FINAL Irrigation and Environmental Drawing - v1 PDF

CE8612 Irrigation And Environmental Engineering Drawing Department of Civil Engineering 2019-2020
CE8612 IRRIGATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DRAWING L T P C

SYLLABUS 0 0 4 2
PART A: IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
1. TANK COMPONENTS
Fundamentals of design - Tank surplus weir – Tank sluice with tower head - Drawings showing
foundation details, plan and elevation
2. IMPOUNDING STRUCTURES
Design principles - Earth dam – Profile of Gravity Dam
3. CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

General design principles - Aqueducts – Syphon aqueduct (Type III) – Canal drop (Notch Type)
– Drawing showing plan, elevation and foundation details.
4. CANAL REGULATION STRUCTURES

General Principles - Direct Sluice - Canal regulator - Drawing showing detailed plan, elevation
and foundation details.
PART B: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
1. WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT

Design and Drawing of flash mixer, flocculator, clarifier – Rapid sand filter – Service reservoirs
– Pumping station – House service connection for water supply and drainage.
2. SEWAGE TREATMENT & DISPOSAL

Design and Drawing of screen chamber - Grit channel - Primary clarifier - Activated sludge
process – Aeration tank – Trickling filter – Sludge digester – Sludge drying beds – Septic tanks
and disposal arrangements.
Sri Sairam Engineering College 5

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Ex. No. Name of the Experiment Page No
1 Design and Drawing plan, elevation and foundation of Tank surplus weir 7
Design and Drawing plan, elevation and foundation of Tank sluice with
2 14
tower head
3 Design principles of Earth Dam 21
4 Design principles Profile of Gravity Dam 24
5 Design and Drawing plan, elevation and foundation of Aqueducts 27
Design and Drawing plan, elevation and foundation of Syphon aqueduct
6 31
(Type III)
Design and Drawing plan, elevation and foundation of Canal drop (Notch
7 39
Type)
8 Design and Drawing plan, elevation and foundation of Canal regulator 50
9 Design and Drawing of flash mixer, flocculator, clarifier 54
10 Design and Drawing of Rapid sand filter 59
11 Design and Drawing of Pumping station 65
12 Design and Drawing of House service connection for water supply and
67
drainage
13 Design and Drawing of screen chamber 69
14 Design and Drawing of Grit channel 72
15 Design and Drawing of Primary clarifier 76
16 Design and Drawing of Activated sludge process 79
17 Design and Drawing of Trickling filter 84
18 Design and Drawing of Sludge digester 87
19 Design and Drawing of Sludge drying beds 91
20 Design and Drawing of Septic tanks and disposal arrangements 93

Design and Drawing plan, elevation and foundation of Tank surplus weir
Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw plan, elevation and foundation of Tank surplus weir.
Apparatus required:
i) Drafter ii) A3 sheet, scale , Pencil
Description:
Surplus weirs are used to dispose of the surplus water from tank to downstream channels,
downstream or surplus courses, or drainage channels. It disposes the water from upstream
catchments to down stream catchments or downstream tanks. These interlinked tanks in a certain
area are called a “Cascade”. Tanks in a cascade all have a common supply channel. The excess
surplus water is spilled from a tank into the downstream channel is called tank surplus weir.
Design Procedure:
1. Maximum flood discharge (or) Run-off
Using Ryve’s formula
2 2
Q  CM 3
 cm 3
m3
Now, Q = Discharge (or) Maximum run off in sec
C = Ryve’s coefficient for combined catchment area = 6.5
M = Combined catchment area in sq.km
2. Length of weir
Weir formula,
3
Q  2 C d L 2g H 2
3
m3
where, Q  Discharge in sec
Cd
= Co-efficient of discharge 0.562
m3
L = Length of the weir in m; g = 9.81 sec
H = Head of water in m
3. Design of weir body wall
Crest width or Top width of body wall, b = 0.552( H  h )
4. Foundation
Adopt 60 cm thickness of foundation

5. Up stream side apron

Generally the apron is required on the down stream side of the weir. However a puddle
clay apron is provided as shown in the figure below.
6. Down stream side apron
The height of fall = F.T.L. – G.L.
Adopt 3 steps each having a vertical fall of 0.60 m
1st step solid apron fall = 0.60 m
2nd step solid apron fall = 0.60 m
3rd step solid apron fall = 0.60 m
The 1st and 2nd apron is of 45 cm thick in C.C. 1:3:6 and the ends are restrained by stop
walls of 45 cm thick.
7. Width of apron
The maximum fall = 0.6 + 1.5
8. Design of abutment
Height of abutment = T.B.L. – G.L. = (H a )
Adopt a minimum width as 45 cm
Base width = 0.4 (H a )
Adopt 45 cm thickness for return wall and wing wall also.
9. Design of return wall
Height of abutment at upstream side (H u )
Total width at foundation = 0.4 x ( H u ) + 2 x 0.3
Height of abutment at downstream side = (H d )
Total width at foundation = 0.4 x (H d ) + 2 x 0.3

Model Question:
Design the surplus weir with all component parts.
The following details refer to a tank surplus weir:
1. Combined catchment area………3000 hectares
2. Free catchment area……………..1200 hectares

3. Ryve’s coefficient ‘C’…………...6.5 (Combined)

4. Ryve’s coefficient ‘c’……………1.5 (Intercepted)
5. Bed level of the tank…………….+50.20m
6. Ground level at site……………...+49.20m
7. Maximum Flood level…………...+52.50m
8. Full Tank level in the tank……….+51.00m
9. Top of revetment in u/s…………..+53.80m
10. Top of Bund level………………..+54.80m
11. Top width of Bund.........................+3.00m
12. Hydraulic gradient……………….+1 in 4
13. Slope of the bund in front………. 1 1 2 :1
14. Slope of the bund in rear………...2:1
15. Soil below ground level red earth upto +48.00
Automatically falling shutters 1m height to be provided on the crest
Design the surplus weir with all component parts.
Draw the following views to suitable scale
1. Half plan at top, half plan at foundation
2. Cross-sectional elevation
3. Half elevation facing downstream side and half elevation facing upstream side
Theory:
The excess surplus water is spilled from a tank into the downstream channel is called
tank surplus weir.
Design:
1. Maximum flood discharge (or) Run-off
Using Ryve’s formula
2 2
Q  CM 3
 cm 3
m3
Now, Q = Discharge (or) Maximum run off in sec
C = Ryve’s coefficient for combined catchment area = 6.5

M = Combined catchment area in sq.km
3000
= 100 = 30 sq.km
c = Ryve’s coefficient for intercepted catchment area = 1.5
m = Intercepted catchment area in sq.km
3000  1200
 18sq.km
= 700

2 2 m3
Q  6.5(30) 3
 1.5(18) 3 = 52.52 sec
2. Length of weir
Weir formula,
3
Q  2 C d L 2g H 2
3
3
52.52  2 (0.562)L. 2 x 9.81 (1.5) 2
3
m3
where, Q  Discharge in sec
C d = Co-efficient of discharge 0.562
m3
L = Length of the weir in m; g = 9.81 sec
H = Head of water in m (1.50 m)
Now solving the equation, L = 17.22 m

Adopt a length of 18m allowing for some obstruction in the flow.
Dam stones are used to fix the automatic falling shutters and also to store water upto M.W.L
Assume their size as 200 x 200 and @ 700 mm c/c
18 x 1000
Number of clear span of dam stones = 700 = 25.7 say 26
Number of dam stones = 25 nos.
Width occupied by dam stones = 0.2 x 25 = 5.00 m
Provide an extra allowance at 2.00 m for end contraction.
Total length of the weir = 18 + 5 + 2 = 25.00 m
Length of weir = 25.00 m
3. Design of weir body wall
Crest width or Top width of body wall, b = 0.552( H  h ) (Refer the figure, below)
= 0.552( 3.00  1.50 ) = 1.637 m

But consider minimum width as 2.20 m
H1 4.50
Base width of foundation, B =  = 2.25 = 3.00 m
where,   Density of masonry =2.25; H1  H  h  3.00  1.50  4.50 m

Adopt, top width = 2.20 m and bottom width = 3.00 m
4. Foundation
Foundation level +48.00 m
Adopt 60 cm thickness of foundation
Therefore, the bottom level of foundation concrete is +48.00 – 0.60 = +47.40 m
Total width of foundation concrete = 3.00 + 2 x 0.30 = 3.60 m
5. Up stream side apron
Generally the apron is required on the down stream side of the weir. However a puddle clay
apron is provided as shown in the figure below.
6. Down stream side apron
The height of fall = F.T.L. – G.L. = 51.00 – 49.20 = 1.80 m
Adopt 3 steps each having a vertical fall of 0.60 m
1st step solid apron fall = 0.60 m
2nd step solid apron fall = 0.60 m
3rd step solid apron fall = 0.60 m
---------
= 1.80 m
---------
The 1st and 2nd apron is of 45 cm thick in C.C. 1:3:6 and the ends are restrained by stop
walls of 45 cm thick.
7. Width of apron
The maximum fall = 0.6 + 1.5
Width of apron = 2(0.6  1.5) = 4.20 m

Adopt a width of 5.00 m

8. Design of abutment
Height of abutment = T.B.L. – G.L. = 54.80 – 49.20 = 5.60 m

(H a )
Adopt a minimum width as 45 cm
Base width = 0.4

(H a ) = 0.4 x 5.60 = 2.24 say 2.30 m
Total width of concrete = 2.30 + 2 (0.30) = 2.90 m

Adopt 45 cm thickness for return wall and wing wall also.
9. Design of return wall
Height of abutment at upstream side = 52.50 – 49.20 = 3.30 m

(H u )
Total width at foundation = 0.4 x

( H u ) + 2 x 0.3
= 1.32 + 0.6
= 1.92 m say 1.90 m
Height of abutment at downstream side = 51.00 – 49.20 = 1.80 m

(H d )
Total width at foundation = 0.4 x

(H d ) + 2 x 0.3
= 0.720 + 0.6
= 1.32 m say 1.50 m
Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What is Weir?
2. How surplus water is drained out in a reservoir?
3. Define Tank Irrigation?
4. What is the effective depth in foundation?
5. What is Apron in a weir?

