Chapter12Solutions PDF

12-1 Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles
Find the values of the six trigonometric

functions for angle θ.

ANSWER:
1.

SOLUTION:
Opposite side = 8
Adjacent Side = 6
Let x be the hypotenuse.
By the Pythagorean theorem,

Therefore, hypotenuse = 10.

The trigonometric ratios are: 2.

SOLUTION:
Adjacent side = 12
Hypotenuse = 16
The trigonometric ratios are:

Substitute:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

Substitute:


In a right triangle, is acute. Find the values
of the five remaining trigonometric functions.

Substitute: 3.

SOLUTION:

Therefore:

ANSWER:

In a right triangle, is acute. Find the values

of the five remaining trigonometric functions.

ANSWER:
3.
, , ,
SOLUTION:
,

Therefore:
4.

SOLUTION:

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eSolutions Page 2

Therefore:
, , ,
, , ,
,
12-1 Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles ,

Use a trigonometric function to find the value of

4. x. Round to the nearest tenth

SOLUTION:
5.

Therefore:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
25.4

6.

ANSWER: SOLUTION:
, , ,
,

Use a trigonometric function to find the value of

x. Round to the nearest tenth ANSWER:

7.7

5.

7.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
61.9
12-17.7
Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles

7.

SOLUTION:
9.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
8.3

Find the value of x. Round to the nearest tenth. ANSWER:

25.4

8.

SOLUTION:
10.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
61.9

ANSWER:
68.0

11. CCSS SENSE-MAKING Christian found two

trees directly across from each other in a canyon.
When he moved 100 feet from the tree on his side
9. (parallel to the edge of the canyon), the angle formed
by the tree on his side, Christian, and the tree on the
other side was 70°. Find the distance across the
SOLUTION: canyon.
SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-168.0
Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles about 274.7 ft

11. CCSS SENSE-MAKING Christian found two 12. LADDERS The recommended angle of elevation

trees directly across from each other in a canyon. for a ladder used in fire fighting is 75°. At what
When he moved 100 feet from the tree on his side height on a building does a 21-foot ladder reach if the
(parallel to the edge of the canyon), the angle formed recommended angle of elevation is used? Round to
by the tree on his side, Christian, and the tree on the the nearest tenth.
other side was 70°. Find the distance across the
canyon.
SOLUTION:
Let x be the height of the building.
SOLUTION:
Let x be the distance across the canyon.

ANSWER:
about 274.7 ft
ANSWER:
20.3 ft
12. LADDERS The recommended angle of elevation
for a ladder used in fire fighting is 75°. At what
height on a building does a 21-foot ladder reach if the Find the values of the six trigonometric
recommended angle of elevation is used? Round to functions for angle θ.
the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:
Let x be the height of the building. 13.

SOLUTION:


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ANSWER: Page 5
20.3 ft

14.
SOLUTION:


Substitute:

Substitute:

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
14.

SOLUTION:

Substitute:
ANSWER:
15.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:


16.

SOLUTION:


Substitute:


Page 7


In a right triangle, are acute. Find
the values of the five remaining trigonometric
functions.

17.

SOLUTION:

Substitute:

Therefore:

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
, , ,
,

In a right triangle, are acute. Find 18.

the values of the five remaining trigonometric
functions.
SOLUTION:
17.

SOLUTION: Therefore:


Therefore:
, , , , , ,
,
12-1 Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles ,

19. tan B = 3
18.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Therefore:
Therefore:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
, , , , , ,
,
,

19. tan B = 3 20.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Therefore:
Therefore:


, , , , , ,
, Functions in Right Triangles

12-1 Trigonometric ,

Use a trigonometric function to find each value

20. of x. Round to the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:

21.
Therefore:

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
12.7

22.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
, , ,

,
ANSWER:
3.6
Use a trigonometric function to find each value

of x. Round to the nearest tenth.

23.

21.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-13.6
Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles 32.9

25.
23.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
8.7

ANSWER:
10.4

26.

SOLUTION:
24.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
5.1

ANSWER: 27. PARASAILING Refer to the beginning of the

32.9 lesson and the figure shown. Find a, the altitude of a
person parasailing, if the tow rope is 250 feet long
and the angle formed is 32°. Round to the nearest
tenth.

