankshaft

connecting levers is connected between the upper crankshaft and the lower crankshaft.

When one of the transmission shafts is rotated, another transmission shaft will be driven

to rotate through the synchronous unit. Because the synchronous unit is composed of the

crankshaft connecting levers, the connection between the transmission shafts is relatively

tight. This ensures that the transmission shafts do not generate a deviation in rotation to

avoid vibration and noise [27].

Scroll saw is mainly used for woodworkers, craftsmen, and artisans. The main

purpose of a scroll saw is to cut intricate profiles, patterns and joints on wood, plastic,

10
and metal. Commonly used to produce wood carvings, create art work, scrolls, carving on

ivory etc. You can make intarsia, marquetry, lettered signs and templates. Another use of

scroll saw is to make wooden toys, jigsaw puzzles etc. Carpenters will find the scroll saw

useful to cut dovetail joints when manufacturing small furniture, jewelry box etc [28].

The working principle of the scroll saw works similar to a band saw where the

operator will move the work against the saw blade to make the cut. However, the key

difference is that in case of a band saw the saw blade is a continuous loop whereas a

reciprocating blade is used in scroll saw.This makes it very easy for a scroll saw to cut

internal profiles. The step the operator needs to do is drill a hole in the work piece and

inserts the scroll saw blade through it and mounts the blade on the arm [29].

The size of a scroll saw is often referred to as its “throat size.” Because the size of

a scroll saw is often determined by measuring the area from the very back of the blade to

the back of the scroll saw, which is referred to as the “throat.” This particular

measurement is important because, the throat size of a saw determines what kind of size

wood you can cut. A good rule of thumb is to take whatever the throat size is and double

it. So, say the throat size of a saw is roughly 15-inches, that means that the scroll saw can

cut a roughly 30-inch piece of wood. This scales as well. So, a 30-inch saw can cut a

roughly 60-inch piece of wood, and so on [29].

2.2.2.1 BLADE TENSIONING MECHANISM

An important part of using a scroll saw is ensuring that the blade is at the correct

tension for the job. It is not uncommon for the operator to have to change the tension on

the fly. The operator needs to adjust the tension of the blade very quickly [29].

11
 There are a couple of different mechanisms out there for changing the tension on

a blade. Some have simple levers that you can move into the desired position, whereas

others use knobs. The most important thing, in my opinion, is positioning. On scroll

saws, the tensioning system will be located at one of two places, either on the front of the

scroll saw or on the back of it.

2.2.2.2 DIFFERENT BLADE TYPES

Scroll saws come with different varieties of blades. In particular, there are two

main kinds of blades that needed to be aware of. Firstly, there are pinned blades (also

known as pin-end blades). These blades are thicker and thus capable of cutting through

thicker pieces of wood; they are also more suited for cutting through tougher pieces of

wood. Second is the unpinned blades or flat blades are the other main variety of scroll

saw blade. The flat end blades require you to carefully clamp and set the blade tension.

[29]

Table 2.2 Pin End Blades vs. Flat End Blades

Pros Cons

Pin- -Easy to lock. -The Pin-hole design requires the

End -Once locked, the blade is set to the blade size to be relatively thicker
Blades and wider.
correct tension.

-Cannot insert the pinned blades

-Can take heavy loads.
into very small holes.
-Good choice for cutting thicker
-Less variety of scroll saw blades to
work-piece and hardwood.
choose from.

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 Flat -Comes in various sizes. -Spend extra time to lock the blade.

End -Fine blades that can deliver more -Spend extra time to adjust the blade
Blades accurate, intricate cuts. tension correctly.
(No

pinned

Holes

2.2.3 Comparison of the Related Technologies

Table 2.3 Related Technologies and Their Advantages and Disadvantages

Commercially Advantages Disadvantage

Available

Technologies

More versatile
Expensive
Can cut large pieces of wood
Band saw Heavy-duty
More powerful

Higher cutting capacity Fairly inaccurate

Ability to cut intricate Lightweight

Scroll saw contours The saw blade can be easily

More precise cutting machine broke

The resulting edge cut has a

13
 better finish

Occupies less floor space

Less noise and vibration

Table 2.4 Properties of Recent Technologies

Bandsaw Scrollsaw

The cutting blade is a

The blade reciprocates up and
Cutting Action continuous loop which
down
circulates

The long blade needs to have a Thin blades with comparatively

Blade certain minimum width very less width

Size/Portability Bulky. Difficult to transport Very easy to move around

Dangerous. Require extreme

Safety Safe
caution.

Accuracy Fairly inaccurate Accurate

The main difference between a scroll saw versus bandsaw is that the scroll is a

light duty machine designed to cut intricate shapes precisely whereas the band saw is a

heavy-duty machine that can cut large pieces of wood to different size and shape fairly

accurate.

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 In choosing the design standards for fabricating the Precise wood cutting

machine, the researchers concluded that the most near machine in the related

technologies is the scroll saw because of its precise cutting and smooth finish in the wood

work piece.

2.3 PRECISE CUTTING MACHINE UNIT COMPONENTS

2.3.1 SAW BLADES TYPES AND PROPERTIES

Several factors in choosing the right scroll saw blade are considered for the

design, work piece type of wood, and thickness. These factors are the cutting stroke of

the blade, the structure of the teeth, tooth per inch (TPI), the size/numbering system, and

the process of the design. For different type of blade there is a different property which is

discussed by the researchers for this project.

One of the things that make power saws such great tools is the ability to change

the blade to fit the job. If needed a more precise blade or a more powerful one, then the

operator can swap out your current blade. The operator should regularly change the blade

on your scroll saw to do different kinds of cuts [29].

15
 TYPE OF BLADES

Figure 2.6 Illustration of Scroll saw blades

(Source: https://www.woodcraft.com/blog_entries/choosing-scroll-saw-blades)

2.3.1.1 STANDARD/REGULAR TOOTH BLADES

The teeth all point downward. This is how scroll saw blades were originally

configured going back to the 18th century. The teeth are all the same size and distance

apart on standard tooth blades. The blades have larger teeth and more space between the

teeth. They are designed to clear the sawdust as you cut. [1]

This type of blade is the one that is used in the Argaz wood mosaic in Bagac for

their main cutting blade because this blade is the universal use and can cut soft and hard

wood but as the wood become thicker, the precision of the cut from this blade becomes

inaccurate. Thus, making the finish or the wood edges having splinters and unsmooth

surface. For these surface to become smooth they sander the workpiece. This extra work

is not efficient in the time allotted by the client because of prolonging the process.

16
 This blade can be used in woodworking industry but not the best recommendation

for clean and smooth cuts.

Table 2.5 Regular tooth blade universal numbers and their properties {1}

2.3.1.2 SKIP-TOOTH BLADES

Skip tooth blades are excellent for fast cuts that provide smooth finishes and good

chip clearance. These blades are similar to the standard tooth blades, but every other

tooth is missing. The space (gullet) between teeth is much wider and keeps the blade

cooler [1]. These blades are a good all-around versatile application blade. The range of

sizes and teeth per inch allows the cutting of intricate patterns as well as rough-cut work.

Blade selection for the thickness of work piece range from 1/16in. to 2-1/2in depending

on the TPI. Skip blades perform well with wood, plastic, bone and most fibrous materials

[2].