Design and Drawing plan, elevation and foundation of Tank sluice with tower
head
Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw plan, elevation and foundation of Tank sluice with tower.
Apparatus required:
Description:
"Sluice gate" refers to a movable gate allowing water to flow under it. When a sluice is
lowered, water may spill over the top, in which case the gate operates as a weir. Usually, a
mechanism drives the sluice up or down. This may be a simple, hand-operated, chain
pulled/lowered, worm drive or rack-and-pinion drive, or it may be electrically
or hydraulically powered. A tank sluice is an opening in the form of a culvert running
through tank bund. Tank sluice supplies water from the tank into the distributary’s channel to
meet irrigation requirement.
Design Procedure:
Discharge calculation
Ayacut
Discharge =
Duty
1. Sill level
The down stream side bed level is generally fixed as the average value of the highest field
level and mean between the highest and lowest field levels.
2. Vent way (Barrel)
The area of the vent way of the sluice must be such that it can draw normal supply of
water when the tank is at the lowest water level or a level at which the tank supply is always
available to be drawn during normal dry period.
The lowest water level is assumed 2 m above the sill level
Assuming pipe flow in the barrel; the formula to be used is Q  C d A 2gh
m3
where, Q  Discharge = sec C d = Co-efficient of discharge = 0.6 (assume)
h = Difference in level between lowest water level and sill level
3. Plug Hole
The size of the orifice in the plug stone is generally calculated so as to pass the full
supply with 0.30 m head over the plug hole platform.
Q  C d A1 2gh 1
Using discharge formula,
m3
where, Q  Discharge at full supply depth = sec C d = 0.6 (assume);
A1 = Area of plug hole in m2; h1 = head of water = 0.3 m

where, d 1 = diameter of the plug hole in ‘m’

4. Design of bottom vent
This vent is brought into use only when the water in the tank is less than 1.20 m over the
floor of the sluice. The remaining times this vent is completely closed by a stone slab. This
vent is made of sufficient size to pass full supply with 0.15 m head.
Using discharge formula,

Q  C d A 2 2gh 2
m3 m
where, Q  sec C d = 0.6 (assumed) g = 9.81 sec 2
A2 = Area of the vent size in m2
h2 = head of water = 0.15 m
Assume a square vent of size 35 cm x 35 cm
5. Tower Head
The tower head consist of a circular masonry well as shown in the drawing. Generally
these wells are not less than 1.20 m in the internal diameter and have their top taken at least
30 cm above MWL of the tank. The bottom of the well rests directly on the foundation
concrete of the sluice.
The well steining is designed as a thick cylindrical shell of 45 cm thickness over all at top
and 60 cm at bottom to withstand maximum earth pressure and hoop compression.
In the tower head the regulating (or) lifting rods are supported by guide beams. At top
half the diameter of the well is covered by regulating platform.
6. Cistern in rear of the barrel
This serves to retain the slope of the banks and the irrigation channel. This cistern enables
to take off more than one channel through separate opening in its side walls. On this case
only one channel is proposed in the rear and width of opening is kept as bed width of the
channel. This cistern also functions as a stilling basin for the rushing water through the barrel
and reduces any possible scour of the channel. Further to reduce the scour in the channel the
bed and aside revetments are provided up to 2.00 m length from tail end of barrel.

Model Question:
Design a tank sluice with a tower head for the following hydraulic particulars.
Ayacut = 68.6 hectares
Duty = 723 hect/cumec
Top width of Bund = 1.80 m
Model Question:
Design a tank sluice with a tower head for the following hydraulic particulars.
Ayacut = 68.6 hectares
Duty = 723 hect/cumec
Top width of Bund = 1.80 m
Average depth is assumed as 2.15 m (or) 2.00 m

 The lowest water level = 14.00 + 2.00 = 16.00 m
Assuming pipe flow in the barrel; the formula to be used is Q  C d A 2gh
m3
where, Q  Discharge = 0.095 sec
C d = Co-efficient of discharge = 0.6 (assume)
A = Area of the section in m2

m
g = 9.81 sec 2
h = Difference in level between lowest water level and sill level = 2.00 m
 0.095 = 0.6 x A x 2 x 9.81 x 2.00
A = 0.025 m2
If we assume a square barrel then the side = 0.16 m
But the vent way should allow sufficient head way for cleaning the debris and also for
repairing. Hence assume a rectangular minimum section (or) vent way (or) barrel to be
provided as 60 cm x 75 cm
 Area of the barrel section = 0.6 m x 0.75 m = 0.45 m2 > 0.025 m2
It is greater than the required area as per design calculation.
Hence provide a rectangular section of a barrel of size 60 cm x 75 cm.
The barrel will have masonry side walls and the roof will be of RC slab.
Provide the foundation concrete of 1:4:8 of 50 cm thick and wearing coat of 1:3:6 of 7 cm
thick which is serving as a floor for the barrel in between the side walls. Also provide RCC
roof slab of 20 cm as overall thickness.
3. Plug Hole
The size of the orifice in the plug stone is generally calculated so as to pass the full supply
with 0.30 m head over the plug hole platform.
Using discharge formula, Q  C d A1 2gh 1
m3
where, Q  Discharge at full supply depth = 0.095 sec
m
C d = 0.6 (assume); g = 9.81 sec 2
2
A1 = Area of plug hole in m ; h1 = head of water = 0.3 m
 0.095 = 0.6 x A 1 x 2 x 9.81 x 0.3

2 πd 12
A1 = 0.065 m ; = 0.065; d 1 = 0.28 m = 28 cm
4
where, d 1 = diameter of the plug hole in ‘m’
 Provide a plug hole of 30 cm diameter

4. Design of bottom vent
This vent is brought into use only when the water in the tank is less than 1.20 m over the
floor of the sluice. The remaining times this vent is completely closed by a stone slab. This
vent is made of sufficient size to pass full supply with 0.15 m head.
Using discharge formula, Q  C d A 2 2gh 2
m3
where, Q  0.095 sec
C d = 0.6 (assumed)
m
g = 9.81 sec 2
2
A2 = Area of the vent size in m
h2 = head of water = 0.15 m
 0.095 = 0.6 x A2 x 2 x 9.81 x 0.15

2
A2 = 0.092 m
Assume a square vent of size 35 cm x 35 cm
 Vent size is 35 cm x 35 cm
5. Tower Head
The tower head consist of a circular masonry well as shown in the drawing. Generally these
wells are not less than 1.20 m in the internal diameter and have their top taken at least 30 cm
above MWL of the tank. The bottom of the well rests directly on the foundation concrete of
the sluice.
The well steining is designed as a thick cylindrical shell of 45 cm thickness over all at top
and 60 cm at bottom to withstand maximum earth pressure and hoop compression.
In the tower head the regulating (or) lifting rods are supported by guide beams. At top half
the diameter of the well is covered by regulating platform.
6. Cistern in rear of the barrel
This serves to retain the slope of the banks and the irrigation channel. This cistern enables to
take off more than one channel through separate opening in its side walls. On this case only
one channel is proposed in the rear and width of opening is kept as bed width of the channel.

This cistern also functions as a stilling basin for the rushing water through the barrel and
reduces any possible scour of the channel. Further to reduce the scour in the channel the bed
and aside revetments are provided up to 2.00 m length from tail end of barrel.
Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. Where is sluice provided in the dam?
2. Types of tank sluice?
3. Explain Gibbet wall?
4. What is meant by Ayacut area?
5. What is Sluice barrel?

Design principles of Earth Dam

Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To write design principles of Earth Dam.
Apparatus required:
Description:
A dam constructed of earth material (such as gravel, broken weathered rock, sand, silt, or
soil). It has a core of clay or other impervious material and a rock facing of riprap to protect
against wave erosion.
Design Procedure:
1. The filling material to be used for earth dams should be sufficiently less permeable.
2. The earth dams should be constructed by utilizing available materials in local area to
serve the intended purpose with low cost. In order to reduce the leads for carrying excavated
earth, the borrow pits should be as close to the dam site as possible.
3. Sufficient outlets and spillways should be provided to avoid the possibility overtopping
during design floods.
4. For frost action, wave action and earthquake motions, sufficient freeboard must be
provided.
5. If the stability of foundations and embankments is not impaired by piping, sloughing
etc., there should be little harm in seepage through a flood control dam. But a conservation dam
should be as water-tight as possible.
6. To avoid sloughing of face of earth dam, the phreatic line i.e. seepage line should be
within the downstream face of the dam.
7. The downstream face must be protected properly against rain, waves, up to tail water
and the upstream face against wave action. To reduce erosion due to flow of rain water
horizontal berms may be provided at suitable intervals in the downstream face. Ripraps may be
provided on the entire upstream slope and on the downstream slope near the toe so as to prevent
erosion.
8. By providing suitable horizontal filler drain or chimney drain or toe drain, the portion
of the dam and downstream of the impervious core should be properly drained.
9. There must be no possibility of free flow of water from upstream to downstream face.
10. The upstream and downstream slopes should be designed so as to be stable under
worst conditions of loading. Such critical conditions occur for the upstream slope during sudden
downstream of the reservoir and for the downstream slope during steady seepage under full
reservoir.
11. The upstream slope and downstream slope must be flat enough to provide sufficient
base width at the foundation level, such that the maximum shear stress developed remains well

below the corresponding maximum shear strength of the soil so as to provide suitable factor of
safety.
12. Due to development of excessive pore pressure and consequent reduction in shear strength of
soil, the stability of the embankment and foundations is very critical during construction or even
after the construction during the period of consolidation. So under this critical condition the
embankment slopes must remain safe.

below the corresponding maximum shear strength of the soil so as to provide suitable factor of
safety.
12. Due to development of excessive pore pressure and consequent reduction in shear strength of
soil, the stability of the embankment and foundations is very critical during construction or even
after the construction during the period of consolidation. So under this critical condition the
embankment slopes must remain safe.

