INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 6. No. 3.

May, 2014
Suparman, D. Salman. Organizing the bonding social capital within the discontinuity of community (case studies in Lae-Lae
Island of Fisherman community, Untia village, Makassar). International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2014; 6(3), 112-
117. DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-3/B.17

Library of Congress Classification: HB501, HM756-781

ORGANIZING THE BONDING SOCIAL CAPITAL WITHIN

THE DISCONTINUITY OF COMMUNITY (CASE STUDIES
IN LAE-LAE ISLAND OF FISHERMAN COMMUNITY,
UNTIA VILLAGE, MAKASSAR)
1 2
Suparman , Darmawan Salman
1
Doctoral Student of Sociology, the Graduate State University of Makassar,
2
Professor of Sociology, State University of Makassar (INDONESIA)
E-mails: mansosio87@yahoo.com, darsalman@hotmail.com

DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-3/B.17

Received: 11 Jan, 2014

Accepted: 22 May, 2014

ABSTRACT

Bonding social capital is a capacity that makes the citizens of both communities integrated internally. The
potential social capital consists of the spirit of a familial bond and kinship, ethnic similarity (Bugis-Makassar) and
religion (Islam) as well as the potential of community leaders. Community discontinuity (uprooted or rootless) that
occurs is changes and differences due to disembeddedness, uncovered and separation of multiple dimensions of
citizens' lives. These conditions have occurred since the relocation of some residents of the island of Lae-Lae to
Fisherman Villag, Untia village. The process of relocation of citizens facing conditions of disintegration and
correction of bonding social capital is marked by conflict, negative prejudices, suspicion and terror. The reality of
the lives of the citizens in the community includes the social, economic and physical environment. Forms of social
capital bonding arrangement made by the community to build relationships and cooperation towards internal
integration is consolidation, arranging institutional and community organizations, arranging values and norms of
reciprocity, fulfilling needs of the community and mapping potential community leaders. The elements of social
capital are related to one another. Arrangement of one element will be able to build and strengthen the
relationship and cooperation internally within the community.

Key words: Discontinuity, Social Capital, Strengthening, Community

1. INTRODUCTION

Some experts who have studied about social capital such as Lubis (2002) [1] social capital in the
management of common property resources (bottom prohibition) in South Tapanuli, Badaruddin, ( 2003) [2]
Social Capital and Poverty Reduction Fishermen in North Sumatra Province, Salman (2002), [3] Social Capital
Collaboration in Poverty Reduction Caddi Barrang Island Fishermen. Rivai (2007) [4] also has a research on
Social Capital in Community Bugis fishing village in the district Anetue-Glass Soppeng but he examines the social
capital bonding related to discontinuity phenomena unaccounted community. Therefore, this study aims to
describe how social capital as a potential base in the community and how to organize the social capital that is to
glue / bonding (bonding social capital) in the community who have discontinuities.
Both communities are experiencing discontinuities can be integrated and collaborate both internally and
between communities through its structuring of social capital. The potential of social capital that is internally
binding glue and can create harmonious conditions and simplify the process of adapting to the changes and
differences encountered. Two communities living conditions today are very stable and visible to the normal social
and economic activities they run well. Therefore, social capital and capacity are an effective approach to use in
solving problems for the community full of dynamics and changes.
Discontinuity community is a condition of disembeddedness caused by the existence of differences and
changes in the social, economic and environment experienced by communities. The phenomenon is the result of
a policy of relocating citizens conducted by the Government of Makassar in 1998. Population relocation policies
are not fully accepted by the citizens, so that only a portion of the 150 families or 360 families residing in the
island of Lae-Lae. Community discontinuity condition is not extended because both communities have the
resources and potential of social capital that is bonding. It is called bonding social capital. Fukuyama in
Hasbullah,(2006) [5] emphasizes social capital as everything that makes the community to federate in order to
achieve common goals based on togetherness and bound by the values and norms that grow and obeyed.
Further the damage of social capital will lead to anomie and antisocial behavior Cox, in Mustafa,(2009) [6].The