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 This type of blade is recommended in having a precise cut for its smooth finish

and ultra-intricate sawing. But this type of blade has a difficulty in cutting a hard wood

type. This type of blade is more easy to use in veneer/thin wood types.

Table 2.6 Skip-tooth blade universal numbers and their properties {1}

2.3.1.3 DOUBLE-TOOTH BLADES

Double tooth blades have two teeth together followed by a flat space for efficient

chip removal. They cut fast, leaving clean edges in wood. These blades cut slightly

slower but leave a very smooth cut [1].

These blades are preferred by many scroll saw users. They are easy to distinguish

form our regular skip tooth blades as they have two teeth together followed by a space for

fast chip removal [3].

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 This type of blade is also recommended for its efficient and smooth finish. The

design helps to minimize burning of the cut similar to skip tooth blade. The capabilities to

cut different wood type of this blade type are also similar to skip tooth blade. This type of

blade is more easy to use in veneer/thin wood types.

Table 2.7Double-tooth blade universal numbers and their properties {1}

2.3.1.4 REVERSE SKIP-TOOTH BLADES

This blade is exactly like the regular skip- tooth blade, except the last few bottom

teeth point upward. This is great for preventing tear- out or splintering on the bottom of

the cut and for use with plywood. When using a reverse skip-tooth blade you must set the

blade in the clamps so that only two or three teeth are pointing up above the table top

when the saw arm is in its highest position. You may have to trim a little from the bottom

of the blade to accomplish this [1].

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 These blades have the same performance characteristics as our skip tooth fret saw

blades with the added benefit or reverse teeth for a smooth, splinter free finish on top and

bottom surfaces. Excellent blade for eliminating tear-out on birch and maple plywood [3].

Table 2.8 Reverse tooth blade universal numbers and their properties

{Source: http://www.pozsgaidesigns.com/ScrollChart.pdf}

2.3.1.5PRECISION-GROUND BLADES

Precision-ground Blades (PGT) are "the best" blades available. Tested and

endorsed by experts, PGT blades outperform and outlast all other blades. Their razor

sharp teeth cut faster, smoother, and more accurately in both straight and radius cuts.

Unique tooth geometry and widely spaced gullets minimize burning and provide rapid

chip removal. They are made of the finest carbon steel for maximum strength, durability

and longest blade life [3].

20
 These blades are actually a skip-tooth blade with small teeth that have been

ground to shape rather than simply filed. These blades are much sharper, cut in a straight

line and leave a very smooth surface. Personally, I find they are great blades but very

aggressive and unforgiving [1].

Table 2.9 Precision-ground blade universal numbers and their properties

2.3.1.6 SPIRAL BLADES

These blades are simply a group of blades twisted together so there are teeth all

the way around. You can cut in all directions without turning the wood. There are a few

applications for this kind of blade, but they leave a very rough, wide surface, cannot

make a tight or sharp corner and have a tendency to stretch as you use them [1].

21
 These blades saw in all directions and have 360° cutting capability. Excellent for

0° radius scroll work; you never have to turn the work piece. Use for cutting all types of

materials including wood, plastic, wax, non-ferrous metals, plaster, bone, horn, etc. for

use in power scroll saws and hand-held fret and jewelers saw frames. Cutting speed and

finish depend on material thickness and number of teeth per inch. These premium blades

are made of high carbon steel, hardened and tempered to stay sharp longer. Good for

bevel cutting letters in names, increase throat capacity and cut longer pieces without

turning [3].

These types of blades don’t have smooth finish and makes the edges rough and

many splinters. This is only recommended in bevel cuts that have many small angles.

Table 2.10 Reverse tooth blade universal numbers and their properties

2.3.1.7CROWN-TOOTH BLADES

This is a totally new design in scroll saw blades. The teeth are shaped like a

crown with a space between each crown. The nice part is that the blade can be put in

either way, so there is no upside down with these blades. I find they cut a little slower

than a regular blade, but they are good for cutting plastic or Plexiglas [1].

22
 The blades cut on both up and down strokes. Two way cutting action provides a

smooth, splintered finish, and clean edges. When worn, the blade can be turned over for

cutting with a fresh set of teeth. This blade cuts a little slower for more control [3].

These blade has same capabilities to pgt blades, the only difference is that this the

duration of the cut. But this type of blade is recommended for beginners to start and learn

the woodworking mosaic industry. The finish cut of this type of blade is smooth and free

of splinters.

Table 2.11 Crown tooth blade universal numbers and their properties

(Source all tables above: http://www.pozsgaidesigns.com/ScrollChart.pdf)

2.3.2. BLADE TOOTH PER INCH (TPI) AND SIZING

Scroll saw blades are usually 5-1/4" to 5-1/2" long. Ends may be plain or pinned:

pinned ends are generally available on a smaller number of blades, because the pins force

greater blade thickness, so smaller sizes are not made. Most blades are skip-tooth design,

one tooth skipped and a gap left, which allows for fast clearance of dust and chips. Spiral

23
blades usually have coarse teeth (comparatively) and give a rough finish, but allow great

ease in moving the work in any direction, with the corresponding cut going in that

direction. Reverse tooth blades have some teeth (at the bottom of the blade) pointing up,

rather than down, which reduces ragged cut edges [5].

Tooth pitch refers to the number of teeth per inch (tpi). 1 inch equates to 25.4

mm. [4]. A general rule of thumb: the greater the TPI, the smoother but slower a cut.

Fewer or less TPI allows for a rougher but faster cut.TPI and proper feed rate are the two

most important factors to consider when cutting. For cutting stocks up to 8″ and above: A

finer tooth saw blade setting — 18 to 32 TPI — should be used for thinner metals and

plastics under 0.25″ (or 1/4″).Industry standards are — a minimum of 3 teeth in the cut

— a maximum of 24 teeth in the cut — with the optimum number of 12 teeth in the cut.

The average TPI in a 3/4 blade is 3.5 — if you multiply 3.5 by the 4” Round Bar, your

average number of teeth in the cut is going to be 14.14 falls just outside of the optimum

and well under the maximum number of teeth in the cut for effective and efficient cutting

[6].

2.3.3 MOTOR TYPES

2.3.3.1 INDUCTION MOTOR

The area of multiphase variable-speed motor drives in general and multiphase

induction motor drives in particular has experienced a substantial growth since the

beginning of this century. Research has been conducted worldwide and numerous

24
interesting developments have been reported in the literature. An attempt is made to

provide a detailed overview of the current state-of-the-art in this area. The elaborated

aspects include advantages of multiphase induction machines, modelling of multiphase

induction machines, basic vector control and direct torque control schemes and PWM

control of multiphase voltage source inverters. Experimental results, collected from

various multiphase induction motor drive laboratory rigs, are also included to facilitate

the understanding of the drive operation [10].

Figure 2.7 Induction motor

(Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor)

An induction motor (also known as an asynchronous motor) is a commonly used

AC electric motor. In an induction motor, the electric current in the rotor needed to

produce torque is obtained via electromagnetic induction from the rotating magnetic field

of the stator winding. The rotor of an induction motor can be a squirrel cage rotor or

wound type rotor [11].