Results:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What are the types of earthern dams?
2. What materials are used for core fill?
3. What is zoned earth dam?
4. What are the parts of earthern dam?
5. Which is the largest earthern dam in india?

hydrostatic pressure at toe (γw H‟ ) plus a 1/3rd of the difference of the hydrostatic pressure at
the heel and at the toe [γw H‟ + 1/3 (γw H - γw H‟) ] ]It is also assumed that the uplift pressure
are not affected by the earthquake forces. • The uplift pressure can be controlled by constructing
cut-off walls under the upstream face, by constructing drainage channels between the dam and its
foundations and by pressure grouting the foundation.
7. If the dam is to be designed, is to be located in a region which is susceptible to
earthquakes, allowance must be made for stresses generated by the earthquakes. • An earthquake
produces waves which are capable of shaking the Earth upon which the dam is resting, in every
possible direction.
8. The effect of an earthquake is therefore, equivalent to impairing an acceleration to the
foundation of the dam in the direction in which the wave is traveling at the moment, Earthquake
waves may move in any direction and for design purpose, it has to be resolved in vertical and
horizontal components. Hence, two accelerations, i.e.. one horizontal acceleration (άh ) and one
vertical acceleration (άv ) are induced by an earthquake. The value of these acceleration are
generally expressed as percentage of the acceleration due to gravity (g) i.e.. ά = 0.1 g or 0.2 g etc.
9. On an average, a value of ά equal to 0.1 to 0.15 g is generally sufficient for high dams
in seismic zones. In areas of no earthquakes or very less earthquakes, these forces may be
neglected. In extreme seismic regions and in conservative designs, even up to 0.3 g may
sometimes be adopted. However, for areas not subjected to extreme earthquakes, άh = 0.1 g and
άv = 0.05 g may be neglected In extreme seismic regions and in conservative designs, even a
value of 0.3 g may sometimes be adopted.
10. Effect of Vertical Acceleration (άv ) A Vertical acceleration may either downward or
Upward. When it is acting in the upward direction, then the foundation of the dam will be lifted
upward and becomes close to the body of the dam, and thus the effective weight of the dam will
increase and hence, the stress developed will increase.
11. When the vertical acceleration is acting downward, the foundation shall try to move
downward away and hence is the worst for the design. • Such Accelerations will, Therefore exert
an Inertial force given by, • W .άv (i.e.. Force = Mass x Acceleration) • g • Where W is the total
weight of the dam • Therefore • The net effective weight of the Dam= W- W .άv g
12. It has been explained under „ Reservoir Sedimentation‟ that silt gets deposited
against the upstream face of the dam. If h is the height of silt deposited, then the force exerted by
this silt in addition to external water pressure, can be represented by Rankine‟s formula as: •
Psilt = ½ γ subw h2 Ka and it acts at h/3 from base • Where, Ka Is The Coefficient Of Active
Earth Pressure of silt • Ka = 1 - sin Ө • 1+ sin Ө • Where Ө is the angle of internal friction of
Soil, and cohesion is neglected. • γ subw = Submerged unit weight of silt material • h= height of
silt deposited.

Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What is the difference between earthern dam and gravity dam?
2. What is high dam?
3. What is Low dam?
4. What are the forces acting on the gravity dam?
5. Why it is called gravity dam?

Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What is the difference between earthern dam and gravity dam?
2. What is high dam?
3. What is Low dam?
4. What are the forces acting on the gravity dam?
5. Why it is called gravity dam?

the canal bed. A clearance of 1 m or half the height of the culvert, whichever is less would be
sufficient. Hence, Height of opening = Depth of flow + Clearance or headway.
(v) Number of Spans:

After determining the total length of an aqueduct between the abutments number of spans
to be provided may be fixed on the basis of the following two considerations:
i. Structural strength required, and
ii. Economical consideration.
(vi) Canal Waterway:
Generally fluming ratio is taken to be 1/2. This ratio is adopted m such a way that the
velocity of flow in the trough does not go above critical velocity limit. Generally velocity of flow
should not be more than 3 m/sec. This precaution is taken to avoid the possibility of formation of
a hydraulic jump. The obvious reason is that when hydraulic jump forms it absorbs energy. In
this process valuable head is lost and large stresses are produced in the structure.
(vii) Length of Contraction or Approach Transition:

Once the width at throat is fixed length of contraction can be determined after knowing
the convergence ratio. The convergence ratio is generally taken as 2: 1 (horizontal: lateral), i.e.,
not steeper than 30°.
(viii) Length of Expansion or Departure Transition:

Length of expansion on the downstream side of the aqueduct may be fixed after knowing
the expansion ratio. The expansion ratio is generally taken as 3 : 1 (horizontal : lateral), i.e., not
steeper than 22.5°. To maintain streamlined flow and also to reduce loss of head the transitions
are generally made up of curved and flared wing walls.



Design and Drawing plan, elevation and foundation of Syphon aqueduct

(Type III)
Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw plan, elevation and foundation of Syphon Aqueduct.
Apparatus required:
Description:
A cross drainage work is a structure which is constructed at the crossing of a canal and a
natural drain, so as to dispose drainage water without interrupting the continuous canal supplies.
A siphon aqueduct is a cross drainage work, in which the drainage water intercepting the canal
can be disposed. It is accomplished by passing the canal over the drainage.
Design Procedure:
1. Design of Canal trough
m3
Discharge = sec
 Area = Q
V
 Width required = A/2
Free board allowed = 0.45 m
2. Retaining Wall
Let the top width be 0.45 m
Bottom width = 0.70 H
3. Design of vent for drain
m3
Discharge = sec
Width = 25 m
Width of each vent, S = 3 m (limited) (assumed)
S S
Pier thickness = to in metre
3 4
Pier thickness is adopted as 1.0 m

4. Check for end contraction

But maximum width of contraction allowable is 25%
5. Arch vent way (drain)
m3
Discharge through one vent = sec
Area required = Q/V
Adopt arched vent, r = Rise = S/6 m
 1
Area of arched, A = x R 2  S ( R  r )
360 2
74 1
= x  (2.5) 2  (3.0)(2.5  0.5) = 1.034 m2
360 2
6. Thickness of arch
t  0.25 R in metres
To find the bottom level of barrel portion
The total loss taking place in the barrel comprises of entry loss, friction loss and exit loss.
0.5v 2 flv 2 v2
h1   
2g R1 2 g 2 g
v2 fl 
h1  1.5  
2g R1 
f = coefficient of friction (can be assumed between 0.003 to 0.006)
7. Abutment
 1   S   1   3.00  1
Rear Batter =   x   =   x  = 0.24, say
 25   n   25   0.5  4

Model Question:
Design a siphon aqueduct for the following details refer to the particulars of a canal to be
taken across a drain
Canal:
Bed width = 15 m

Model Question:
Design a siphon aqueduct for the following details refer to the particulars of a canal to be
taken across a drain
Canal:
Bed width = 15 m

2. Retaining Wall
Let the top width be 0.45 m
Bottom width = 0.70 H
H = 2.00 + 0.45 = 2.45 m
 Bottom width = 0.7 x 2.45 = 1.72 m
3. Design of vent for drain
m3
Discharge = 70 sec
Width = 25 m
Width of each vent, S = 3 m (limited) (assumed)
S S
Pier thickness = to in metre
3 4
3 3
= to m; 1 to 0.75 m
3 4
Pier thickness is adopted as 1.0 m
Check for end contraction

Bed width of drain = 25 m
Assuming the number of vents = 5
Width of crossing = (5 x 3.0) + (4 x 1.0) = 15 + 4 = 19.0 m
Amount of contraction = 25 – 19 = 6.0 m
But maximum width of contraction allowable is 25%
6 .0
For this case = x 100  24% . It is less than 25% and hence ok.
2 .5
Arch vent way (drain)
3
70 m
Discharge through one vent = = 14 sec
5
Q 14
Area required =  = 5.6 m2
V 2.5

S 3.0
Adopt arched vent, r = Rise =   0.5 m
6 6
S S
(2R  r)r  x
2 2
3.0 3.0
(2R  0.5)0.5  x
2 2
(R  0.25)  2.25 m
R  2.25  0.25  2.50 m
 1.5
sin   0.60
2 2.5
   7344 say 74
 1
Area of arched, A = x R 2  S ( R  r )
360 2
74 1
= x  (2.5) 2  (3.0)(2.5  0.5) = 1.034 m2
360 2
Remaining rectangular area required = Area calculated – Area of arch section
= 5.60 – 1.03 = 4.57 m2
 Y  4.57  1.52 m
3.0
Thickness of arch
t  0.25 R in metres
=  0.25 0.25 = 0.395 m

Adopt 0.45 m thickness

0.5v 2 flv 2 v2
h1   
2g R1 2 g 2 g
v2  fl 
h1  1.5  
2g  R1 

R.L. of concrete bottom of arch top = +24.80 m
Thickness of arch = 0.45 m
R.L. of crown point = +24.80 – 0.45 = +23.35 m
Rise = 0.50 m
Springing level of top of pier = +24.35 – 0.50 = 23.85 m
 Bottom level of top pier = +23.85 – 1.52 = 22.33 say 22.30
Good foundation available at +22.50 m (given) and hence ok.
Abutment
 1   S   1   3.00  1
Rear Batter =   x   =   x   = 0.24, say
 25   n   25   0.5  4
1
Adopt batter and bottom width = 1.30 + 0.65 = 1.95  2.00 m
4
Wing wall
MFL of drain = 25.20 m
Assume top of wing wall as +25.50 m
Concrete level +22.30
H = +25.50 – 22.30 = 3.20 m
Top width is assumed as 0.45m
Bottom width = 0.4H = 0.4 x 3.20 = 1.28 m, say 1.5m