25.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
8.7
eSolutions
ANSWER: Page 11
132.5 ft

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-15.1
Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles 132.5 ft

27. PARASAILING Refer to the beginning of the 28. CCSS MODELING Devon wants to build a rope

lesson and the figure shown. Find a, the altitude of a bridge between his treehouse and Cheng’s
person parasailing, if the tow rope is 250 feet long treehouse. Suppose Devon’s treehouse is directly
and the angle formed is 32°. Round to the nearest behind Cheng’s treehouse. At a distance of 20
tenth. meters to the left of Devon’s treehouse, an angle of
52° is measured between the two treehouses. Find
the length of the rope.

SOLUTION:
Let x be the length of the rope bridge between the
houses.
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

132.5 ft

28. CCSS MODELING Devon wants to build a rope

bridge between his treehouse and Cheng’s
treehouse. Suppose Devon’s treehouse is directly
behind Cheng’s treehouse. At a distance of 20 ANSWER:
meters to the left of Devon’s treehouse, an angle of 25.6 m
52° is measured between the two treehouses. Find
the length of the rope.
Find the value of x. Round to the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:
Let x be the length of the rope bridge between the
houses.
29.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
30
ANSWER:
25.6 m

Find the value of x. Round to the nearest tenth.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
30
12-1 Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles 36.9

30. 32.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
67.2 55.2

31. 33.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
36.9 32.5

32.

SOLUTION:
34.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-132.5
Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles about 25.3 ft

36. HANG GLIDING A hang glider climbs at a 20°
angle of elevation. Find the change in altitude of the
hang glider when it has flown a horizontal distance of
60 feet.
SOLUTION:
Let x be the change in altitude.
34.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
about 21.8 ft
Use trigonometric functions to find the values

of x and y. Round to the nearest tenth.

ANSWER:
23.6

35. SQUIRRELS Adult flying squirrels can make 37.

glides of up to 160 feet. If a flying squirrel glides a
horizontal distance of 160 feet and the angle of
descent is 9°, find its change in height. SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
Let h be the height.

ANSWER:
x = 21.9, y = 20.8

ANSWER:
about 25.3 ft

38.
36. HANG GLIDING A hang glider climbs at a 20°
angle of elevation. Find the change in altitude of the
SOLUTION:
hang glider when it has flown a horizontal distance of
60 feet.
SOLUTION:
Let xManual
eSolutions be the- Powered
changebyinCognero
altitude. Page 14

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
x = 21.9, y = 20.8
12-1 Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles x = 93.7, y = 60.2

39.

38. SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
x = 93.7, y = 60.2

39.
ANSWER:
x = 19.3, y = 70.7
SOLUTION:

Solve each equation

40.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
about 80.9

ANSWER:
x = 19.3,
eSolutions y -=Powered
Manual 70.7 by Cognero 41. Page 15

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
about 80.9
12-1 Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles about 20.5

44. tan G = 0.125
41.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
about 7.1

ANSWER:
45. cos Z = 0.98
about 54.9

SOLUTION:
42. tan X = 15

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
about 11.5

ANSWER:
about 86.2 46. MONUMENTS A monument casts a shadow 24
feet long. The angle of elevation from the end of the
shadow to the top of the monument is 50°.
43. sin T = 0.35
a. Draw and label a right triangle to represent this
situation.
SOLUTION:
b. Write a trigonometric function that can be used to
find the height of the monument.

c. Find the value of the function to determine the
height of the monument to the nearest tenth.
ANSWER:
about 20.5 SOLUTION:

a.
44. tan G = 0.125

SOLUTION:

ANSWER: b. Let x be the height of the monument.
about 7.1
b.

12-1 Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles c. 28.6 ft

47. NESTS Tabitha’s eyes are 5 feet above the ground
b. Let x be the height of the monument.
as she looks up to a bird’s nest in a tree. If the angle
of elevation is 74.5° and she is standing 12 feet from
the tree’s base, what is the height of the bird’s nest?
Round to the nearest foot.
c. Solve for x.
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
a.

b. Therefore, the height of the nest = 43 + 5 = 48 ft.

c. 28.6 ft ANSWER:
48 ft

47. NESTS Tabitha’s eyes are 5 feet above the ground
as she looks up to a bird’s nest in a tree. If the angle
48. RAMPS Two bicycle ramps each cover a
of elevation is 74.5° and she is standing 12 feet from
horizontal distance of 8 feet. One ramp has a 20°
the tree’s base, what is the height of the bird’s nest?
angle of elevation, and the other ramp has a 35°
Round to the nearest foot.
angle of elevation, as shown at the right.

