Torsion Part 1

⁎ Shear Strain (Review)
⁎ Torsional Deformation of a Circular Shaft

⁎ The Torsion Formula
⁎ Power Transmission
⁎ Angle of Twist
⁎ Statically Indeterminate Torque- Loaded Members
⁎ * Solid Non- Circular Shafts
⁎ * Thin- walled Tubes having Closed Cross Sections
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
ESCI 132
TORSION Chapter 5
OBJECTIVES
After discussing this chapter, the student must be

able to:
• Review the concept of shear strain
• Understand the effect of torsional application to a
straight shaft or tube.
• Derive torsional formulas and discuss the stress
distribution of the a shaft under torque.
• Analyze statically indeterminate tubes and shafts.
• Discuss non-circular or thin- walled shafts.
STRENGTH OF
4 Mar 2020 11:12 AM MATERIALS 2
ESCI 132
SHEAR STRAIN Chapter 2
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
SHEAR STRAIN
A review
• Normal strain, ε causes a change in

dimension (contract or elongate)
• Shear strain, γ cause a change in
direction or shape. Commonly
described as the change in angle of
the originally perpendicular
segment and always measured in
radians which are dimensionless.
𝝅
𝜸 = − 𝜽′
𝟐
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
SHEAR STRAIN
Sign Convention
𝝅
𝜸 = − 𝜽′
𝟐
• If θ’ is less than π/2, then the shear
strain, γ is positive.
• If θ’ is greater than π/2, then the
shear strain, γ is negative.
• Shear strain is in radian (unitless)
• For very small shear strain,
γ = tan γ
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
SHEAR STRAIN
Normal Strain VS. Shear Strain
• Normal Strain is parallel to

the length.
𝜹
∈=
𝑳
• Shear Strain is perpendicular
to the length.
𝜹
𝜸=
𝑳
• Both are unitless.
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
SHEAR STRAIN
Example 1
Due to the loading, the plate is

deformed in to the dashed shape
shown. Determine:
a. The average normal strain on
side AB
b. The average shear strain at A
relative to x and y axes.
Answers:
∈𝒂𝒗𝒈 = -7.93(10^-3)
𝛾𝒙𝒚 = 0.0121 rad
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
SHEAR STRAIN
Example 2
The plate shown is fixed along AB and
held in the horizontal guides at its top and
bottom, AD and BC. If its right side CD is
given a uniform horizontal displacement
of 2 mm, determine:
a. The average normal strain along the
diagonal AC
b. The shear strain at E relative to x and
y axes.
Answers:
∈𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 0.00669
𝛾𝒙𝒚 = -0.0132 rad
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
SHEAR STRAIN
Example 3
A force was applied to the

plate at corner D and was
deformed as shown. Find
the shear strains at corners C
and B relative to x and y
axes.
Answers:
𝛾𝒙𝒚 𝒂𝒕 𝑪 = - 0.01158 rad
𝛾𝒙𝒚 𝒂𝒕 𝑩 = 0.01158 rad
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
SHEAR STRAIN
Example 4
Two 1.75-in thick rubber pads are

bonded to form the shear mount
shown. Find the displacement of
the middle plate when the 1200-lb
load is applied. Consider the
deformation of the rubber only.
Use E= 500 psi and v= 0.48.
Answers:
𝛿 = 0.1381 inch
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Torsional Deformation of a Circular
Shaft
❖ Understand the effect of torsional application to

a straight shaft or tube.
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Torsional Deformation of a Circular
ASSUMPTIONS: Shaft
❖ Circular sections remains circular.
❖ Planes do not warp. (no bulging in or out)
❖ Couples are perpendicular to the axis.
❖ Stresses do not exceed the proportional limit. ❖ Understand the effect of torsional application to
a straight shaft or tube.
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
The Torsional Formulas
- Angle of twist
-Torsional Shear Stress
-Power Transmission
❖ Derive torsional formulas and discuss the stress

distribution of the a shaft under torque.
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
THE TORSIONAL FORMULAS
Shear Stress Distribution on the Shaft subject to Torsion
• Because the stress on the material