Adopt 0.45 m thickness

0.5v 2 flv 2 v2
h1   
2g R1 2 g 2 g
v2  fl 
h1  1.5  
2g  R1 

R.L. of concrete bottom of arch top = +24.80 m
Thickness of arch = 0.45 m
R.L. of crown point = +24.80 – 0.45 = +23.35 m
Rise = 0.50 m
Springing level of top of pier = +24.35 – 0.50 = 23.85 m
 Bottom level of top pier = +23.85 – 1.52 = 22.33 say 22.30
Good foundation available at +22.50 m (given) and hence ok.
Abutment
 1   S   1   3.00  1
Rear Batter =   x   =   x   = 0.24, say
 25   n   25   0.5  4
1
Adopt batter and bottom width = 1.30 + 0.65 = 1.95  2.00 m
4
Wing wall
MFL of drain = 25.20 m
Assume top of wing wall as +25.50 m
Concrete level +22.30
H = +25.50 – 22.30 = 3.20 m
Top width is assumed as 0.45m
Bottom width = 0.4H = 0.4 x 3.20 = 1.28 m, say 1.5m

Design and Drawing plan, elevation and foundation of Canal drop (Notch
Type)
Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw plan, elevation and foundation of Canal Drop (Notch Type).
Apparatus required:
Description:
The available natural ground slope in steeper than the designed bed slope of the channel,
the difference is adjusted by constructing masonry structure called vertical falls (or) drops.
Need for canal drop

To avoid scouring of bed and banks of canal
Design Procedure:
Assumptions
1. Tank bund level in the up stream side is assumed to be of 1.2 m higher than the FSL
of upstream side
2. Tank bund level in the down stream side is assumed to be 0.90 m lower than the tank
bund level of upstream side
3. Width of bund at top may be provided as 3.00 m in upstream and downstream.
1. Design of drop wall

Bed width
Number of notches =
1
1 time FSD
2
2. Design of trapezoidal notches
Discharge Q = Q1 + Q2

Where, Q1 = Discharge through triangular notch; Q2 = Discharge through rectangular

notch
5
8
Q1 = C d tan α 2g d 2  for one triangular notch
15
3
2 n
Q2 = C d L 2g d 2 and tan 
3 2
5 3
8 2
Q = ( C d tanα 2gd 2 x 2) + [ C d L 2gd 2 ]
15 3
3
Q = 2.96 C d d (L  0.4nd)
2
where C d = Co efficient of discharge = 0.7

d = depth of flow = FSD
2
The notch is designed in such way that at half supply the depth of water in the canal is
3
rd
of full supply depth.
Assume Cd = 0.70
3. Lip Projection
Lip stone is to be projected towards down stream side to reduce the direct vibration of the body
1
wall and should not be less than th of full supply depth.
4
1
= x FSD
4
4. Design of body wall
Full supply depth = FSD
Height of fall = h
h h
Top width = [  15] to [  30] in cms
2 2
hd
Bottom width (or) Base width =
f
f = density of the material
2.00  1.20
=
2.25
Thickness of foundation concrete can be taken as = 0.55 d  h
5. Design of water cushion
The following empirical formula is used to design
1
X + d1 = d h
1.10
Where, d1 = full supply depth of down stream side = 1.20 m
X = depth of water cushion
Length of water cushion, L = d + 2 dh
Length of revetment on up stream side = 3d

6. Revetment, Apron and Pitching

a. Abutment
Height = Up stream side TBL – Top of foundation
b = base width = 0.4 H
b. Up stream side wing wall

Height = Up stream side FSL – Top of foundation level
Base width = 0.4 x H
c. Down stream side wing wall
Height = Down stream bund FSL – Foundation top level
d. Down stream side return wall
Height = Down stream side FSL – Foundation top level



Model Questions:
Design a notch type canal drop for a fall of 1.50 m with the following particulars.
Full supply discharge = 5.4 cumecs
Data particulars Up stream side Down stream side
Bed width 5.00 m 5.00 m
Full supply level +9.20 m +7.70 m
Bed level +8.00 m +6.50 m
Surface fall 1 in 4000 1 in 4000
Slope protection by stone revetment 30 cm over gravel may be provided. The flooring for water
cushion is in concrete. Good foundation is available at +6.00 m
Draw the following views to a suitable scale.
1. Longitudinal section through the center line of the canal
2. Plan half at top and half at foundation
3. Elevation half full and section
4. Section of wing wall
Theory:
The available natural ground slope in steeper than the designed bed slope of the
channel, the difference is adjusted by constructing masonry structure called vertical
falls (or) drops.
Need for canal drop
To avoid scouring of bed and banks of canal
Design:
Assumptions
1. Tank bund level in the up stream side is assumed to be of 1.2 m higher than
the FSL of upstream side
2. Tank bund level in the down stream side is assumed to be 0.90 m lower
than the tank bund level of upstream side
3. Width of bund at top may be provided as 3.00 m in upstream and
downstream.
1. Design of drop wall
Bed width
Number of notches =
1
1 time FSD
2
5.00
= = 2.78 or 3 nos.
1
1 x 1.20
2
 Provide 3 nos of notches
Assume Cd = 0.70
3
Q = 2.96 x C d x d (1  0.4nd)
2
3
1.80 = 2.96 x 0.7 x (1.2) [1  (0.4n x1.2 0)]
2
l + 0.4 n = 0.661 -------------------------------------- (1)

At half supply discharge, Q = 0.90 cumecs; d = 0.80 m
Assume Cd = 0.70
3
Q = 2.96 x C d x d 2 (1  0.4nd)
3
= 2.96 x 0.7 x (0.80) 2 [1  (0.4n x 0.80)]
l + 0.32 n = 0.607 -------------------------------------- (2)
Solving equation (1) and (2)
n = 0.3375 and l = 0.499
Therefore, provide bottom width of notch as l = 0.50 m
To eliminate the error in the cross-section due to approach velocity
Top width = l + nd
= 0.50 + 0.3375 x 1.20
= 0.735 say 0.80 m
Provide top width of notch as a 0.80 m
7
The width of canal at drop wall can be th of bed width of upstream
8
7
x 5.00 = 4.375 m
8
Total top width of notches = 3 x 0.80 = 2.40 m
Adopting the intermediate & end pier to be of 0.50 m
Total top width of piers = 4 x 0.50 = 2.00 m
Total length of drop wall = 2.40 + 2.00
= 4.40 > 4.375 m. Hence o.k.
1 1
Thickness of drop wall = FSD = x 1.20 = 0.60 m
2 2
(or)
d d
[  15] to [  30] in cms
2 2
120 120
=[  15] to [  30] = 75 cm to 90 cm
2 2
Therefore, provide 80 cm as thickness of drop wall

3. Lip Projection
Lip stone is to be projected towards down stream side to reduce the direct vibration of
1 th
the body wall and should not be less than of full supply depth.
4
1 1
= x FSD = x 1.20 = 0.30 m
4 4
4. Design of body wall
Full supply depth = FSD = d = 1.20m
Height of fall = h = 2.00 m
h h
Top width = [  15] to [  30] in cms
2 2
= (100 + 15) to (100 + 30) = 120 cm
Provide 120 cm as top width
hd
Bottom width (or) Base width =
f
f = density of the material = 2.25 kg/m3
2.00  1.20
= = 2.13 m, say 2.20 m
2.25
Provide Top width = 1.20 m and Bottom width = 2.2 m
Thickness of foundation concrete can be taken as = 0.55 dh
= 0.55 1.20  2.00

= 0.90m
Provide 1.00 m depth of concrete
5. Design of water cushion
The following empirical formula is used to design
1
X + d1 = d h
1.10
Where, d1 = full supply depth of down stream side = 1.20 m
X = depth of water cushion
1
X + 1.20 = x 1.20 2.00
1.10
X = 0.340 m
Minimum depth of water cushion is 500 mm
Down stream bed level = +6.50 m
Foundation level = +6.00 m
Hence, provide 50 cm depth of water cushion for energy dissipation of the fall.

Length of water cushion, L = d + 2 dh = 1.2 + 2 1.20 x 2.00

= 4.59 m, say 4.5 m
a) Length of revetment on up stream side
= 3d = 3 x 1.20
= 3.60 m, say 4.00 m
Provide 4.00 m length of revetment on up stream side
b) Bed pitching on up stream side
1 1
of the above length = x 4.00 = 2.00 m
2 2
The random rubble stones are laid over a 30 cm thick gravel bed and having a total
depth of 500 mm
c) Revetment on down stream side after the water cushion
= 3 (d+h) = 3 [1.20 + 1.50] = 3 x 2.70
= 8.10 m, say 9.00 m
Provide 9.00 m length of revetment on down stream side
d) Bed pitching on down stream side
1 1
of the above length = x 9.00 = 4.50 m
2 2
e) Main apron width at water cushion
1
= Length of drop wall + of full supply depth on up stream side
2
1
= 4.40 + x 1.20 = 5.00 m
2
The width of down stream main apron can be taken as the width of down stream
section of canal. The up stream side wing walls are provided at the joining point of
apron and in the down stream side, wing walls are proposed at the point jointing at
main apron and at full supply level in down stream side. Top of wing wall is
provided with 450 mm thickness.
a. Abutment
Height = Up stream side TBL – Top of foundation = 10.40 – 6.00 = 4.40 m
b = base width = 0.4 H = 0.4 x 4.4 = 1.76 m say 1.80 m

b. Up stream side wing wall

Height = Up stream side FSL – Top of foundation level
= 9.20 – 6.00 = 3.20 m
Base width = 0.4 x H = 0.4 x 3.20 m = 1.20m say 1.30 m
The wing wall is having a base width of 1.30 m at end and 1.80 m at abutment.
c. Down stream side wing wall
Height = Down stream bund FSL – Foundation top level
= 9.50 – 6.00 = 3.50 m
Base width = 0.4 x 3.50 = 1.40 m
d. Down stream side return wall
Height = Down stream side FSL – Foundation top level
= 7.70 – 6.00 = 1.70 m
Base width = 0.4 x 1.70 = 0.68 m say 1.00 m
The return wall top is extended up to bern level.

Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What is canal drop?
2. What are the types of fall?
3. What are the notches placed in the drop structure?
4. Types of notches?
5. What is Bligh’s creep theory?