SOLUTION:

a. How much taller is the second ramp than the first?
Round to the nearest tenth.

b. How much longer is the second ramp than the
first? Round to the nearest tenth.
eSolutions Page 17

Therefore, the height of the nest = 43 + 5 = 48 ft.
SOLUTION:
a. 2.7 ft
a. How much taller is the second ramp than the first?
12-1Round to the nearest
Trigonometric tenth. in Right Triangles
Functions b. 1.3 ft

b. How much longer is the second ramp than the
first? Round to the nearest tenth. 49. FALCONS A falcon at a height of 200 feet sees
two mice A and B, as shown in the diagram.

SOLUTION:
a. What is the approximate distance z between the
a. Let x be the height of the first ramp and y be the falcon and mouse B?
height of the second ramp.
b. How far apart are the two mice?

SOLUTION:
a.
Therefore, the second ramp is 2.7 ft taller than the
first ramp.

b. Let l be the length of the first ramp and m the
length of the second ramp. b.

Therefore, the second ramp is 1.3 ft longer than the
first ramp. Therefore, the two mice are about 239.4 ft apart.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
a. 2.7 ft a. about 647.2 ft

b. 1.3 ft b. about 239.4 ft

49. FALCONS A falcon at a height of 200 feet sees In ∆ABC , is a right angle. Use the given
two mice A and B, as shown in the diagram. measurements to find the missing side lengths
and missing angle measures of ∆ABC . Round to
a. What is the approximate distance z between the the nearest tenth if necessary.
falcon and mouse B?
50.
b. How far apart are the two mice?

SOLUTION: Page 18

a. about 647.2 ft
ANSWER:
12-1b. about 239.4 ft Functions in Right Triangles
Trigonometric , a = 31.6, c = 36.9

In ∆ABC , is a right angle. Use the given 52. a = 8, c = 17

measurements to find the missing side lengths
and missing angle measures of ∆ABC . Round to
the nearest tenth if necessary. SOLUTION:

50.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
, b =16.5, c = 20.4 , b = 15

51. 53.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
, a = 31.6, c = 36.9

52. a = 8, c = 17

SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-1 Trigonometric Functions, bin=Right
15 Triangles , b = 7.5, c = 9.6

54. CHALLENGE A line segment has endpoints A(2,
53. 0) and B(6, 5), as shown in the figure. What is the
measure of the acute angle θ formed by the line
segment and the x-axis? Explain how you found the
SOLUTION: measure.

SOLUTION:
About 51.3°; if a right triangle is drawn with as
the hypotenuse, then the side opposite angle θ is 5
and the side adjacent angle θ is 4. , so A ≈
51.3°.

ANSWER:
About 51.3°; if a right triangle is drawn with as
the hypotenuse, then the side opposite angle θ is 5
ANSWER:
and the side adjacent angle θ is 4. , so A ≈
, b = 7.5, c = 9.6
51.3°.

54. CHALLENGE A line segment has endpoints A(2,
0) and B(6, 5), as shown in the figure. What is the 55. CCSS ARGUMENTS Determine whether the
measure of the acute angle θ formed by the line following statement is true or false. Explain your
segment and the x-axis? Explain how you found the reasoning.
measure.
For any acute angle, the sine function will never
have a negative value.

SOLUTION:
True. and the values of the opposite side
and the hypotenuse of an acute triangle are positive,

so the value of the sine function is positive.

ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
About 51.3°; if a right triangle is drawn with as True; and the values of the opposite side
the hypotenuse,
eSolutions thenbythe
Manual - Powered side opposite angle θ is 5
Cognero Page 20
and the side adjacent angle θ is 4. , so A ≈ so the value of the sine function is positive.

the hypotenuse, then the side opposite angle θ is 5 hypotenuse is the same, the length of the side
and the side adjacent angle θ is 4. , so A ≈ opposite angle A must equal the length of the side
opposite angle C. Since the two sides have the same
12-151.3°.
Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles measure, the triangle is isosceles.