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 6. No. 3. May, 2014
potential of bonding social capital owned by both communities are the togetherness in the region of residence, a
familial bond and kinship, the same ethnic and religious namely Bugis-Makassar and Islam, livelihood systems as
fishermen and potential community leaders. The potentials are capable of creating conducive condition to the
integration of the internal bonding for the citizens. Both communities have same socio-cultural and economic
identity. Schwart, in Djamalauddin A.(2003) [7] which refers to Fukuyama states that there are four inherent value
of social capital, namely: (a) universalism is the value of understanding towards others, appreciation, tolerance
and the protection of human beings and other creatures of God, (b) Benevolence is the value of the maintenance
and improvement of the well-being of others, (c) Tradition is the value that contains the award, commitment and
acceptance of the idea of the traditional culture and tradition, (d) Conformity is the value containing safety, honor,
the stability of society in dealing with others and treating yourself
The arrangement is a joint action carried out by the citizens of the community to build and strengthen the
potential of the social capital. The action is a social adaptation effort of the changes and differences.

2. RESEARCH METHOD

This study used a qualitative descriptive approach that aimed to describe the arrangement of social
capital in community's discontinuities Lae-Lae and Fisherman Village, Untia village. The data were obtained
trough observations and depth interviews with 16 informants of community leaders selected two communities
purposive. The data were collected, displayed, analyzed and interpreted.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Bonding social capital of citizens is a capital base that is able to build and foster relationships and
cooperation between citizens internally. The potential has been experiencing correction even attenuation due to
the relocation of residents. Social capital as the capital basis in a community contains several functions and roles
in addressing social problems in society, namely: (1) shaping social solidarity, (2) building participation, (3) as a
counterbalance the social relations within the community, (4) creating self-reliance and community economic self-
sufficiency, (5) as part of the management mechanism of social problems (conflicts and poverty), (6) maintaining
and developing social integration which is prone to social problems (conflicts and poverty), (7) recovering the
public as a result of social problems, and (8) producing trust. (Munandar, 2002) [8]. The results of structuring
elements of social capital are made by residents of both communities who experience discontinuity speed the
recovery process and facilitate the process of adaptation to the social integration. Social capital has been
organized into a useful energy source for the survival of both community lives.
The effort arranging bonding social capital conducted by citizen of both communities post-relocation is as
follows:

1. Reforming Togetherness And Mutual Trust

The structuring of social capital as a source of energy in binding the situation in the disembeddedness is
conducted through internal consolidation after the relocation. Mechanism or procedure for consolidation of both
Communities is internal family or household, meeting between citizens of the community, opening and accessing
information from sources believed by citizens. Places that are often used in the consolidation are office of urban
village, mosque, meeting hall, celebration. Informal meetings often conducted are formed friendships, community
service activities, lectures, social gatherings, and in the hall while playing cards (dominoes) and using sports
facilities. Consolidation conducted is socialization, which provides information and understanding to citizens,
citizen involvement in the preparation of a plan of activities, coordination of the acceptance and reporting of
activities as well as deal-making with the citizens. The consolidation place that is used can be categorized in two
forms, namely the means of physical and non-physical form of social activity.
Every meeting of the citizens became an arrangement effort in strengthening relations and togetherness
that underlies the growing spirit of mutual trust among them. Performance of bonding social capital of both
communities is demonstrated through the creation of conditions getting better in terms of social, economic,
including physical infrastructure environments. Cox, (1995) in Rahmatullah (2013) [9] notes that the community
has a high level of trust, social rules, which tend to be positive, relationships, which are also social cooperation
and growing confidence, which is basically a product of good social capital.
Social conditions which are more conducive and effective are characterized by high the togetherness of
citizens in the implementation of infrastructure improvements (pedestrian bridge), including the improvement of
the performance and power of social capital, such as the creation of a sense of security and comfort, the rise in
an atmosphere of togetherness, mutual trust, mutual help among citizens and organizations or institutions that
already have the completeness and other facilities.