Design and Drawing plan, elevation and foundation of Canal regulator
Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw plan, elevation and foundation of Canal Regulator.
Apparatus required:
Description:
Canal Head Regulator. Structure at the head of canal taking off from a reservoir may
consist of number of spans separated by piers and operated by gates. Regulators are normally
aligned at 90° to the weir. Up to 10" are considered preferable for smooth entry into canal.
Design Procedure:
The following are the detailed specifications of canal regulator cum foot path:
Hydraulic particulars of canal down stream
Bed width = 15.00 m
Bed level = +18.00 m
FSL = +19.70 m
Top of bank = +20.70 m
Full supply depth = 1.7 m
Right bank = 2.0 m
Left bank = 2.0 m
Hydraulic particulars of canal up stream
Bed width = 15.00 m
Bed level = +18.00 m
FSL = +20.00 m
Top of bank = +21.00 m
Full supply depth = 2.0 m
Right bank = 2.0 m
Left bank = 2.0 m
Vent way
3 vent ways of 2 m height
Pier
Width = 1.00 m
RL of top of pier = +21.00 m
RL of top of pier at the shutters opening platform = +20.00 m
Shutters
Provide 2 tilt of shutters of
a. Bottom shutter = 1380 m high
b. Top shutter = 1250 m high, width 250 m length

Footpath
Width = 1.00 m
Parapet on each side = 2.00 m



Design and Drawing of flash mixer, flocculator and Clarifier

Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw flash mixer, flocculator and Clarifier.
Apparatus required:
Description:
After screening out debris and testing raw water, chemicals that encourage coagulation
are added to the water stream. The mixture is agitated quickly and thoroughly in a process called
flash mixing. The chemicals introduced into the water stream will attract any very fine particles,
such as silt, that will not readily settle or filter out and make them clump together. These larger,
heavier formations are called floc, which are much easier to remove from the water.
Flocculation Preparation
In the case of the flocculation process, the rapid mixer is specifically designed to disperse
polymers so they enhance flocculation by optimizing the strength, size and weight of the floc.
Rapid mixers are used to violently agitate the water with the chemicals for a short period of time
before being released into the flocculation basin.
Design Procedure:
First, the settling tank will be designed and then the floc-chamber.
Design of the Settling Tank

Average daily consumption = Population x Per capita demand
Assuming the maximum daily demand as 1.8 times the average daily demand,
Quantity of water to be treated during an assumed detention period of 4 hours
Capacity
Adopt the water depth as 4m and the plan area as = Depth
Assume the width of the tank as 12 m
Hence, use a tank of L m x B m x D m. Provide extra depth for sludge storage, Use a free board
of 0.5 m above the water level.
Design of the Floc Chamber

In addition to length of the settling tank, the floc chamber at the entry has to be provided.
Assume the effective depth in the floc chamber as half of the depth in the tank near the floc
chamber
Assume the period of flocculation or detention period as 20 minutes. Now the capacity of the
chamber = Flow required in 20 minutes
Capacity
The plan area required = Depth

Using the same width as 12 m, we get the length of flocculation chamber
(1) Flash Mixer (2) flocculator (3) Clarifier.

Model Question:
Design a coagulation-cum-sedimentation tank with continuous flow for a population of 60,000
persons with a daily per captia water allowance of 120 litres. Make suitable assumptions where
needed. Draw the plan and sectional elevations.
Design:
First, the settling tank will be designed and then the floc-chamber.
Design of the Settling Tank
Average daily consumption = Population x Per capita demand
= 60, 000 x
120 = 7.2 x 10 6 litres

Assuming the maximum daily demand as 1.8 times the average daily demand,
The maximum daily consumption = 1.8 x (7.2 x 106) litres = 12.96 x 10 6 litres
Quantity of water to be treated during an assumed detention period of 4 hours
12.96 x 10 6 6
= x 4 = 2.16 x 10 litres = 2.16 x
24
10 3 cu-m
Capacity
Adopting the water depth as 4m and the plan area as =
Depth
2.16 x 10 3
= = 540 m2
4
540
Assuming the width of the tank as 12 m, the length of the tank =  45 m
12
Hence, use a tank of 45 m x 12 m x 4 m. Provide extra depth for sludge storage, say
45
use 4.5 m depth at the starting end and 4.5 + = 5.4 m at the down stream end,
50
using 1 in 50 slope. Use a free board of 0.5 m above the water level.
Design of the Floc Chamber
In addition to 45 m length of the settling tank, the floc chamber at the entry has to be
provided. Assume the effective depth in the floc chamber as half of the depth in the
4.5
tank near the floc chamber, i.e. = = 2.25 m.
2
Assume the period of flocculation or detention period as 20 minutes. Now the capacity
of the chamber = Flow required in 20 minutes
12.96 x 10 3 20
= x cu-m = 180 cu-m.
24 60

Capacity 180
The plan area required = = m2 = 80 m2
Depth 2.25
80
Using the same width as 12 m, we get the length of flocculation chamber =
12
= 6.67 m (say 6.7 m)

Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What is the use of flash mixer?
2. what is the detention time in flocculator?
3. what is meant by clarifier?
4. what is meant by flocculator?
5. the depth of flocculator basin is?

Design and Drawing of Rapid Sand Filter

Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw Rapid sand filter.
Apparatus required:
Description:
Rapid sand filtration is a purely physical drinking water purification method. Rapid sand
filters (RSF) provide rapid and efficient removal of relatively large suspended particles. Two
types of RSF are typically used: rapid gravity and rapid pressure sand filters. For the provision of
safe drinking water, RSFs require adequate pre-treatment (usually coagulation-flocculation) and
post-treatment (usually disinfection with chlorine). Both construction and operation is cost-
intensive. It is a relatively sophisticated process usually requiring power-operated pumps, regular
backwashing or cleaning, and flow control of the filter outlet. Rapid sand filtration is common in
developed countries for the treatment of large quantities of water where land is a strongly
limiting factor, and where material, skilled labour, and continuous energy supply are available.
Principal parts of rapid sand filter

1) Enclosure tank for the retention of raw water.
2) Underground drainage system which may be two types i.e. perforated pipe type and pipe
with strainers.
3) Filter media – consists of coarse sand for filtering the water.
4) Base material – consists of graded gravel.
5) Appurtenance – these are auxiliaries for a filter unit.
They consist of :
a) An air compressor which should be capable of supplying air at the rate of 0.6 to
0.8 m3/minute/m2 for 5 minutes.
b) Wash-water trough – these are laid at height of 450 mm to 750mm from surface
of filter media, placed 1.3 m to 1.8 m edge to edge.
c) Wash-water overhead tank of sufficient capacity and head to supply wash water at
a rate of 250 lit/min/m2.
d) Filter rate controllers, valves, venture-regulators, etc.
Rate of filtration
The rate of filtration varies from 3000 lit/hr/m2 to 6000 lit/hr/m2. Generally 5000
lit/hr/m2 is considered as acceptable. The period of operation of the plant is considered as 24
hours.
Assumptions and general data

(1) Enclosure tank:

a) Walls may be made of brick masonry of one brick thick at top and 1 ½
brick thick at bottom or R.C.C with a minimum top width of 150 mm.
b) Floor and sides are coated with water proofing materials.
c) Surface area varies from 10 m2 to 50 m2.
d) L : B = 1.5 to 1.25 : 1.
(2) Under drainage system:
a) The area of cross section of main drain or manifold should be greater than
twice the area of cross section of lateral drain.
b) The length-diameter (l/d) ratio of main drain should be greater than 20.
c) The laterals are provided approximately at a rate of 150mm c/c.
d) The strainers are provided at 150mm c/c.
e) The area of the cross section of lateral drain varies from 2 to 4 times that
of cross sectional area of the strainers.
(3) Filter media:
a) The depth of filter medfia varies from 600mm to 900mm
b) The effective size of sand varies from 0.35 to 0.6 with uniformity co-
efficient varying from 1.2 to 1.7.
c) The depth of filter generally adopted is 750mm.
(4) Base material:
a) The total depth of the base material varies from 450mm to 600mm.
b) They are generally laid in 4 layers.
c) 1st layer of 150 mm ….. 3mm to 6mm
2nd layer of 150 mm ….. 3mm to 6mm
3rd layer of 150 mm ….. 3mm to 6mm
4th layer of 150 mm ….. 3mm to 6mm



a) An air compressor which should be capable of supplying air at the rate of

0.6 to 0.8 m3/minute/m2 for 5 minutes.
b) Wash-water trough – these are laid at height of 450 mm to 750mm from
surface of filter media, placed 1.3 m to 1.8 m edge to edge.
c) Wash-water overhead tank of sufficient capacity and head to supply
wash water at a rate of 250 lit/min/m2.
d) Filter rate controllers, valves, venture-regulators, etc.
Rate of filtration
The rate of filtration varies from 3000 lit/hr/m2 to 6000 lit/hr/m2. Generally
5000 lit/hr/m2 is considered as acceptable. The period of operation of the plant is
considered as 24 hours.
Assumptions and general data
(1) Enclosure tank:
a) Walls may be made of brick masonry of one brick thick at top and
1 ½ brick thick at bottom or R.C.C with a minimum top width of
150 mm.
b) Floor and sides are coated with water proofing materials.
c) Surface area varies from 10 m2 to 50 m2.
d) L : B = 1.5 to 1.25 : 1.
(2) Under drainage system:
a) The area of cross section of main drain or manifold should be
greater than twice the area of cross section of lateral drain.
b) The length-diameter (l/d) ratio of main drain should be greater
than 20.
c) The laterals are provided approximately at a rate of 150mm c/c.
d) The strainers are provided at 150mm c/c.
e) The area of the cross section of lateral drain varies from 2 to 4
times that of cross sectional area of the strainers.
(3) Filter media:
a) The depth of filter medfia varies from 600mm to 900mm
b) The effective size of sand varies from 0.35 to 0.6 with uniformity
co-efficient varying from 1.2 to 1.7.
c) The depth of filter generally adopted is 750mm.

(4) Base material:

a) The total depth of the base material varies from 450mm to
600mm.
b) They are generally laid in 4 layers.
c) 1st layer of 150 mm ….. 3mm to 6mm
2nd layer of 150 mm ….. 3mm to 6mm
3rd layer of 150 mm ….. 3mm to 6mm
4th layer of 150 mm ….. 3mm to 6mm
Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What is the total depth of base material?
2. what is the rate of filtration?
3. difference between slow sand and rapid sand filter?
4. what are the pretreatment requirements?
5. what is the period of cleaning?