55. CCSS ARGUMENTS Determine whether the

following statement is true or false. Explain your 57. WRITING IN MATH A roof has a slope of .
reasoning. Describe the connection between the slope and the
angle of elevation θ that the roof makes with the
For any acute angle, the sine function will never horizontal. Then use an inverse trigonometric
have a negative value. function to find θ.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Sample answer: The slope describes the ratio of the
vertical rise to the horizontal run of the roof. The
True. and the values of the opposite side vertical rise is opposite the angle that the roof makes
with the horizontal. The horizontal run is the adjacent
side. So, the tangent of the angle of elevation equals
so the value of the sine function is positive.
the ratio of the rise to the run, or the slope of the

roof; θ ≈ 33.7°.
ANSWER:
True; and the values of the opposite side ANSWER:

Sample answer: The slope describes the ratio of the
and the hypotenuse of an acute triangle are positive, vertical rise to the horizontal run of the roof. The
so the value of the sine function is positive. vertical rise is opposite the angle that the roof makes
side. So, the tangent of the angle of elevation equals
56. OPEN ENDED In right triangle ABC, sin A = sin the ratio of the rise to the run, or the slope of the
C. What can you conclude about ∆ABC? Justify your roof; θ ≈ 33.7°.
reasoning.

58. EXTENDED RESPONSE Your school needs 5
SOLUTION: cases of yearbooks. Neighborhood Yearbooks lists a
case of yearbooks at $153.85 with a 10% discount on
an order of 5 cases. Yearbooks R Us lists a case of
yearbooks at $157.36 with a 15% discount on 5
cases.

a. Which company would you choose?

b. What is the least amount that you would have to
Since the two sides have the same measure, the spend for the yearbooks?
triangle is isosceles.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER: a. Calculate the price of 5 cases of Neighborhood
Yearbooks.
sin A = sin C, so . Since the
hypotenuse is the same, the length of the side

opposite angle A must equal the length of the side After 10% discount:
opposite angle C. Since the two sides have the same
measure, the triangle is isosceles.

57. WRITING IN MATH A roof has a slope of . Calculate the price of 5 cases of Yearbooks R Us
Describe the connection between the slope and the yearbooks.
angle of elevation θ that the roof makes with the
horizontal. Then use an inverse trigonometric
side. So, the tangent of the angle of elevation equals a. Yearbooks R Us
the ratio of the rise to the run, or the slope of the
12-1roof; θ ≈ 33.7°. Functions in Right Triangles
Trigonometric b. $668.78

58. EXTENDED RESPONSE Your school needs 5 59. SHORT RESPONSE As a fundraiser, the

cases of yearbooks. Neighborhood Yearbooks lists a marching band sold T-shirts and hats. They sold a
case of yearbooks at $153.85 with a 10% discount on total of 105 items and raised $1170. If the cost of a
an order of 5 cases. Yearbooks R Us lists a case of hat was $10 and the cost of a T-shirt was $15, how
yearbooks at $157.36 with a 15% discount on 5 many T-shirts were sold?
cases.

a. Which company would you choose? SOLUTION:
Let x be the number of T-shirts sold. Total number of
items sold is 105.
b. What is the least amount that you would have to

spend for the yearbooks?
Therefore, number of hats sold is .

SOLUTION: So:
a. Calculate the price of 5 cases of Neighborhood
Yearbooks.
Solve for x:

After 10% discount:

Number of T-shirts sold is 24.

ANSWER:
Calculate the price of 5 cases of Yearbooks R Us 24
yearbooks.
60. A hot dog stand charges price x for a hot dog and
After 15% discount: price y for a drink. Two hot dogs and one drink cost
$4.50. Three hot dogs and two drinks cost $7.25.
Which matrix could be multiplied by to find x

and y?
Since $668.78 < $786.8, it will be profitable to buy
books from Yearbooks R Us.
b. The least amount is $668.78. A

ANSWER:
a. Yearbooks R Us B

b. $668.78
C
59. SHORT RESPONSE As a fundraiser, the
marching band sold T-shirts and hats. They sold a
total of 105 items and raised $1170. If the cost of a D
hat was $10 and the cost of a T-shirt was $15, how
many T-shirts were sold?

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero The system of equations represents the given Page 22
Let x be the number of T-shirts sold. Total number of situation:
items sold is 105.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-124
Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles B

60. A hot dog stand charges price x for a hot dog and 61. SAT/ACT The length and width of a rectangle are
price y for a drink. Two hot dogs and one drink cost in the ratio of 5:12. If the rectangle has an area of
$4.50. Three hot dogs and two drinks cost $7.25. 240 square centimeters, what is the length, in
centimeters, of its diagonal?
Which matrix could be multiplied by to find x
and y? F 24

G 26
A
H 28

B J 30

K 32

C
SOLUTION:
Let x be apart.