2. Reforming Institutions and Community Social Organization

Institutions and social organizations that are owned by both communities have been a very useful medium.
The agency includes LPM (Institute for Community Empowerment), Majelis Taklim, LKM (Institute of Community
Self-reliance) group gathering, family organizations and educational institutions and mosques. In the process until
after the relocation of the institution or organization uncovered and stagnate. Reality of discontinuity experienced
by the community is administrators or managers of the institution, and its members experienced relocation to

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Fisherman Village. Institutions and organizations cannot perform its functions and its role well. Instead Fisherman
Village community as a new community formed after relocation experience emptiness or absence of institutions
like management of ORT, ORW no, Majelis Taklim, LPM, LKM and group gathering.
Institutions and organizations structuring make efforts as performed by Lae-Lae community that
complements the administrators who left because of moving to Fisherman Village. Like the board LPM, Majelis
Taklim, a group gathering, the Neighborhood Organization (ORT) and Pillars of Citizens Organizations (ORW).
The Fisherman Village community is not only the arrangement of institutions or organizations, but also the
establishment and development of a new institution or organization. Arrangement of institutional is restructring the
Organization Neighborhood and Pillars of Citizens Organizations. Existence of institutions both communities have
a strategic role as a medium for the citizens. Institution / social organization contains several important elements:
first; community as staples, which if not met will experience shock, second; bunch of status and role that is
specifically designed to meet the basic needs, third-status role by itself or organization should be accompanied by
the norm to ensure that basic needs such as valuable it truly fulfilled. Institutions / agencies also point to a set of
roles that are designed specifically to meet the needs of a particular social (Smelser in Lawang, 2004, 89) [10].
An agency or organization that has a benefit to the community is a form of social capital. Instead of
institutions and organizations that do not contribute to the community could not be categorized as social capital.
Institutions or organizations can grow into effective social capital and contribute to the community if it has a
complete and comprehensive organizational structure. Completeness of institution or organization by the
completeness of the management structure, work program, regular meetings and work plan.

3. Reforming Relationships, Values and Norms Reciprocal

Under conditions of discontinuities, both communities experiencing the shock of the interaction, including
the values and norm that have been the grip was partly corrected. It is characterized by a full social life with
suspicion, intimidation, and anomie. However, the situation did not last long because both communities have the
potential of social capital. Coleman, in Hasbullah,2006: 7) [5] that the social capital inherent in the structure of
relationships between individuals, relationships and network structure that creates a wide range of social
obligations, creating a climate of mutual trust, bring the channel information and establish norms and social
sanctions for its members.
Some of the potential in the form of values and norms that are still firmly held by citizens of the two
communities after the relocation is value of mutual respect, cooperation, openness, deliberation, mabbulo
sibatang (sense of unity and cohesion).
Principles of values and norms that are laid out through the actualization owned in every social activity and
economic activity both communities. Such as cooperate in maintaining security, improving the physical
environment, to help each other in any religious celebration and celebration, exchanging information and
institutionalize deliberation life.
Actualization of values and norms create social integration and community order. Social dynamics that
lead to integration, order and cooperation are a form of structuring and performance values and norms are made
by residents of both communities. Putnam in Rahmat, (2008) [11] states that social relationships are a reflection
of the cooperation and coordination among citizens based on social bonds are active and reciprocal (mutual).
Furthermore, he mentions that the beliefs, norms and social networks tend to be mutually reinforcing (self-
reinforcing) and are cumulative.
Structuring values and norms by both communities did not experience significant barriers because both
community residents have the same socio-cultural background, family ties and even has a strong emotional bond.
Values and principles are also a potential source of social capital which is arranged through the implementation of
the various activities both within the family and in the social life of the community. Strength and performance of
social capital are possessed by the two communities characterized by high commitment and consistency.
Managing the relations and interactions supported by the citizens of both community values and norms that are
the same even the same source as the socio-cultural and family unity.
Other forms of actualization values and social norm of both communities is the identification and
application of values and social norms. Realization social life of both communities can be seen on the value of
honesty and openness actualized in the form of information dissemination broadest, where each will perform
social activities are always announced and delivered through media such as a mosque. All information submitted
in the mosque, because the mosque is a symbol of unity and technically has a fairly comprehensive set of tools to
provide the range of information to all citizens. The location of the mosque is strategically located in the middle
settlements in accessing information easier for citizens. Disclosure of information for citizens is to encourage the
growth of mutual trust among community members. Structuring values and norms are able to create and order in
the community integration.