Design and Drawing of Pumping Station

Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw pumping station.
Apparatus required:
Description:
The pumping stations in a water distribution system are necessary where water is
pumped directly into the system (e.g. from a lake) or where pressure has to be increased because
there is an insufficient difference in water levels in gravity flow distribution systems. There are
two general types of pumps: vertical turbine pumps and centrifugal pumps. Capital costs are
high, but the most expensive part is the energy supply for pumps (mostly electrical). Therefore, it
is very important that pumps have a high degree of efficiency and are maintained properly. To
guarantee safewater quality, cross connection of drinking water and waste removal systems must
be avoided..

Design and Drawing of Pumping Station

Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw pumping station.
Apparatus required:
Description:
The pumping stations in a water distribution system are necessary where water is
pumped directly into the system (e.g. from a lake) or where pressure has to be increased because
there is an insufficient difference in water levels in gravity flow distribution systems. There are
two general types of pumps: vertical turbine pumps and centrifugal pumps. Capital costs are
high, but the most expensive part is the energy supply for pumps (mostly electrical). Therefore, it
is very important that pumps have a high degree of efficiency and are maintained properly. To
guarantee safewater quality, cross connection of drinking water and waste removal systems must
be avoided..

Design and Drawing of House service connection for water supply and
drainage
Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw house service connection for water supply and drainage.
Apparatus required:
Description:
House Drainage: principles of house drainage, pipes and traps, Classification of traps:
nahni trap, interception trap, grease-trap, sanitary fittings, system of plumbing, house drainage
plan.
1. House Drainage System The W.C, Bathrooms, Sinks, Wash basins, etc. are important
components of a house. The occupants of the house make use of the above components
and as a result of that there is a formation of waste water. The Waste water from W.C,
bathrooms, sinks and wash basins is to be properly disposed in to the muncipal sewers. It
is therefore necessary to construct a system of conveyance of wastewater from W.C,
bathrooms, kitchens and washbasins and disposal to the muncipal sewer. This system is
known as house drainage system
Design Procedure:
1. The fixture drain traps must be vented to prevent their water trap seal from being
siphoned by negative pressure or blown out by positive pressure in the drain piping.
2. The pump line should be as short as possible and looped up to a point not less than 0.6
metres (24 inches) above ground level to prevent backsiphonage of sewage.
3. Vacuum drainage systems should be considered when one or more of the following
conditions exist: • water shortage; • limited sewerage capacity; • where separation of
black water and greywater is desired; • where drainage by gravity becomes impractical;
4. Hot water and other dual supply systems. A principal concern of all dual systems is the
assurance that no cross-connections have occurred during installation or repair.
5. Water storage vessels Tanks must be installed on bases, platforms or supports designed to
bear the weight of the tank when it is filled to maximum capacity, without undue
distortion taking place.
6. Labelling and colour coding of non-drinking-water supply systems
a. Fluid category 1. Drinking-water supplied by the authority and complying with
the plumbing code of practice.
b. Fluid category 2. Water in fluid category 1 whose aesthetic quality is impaired
due to change in temperature or the presence of substances or organisms causing a
change in taste, odour or appearance. This includes water in a hot water
distribution system.
c. Fluid category 3. Fluid that represents a slight health hazard because of the
concentration of substances of low toxicity. This includes any fluid that contains
copper sulfate solution or similar chemical additives and sodium hypochlorite.

d. Fluid category 4. Fluid that represents a significant health hazard because of the
concentration of toxic substances. This includes any fluid that contains chemical
or carcinogenic substances or pesticides and organisms that pose a potential risk
to health at concentrations sufficiently above drinking-water standards or
guidelines.
e. Fluid category 5. Fluid that represents a serious health hazard because of the
concentration of pathogenic organisms or radioactive or very toxic substances
Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What are the components of a water supply system?

2. How is water distributed in a building?
3. What are the types of water supply system?
4. What are the four different types of water supply distribution system?
5. What are 3 reasons why water is important?
d. Fluid category 4. Fluid that represents a significant health hazard because of the
concentration of toxic substances. This includes any fluid that contains chemical
or carcinogenic substances or pesticides and organisms that pose a potential risk
to health at concentrations sufficiently above drinking-water standards or
guidelines.
e. Fluid category 5. Fluid that represents a serious health hazard because of the
concentration of pathogenic organisms or radioactive or very toxic substances
Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What are the components of a water supply system?

2. How is water distributed in a building?
3. What are the types of water supply system?
4. What are the four different types of water supply distribution system?
5. What are 3 reasons why water is important?
 The velocity through them is not more than 0.8 to 1 m/s.

 The material collected on bar screens can be removed either manually (or) mechanically.
 Large sewage treatment plants however use mechanically operated rakes, either
continuously (or) intermittently.
 Screens are classified as fixed (or) movable depending upon whether the screens are
stationary (or) capable of motion.
 Fixed screens are permanently fixed in position. Movable screens are stationary during
operation and it can be lifted up for cleaning purpose.
(iii) Fine screens
 Fine screens have perforations of 1.5 mm to 3 mm in size.
 It is very effective.
 Fine screens remove 20% of the suspended solids from sewage.
 These screens however get clogged very often and need frequent cleaning.
 Fine screens are therefore used only for treating industrial wastewaters.
 Brass (or) Bronze plates (or) wire mesh is generally used for constructing fine screens.
 The metal used should be resistant to rust and corrosion.
 The fine screens may be disc (or) drum type which is operated by electric motors.
Design Procedure:
Cleaning frequency
 Cleaning frequency is governed by the head loss through the screen.
 If clogging of screens is more, head loss will be high.
 Generally, only 50% (one half) clogging of screens is allowed.
 Head loss is measured to find the clogging and cleaning frequency.
 Head loss through the screen, HL = 0.0729 (V2-v2)
Where,
V = Velocity through the screen.
v = Velocity above the screen.
Design criteria
 Velocity through screen = 0.75 m/s to 1 m/s.
 Spacing between bars = 25 mm to 100 mm
 Thickness of bars = 10 mm to 25 mm

Angle of inclination of bar to horizontal = 300 to 600
 Material of bar = steel.
Model Question
Design a bar screen for a peak average flow of 30 million liters per day.

Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What is the use of providing screen chamber?
2. the cleaning frequency depends upon?
3. when a coarse screen is used?
4. what are the types of screens?

Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What is the use of providing screen chamber?
2. the cleaning frequency depends upon?
3. when a coarse screen is used?
4. what are the types of screens?

(b) If particle diameter > 1 mm – Turbulent settling:

Newton’s formula
Settling velocity = √ ( )
(c) Grit diameter between 0.1 mm to 1 mm – Transition Zone:
Hazen’s modified equation
( ) [ ]
Where,
= Settling velocity in cm/s.
t = temperature of liquid in degree Celsius.
If Grit has specific gravity = 2.65
( ) [ ]
(or) ( )
(d) Organic solids with sp .gravity = 1.2
( ) [ ]
(or) ( )
The settling velocity (the rate of subsidence) of a particle in liquid medium is
denoted as hydraulic subsidence value (HSV).
(2) Overflow rate:
The efficiency of grit removal can be expressed as percentage removal of grit above a
specified particle size.
A grit chamber is designed to remove 100% of grit particles of the smallest size.
When 100% of the smallest size grit particle is removed, it also removes all grit particles
larger in size.
Settling velocities and Overflow Rates for Grit chamber (Temperature = 100C)
Diameter of particles Settling Velocity Overflow Rate in an ideal Grit chamber
(mm) (cm/s) m3/d/m2
Ss = 2.65 Ss = 1.20 Ss = 2.65 Ss = 1.20
0.20 2.0 0.24 1700 210
0.18 1.8 0.22 1600 190
0.15 1.5 0.18 1300 160
For temperature other than 100C, correction of to be applied.

Where,
t = Temperature
(3) Detention Period:
 The detention period for grit chambers vary from 45 to 90s.
 A detention period of 60 seconds is usually adopted.
(4) Bottom Scour and Flow through Velocity:
The critical velocity for scour may be calculated from the modified shields formula
√ ( )
(5) Length = Velocity x Detention Time
(6) Flow Velocity of 0.25 to .3 m/s. is adopted.
(7) Number of units:

(i) If manual cleaning is adopted, minimum 2 units are required.

(ii) If mechanical cleaning is adopted, 1 unit which is manually cleaned is provided.
(8) Dimensions of Tank:

 Surface area is found based on overflow rate.
 Width of section depends on velocity control device adopted.
 Length depends on overflow rate.
 In mechanized cleaning units, size of cleaning equipment should be considered.
 Depth of flow depends on the horizontal velocity at peak flow.
 Additional depth depends on the storage of grit and cleaning interval.
 Free board = 150 to 300 mm.
 Bottoms slopes depend on the type of scraper provided.
(9) Loss of Head:

It may vary from 0.06 m to 0.6m depending upon the velocity control device adopted.
(10) Disposal of Grit:
 Grit particles like sand and gravel that settle in grit chamber may also have traces of
organic matter.
 The organic matter may attract rodents and insects and produce odors.
 The grit requires washing before disposal by dumping, burying or by sanitary landfilling.
 The disposal method adopted depends on the quantity and characteristics of grit, land
availability for dumping, filling or burial.
 For unwashed grit either burial is adopted or it is mixed with soil and used as a soil
conditioner.

(i) If manual cleaning is adopted, minimum 2 units are required.