are assumed to be in the elastic
region, the Hooke’s Law can be
applied:
𝝉 = 𝑮𝜸
• Therefore the stress are linearly
varying along any radial line in the
cross section.
• Hence, 𝝉 will vary from zero (0) at
the longitudinal axis to a maximum
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 at its outer surface.
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Angle of Twist
𝑳
𝑻 𝑻𝑳
𝜽 = න 𝒅𝒙 =
𝑱𝑮 𝑱𝑮
𝟎
• Where:
θ = angle of twist (in radians)
T = the internal torque of the shaft
L = length of the shaft
J = polar moment of inertia
G = shear modulus or the modulus
of rigidity
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Angle of Twist of Multiple Torques
𝑻𝑳
𝜽=෍
𝑱𝑮
• Sign Convention
using the right hand
rule.
• If the thumb is
directed outward the
shaft, the direction
of the curl is the
positive angle of
twist and torques.
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Polar Moment of Inertia for Solid Circular Shafts
𝑱 = න 𝒑𝟐 ∙ 𝒅𝑨
𝝅 𝟒
𝑱= 𝒓
𝟐
𝝅 𝟒
𝑱= 𝑫
𝟑𝟐
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Polar Moment of Inertia for Tubular Circular Shafts
𝝅
𝑱= 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝟒 − 𝒓𝒊𝒏 𝟒
𝟐
𝝅 𝟒 𝟒
𝑱= 𝑫𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑫𝒊𝒏
𝟑𝟐
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Torsional Shear Stress at any radial distance
𝑻𝒑
𝝉=
𝑱
Where:
τ = torsional shear stress at any
radial distance
p = radial distance from the center
of the shaft
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Torsional Shear Stress at the radius
𝑻𝒓
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑱
Where:
τ = maximum torsional shear
stress at the radius
r = radius of the shaft
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Power Transmission
• Shafts and tubes are often used to

transmit power from a machine.
• Power is defined as the work per unit
time.
𝑷 = 𝑻𝝎
Where:
P = power transmitted by the
torque, T.
𝝎 = the angular velocity
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Power Transmission
𝑷 = 𝑻𝝎
• If the torque, T is in Newton-meter
(N-m), power is expressed in watts
where 𝝎 is in radians per second.
1 W= 1 N-m/s
• If the torque, T is in pound-feet (lb-ft),
power is expressed in horsepower
where 𝝎 is in radians per second.
1 hp= 550 lb-ft/s
• For conversion,
1 hp= 746 watts
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Power Transmission
𝑷 = 𝑻𝝎
• For machinery, frequency, f or the shaft’s
rotation per second (cycles/second) expressed
in Hertz (1 Hz = 1 cycle per second) is
reported.
• Thus, 𝝎 can be expressed as:
𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆/𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝝎=
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅
𝟐𝝅 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆
𝝎= ∙
𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅
𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅 ∙ 𝒇
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Power Transmission
𝑷 = 𝑻𝝎
• For machinery, frequency, f or the shaft’s
rotation per second (cycles/second) expressed
in Hertz (1 Hz = 1 cycle per second) is
reported.
• Thus, 𝑷 can be expressed as:
𝑷 = 𝑻𝝎
where
𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅 ∙ 𝒇
Thus
𝑷 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑻
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Power Transmission
• Power is defined as the work per unit

time.
𝑷 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑻
Where:
P = power transmitted by the
torque, T.
𝒇 = the frequency expressed in
Hertz (cycles/seconds)
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Example 5
The solid shaft of radius c is

subjected to a torque, T. Determine
the fraction of T that is resisted by
the material contained within the
outer region of the shaft, which has
an inner radius of c/2 and an outer
radius of c.
Answers:
𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 93.75% of the total torque T
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Example 6
The 1.5-inch diameter shaft shown is
supported by two bearings and is
subjected to three torques. Determine
the shear stress developed at points A
and B located at section a-a of the
shaft.
1. Point A (0.75 inch from the center
of the shaft) and
2. Point B (0.15 inch from the center
of the shaft)
Answers:
𝝉𝑨 = 18.863 ksi
𝝉𝑩 = 3.7726 ksi
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Example 7
The pipe shown has an inner
diameter of 80mm and an outer
diameter of 100mm. If its end is
tightened against the support at A
using a torque wrench at B,
determine the shear stress
developed in the material at the
inner and outer wall along the
central portion of the pipe when
the 80-N forces are applied.
Answers:
𝝉𝒊𝒏 = 0.276 MPa
𝝉𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 0.345 MPa
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Example 8
A solid steel shaft AB is to be

used to transmit 5 hp from the
motor to which it is attached. If
the shaft rotates at 175 rpm and
the steel has an allowable shear
stress of 14.5 ksi, determine the
required diameter of the shaft to
the nearest 1/8 inch.
Answers:
𝒅 = 0.875 inch
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Example 9
A shaft has to be designed to transmit power of 100 kW at 300 rpm.