25
 Induction motors are referred to as ‘asynchronous motors’ because they operate at

a speed less than their synchronous speed.Single phase induction motors are not a self-

starting motor, and three phase induction motor are a self-starting motor [11].

In a Three Phase System is Self-Starting because, there are three single phase

lines with a 120° phase difference. So the rotating magnetic field has the same phase

difference which will make the rotor to move. If we consider three phases a, b, and c

when phase a gets magnetized, the rotor will move towards the phase a winding a, in the

next moment phase b will get magnetized and it will attract the rotor and then phase c. So

the rotor will continue to rotate [12].

In a Single Phase System is not Self Starting because the AC supply is a

sinusoidal wave and it produces a pulsating magnetic field in the uniformly distributed

stator winding. This pulsating magnetic field is two oppositely rotating magnetic fields,

there will be no resultant torque produced at the starting, and hence the motor does not

run. After giving the supply, if the rotor is made to rotate in either direction by an

external force, then the motor will start to run. We can solve this problem by making the

stator winding into two winding – one is the main winding, and another is auxiliary

winding [12].

2.3.3.1 Synchronous Motor

A synchronous motor is one in which the rotor normally rotates at the same speed

as the revolving field in the machine. The stator is similar to that of an induction machine

consisting of a cylindrical iron frame with windings, usually three-phase, located in slots

26
around the inner periphery. The difference is in the rotor, which normally contains an

insulated winding connected through slip rings or other means to a source of direct

current [13].

Figure 2.8 Synchronous Motor

(Source: https://electricalmag.com/synchronous-motor-working-principle-and-construction/)

The principle of operation of a synchronous motor can be understood by

considering the stator windings to be connected to a three-phase alternating-current

supply. The effect of the stator current is to establish a magnetic field rotating at 120 f/p

revolutions per minute for a frequency of f hertz and for p poles. A direct current in a p-

pole field winding on the rotor will also produce a magnetic field rotating at rotor speed.

If the rotor speed is made equal to that of the stator field and there is no load torque, these

two magnetic fields will tend to align with each other. As mechanical load is applied, the

rotor slips back a number of degrees with respect to the rotating field of the stator,

27
developing torque and continuing to be drawn around by this rotating field. The angle

between the field’s increases as load torque is increased. The maximum available torque

is achieved when the angle by which the rotor field lags the stator field is 90°.

Application of more load torque will stall the motor [14].

Single-phase synchronous motors are available in small sizes for applications

requiring precise timing such as timekeeping, (clocks) and tape players. Though battery-

powered quartz regulated clocks are widely available, the AC line operated variety has

better long term accuracy—over a period of months. This is due to power plant operators

purposely maintaining the long term accuracy of the frequency of the AC distribution

system. If it falls behind by a few cycles, they will make up the lost cycles of AC so that

clocks lose no time [15].

A 3-phase synchronous motor as shown in the figure below generates an

electrically rotating field in the stator. Such motors are not self-starting if started from a

fixed frequency power source such as 50 or 60 Hz as found in an industrial setting.

Furthermore, the rotor is not a permanent magnet for the multi-horsepower (multi-

kilowatt) motors used in industry, but an electromagnet. Large industrial synchronous

motors are more efficient than induction motors. They are used when constant speed is

required. Having a leading power factor, they can correct the AC line for a lagging power

factor. The three phases of stator excitation add vectorially to produce a single resultant

magnetic field which rotates f/2n times per second, where f is the power line frequency,

50 or 60 Hz for industrial power line operated motors. The number of poles is n. For rotor

speed in rpm, multiply by 60 [15].

28
 Table 2.12 Comparison of Motor Types [30] [31]

Advantages Disadvantages

Induction -Simple, robust, and rugged. -3 phase induction motors have poor starting

motor -Can be operated in polluted and torque and high have in rush currents and not
widely used for applications which require
explosive environments.
high starting torques like traction systems.
-Cheaper than Synchronous
-Draws high inrush currents causing large
Motor.
momentary voltage dip during starting of the
-Maintenance free motors.
machine.
-3 phase induction motors will
-Induction motors always operate under
have self-starting torque unlike
lagging power factor especially during light
synchronous motors.
load conditions.
-Single-phase induction motors
-Speed control of induction motors are difficult
does not have self-starting torque,

and are made to rotate using some -Variable frequency drives using induction
motors are used in industries for speed control
auxiliaries.
now days.

Synchronous -Ability to control the power -Requires dc excitation which must be supplied

Motor factor. from external sources.

-Speed remains constant -Not self-starting motors.

29
 irrespective of the loads. -The cost per kW output is generally higher

-Constructed with wider air gaps than that of induction motors.

than induction motors which -No possibility of speed adjustment unless the

makes these motors mechanically incoming supply frequency is adjusted

more stable.
-Cannot be started on load. Its starting torque

-Electro-magnetic power varies is zero.

linearly with the voltage.

-Have tendency to hunt.

-Operate with higher efficiencies (

more than 90%) especially in low
speed and unity power factor
applications compared
induction motors.
-Collector rings and brushes are required
resulting in increase in maintenance
-Cannot be useful for applications requiring
to
frequent starting or high starting torques
required.

2.3.4 VARIABLE SPEED/FREQUENCY DRIVES

2.3.4.1 BRUSHLESS DC GEAR MOTOR AND DRIVER

Brushless DC motors from Oriental Motor can achieve up to 5159 lb-in of torque

when combined with a standard geared option and with their space savings design

contribute to a compact and powerful solution ranging from 30 W up to 400 W. With

their flat torque, can produce rated torque from low to high speeds easily. Brushless DC

30
motors also feature a wide variety of pre-assembled geared and electromechanical break

options and are available with our industry leading stable lead times. [7]

The output power ranges from 15 W (1/50 HP) up to 400 W (1/2 HP). The gear

options are parallel shaft, right-angle shaft and flat hollow shaft. The H1 Food-Grade

Grease-Compatible Gear Motors are available. The Electromagnetic Brake has options.

Can be used in AC or DC Input Drivers.

Figure 2.9 Brushless DC Gear Motor and Driver

(Source: https://www.orientalmotor.com/brushless-dc-motors-gear-motors/index.html)

2.3.4.2 AC SPEED CONTROL SYSTEMS

The DSC Series features the a high strength Parallel Shaft geared motor,

Electromagnetic Brake type for vertical operations or the standard round shaft AC motor,

each with a matching AC Input Speed Controller. The DSC Series AC Speed Control

packages provide easy installation and many performance advantages with high

reliability.[8] Imperial or Metric Geared Output Shafts. Electromagnetic Brake Available

31
 Advanced performance and reliability with unique Oriental Motor

technology.Extremely user-friendly and a stylish appearance. The US2 Series is a product

that is recommended for both first-time customers, as well as all customers who want to

continue using speed control motors.[8]

The Metric Geared Output Shafts ranges from 6 W (1/125 HP) up to 90 W (1/8

HP). Can be a Single-Phase 110/115 VAC or Single-Phase 220/230 VAC.

Figure 2.10 AC Speed Control Systems

(Source: https://www.orientalmotor.com/brushless-dc-motors-gear-motors/index.html)

2.3.4.3 Three-Phase Gear Motor and Inverter

Oriental Motor offers a wide range of Three-Phase motors that can be paired with third-

party inverters such as Fuji Electric, Allen Bradley, Lenze AC Tech, Yaskawa and

Mitsubishi. Lead wire, terminal box and conduit box types are available in round shaft or

parallel shaft and right-angle shaft gearheads [9].

32
 The Power ranges from 90 W (1/8 HP) up to 3 HP. Can be Parallel Shaft or Right-

Angle Shaft Gear Types.Round Shaft (no Gear) Types.Electromagnetic Brake Available.

Figure 2.11 Three-Phase Gear Motor and Inverter

(Source: https://www.orientalmotor.com/brushless-dc-motors-gear-motors/index.html)

This research in Variable Frequency Drives concludes that the VFD provides the

most energy efficient means of capacity control. It has the lowest starting current of any

starter type. It reduces thermal and mechanical stresses on motors and belts. It provide s

high power factor, eliminating the need for external power factor correction capacitors.

The installation is as simple as connecting the power supply to the VFD [32].

Table 2.13 Speed Control Motor Comparison

(Source:https://www.orientalmotor.com/speed-control-motors/index.html)

Brushless DC Gear Three-Phase Gear

AC Speed Control
Motor Motor
Systems
and Driver and Inverter

33
 Multiple Geared
Motor Options
Compact Size
Auto-Tuning /
Multiple Geared
High Torque Type Dynamic Torque
Motor Options
SCM Series Motors Vector Control
Features High Efficiency /
Vertical Operation Automatic Torque
Lower Operating
Plug & Play Boost / Slip
Temperature
Compensation
Torque Control
RS-485
Networking

Permanent Magnet Single-Phase AC

Three-Phase
DC Motor with Hall Motor with
Induction Motor
Effector Sensor or Tachogenerator
Composition Encoder Feedback Feedback +
+ + General-purpose
Inverter
Dedicated Driver Dedicated Controller

15 W (1/50 HP) 6 W (1/125 HP) 90 W (1/8 HP)

Output Power up to up to up to
400 W (1/2 HP) 90 W (1/8 HP) 3 HP

Rotation
80 ~ 4000 r/min 90 ~ 1600 r/min 90 ~ 3600 r/min
Speed (speed
(1:50) (1:18) (1:40)
ratio)

High efficiency with

Efficiency / Low Efficiency with Low Efficiency
permanent magnet
Energy Saving AC Motors with AC Motors
motor

2.3.5 SAW DUST COLLECTOR

A dust collector for a power tool, such as a scroll saw, wherein the saw may

include a base, a table supported by the base and a blade passing through a slot in the

table. The dust collector may include a container defining an accumulation chamber and

34
having an inlet port for collecting dust from the blade, a notch for receiving an assembly

attached to the base and a locking device for removably attaching the container to the

base. The dust collector may further include an outlet port for connecting a vacuum hose.

The scroll saw may also include a removable storage drawer [16].

In processing the saw machine, the blade cuts the workpiece/wood that leaves

intricate pieces or saw dust in the working space making it hard to operate and dangerous

for the operators eyes. The dust collector can be an air pump or vacuum cleaner or both.

The researchers investigated different types of airpump mechanism and vacuum

mechanism in order to pick which one is better for dust collecting in the woodworking

mosaic industry.

2.3.5.1 VACUUM MECHANISM

Materials flow from one location to another when a pressure difference is created

between two locations. This phenomenon is the basic working principle of an ideal

vacuum cleaner. When a centrifugal fan rotates it makes the air to flow by adding it

external kinetic energy. Air is sucked from behind and pushed forward with pressure and

so negative pressure it creates behind the fan. An ideal vacuum cleaner has such

centrifugal fan in it connected to a motor. This unit has suction and discharge

connections, on the suction side filter bag is fitted before the hose connection. The

discharge has another air purifier filter and opened to the atmosphere. When the electric

power is given the motor rotates and so the centrifugal fan. Air from the suction side is

sucked into the unit, along with the air all air born particles, cat allergen, mist, dirt, and

small solid particles are carried to the suction filter. They are trapped in the filter and dirt

free air is pushed out from the discharge opening [19].

35
 Direct air vacuums, also known as dirty air vacuums, are designed where dirt

passes through the fan before being blown into the bag or dirt cup. These vacuums are

more vulnerable to having their fans damaged by foreign objects such as a penny, a

decent size pebble, a metal nut or bolt, but they usually have excellent airflow so they

deep clean carpets very well, but are usually not so good at above floor cleaning (using a

hose and attachments). The first household vacuum cleaner invented by Murray Spangler

used a direct air design [17].

Clean air vacuums, or motor bypass vacuums, have dirt go into the bag or dirt cup

directly instead of having to go through the suction fan. This makes them very reliable,

because if you accidentally pick up a penny for example, it will most likely just be

sucked up into the bag or cup, with no damage. They are very good at above floor

cleaning and can generally clean carpets well, as well as have good air filtration. Some

models even have a separate motor for the brushroll. Most vacuums you see today use a

clean air design. The first clean air vacuum was the Hoover Dial-A-Matic [17].

Tandem air vacuums use both a clean air motor as well as a direct air motor to

excel at carpet cleaning, floor cleaning and above floor cleaning. Like direct air vacuums,

the suction fan on a direct air motor can be damaged if you pick up a foreign object, but if

you use the hose which uses the clean air motor, it won't be harmed [17].

The basic parts of a vacuum are filter for the dust, electric motor for power,

container, and vacuum hose for intake and a negative pressure for sucking the air.

There are many different types of vacuum cleaner, but all of them work on the

same principle of creating negative pressure using a fan, trapping the sucked-up dirt,

36
cleaning the exhaust air and then releasing it. The world would be a much dirtier place

without them [18].

Figure 2.12 Vacuum mechanism

(Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-of-the-three-principal-dust-collection-

methods-used-in-vacuum-cleaners-The_fig1_11683955)

2.3.5.2 AIR PUMP/BLOWER MECHANISM

The air pump can also be used as a cleaning device for the saw dust. The working

table is design to have a hole for the blade to insert. The sawdust can also be coming

from below the stroke of the blade this make the hole full of saw dust and can damage the

37
mechanism of the machine. The air pump blows or ventilates the dust coming from the

wood work piece into a dust port or ventilation path below the working table to the rear-

front mouth.The air pump is also mechanically powered by the drive pulley connected to

the frame for removing dust particles from the work area. The air pump means comprises

a hollow cylinder mounted to a portion of main body proximal to drive pulley.

The working principle of a blower fan is that air enters the center of a spinning

impeller and is divided between the impeller’s vanes. As the impeller turns, it accelerates

the air outwards using centrifugal force. This high-velocity air is then diffused and

slowed down in the surrounding blower housing to create pressure [20].

Figure 2.13 Air blower mechanism

(Source: https://www.republic-mfg.com/blowers/centrifugal-blowers.asp)

Air at outlet of Centrifugal fan impeller is at high velocity. The high velocity air

discharge is guided by the volute casing. Centrifugal fan volute casing reduces the air

velocity converting velocity head to static head. If the high velocity of air coming out of

38
the impeller is not reduced sufficiently and properly guided it will lead to higher losses

[21].

Forward Centrifugal Fan: Blades are curved forward with respect to direction of

rotation. Forward curve centrifugal fan design is used for high volume and low pressure

application. (upto 2inch of wg) Pressure rise is mostly due to high absolute velocity of air

at outlet of impeller [21].

Backward Centrifugal Fan: Blades are curved backwards with respect to direction

of rotation. Backward curve centrifugal fan design is used from low pressure to high

pressure application. (2inch to 60inch wg). Static Pressure rise is mostly due to

momentum difference between blades at outlet and inlet. Increase in absolute velocity

imparts velocity pressure to the impeller [21].

Radial Blades Fan: Blades are perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Radial Blade

design is used for high pressure application. Although low in efficiency the design is

excellent for dusty environment as the dust cannot stick on the blades because of

geometry [21].

The parts of a typical blower are Fan Blades which is the main part that rotates

either forward/backward or straight blades. The Nozzles which controls the air flow. The

Shaft are connected the fan and motor. The Suction frame and the Supporting frame

which supports the machine. And Motor which powered the machine.

2.3.6 BLADE TENSIONING MECHANISM

An important part of using a scroll saw is ensuring that the blade is at the correct

tension for the job. There are a couple of different mechanisms out there for changing the

39
tension on a blade. Some have simple levers that you can move into the desired position,

whereas others use knobs. The most important thing, is positioning. The tensioning

system can be located at one of two places, either on the front of the scroll saw or on the

back of it [29].

2.3.6.1 UPPER ARM ADJUSTER KNOB TENSIONING

Determining correct blade tension is somewhat subjective. It is learned through

experience and is some-what dependant on personal preference. A properly tensioned

blade will last longer and be much less likely to break prematurely. If the blade tension is

too loose, you will notice that the blade will have a tendency to drift or slip off-line when

cutting and you may also experience excessive vibration or unusual noise. A blade that is

too tight will break prematurely [33].

Assuming the blade has been properly installed in the blade mounts, when the

blade tension lever is pushed fully back towards the rear of the saw, the blade should be

properly tensioned [33].

Test the blade tension by lightly plucking on the blade, like you would a guitar

string, with your finger. If the blade is tight and tensioned correctly you will get a clear

and even note. If so, you are ready to proceed to operating and cutting with the saw. If

not, for some cases after double checking that the blade is properly installed in the blade

mounts, further blade tension fine tuning can be made by adjusting the rear knob to raise

the upper arm slightly [33].

40
 Note: this is not the main function of the adjustment knob (see following

paragraph) and using this knob as the primary blade tensioner will cause premature wear

and damage to the machine.

This saw has an adjustment knob I in the rear that can raise the blade mount up to

1" (25 mm). This allows you to fine tune blade tension when needed, as well as to

reposition the saw blade at a point where you can use a different part of the blade in the

cutting area. This also allows you to use a piece of band saw blade, cut to a length of 5"-

6" (127-150 mm) in your saw, and gives you up to 3 inch cutting capacity when needed.

Note: Do not over tension the knob as this can cause premature wear and damage

to the machine.

Figure 2.14 Using Knob as Blade Tensioner

(https://www.manualslib.com/manual/1063133/General-Excalibur-Ex-

16ce.html?page=13#manual)

2.3.6.2 BLADE CLAMPING THUMBSCREWS AND SET SCREWS

41
 Over time with normal use and wear, especially when doing a lot of internal

cutting, where one end of the blade is frequently disconnected then reconnected to fit into

a hole, the contact end of the thumbscrews A will wear and can become smooth to the

point where it will no longer clamp the blade properly. To avoid potentially costly

downtime, consider keeping a spare set of replacement thumbscrews and set screws on

hand for use if needed [34].

Figure 2.15 Using Screw as Blade Tensioner

(Source: https://www.manualslib.com/manual/1063133/ )

If you begin to experience frequent blade slippage it may be a sign that it is time

to replace the blade clamp thumb-screw B and/or the set screws opposite the

thumbscrews C [34].

Overtightening to compensate for blade slippage may damage, or in extreme cases

strip, the threads in the blade clamping block [34].

Before replacing either, always double check visually to make sure that the blade

is being held between the setscrew and the thumbscrew as shown in D and is not being

42
bent or kinked into the opposite side of the blade clamping block because of a set screw

that is adjusted too far back in the holder as shown in E [34].

2.3.6.3 BLADE LEVER ASSEMBLY

The most important part for blade tensioning is the lever because this equipment

is the one that locks and releases the blade. The mechanism is flipping the lever for

release and flip back for locking the blade.

A good tension is when the blade does not move sideways more than 1/8" that the

upper arm is more or less parallel to the saw table. If necessary, use the upper arm

adjuster to raise or lower the arm as needed or t square to know that the blade is

perpendicular to the working table.

Figure 2.16 Positioning of Lever

(Source: https://www.bearwood.com/pegas-chuck-head-replacement-kits.html)

2.3 PATENTS

43
Patents Number: US20040261593A1

 Studies

Scroll saws have an upper and lower arms extending forwardly from housing.

Blade clamps are disposed at the forward ends of the arms and each clamp secures

one end of a generally vertically disposed blade. The blade extends through a hole in

a work piece support table. The blade is reciprocated in a generally Vertical plane to

achieve a precise cutting action, for example, by simultaneously reciprocating the

arms in a vertical plane. Such scroll saws may be utilized to make both straight and

curved cuts in rather intricate patterns and shapes in a variety of Sheet like materials

including wood, metal, plastic and the like. Generally, the teeth of the blade are so

shaped Such that the blade cuts only on the down stroke. The scroll saw table

necessarily has an aperture to allow the blade to pass through the plane of the table.

 Objectives

To provide excellent limitation of the unintended flexing of the blade in lateral

and longitudinal directions to expect a longer lifespan and a scroll saw that increases

accuracy.

 Reference

Michael Gallagher2003-06-28 Application filed by Gallagher Michael

Edward“Scoll saw table insert blade positioner”

 Design

44
Patents Number: US5884544A

 Studies
Scroll saws are woodcutting power tools, which typically have table base upper

and lower arm assembly and a blade. These kind of cutting tools do have an improved

vacuum attachment assembly for collecting dust during operation in the table and

accumulates under the unit. Because of those sawdust, frequent cleaning under is

necessary to assure its proper condition but with the new invention, scroll saws are

kore useful and prevent the sawdust to build up.

 Objectives

A quick and easy extraction or removal of sawdust with the use of an aftermarket-

type removably attachable Sawdust collection System that can easily fit a variety of Scroll

Saw designs.

 Reference

John L. Theising, Larry D. Hale 1997-11-18 Application filed by Emerson

Electric Co “Scroll saw vacuum attachment assembly”

45
  Design

Patents Number: US20020112582A1

 Studies

Built with a dust collector for a power tool, such as a Scroll Saw, wherein the Saw

may include a base, a table Supported by the base and a blade passing through a slot

in the table. The dust collector may include a container defining an accumulation

chamber and having an inlet port for collecting dust from the blade, a notch for

receiving an assembly attached to the base and a locking device for removability

attaching the container to the base. The dust collector may further include an outlet

port for connecting a vacuum hose. The Scroll Saw may also include a removable.

 Objectives

To provide an easy flow of work by the means of installing more functions and

features on the scroll saw with an inlet port for collecting dust from the blade and

generally disposed under the Slot.

46
  Reference

Ronald Young2001-02-20 Application filed by Delta International Machinery

Corp“Scroll saw with dust collector and storage drawer”

 Design

Patents Number: US20050166731A1

 Studies

A rotary saw table and method is used for adapting various rotary saws of the

subject invention like improved ease in cutting, sawing, and sanding for cutting of

various materials like wood, wall file arts and crafts. It is completely captivating the

rotary saw in the x-, y-, and z- axis that can be manipulated freely to control the

cutting and shaping process. Moreover, this rotary saw table comprises one assembly

that includes a one-piece work support element; a one-piece narrow works support

element support side-piece and many more.

47
  Objectives

To have an Improved and detailed cutting of smaller work pieces in multitude of

applications, that paves way for more delicate control of the desired operation,

enhancement of the user’s safety.

 Reference

William Jones2005-01-27 Application filed by Jones William R.

“Rotary saw table and method for adapting various rotary saws to rotary saw table”

 Design

Patents Number: US5065652A

 Studies

A scroll saw has a base including integral walls forming a gear casing, a frame

assembly mounted on the base, lower and upper oscillating arm members pivotally

mounted on the frame assembly. This invention is used to improved scroll saws or jig

saws wherein a blade is connected between the free ends of a pair of arm members.

Also, this provides that obviates the disadvantages and difficulties associated with the

48
prior art saws of this type by incorporating a gear and counterweight casing as an

integral part of the saw base. Despite the long-standing use of scroll saws, it is

conventional to utilize separate gear and counterweight casings, blade positioning and

tensioning mechanisms that are difficult to adjust properly.

 Objectives

To provide a simplified Error-free system for the saw blade’s coordination,

positioning and tensioning, combined in by a single unit sawdust remover and blade

guard.

 Reference

John G. Legler, Robert L. Bartlett, David D. Flora1990-12-11Application filed by

ShopsmithInc “Scroll saw”

 Design

49
Patents Number: US3117600A

 Studies

According to the present inventions a scroll saw provided that obviates the

disadvantages and difficulties associated with prior art saws of this type by

incorporating a gear and counterweight casing as an integral part of the saw base, by

providing a simplified and error-free system for both positioning and tensioning the

saw blade, and by combining in a single unit a saw dust remover and a blade guard.

According with the present invention a scroll saw is provided comprising a base

having an integrally formed gear casing, a frame assembly mounted on the base,

lower and upper oscillating arm members pivotally mounted to the frame assembly

and each having a free end with first and second recesses. The gear casing houses

gear and weight assemblies for counterbalancing the oscillating motion of the lower

and upper arm members.

 Objectives

Improve the handsaw structure, permitting facilitated selective convertibility from

handsaw to jigsaw system, utilized conventional elements on the jigsaw in a new and

improved manner when the handsaw is arranged as a scroll saw.

 Reference

Walter B Davis1960-10-06Application filed by PORTABLE ELECTRIC TOOLS

Inc “Scroll saw attachment for sabre saw”

 Design

50
Patents Number: US4616541A

 Studies

A scroll jigsaw (walking beam type) that is disclosed that the upper and lower

beams or arms are hollow, it was built in tubular form to have sufficient rigidity to

resist up and down vibrational movements, and to permit lateral cutting. A walking

beam saw functions the same as a band saw in terms of cutting and making intricate

patterns and shapes. It can also cut woods, metals, plastics, and other materials. The

walking band saw used to cut a curvilinear line. There is one advantage in using

Walking Beam Saw than a band saw, walking band saw blades can be replaced in a

relatively short time at very low price compared to a band saw.

 Objectives

Perform a process with a lightweight assembly, minimization of vibration, and to

have rigidity in both vertical and lateral coordinates that even long lateral rip cuts can

be reliably/accurately crafted.

51
  Reference

Curtis J. Eccardt, Richard B. Brundage1984-08-13 Application filed by Emerson

Electric Co “Walking beam scroll saw”

 Design

Patents Number: US4841823A

 Studies
A scroll saw utilizes two parallel arms or beams pivotally mounted on a frame and

having a relatively thin glade under tension between the outer ends of the beams. It

may be in a variety of sheet like materials including wood, metals, and plastics. There

are features in the present invention that may be noted the provision of a readily

adjustable blade holder which permits the saw blade to be readily adjusted with

respect to the ends of the arms so that it is substantially coincident with the table

direction.

52
  Objectives

Provision of such scroll saw on a pivotal table for effecting bevel cuts with

restrained work table from rattling 3 axes, and simple assembly, inexpensive, readily

adjustable and has a long service life.

 Reference

Richard B. Brundage1987-07-23 Application filed by Emerson Electric Co

“Scroll saw blade position adjustment and work table dampener”

 Design

Patents Number:US5778752A

 Studies

In a scroll saw, a motor is drivingly connected to the saw blade for reciprocating

the blade, and a table defining an approximately planar work surface for supporting a

work piece is pivotally mounted on a frame with the saw blade extending through a

slot formed in the table for cutting the work piece. The work surface defines a first

side extending laterally on one side of the blade, and a second side extending laterally

53
on an opposite side of the blade relative to the first side, and the first and second sides

of the work surface are each tiltable about the 0° plane through upper and lower

angular segments of approximately 45°. An angular adjustment member is connected

between the table and frame, and a plurality of stop surfaces are angularly spaced

relative to each other in select angular locations on its lower edge. A stop member is

urged by a coil spring into engagement with the lower edge of the adjustment

member. And is engage able with each stop surface in response to pivotal movement

of the table to thereby stop the adjustment member and table in the select angular

positions. An adjustment knob extends through a slot formed in the angular

adjustment member, and is threaded attached to the frame for rotation into

engagement with the adjustment member to thereby lock the selected position of the

adjustment member and table in place.

 Objectives

An operation where the operator is not required to read or make a table

adjustment with reference to the scale, especially for farsighted individuals, quick

obtaining of rough setting of the table and ease of access to the desired setting from

making a fine adjustment of the table with reference to the scale.

 Reference

Ruey-Zon Chen1996-12-27Application filed by RexonInd Corp Ltd“Scroll saw

having a tiltable table and positive stops for select angular position of the table”

54
  Design

Patents Number: US6474211B1

 Studies

A scroll saw includes a machine base and a table mounted pivotally and is

rotatable about a horizontal axis that extends in a longitudinal direction of the

machine base. The saw blade is held between front ends of the upper and lower arm

portions of the blade-holding arm via two chucks that extends perpendicularly

through the table saw.

 Objectives

This invention was used to provide a scroll saw which is clear of the afore

mentioned drawback that results from the use of the conventional scroll.

 Reference

Zhi-Cheng Lin2000-10-13 Application filed by P and F Brother IndCorp“Saw-

blade driving device for a scroll saw”

55
  Design

Patents Number: US4681006A

 Studies
This invention provides an improved blade support member pivotally mounted to

the end of the upper arm having an outer end attachable to the blade and an inner end

disposed generally below the arm. This have a saw blade connected between the free

ends of the arms of a generally C-shaped and U-shaped member which are provided

to quickly connect and/or disconnect the saw blade between the arms. Also, it has a

manually rotatable cam that is constructed and arranged to force the first end and the

upper arm apart in one rotated position and to move the blade support member to the

first position and to permit the blade support members to move to the second position

in another rotated position.

 Objectives

Improving of blade support, quick provision of connecting and disconnecting of

the saw blade.

56
  Reference

David Miller1985-07-19 Application filed by Delta International Machinery Corp

“Blade tensioning device for scroll saw”

 Design

Patents Number: US4838138A

 Studies

A scroll saw includes a blade clamp and blade alignment tool to facilitate blade

changes while assuring proper positioning. The blade clamp is use for the upper end

of the blade and has a pair of clamp bar, which is pivoted to the upper saw arm.

Particularly, this invention relates to scroll saws improvements in the moving of

scroll saw blades.

 Objectives

Facilitation of blade changes within the same period and assures proper cutting

movements, and easy operation and accurate work even with unexperienced

individuals while the time and difficulty involved in removing and replacing blades is

reduced substantially in comparison to other scroll saws.

57
  Reference

William Curtis, Richard Keener, Robert Raffurty 1987-04-13 Application filed by

R B IndInc “Scroll saw blade holder and blade aligning device”

 Design

Patents Number:US5301579A

 Studies

This invention called work retainer device for a scroll saw in which a work

retainer is mounted on an arm cover of an upper arm. The brackets and the upright

position that it has is use in holding member that are fastened to each other by

fastening unit including a screw rod that passes laterally through at least one of the

overlapped portions of the brackets and the upright positions of the work retainer

holding the member. It also has a safety cover for covering the scroll saw that may be

mounted on the work retainer member.

58
  Objectives

Provide a quick adaptability during the process of cutting by easy shifting of

material, fixing of angles and coordinates with many variations.

 Reference

Takeshi Shiotani, Kouichi Miyamoto1993-06-25 Application filed by Limited

Ryobi “Work retaining device for scroll-saw machine”

 Design

Patents Number: US3494391A

 Studies

A sabre saw is used to provide with means for dividing the saw bar in a linear

reciprocating motion from a rotary electric motor. It is an object of this invention to

provide effective and conveniently operated by means of selective and manual

controlling the angular position of the saw bar about its own axis at all times during

the cutting operation. It also provides a structure which does not require extensive

59
 modification of existing saber saws and easy to operate, reliable and economical to

produce.

 Objectives

To provide effective and convenient means of operation for selective and manual

control of the saw is angular positioning of a sabre saw about its own axes at all

period during the operation, with less addition of substantial production cost of the

tool.

 Reference

Joseph R Mango 1968-04-24 Application filed by Singer Co “Sabre saws with

360degree swivel saw bars”

 Design

Patents Number:US6729221B2

 Studies

The invention relates to a Scroll Saw, more particularly to a Scroll Saw capable

of Sawing angle adjustment. A Scroll Saw includes a work platform, a C-shaped

frame which has upper and lower frame portions disposed above and below a top side

60
of the work platform, a blade unit has blade ends that is retained on the blade holder

unit, a blade holder unit, a motor unit that drives the blade holder unit via the

transmission unit, a pivot unit, and a locking unit. The pivot unit mounts pivotally the

C-shaped frame on the work platform about a pivot axis in the longitudinal direction,

thereby permitting Sawing angle adjustment. The locking unit locks releasable the C-

shaped frame to the work plat form So as to arrest pivoting movement of the C-

shaped frame relative to the work platform. The main object of the present invention

is to provide a Scroll Saw that can overcome the aforesaid draw backs of the prior art.

 Objectives

Invention of a scroll saw that can overcome the drawbacks of the prior art,

reciprocation of relativity to the work platform, arrest pivoting movements and ease

of adjustment of sawing angles.

 Reference

Juei-Seng Liao, Pei-Lieh Chiang2002-07-09 Application filed by Juei-Seng Liao,

Pei-Lieh Chiang “Scroll saw capable of sawing angle adjustment”

 Design

61
2.4 CONCLUSION

The study aims to fabricate the machine that cost lower than commercially

available wood sawing machine. The researchers recognized that the 22’’ wood sawing

machine in the Argaz wood mosaic in Bagac, Bataan costs 22k. By knowing the high

price we will fabricate a lower price than the machine they used. In order to do so, the

fabrication will be done with the help from local machine shops and local markets that

were familiar with the concept of woodworking machines.

The researchers concluded that in order to effectively and efficiently design the

prototype, the unit components should be able to meet the required considerations in the

process of cutting the wood workpiece. Lack of information about the standards of

precise cutting machine can result to inaccurate cuts and errors. The related studies and

technologies was studied and examined in order to achieve the most precise cut in the

wood workpiece. The design of the precise woodcutting machine is based on the current

sawing technology and the researchers added more features for ease of access.

The most intricate mechanism of the design of machine is the scroll saw. The

scroll saw is design to cut tiny and smooth cut in the wood workpiece. So the researchers

will based on the design standards of a scroll saw.

The design of the machine will have an adjustable speed and adaptable blade

mechanism depending on the type of wood and its thickness. The motor will power the

machine and the variable speed drive will control the speed. The blade will perform the

cuts in the workpiece. Blade tensioning will be used to reduced vibrations and breakage

of the blade. The saw dust/splinters can harm the operator in many ways so we conducted

a study for dust collector mechanism.

62
 The commonly conducted testing are power consumption, cutting capacity, safety

and efficiency. The said test was studied in this chapter of the research. Simple test with

simple procedures can be done to know the performance of the precise wood cutting

machine.

63
References:

1- https://www.woodcraft.com/blog_entries/choosing-scroll-saw-blades

2- https://www.bearwood.com/skip-tooth-scroll-saw-blades.html

3- http://www.pozsgaidesigns.com/page0002.htm#OLSON%20Thick%20Wood)

4- https://www.wikussawtech.com/index.php/en/zahnteilung-1

5-https://www.woodcraft.com/blog_entries/selecting-scroll-saw-blades

6-https://bandsawblog.com/tpi-teeth-per-inch/

7- https://www.orientalmotor.com/brushless-dc-motors-gear-motors/index.html

8-https://www.orientalmotor.com/ac-motors-gear-motors/speed-control-ac-motor-

packages.html

9-https://www.orientalmotor.com/ac-motors-gear-motors/three-phase-speed-control-

motors.html

10- https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-epa_20060342

11- https://www.electrical4u.com/induction-motor-types-of-induction-motor/

12 -https://studyelectrical.com/2014/05/single-phase-induction-motor.html

13-https://electricalmag.com/synchronous-motor-working-principle-and-construction/

14 -https://www.britannica.com/technology/electric-motor/Synchronous-motors

15-https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternating-current/chpt-13/synchronous-

motors/

16-https://patents.google.com/patent/US7509900B2/en?q=scroll&q=saw&oq=scroll+saw

64
17-https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-working-principle-of-vacuum-cleaner

18-https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/how-do-vacuum-cleaners-work

19-http://enggyd.blogspot.com/2014/06/vacuum-cleaner-working-principle-design.html

20-https://www.republic-mfg.com/blowers/centrifugal-blowers.asp

21-http://www.allaboutairblowers.com/centrifugal-fans-blowers.html

22-https://inlandcraft.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/how-to-make-mosaics-direct-

method.pdf

23-https://helenmilesmosaics.org/mosaic-tutorials/mosaic-techniques/

24-http://www.making-mosaics.com/methods.html

25-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandsaw

26-https://smithy.com/machining-handbook/chapter-7/page/3

27-https://patentswarm.com/patents/US10272507B2

28-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wood_carving

29-https://www.finepowertools.com/saws/scroll-saw/

30-http://electricalquestionsguide.blogspot.com/2012/11/synchronous-motors-

advantages.html

31-http://electricalquestionsguide.blogspot.com/2011/12/induction-motor-

advantages.html

32-https://www.utcccs-cdn.com/hvac/docs/1001/Public/0B/WP_VARFREQDRIVE.pdf

65
33-https://www.manualslib.com/manual/1063133/General-Excalibur-Ex-

16ce.html?page=13#manual

34-https://www.manualslib.com/manual/1063133/General-Excalibur-Ex-

16ce.html?page=17#manual

66
 CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 Strength of Materials

Strength of materials, also called mechanics of materials, is a subject which deals

with the behavior of solid objects subject to stresses and strains .

3.1 Flanged bolt couplings

In shaft connection called flanged bolt couplings (see figure), the torque is

transmitted by the shearing force P created in he bolts that is assumed to be uniformly

distributed. For any number of bolts n, the torque capacity of the coupling is

3.2 Machine Design

Machine design is defined as the use of imagination, scientific principles and

engineering techniques to create a machine or structure economically, in order to satisfy

the requirements of a customer. Machine design is the first step involved in creation of a

machine. It gives the basic idea of how a machine will look and function.

Forces require for Scroll saw to move up and down:

Formula:

𝑇
𝐹= (Equation 1)
𝑟

F= Force (N, Kg, Lbs).

67
T=Torque/ twisting moment (in-kips, in-lbs).

r = Radius of connecting rod (mm ,in).

Finding the required torque:

Formula:

𝑃
𝑇 = 2𝜋𝑁 (Equation 2)
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚

T=Torque/ twisting moment (in-kips, in-lbs).

P=Power Transmitted (Hp, Watts).

N= Synchronous/ rotative speed (rpm, rps).

Finding the required velocity of the motor:

Formula:

𝑉 = πDN (Equation 3)

V= Velocity (m/sec, ft/sec)

D= Motor diameter or 𝑟 2 (mm, in)

N= Synchronous/ rotative speed (rpm, rps)

Length of Belt:

Belt Length

𝜋 (𝐷2 +𝐷1 )2
L = 2 (𝐷1 + 𝐷2 ) + 2𝑐 + (Equation 1)
4𝑐

Where:

68
𝐷1 =Diameter of Driver pulley (m,mm,in,ft,cm)

𝐷2 =Diameter of Driven pulley (m,mm,in,ft,cm)

C= Center Distance (m,mm,in,ft,cm)

Belt Speed:

𝜋𝐷𝑁
𝑉𝑚 = (Equation 2)
12

Where:

D= diameter of pulley that mounted in the motor

N= Synchronous/ rotative speed

3.3 Material Science

Materials science, the study of the properties of solid materials and how those

properties are determined by a material’s composition and structure. It grew out of an

amalgam of solid-state physics, metallurgy, and chemistry, since the rich variety of

materials properties cannot be understood within the context of any single classical

discipline. With a basic understanding of the origins of properties, materials can be

selected or designed for an enormous variety of applications, ranging from structural

steels to computer microchips. Materials science is therefore important to engineering

activities such as electronics, aerospace, telecommunications, information processing,

nuclear power, and energy conversion.

69
3.4 Heat Transfer

Heat transfer is an exchange of thermal energy between two objects. The rate of

heat transfer depends upon the temperatures of each entity and the medium through

which the thermal energy is being transferred.

3.5 Machine Elements

The component parts of machines, each of which is a single piece and cannot be

disassembled into simpler component elements without destruction. Machine elements

also constitutes a scientific discipline, in which the theory, design, and construction of

machines are studied.

A machine generally consists of a motor, a drive, and an actuating element. The

mechanical power driving a machine constitutes the rotary motion energy of a motor

shaft. Electric motors, internal-combustion motors, or turbines are the most common

types of motors. The mechanical power transmission from the motor to the actuating

element is accomplished by various driving gears. These include gearings, worm

gearings, belt drives, chain drives, and friction gears. Some examples of actuating

elements are car steering wheels, work spindles, and screw propellers of ships.

3.6 AC/DC Machinery

An electrical machine is a device which converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy or vice versa. Electrical machines also include transformers, which do

not actually make conversion between mechanical and electrical form but they convert

AC current from one voltage level to another voltage level.

70
 AC Machines are motors that convert ac electric energy to mechanical energy

and generators that convert mechanical energy to ac electric energy. These are also called

as alternators. It is the most important means of producing electrical power in many of

the places since now days all the consumers are using AC. It works based on principle of

the electromagnetic induction. These are of two types one is induction generator and

other one is synchronous generator. The induction generator requires no separate DC

excitation, regulator controls, frequency control or governor. This concept takes place

when conductor coils turn in a magnetic field actuating a current and a voltage. The

generators should run at a consistent speed to convey a stable AC voltage, even no load is

accessible.

A DC machine is an electromechanical energy alteration device. The working

principle of a DC machine is when electric current flows through a coil within a magnetic

field, and then the magnetic force generates a torque which rotates the dc motor. The DC

machines are classified into two types such as DC generator as well as DC motor. The

main function of the DC generator is to convert mechanical power to DC electrical

power, whereas a DC motor converts DC power to mechanical power.

71
Noted in Chapter 2
Woodcraft. (Aug 15, 2016). Retrieve from https://www.woodcraft.com/blog_entries/choosing-
scroll-saw-blades

Leslie Dierks retrieve from.

https://inlandcraft.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/how-to-make-mosaics-direct-method.pdf

Notes in Chapter 1

Kelly Richman-Abdou. (May 12, 2018). Learn the Ancient History of Mosaics and How to Make
Your Own Colorful Creation. Retrieve from https://mymodernmet.com/how-to-make-a-mosaic/

Colosushandicraftadmin. (April 25, 2013). Advantages, Benefits – Handicrafts or Hand Made

Crafts and Products. Retrieve from
https://colosushandicraft.wordpress.com/2013/04/25/advantages-benefits-handicrafts-or-hand-
made-crafts-and-products/

1Bataan. (2018). Retrieve from http://www.1bataan.com/wood-mosaic-making-an-epitome-of-

women-empowerment/?fbclid=IwAR3Jpd1DyurERlziWF2WU9jrApL2s9ZqmJmYknpqVcl-
0NYdk28X4IIEq38

Iza Sanchez. (2015).

Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar Day tour- Thoughts and tips.
Retrieve from http://www.takethetravel.com/las-casas-filipinas-de-acuzar-day-tour-thoughts-and-
tips/#targetText=Las%20Casas%20Filipinas%20de%20Acuzar%20is%20a%20unique%20Philip
pine-Spanish,17th%20to%20the%2019th%20centuries.

72