(ii) If mechanical cleaning is adopted, 1 unit which is manually cleaned is provided.
(8) Dimensions of Tank:

 Surface area is found based on overflow rate.
 Width of section depends on velocity control device adopted.
 Length depends on overflow rate.
 In mechanized cleaning units, size of cleaning equipment should be considered.
 Depth of flow depends on the horizontal velocity at peak flow.
 Additional depth depends on the storage of grit and cleaning interval.
 Free board = 150 to 300 mm.
 Bottoms slopes depend on the type of scraper provided.
(9) Loss of Head:

It may vary from 0.06 m to 0.6m depending upon the velocity control device adopted.
(10) Disposal of Grit:
 Grit particles like sand and gravel that settle in grit chamber may also have traces of
organic matter.
 The organic matter may attract rodents and insects and produce odors.
 The grit requires washing before disposal by dumping, burying or by sanitary landfilling.
 The disposal method adopted depends on the quantity and characteristics of grit, land
availability for dumping, filling or burial.
 For unwashed grit either burial is adopted or it is mixed with soil and used as a soil
conditioner.

Design and Drawing of Primary Clarifier

Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw primary clarifier.
Apparatus required:
Description:
Primary clarification is the physical treatment process of removing solids before
biological treatment. It is the most cost effective way to remove these solids after basic
screening. Process water enters the clarifier tank and floatable solids (scum) are removed from
the surface by skimmers while settleable solids (sludge) are collected on the bottom by a rake
and removed via a sludge removal system. Effluent destined for biological treatment leaves the
clarifier over a weir. The expected range for percent removal in a primary clarifier is 90%-95%
settleable solids, 40%-60% suspended solids, and 25%-50% total BOD5.
Design Procedure:
1. Removal of suspended organic solids with specific gravity 1.01 to 1.20.

2. Overflow rate / Surface loading rate which is the hydraulic loading per unit surface area of
tank expressed as m3/d/m2.
Overflow rate (m3/d/m2)
At average flow At peak flow
For primary settling tank 25-30 50-60
3. Detention period – 2 to hours.
 Rate of BOD/Suspended solids removal is maximum during the initial hours period.
4. Weir Loading Rate:
 Primary sedimentation tank – Not greater than 100m3/d/m.

 Secondary sedimentation tank – Not greater than 150m3/d/m.
 Outlet weirs of sedimentation tank draw off clear waste water and take it out without
disturbing the quiescent conditions in the tank.
 This withdrawal of clear effluent per unit length of outlet weir is called weir loading rate.
5. Depth of sedimentation tank is 3 to 3.5m.
6. Performance:
(i) Primary Settling Tanks
 Efficiency of suspended solids removal – 45 to 60%
 Efficiency of BOD removal - 36 to 45%
(ii) Secondary Settling tanks
 It has high efficiency of about 99% BOD removal.
7. Tank Dimensions.
(i) Rectangular Sedimentation Tank:
 Length of tank, L = 90 m
 Width of tank, B = 30 m
 L:B = 1.5 to 7.5
 L/D = 5 to 25

 Minimum depth = 2m.

 Bottom slope = 1%
(ii) Circular Sedimentation Tank:
 Diameter of tank = 3 m to 60 m. commonly used 12 m to 30 m.
 Depth of water = 2 m.
 Floor step = 7.5 to 10%.
Rectangular sedimentation tank.

Circular sedimentation tank.
Model Question
Design a circular primary sedimentation tank to treat an average sewage flow of 5000 m3/day,
suitably assuming the design criteria. Draw a neat sketch of the designed tank.
Design a rectangular sedimentation tank for treating 12 MLD adopting L:B ratio as 2.5 and
overflow rate 40 m3/m2/day. Assume D.T as 2 hours.
Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
2. what is meant by BOD?
3. what is the unit of overflow rate?
4. How much BOD can be reduced by clarification?
5. what is the detention time of clarifier?

Circular sedimentation tank.
Model Question
Design a circular primary sedimentation tank to treat an average sewage flow of 5000 m3/day,
suitably assuming the design criteria. Draw a neat sketch of the designed tank.
Design a rectangular sedimentation tank for treating 12 MLD adopting L:B ratio as 2.5 and
overflow rate 40 m3/m2/day. Assume D.T as 2 hours.
Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
2. what is meant by BOD?
3. what is the unit of overflow rate?
4. How much BOD can be reduced by clarification?
5. what is the detention time of clarifier?

3) Food (F) to Micro-organisms(M) ratio:

 It is a manner of expressing BOD loading with regard to the microbial mass in the
system.
 The BOD load applied to the system in kg or gm is represented as food (F), and the total
microbial suspended solids in the mixed liquor of the aeration tank is represented by M.
∴ F/M ratio =
 If Yo (mg/dl) represents the 5day BOD of the influent sewage flow of Q m³/day, then
eventually, the BOD applied to the aeration system = Yomg/l or gm/m³.
 BOD load applied to the aeration system = F = Q.Yogm/day
 The total microbial mass in the aeration system(M) is computed by multiplying average
concentration of solids in the mixed liquor of the aeration tank, called Mixed liquor
suspended solids(MLSS) which the volume of aeration tank(V)
M = MLSS × V
M = Xt× V
WhereXt is MLSS in mg/l.
Dividing (i) by (ii) we get,
Ratio = =
Ratio for an activated sludge plant is the main factor controlling BOD removal.
 Lower the F/M value; the higher will be the BOD removal in the plant. The F/M ratio can
be varied by the MLSS concentration in the aeration tank.
4) Sludge Age:
 It may be defined as the average time for which particles of suspended solids remain
under aeration.
 It thus, indicates the residence time of biological solids in the system, while aeration
period (i.e. liquid retention time) may be short as 3 to 30 hour, the residence time of
biological solids in the system is much greater, and is measured in days.
 The most common method of expressing sludge age, usually represented by Oc in days, is
to express it as the ratio of the mass of MLSS in the aeration tank relative to the mass of
suspended solids leaning the per day.
( ) ( )
∴ Sludge age (θc) =
 For conventional activated sludge plant, with the flow (Q), concentration of solids (Xt),
and BOD5(Y) as marked in fig. we can easily write,
(a)Mass of solids in the reactor.
M = V×(MLSS)
M = V× Xt.
WhereXt is MLSS in the aeration tank (mg/l).
(b)(i)Mass of solids removed with the wasted sludge per day = Qw× Xr
(ii)Mass of solids removed from the system per day =(Q−Qw)Xe
∴Total solid removed from the system = (i) + (ii)

= Qw.Xr + (Q−Qw) Xe

∴Sludge age (θc)= ( )

Where V = Volume of Aerator
Xr= Concentration of solids in the returned sludge/ waste sludge (mg/l)
Xt= Concentration of solids in the influent of the aeration tank called the MLSSi.e.
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids in mg/l
Q = Sewage inflow per day
Xe= Concentration of solids in the effluent in mg/l
 When the value of Xe (Suspended solids concentration in the effluent of activated sludge
plant) is very small, then the term (Q−Qw)Xe is ignored, leading to
θc =
 In addition to use sludge retention time (θc) as a rational loading parameter, another
rational loading parameter which has found wider acceptance is the specific substrate
utilization rate (U) per day, and is defined as
( )
U = Q×
 Under steady operation, the mass of waste activated sludge is further given by
Qw.Xr = ∝y. Q(Yo−Ye)−Ke.Xt.V
Where∝y= max. yield co-efficient
∝y=
∝y = 1.0 w.r.t TSS (i.e. MLSS)
∝y = 0.6 w.r.t VSS (i.e. MLVSS)
Ke= Endogenous respiration rate constant (per day)
Ke= 0.006 per day
∴ = ∝y.U−Ke
Since both ∝y&Ke are constant for a given waste water, it becomes necessary to defined either θc
or U.
5) Sludge Volume Index (S.V.I.)

 The term sludge volume index or sludge index is used to indicate the physical state of the
sludge produced in a biological aeration system.
 It represents the degree of concentration of the sludge in the system.
 It decides the rate of recycle of sludge (QR) required to maintain the desired MLSS and
F/M ratio in the aeration tank to achieve the desired degree of purification.
 The standard test which is performed in the laboratory to compute SVI of an aeration
system involvescollection of one liter sampleof mixed liquor from the aeration tank from
near its discharge end in a graduated cylinder.
 This 1litre sample of mixed liquor is allowed to settle for 30 minutes and the settled
sludge volume (Vob)in ml is recorded as to represent sludge volume.
 This volume Vobinml per litre of mixed liquor will represent the quantity of sludge inthe
liquor in ml/l.
( )
( )

 The usual adopted range of SVI is between 50-150 ml/gm and such a value indicates
good settling sludge.
6) Sludge Recycle and Rate of return sludge:
Where QR = Sludge recirculation rate in m3/d

Xt = MLSS in the aeration tank in mg/l
XR = MLSS in the returned or wasted sludge in mg/l
7) Wasting of Excess Sludge (Qw)

 The aeration tank has to be partly discharged and wasted out of the plant to maintain a
steady level ofMLSS in the system.
 The excess sludge quantity will increase with the increasing FIM ratio, and decrease with
temperature.
 In thecase of domestic sewage, Qw will be about 0.50-0.75 kg per kg BODremoved for
the conventional sludge plants (having F/M ratio varyingbetween 0.4 to 0.3).
8) Size and Volume of the Aeration Tank:

( )
9) Oxygen Requirement of the Aeration Tanks:

( )
[ ]

 The usual adopted range of SVI is between 50-150 ml/gm and such a value indicates
good settling sludge.
6) Sludge Recycle and Rate of return sludge:
Where QR = Sludge recirculation rate in m3/d

Xt = MLSS in the aeration tank in mg/l
XR = MLSS in the returned or wasted sludge in mg/l
7) Wasting of Excess Sludge (Qw)

 The aeration tank has to be partly discharged and wasted out of the plant to maintain a
steady level ofMLSS in the system.
 The excess sludge quantity will increase with the increasing FIM ratio, and decrease with
temperature.
 In thecase of domestic sewage, Qw will be about 0.50-0.75 kg per kg BODremoved for
the conventional sludge plants (having F/M ratio varyingbetween 0.4 to 0.3).
8) Size and Volume of the Aeration Tank:

( )
9) Oxygen Requirement of the Aeration Tanks:

( )
[ ]

Model Question
An average operating data for conventional activated sludge treatment Plant is as follows:
(1) Wastewater flow I = 35000 m31d
(2) Volume of aeration tank = 10900 m3
(3) Influent BOD = 250 mg/l
(4) Effluent BOD = 20 mg/l
(5) Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) = 2500 mg/l
(6) Effluent suspended solids = 30 mg/l
(7) Waste sludge suspended solids = 9700 mg/l
(8) Quantity of waste sludge = 220 m3ld.
Based on the information above, determine.
(a) Aeration period (hrs)
(b) Food to microorganism ratio (F/M) (kg BOD per day I kg MLSS)
(c) Percentage efficiency of BOD removal
(d) Sludge age (days).
Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. Activated sludge process degrade organics and _________
2. What is required to keep the activated sludge suspended?
3. _______ provides the dual purpose of providing DO and mixing of the mixed liquor and
wastewater.
4. Activated sludge process uses micro-organisms to degrade organics from wastewater.?
5. The organisms feed on _____ in aeration tanks.