Determine the required diameter for a solid circular shaft of steel for which
the permissible stress is 90 MPa. What is the angle of twist per meter length
of this shaft? G= 82 GPa.
Answers:
𝒅 = 56.475 mm
𝜽 = 0.03886 rad
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Example 10
The gears attached to the

fixed-end steel shaft are
subjected to the torques
shown. If the shear
modulus of elasticity is 80
GPa and the shaft has a
diameter of 14mm,
determine the
displacement of tooth P
on gear A. The shaft turns
freely within the bearing
at B.
Answers:
𝒔 = 21.21 mm
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Example 11
The two solid steel shafts ate coupled together using the meshed gears.
Determine the angle of twist of end A of shaft AB when the torque T= 45 N-m
is applied. Take G= 80 GPa. Shaft AB is free to rotate within bearings E and F,
whereas shaft DC is fixed at D. Each shaft has a diameter of 20mm.
Answers:
𝜽𝑨 = 0.0850 rad
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Example 12
A compound shaft is made of an aluminum rod, 40 mm Ø and 1 meter long

and a steel rod, 20 mm Ø and 1.5 meter long. If the maximum permissible
shear stresses in aluminum and steel are 40 MPa and 90 MPa, and G is 28
GPa and 85 GPa , respectively, find the maximum torque that can be
applied as shown. Also find the angle of twist between A and B.
Answers:
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 141.4 N-m
𝜽𝑨/𝑩 = 0.1789 rad
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
FLANGED BOLT COUPLINGS
Torsional Shaft
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Torsional Shaft
𝐓 = 𝐧𝛕𝐀𝐑
Where
𝐓 = total torque resisted by the
coupling
𝐧 = number of bolts in the set
𝛕 = permissible shearing stress of
the bolts
𝐀 = area of the bolt
𝐑 = radial distance of the bolts from
the center of the shaft
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Torsional Shaft with multiple sets of flanged bolts
𝐓 = ෍ 𝐧𝛕𝐀𝐑
Where
𝐓 = total torque resisted by the
coupling
𝐧 = number of bolts in the set
𝛕 = permissible shearing stress of
the bolts
𝐀 = area of the bolt
𝐑 = radial distance of the bolts from
the center of the shaft
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Example 13
A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 20-mm diameter bolts

spaced evenly around a bolt circle 400 mm in diameter.
Determine the torque capacity of the coupling if the allowable
shearing stress in the bolts is 40 MPa.
Answers:
𝑻 = 25.13 kN-m
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Example 14
Two shafts are connected end to end by means of a flanged bolts couplings as shown. The
maximum shear stress is limited to 50 MPa in the shafts and 20 MPa in the bolts. If one
shaft is solid 100mm diameter and the other is hollow of 120mm external diameter,
calculate the internal diameter of the hollow shaft and the bolt diameter so that both shafts
and the coupling are all equally strong in torsion.
Answers:
𝑫𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒕 = 23.313mm
𝑫𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 96.678mm
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132
Prepare for a quiz next
FIN
meeting.
Problems Sets will be
available on Friday.
STRENGTH OF
ESCI 132

Torsion Part 1

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Torsion Part 1

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⁎ Shear Strain (Review)

⁎ Torsional Deformation of a Circular Shaft

After discussing this chapter, the student must be

• Normal strain, ε causes a change in

• Normal Strain is parallel to

Due to the loading, the plate is

A force was applied to the

Two 1.75-in thick rubber pads are

❖ Understand the effect of torsional application to

❖ Derive torsional formulas and discuss the stress

• Because the stress on the material

• Shafts and tubes are often used to

• Power is defined as the work per unit

The solid shaft of radius c is

A solid steel shaft AB is to be

A shaft has to be designed to transmit power of 100 kW at 300 rpm.

The gears attached to the

A compound shaft is made of an aluminum rod, 40 mm Ø and 1 meter long

A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 20-mm diameter bolts

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