4. Together Organizing Communities through Social Fulfillment.

Both communities have the potential to be bonding social capital such as trust, team spirit, participation,
self-reliance as well as institutions or agencies. Mutual trust is shown by the residents of both communities
through cooperation, mutual aid, mutual visiting, giving and receiving. Mutual trust is also implemented in the daily
lives of people like to help each other in every execution of celebration, exchanging food, energy assistance and
loans.

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Spirit of participation and self-reliance, and involvement shown in the form of donations to the common
interest such as the involvement and help contribute to the improvement of the physical environment, involvement
in maintaining security. Social capital of the institution or institutions owned by both communities include:
Community Self-reliance Institutions (MFIs), Institute for Community Empowerment (LPM), Majelis Taklim, group
and family gathering.
All elements of social capital that is owned and maintained during this arranged by residents of both
communities, because the feeling of contribution and usefulness. Contributions and benefits perceived social
capital in the form of preparation and fulfillment of the needs of both individuals and communities for social
purposes. Functionally social capital will be lost if its existence is not able to provide any benefit and by anyone.
Along with religious affiliations, institutions or organizations that are built, maintained togetherness all survive
because there is no benefit.
Utilization of social capital as a means of fulfilling the basic needs of the community as the social system
include; behavior and patterns of action that is set up through the system status and role. The fulfillment of the
basic needs that require a lot of participation from a lot of people, the organization needs to be formal or informal.
The organization is a great tool and how to meet the needs of the way dividing the tasks and authorities through a
tight structure.
Completion and fulfillment needs to the residents of the community are one of the media in organizing of
community residents. The spirit of mutual trust, cooperation, mutual giving and receiving grow and survive
because it gives the benefit of the community. Innate energy, the spirit of mutual help among residents is the
potential of the social capital that contribute to the fulfillment of the needs of the citizens of the community.
Residents of both communities have a habit to self and participate in the fix and repair the infrastructure such as
roads and bridges, clean environment, and maintaining security. All forms of innate energy and participation by
citizens were to the interests and needs of the community.
The process of maintaining, even improving the procurement of a wide range of community needs is a
place in the organized and promoted the spirit of togetherness in the community. All forms of involvement of
citizens in the community into the places and means of building togetherness. In essence the repair and
procurement for the fulfillment of the needs and interests of citizens of a shared group has indirectly in
establishing and organizing social capital.
The growing awareness of the needs and interests of the media in fostering shared and build social
solidarity. In particular the social solidarity that was a form of mechanical sense of shared responsibility, moral
obligation, the urge of conscience to do and act due to the similarity and togetherness. Actions and awareness
shown by the citizens in fulfilling the shared interests and needs of a growing form of togetherness is among
them.

5. Organize a Union and Unity through the Potential of the Lights in the Community

The two communities have lights that could be a potential symbol of encouragement and growth of union
and unity. The role of the owned was a reflection of leadership expected by citizens of his community. The
existence of a trusted community leader is the unifying potential between residents in a community. The two
communities have community leaders who adhered, obey. Community leaders were always involved in every
activity undertaken by the proponent to be even in the middle of society in solving faced. So that it becomes a
source of motivation in fostering the spirit of cooperation and unity of the citizens of the two communities.
Community leaders who have always appeared in the middle of the citizens and get involved in various activities
such as work in the repair service facilities and infrastructure to the environment, as a source of information and
provide direction to its citizens.
In essence, the lights of the potential arrangement is owned by both communities was done through the
identification of potential, optimize its role, provide trust, give awards and appreciation as well as build
commitment and consistency of partiality for the citizens. The identification of figures materialized with the
discovery of various types of figures such as youth figures, religious figures, women figures, fisherman figures. All
of these were unidentified has contributed to and role during this time in his community. The implications of the
role of the character in his community to delivered of trust for the citizens of the community. High trust and
appreciation award for delivered to the citizens to be always consistent and committed to meet his expectations.
Structuring of social capital within the community of discontinuity, including the society as one element of
social capital can reduce and overcome the lack of trust, mutually suspicious, even negative prejudice even
intimidated, insulting each another.
The entire setup potential process and elements of social capital that has been done by the citizens in the
case of community discontinuity reflected in the following table.

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Structuring of Social Capital Bonding in Discontinuity Community

NO. REGULATION OF MS. FISHER VILLAGE LAE-LAE ISLAND

BONDING

1. Mutual trust through consolidation Formal and informal meetings are conducted in
Meeting of the citizens of both formal and the building meeting villagers, Mosque, Town
informal, conducted at the mosque, a Hall (place of rest/relax) while playing cards,
meeting place, at the time of the execution mutual improvement of environmental
of social activities such as workplace activities.
devotional, recitation

2. Institution & organization The establishment of new institutions such as
the Neighborhood Association, Community
Association, Majelis Ta’lim, group of
concerned citizens and regular social
gathering
Meeting to election of the Executive Board &
members to fill the administration institutions
and a blank organization such as Community
Association, group of concerned citizens and
Majelis Ta’lim

3. Relationship, value and feedback Help each other in celebration activities of
norms. citizens, involvement of citizens in the work
program of the environmental improvements,
residents active in the activities of the
investigations by Majelis Ta’lim
Help each other in dolor such as giving
donations, involving citizens in any social
activities, conducting regular meetings with
citizens

4. Togetherness through fulfillment
of the needs of the community
5. Union & unity through persona
Community services and mutual cooperation
in repair and procurement of means and
public facilities such as the construction of
bridges, mosques, perimeter security posts,
shelter clean water, environmental hygiene.
Community leaders directly involved in the
social activity of citizens, providing
information and employment opportunities,
assist in coordinating the issues and needs of
the residents to outside parties, mediate the
citizens in solving problems.
Friendship in each other for celebration, mutual
cooperation in repair of means and public
facilities, stone breaker waves, environmental
hygiene, community services in repair bridge of
dock.
Community leaders became a symbol in the
implementation of social activities.

Source: Result of data analysis 2013

4. CONCLUSION

Based on the description and analysis of the above, the conclusion can be drawn as follows: (1)
Discontinuity phenomena of community are an overview of the social system inflexible pieces of both the
community and reflect the correction of the role of social capital as a strengthening and binding capacity in host
communities. (2) Structuring of social capital is required as an effort of adaptation in optimizing the potential and
capacity for community integration towards a discontinuity. (3) Each element of social capital has linkages with
the other elements (values and norms of reciprocal, social institutions, trust, cooperation and togetherness and
community leaders). Structuring and strengthening social capital an element by itself will strengthen other
elements (4) Structuring the elements of social capital that is made by bonding both through the community;
structuring the trust through internal consolidation, organize institutions and social organizations through the
establishment and completeness as well as the work plan, organize the relations and cooperation through the
values and norms of reciprocity, of togetherness through fulfillment of the needs of the community and to organize
a union and unity through the lights of the community.(5) Discontinuity community didn't last long and prolonged,
as the community as a social system has the potential of social capital that can streamline its adaptation to any
changes and differences that affect them.

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