Design and Drawing of Trickling Filter

Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw trickling filter.
Apparatus required:
Description:
Trickling filter, in wastewater treatment, a bed of crushed rock or other coarse media
roughly 2 metres (6 feet) deep and up to 60 metres (200 feet) in diameter. Settled sewage is
sprayed over the bed surface and is further purified as it trickles downward, coming in contact
with filmy layers of microorganisms (slime) attached to the media. The microorganisms absorb
the organic matter in the sewage and stabilize it by aerobic metabolism, thereby removing
oxygen-demanding substances from the sewage. Trickling filters remove up to 85 percent of
organic pollutant from sewage.
Design Procedure:
Loading:
Hydraulic loading:
 Quantity of sewage per hectare of surface area per day.
 Loading varies from 25 to 40 million liter per hectare of surface area per day.
 SRTF = 1 to 4 m3/d/m2.
 HRTF = 10 to 30 m3/d/m2.
Organic loading:
 Loading varies from 1000 to 2200kg of BOD 5 per hectare meter of filter volume
of per day.
 SRTF = 80 to 320 g/d/m3.
 HRTF = 500 to 1000 g/d/m3.
Population based loading:
 Number of persons served per hectare of filter surface area.
 Number of persons served per unit volume of filter media.
Efficiency:
Based on NRC equation (USA).
( ) ( )
√ √
E = Efficiency of filter and its secondary clarifier in terms of percentage BOD in

removal.
Ci = Influent BOD concentration.
Ce = Effluent BOD concentration.
u = Organic loading in kg/ha-m/day applied to filter (unit hydraulic loading).
U = Unit hydraulic loading in kg/m 3/day.

Model Question
Design suitable dimensions of circular trickling filter units for treating 5 million liters of sewage
per day. The BOD of sewage is 150 ml. Draw the sectional view of the trickling filter.
Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. __________ in trickling filter contains many species like bacteria and round worms.
2. Which of the following causes thickening of the biofilm?
3. What is the depth of the trickling filter?
4. The spindle is provided at the ______ to support perforated plates.
5. Which type of bacteria are used in trickling filters?

W = Total BOD in kg.

V = Filter volume in m3 (or) ha-m.
F = Recirculation factor.
Performance:
The trickling filter has high efficiency in removal of BOD and other organic matter.
 Suspended solids and BOD are reduced by 90% each.
 BOD left in the effluent is less than 20 ppm.
 Effluent is highly stabilized.

H2S - Hydrogen sulphide

H2 - Hydrogen
N2 - Nitrogen
O2 - Oxygen
 The combustible gas is methane.
 Sludge gas with 70% methane has fuel value of 5800 Kcal/m3.
 Average gas production is 0.9m3/kg of volatile solids destroyed.
 Depending upon sulphate content of sludge, H2S is produced which is corrosive and
causes nuisance.

Design and Drawing of Sludge Digestor

Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw sludge digestor.
Apparatus required:
Description:
 Sludge digestion is defined as the organic matter present in the settled sludge to aerobic
decomposition to make it amenable to dewatering.
 Sludge digestion is reduction in sludge volume.
 Anaerobic digestion produce gas (CH4) as by product, whereas aerobic digestion does
not produce any utilizable byproduct other than well stabilized sludge.
Two stages:
(i) First stage – Acid Fermentations.
 Acid forming bacteria hydrolyses high molecular organic compounds into organic acids.
 End products are acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid.
(ii) Second stage – Methane Fermentation.

 Gasification of organic acids (formed in first stage) into methane and carbondioxide by
acid splitting methane-forming bacteria.
 These reactions reduce the biodegradable volatile solids in sludge.
 Due to very low microbial growth rate, the production of biological sludge in anaerobic
process is very low.
 Major portion of organic waste is converted into gas. Hence the effluent is more
stabilized.
Design Procedure:
 Number of units / capacity

 Conventional – Single or multiple units of 3 MLD each.
 High rate - Primary and secondary digestion tanks of 20 MLD.
 Tank shape - Circular.
Tank size not greater than 55m diameter.
 Water depth - 4.5m to 6m.

 Free board - 0.4 to 0.8 (depending on floating or fixed cover).
 Roofing - Floating or fixed with gas domes.
 Mixing - Mechanical stirring with revolving arms.
Gas composition and collection:
 Sludge gas – 60 to 70% Methane(CH4)
- 25 to 35% carbondioxide (CO2)
- Other gases

Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What is biogas composed of?
2. The pathogens in digestate are _________
3. What is the temperature that needs to be maintained during the process?
4. What is the optimum temperature at which anaerobic digestion is carried out?
5. What is the percentage of Carbon dioxide produced during anaerobic digestion?


Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. Advantages of sludge drying beds
2. How sludge thickening is done?
3. What are the types of sludge drying methods?
4. What are unplanted drying beds?
5. What is the purpose of dewatering?

Design and Drawing of Septic tanks and disposal arrangements

Exp. No.: Date :
Aim:
To design and draw sludge drying beds.
Apparatus required:
Description:
A septic system is a highly efficient, self-contained, underground wastewater treatment system.
Because septic systems treat and dispose of household wastewater onsite, they are often more
economical than centralized sewer systems in rural areas where lot sizes are larger and houses
are spaced widely apart. Septic systems are also simple in design, which make them generally
less expensive to install and maintain. And by using natural processes to treat the wastewater
onsite, usually in a homeowner's backyard, septic systems don't require the installation of miles
of sewer lines, making them less disruptive to the environment.
Design Procedure:
1. Detention period for domestic septic tank 24 hours.
2. Minimum liquid depth ……1.00m
3. Maximum liquid depth ……3.00m
4. Length to breadth ratio ……. 3:1
5. Minimum depth of of baffle is 30cm above of liquid level and 30cm below of
liquid level
6. Location of hanging baffle is L/5 from the inlet (more than 60cm)
7. Minimum diameter of sludge outlet 15 cm of stone ware pipe.
8. Minimum diameter of house drain 10cm
9. Minimum depth of earth cover = 30 cm
10. Diameter of the ventilating pipe = 5 to 10cm and 2 to 4.5 m above
ground level
11. Free board - 50 cm to 75 cm
12. Minimum capacity of the tank - 4m3
13. Level of outlet should be 15 m lower than the inlet level
14. Rate of dispersion 100 l/m2/day
15. Gradient of dispersion pipe 1 in 200
16. Sludge storage 0.037 m3/day/head
17. Scum storage 0.017 m3/day/head
18. Standing baffle 2/3 from the inlet pipe
19. For inspection purpose, C.I. steps and manholes are provided


Model Question
Design a septic tank for a multistoried building with a total of 200 residents having per capita
water consumption being 200 l/day. The soil at the site is sandy and the effluent is proposed
to be disposed by sub soil percolation.
Draw the following to a suitable scale,
1. The plan showing the tank
2. Longitudinal section of the tank
3. The cross section of the tank
Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. The term “septic” refers to ____________
2. Septic tank is usually consists of brick wall in cement not less than _______
3. Soak pit shall not be less than ____________
4. A __________is a chamber made of concrete, fiberglass, PVC or plastic, through which
domestic wastewater, sewage flows for primary treatment.
5. Connecting pipe should be_______ mm minimum diameter.

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CE8612 Irrigation And Environmental Engineering Drawing Department of Civil Engineering 2019-2020

CE8612 IRRIGATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DRAWING L T P C

PART A: IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

3. CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

4. CANAL REGULATION STRUCTURES

PART B: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

1. WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT

2. SEWAGE TREATMENT & DISPOSAL

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Exp. No.: Date :

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5. Up stream side apron

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3. Ryve’s coefficient ‘C’…………...6.5 (Combined)

C = Ryve’s coefficient for combined catchment area = 6.5

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C d = Co-efficient of discharge 0.562

H = Head of water in m (1.50 m)

Now solving the equation, L = 17.22 m

= 0.552( 3.00  1.50 ) = 1.637 m

where,   Density of masonry =2.25; H1  H  h  3.00  1.50  4.50 m

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Adopt, top width = 2.20 m and bottom width = 3.00 m

Width of apron = 2(0.6  1.5) = 4.20 m

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Height of abutment = T.B.L. – G.L. = 54.80 – 49.20 = 5.60 m

Adopt a minimum width as 45 cm

Base width = 0.4

Total width of concrete = 2.30 + 2 (0.30) = 2.90 m

Height of abutment at upstream side = 52.50 – 49.20 = 3.30 m

Total width at foundation = 0.4 x

Height of abutment at downstream side = 51.00 – 49.20 = 1.80 m

Total width at foundation = 0.4 x

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where, d 1 = diameter of the plug hole in ‘m’

Using discharge formula,

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Average depth is assumed as 2.15 m (or) 2.00 m

C d = Co-efficient of discharge = 0.6 (assume)

A = Area of the section in m2

Using discharge formula, Q  C d A1 2gh 1

 0.095 = 0.6 x A 1 x 2 x 9.81 x 0.3

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 Provide a plug hole of 30 cm diameter

Using discharge formula, Q  C d A 2 2gh 2

h2 = head of water = 0.15 m

 0.095 = 0.6 x A2 x 2 x 9.81 x 0.15

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Design principles of Earth Dam

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(v) Number of Spans:

(vii) Length of Contraction or Approach Transition:

(viii) Length of Expansion or Departure Transition: