BASIC VIBRATION FOR INSPECTOR

By Tatdanai Mekarporn
CATII Vibration Analyst
Outline
Basic Vibration & Data Processing
Vibration Instrument
Introduce SCOUT 140
Getting Vibration Data
Common Vibration Problems
Vibration Standard
Target Audience
New to vibration, zero experience
Focus on inspection team
Every field: mech., elect., operation
What will you Get
What is Vibration?
How Can We Get the Vibration Signal?
What Can the Vibration Signal tell us?
Outline
Basic Vibration & Data Processing
What is Vibration?
The simplest form of vibration mechanism is consisted
of spring and mass
Vibration Amplitude and Units

Peak - Measure from zero position to highest position

Peak to Peak – Measure from highest to lowest position

RMS (Root mean square) – The square root of mean square

Vibration Amplitude and Units

Displacement is distance of movement represent the

stress in system: mils, um, mm
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement, and relate to
fatigue: mm/s, inch/s
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, It is
proportional to the force on machine component : mm/s^2, g.
Period & Frequency
Period(T): Amount of time per 1 complete cycle
Ex. Second, Minute
Frequency(f): Amount of cycle per 1 unit of time
Ex. Cycle per second (CPS), Cycle per minute (CPM),
Hertz(Hz)
Phase
How can we tell the relation between vibration measured
in different location?

“Phase is defined as the relationship between two event.”

Relative Phase
It is the timing relationship
measured in degrees, from
pin on one signal to the
nearest corresponding point
on another signal

* Must compare signal with

same frequency and same
unit
Phase
Example Vibration t 90°

A
T
A & B are 90 degrees out of phase

A
180°
A

B
1 Cycle = 360
A & B are 180 degrees out of phase
B
Phase
Absolute Phase
It is the number of degrees of vibration cycle from when the
Keyphasor trigger to the first positive peak in the vibration signal.
TYPE OF VIBRATION
Free Vibration
is a type of vibration in which a force is applied once and the
structure or part is allowed to vibrate at its natural frequency.

Force Vibration
is when an alternating force or motion is applied to a
mechanical system, for example when a washing machine
shakes due to an imbalance.

Self Excited Vibration

the excitation force that sustains the motion is created or
controlled by the motion itself; when the motion stops the
excitation force disappears.
Natural Frequency & Resonance
Natural Frequency
Characteristic of Object, structure or systems that it
will vibrate in this frequency if it is free vibration
Resonance
The event that Object, structure or systems that
expose to vibration with same frequency to it’s
natural frequency result in very high vibration

Critical speed
The speed that will collide with the machine natural
frequency.
Time domain Vs Frequency domain
Furrier Transform

Waveform Spectrum
FFT(Fast Fourier Transform) SETTING

Fmax – Maximum frequency range

Fmin – Minimum frequency range
Line of resolution – no. of divided partition between Fmax and Fmin
Window – signal modification (Hanning, Uniform)
Averaging – Number of averaging
Overlapping - %of Overlapping signal
Outline
Basic Vibration & Data Processing
Vibration Instrument
Vibration Sensor
Displacement
• Proximity probe

• Driver/Proximitor
/Oscillator

• Extension cable
Vibration Sensor
Velocity

Acceleration
Collector/Analyzer tool
Overall reading/ build-in analyzer

Portable Vibration Analyzer

 Collector/Analyzer tool
Long Term Analyzer/Collector Permanent vibration system
Outline
Basic Vibration & Data Processing
Vibration Instrument
Introduce SCOUT 140
SCOUT140
SCOUT140 – HOME
SCOUT140 – CHANGE FOLDER/PLANT
 SCOUT140 – CHANGE FOLDER/PLANT
Move to select
desired folder

Accept or Cancel
SCOUT140 – ROUTE COLLECTION
 SCOUT140 – ROUTE COLLECTION
Accept or Cancel
Move to select
desired folder
SCOUT140 – ROUTE COLLECTION
Accept or Cancel
Move to select desired folder

Check before collecting data!!

SCOUT140 – ROUTE COLLECTION

Check before collecting data!!

Outline
Basic Vibration & Data Processing
Vibration Instrument
Introduce SCOUT 140
Getting Right Vibration Data
Installing Sensors

Good Sample Bad Sample

Consequence of Bad installation
Measuring Location
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Measuring Location
Measuring Location
Outline
Basic Vibration & Data Processing
Vibration Instrument
Introduce SCOUT 140
Getting Vibration Data
Common Vibration Problems
Word & Definition in vibration
Pattern

Main Frequency
1X,2X,3X… frequency
Harmonic
Sub-harmonic
Sideband
Unbalance
Bent Shaft

The bent shaft always generate unbalance symptom due to

non-symmetric shape. In some case, it also generate
similar signal to misalignment if the shaft is bent near the
coupling.
Resonance
Resonance can feature many frequency, but occasional is
machine rotating speed. The characteristic of resonance
is high vibration amplitude at certain speed of rotating
machine.

Solution
Changing system mass or
stiffness by either reinforce
structure or adding mass to
system. If it is vary speed
machine, changing operation
speed also possible.
Looseness
Structure Looseness

Bearing Pedestal
Looseness

Rotating Element
Looseness
MISALIGNMENT
BLADE PASS FREQUENCY (BPF)
The pulsation frequency generate by blade/vane of
machine

If the 1X sideband is presented, there might be the

problem with impeller centricity or looseness
BELT FAULT

Pulley Eccentric Belt resonance

Misalignment Worn defect belt

GEAR FAULT
BEARING FAULT
Rolling element Fluid film
BEARING – Rolling Element
Bearing Frequency
Ball Pass Frequency Inner race (BPFI)

Ball Pass Frequency Outer race (BPFO)

Ball Spin Frequency (BSF)

Fundamental Train Frequency (FTF)

 BEARING – Rolling Element
Bearing Failure Stage
Stage 1
Bearing natural frequency in very high frequency
zone. Can detect using demodulate or envelope
signal method. Lubricate the bearing. Check spare.
Stage 2
Bearing natural frequency could be detect in high
frequency region(Zone C).
Confirm spare part. Plan for replace.

Stage 3
Bearing frequency could be seen in normal
frequency region (Zone B) or lower than 30kcpm.
Must replace bearing as soon as possible.

Stage 4
Bearing frequency could be seen in normal
frequency region (Zone B) or lower than 30kcpm.
Bearing is meeting its end of life. Pray for it.
BEARING – Fluid Film
Rubbing & looseness Oil Whip/Oil Whirl
CAVITATION
The condition that the vapor pressure of the fluid is
higher that localize pressure causing the fluid sudden
change from liquid to vapor or so called “Boiling”

*cavitation is easily recognize

with sand-like noise in piping
Outline
Basic Vibration & Data Processing
Vibration Instrument
Introduce SCOUT 140
Getting Vibration Data
Common Vibration Problems
Vibration Standard
VIBRATION STANDARD GUIDELINE
 ISO 10816-3

*The limits apply to the broad-band r.m.s. values of vibration velocity and displacement in the frequency
range from 10 Hz to 1 000 Hz, or for machines with speeds below 600 r/min from 2 Hz to 1 000 Hz.
 ISO 10816-3

*The limits apply to the broad-band r.m.s. values of vibration velocity and displacement in the frequency
range from 10 Hz to 1 000 Hz, or for machines with speeds below 600 r/min from 2 Hz to 1 000 Hz.
ISO 7919-3