D Therefore, the length and the width of the rectangle
are 5x and 12x.

SOLUTION: So:
The system of equations represents the given
situation:

Therefore, the length and the width of the rectangle
Rewrite the system of equations. are 10 cm and 24 cm.

.
The diagonal of the rectangle is
cm.
To find the values of x and y, multiply the equation by
Option G is the correct answer.
inverse of matrix .

ANSWER:
Inverse matrix of is . G

Option B is the correct answer. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses for

ANSWER:
B

61. SAT/ACT The length and width of a rectangle are
in the ratio of 5:12. If the rectangle has an area of
240 Manual
eSolutions square- centimeters, what is the length, in
Powered by Cognero Page 23
centimeters, of its diagonal?

F

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-1GTrigonometric Functions in Right Triangles H0: μ = 3 (claim); Ha: μ ≠ 3

Identify the null and alternative hypotheses for 64. Mrs. Thomas takes at least 15 minutes to prepare a
each statement. Then identify the statement cake.
that represents the claim.

SOLUTION:
62. Jack thinks that it takes less than 10 minutes to ride at least 15 minutes: μ ≥ 15
his bike from his home to the store. less than 15 minutes: μ < 15

The claim is μ ≥ 15, and it is the null hypothesis
SOLUTION: because it does include equality. The alternative
less than 10 minutes: μ < 10, hypothesis is μ < 15, which is the complement of μ ≥
not less than 10 minutes: μ ≥ 10 15.

The claim is μ < 10, and it is the alternative H0: μ ≥ 15 (claim)
hypothesis because it does not include equality. The
null hypothesis is μ ≥ 10, which is the complement of Ha: μ < 15
μ < 10.

H0: μ ≥ 10 ANSWER:
Ha: μ < 10 (claim) H0: μ ≥ 15 (claim); Ha: μ < 15

ANSWER: 65. SWIMMING POOL The number of visits to a
H0: μ ≥ 10; Ha: μ < 10 (claim) community swimming pool per year by a sample of
425 members is normally distributed with a mean of
90 and a standard deviation of 15.
63. A deli sign says that one 12-inch turkey sandwich a. About what percent of the members went to the
contains three ounces of meat. pool at least 45 times?

SOLUTION: b. What is the probability that a member selected at
random went to the pool more than 120 times?
contains 3 ounces: μ = 3
does not contain 3 ounces: μ ≠ 3
c. What percent of the members went to the pool

The claim is μ = 3, and it is the null hypothesis between 75 and 105 times?
because it does include equality. The alternative
hypothesis is μ ≠ 3, which is the complement of μ = SOLUTION:
3.

H0: μ = 3 (claim) ANSWER:
Ha: μ ≠ 3 a. 99.85%

b. 2.5%

ANSWER:
c. 64%
H0: μ = 3 (claim); Ha: μ ≠ 3

66. POLLS A polling company wants to estimate how
64. Mrs. Thomas takes at least 15 minutes to prepare a many people are in favor of a new environmental
cake. law. The polling company polls 20 people. The
probability that a person is in favor of the law is 0.5.

SOLUTION:
a. What is the probability that exactly 12 people are
at least 15 minutes: μ ≥ 15 in favor of the new law?
less than 15 minutes: μ < 15

b. 2.5% a. 0.12

12-1c.Trigonometric
64% Functions in Right Triangles b. 10

66. POLLS A polling company wants to estimate how Find each product. Include the appropriate

many people are in favor of a new environmental units with your answer.
law. The polling company polls 20 people. The
probability that a person is in favor of the law is 0.5.
67.
a. What is the probability that exactly 12 people are
in favor of the new law?
SOLUTION:
b. What is the expected number of people in favor of 1 mile = 5280 feet
the law?
Therefore:
SOLUTION:
a. Use the binomial distribution.
The probability of x successes in n independent trials
is given by
ANSWER:
Here, s = 0.5. So, f = 0.5. 22,704 ft

b. The probability that a person is in favor of the law 68.
is 0.5.
So, out of 20 people, there will be 20 (0.5) or 10
people in favor of the law. SOLUTION:

1 gallon = 8 pints
ANSWER:
a. 0.12 Therefore:

b. 10

Find each product. Include the appropriate ANSWER:

units with your answer. 64 pt

67.
69.

SOLUTION:
1 mile = 5280 feet SOLUTION:

Therefore:

ANSWER:
ANSWER: 35 dollars
22,704 ft
eSolutions Page 25
70.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
12-164 pt
Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles

69. 72.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
35 dollars

70.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
3
86.4 in

71.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
72.

SOLUTION:
12-2 Angles and Angle Measure

1. 140º 2. –60º

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: –60º
140º

ANSWER:
ANSWER:

3. 390º
2. –60º
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: 390º
–60º

ANSWER:
ANSWER:

Find an angle with a positive measure and an
ANSWER:
385°, –335°

3. 390º 5. 175°

SOLUTION:
390º SOLUTION:
Positive angle: 175° + 360° = 535°
Negative angle: 175° – 360° = –185°

ANSWER:
535°, –185°

6. –100°

SOLUTION:
ANSWER: Positive angle: –100° + 360° = 260°
Negative angle: –100° – 360° = –460°

ANSWER:
260°, –460°

Rewrite each degree measure in radians and

each radian measure in degrees.

Find an angle with a positive measure and an 7.
angle with a negative measure that are
coterminal with each angle.

SOLUTION:
4. 25°

SOLUTION:
Positive angle: 25° + 360° = 385°
Negative angle: 25° – 360° = –335°

ANSWER:
385°, –335° ANSWER:
45°

5. 175°
8. 225°

SOLUTION:

Positive angle: 175° + 360° = 535°
Negative angle: 175° – 360° = –185° SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
535°, –185°

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
45°

8. 225° 10. CCSS REASONING A tennis player’s swing

moves along the path of an arc. If the radius of the
arc’s circle is 4 feet and the angle of rotation is 100°,
what is the length of the arc? Round to the nearest
SOLUTION: tenth.

SOLUTION:
Rewrite the central angle in radians.

ANSWER:
9. –40°

Substitute 4 for r and for θ in the formula to find
SOLUTION:
the arc length.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
10. CCSS REASONING A tennis player’s swing 7.0 ft
moves along the path of an arc. If the radius of the
arc’s circle is 4 feet and the angle of rotation is 100°,
what is the length of the arc? Round to the nearest Draw an angle with the given measure in
tenth. standard position.

11. 75°
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Draw the terminal side of the angle 75°
counterclockwise.

the arc length.

ANSWER:
12-27.0 ft
Angles and Angle Measure

Draw an angle with the given measure in 12. 160°

standard position.

11. 75° SOLUTION:
counterclockwise.
SOLUTION:
counterclockwise.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
13. –90°

SOLUTION:
12. 160°
The angle is negative. Draw the terminal side of the
angle 90° clockwise from the positive x-axis.
SOLUTION:
counterclockwise.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero ANSWER: Page 4


13. –90° 14. –120°

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The angle is negative. Draw the terminal side of the The angle is negative. Draw the terminal side of the
angle 90° clockwise from the positive x-axis. angle 120° clockwise from the positive x-axis.

ANSWER: ANSWER:

14. –120° 15. 295°

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The angle is negative. Draw the terminal side of the Draw the terminal side of the angle 295°
angle 120° clockwise from the positive x-axis. counterclockwise.

ANSWER: ANSWER:

15. 295° 16. 510°

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Draw the terminal side of the angle 295° 510° = 360° + 150°
counterclockwise.
counterclockwise past the positive x-axis.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
16. 510°

17. GYMNASTICS A gymnast on the uneven bars
SOLUTION: swings to make a 240° angle of rotation.
510° = 360° + 150°

SOLUTION:
counterclockwise past the positive x-axis. Draw the terminal side of the angle 240°
counterclockwise.


ANSWER:

17. GYMNASTICS A gymnast on the uneven bars 18. FOOD The lid on a jar of pasta sauce is turned

swings to make a 240° angle of rotation. 420° before it comes off.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Draw the terminal side of the angle 240° 420° = 360° + 60°
counterclockwise.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
18. FOOD The lid on a jar of pasta sauce is turned
420° before it comes off.
SOLUTION: coterminal with each angle.
420° = 360° + 60°
19. 50°
SOLUTION:
Positive angle: 50° + 360° = 410°
Negative angle: 50° – 360° = –310°

ANSWER:
410°, −310°

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 20. 95° Page 7

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
410°, −310°
12-2 Angles and Angle Measure 280°, −440°

20. 95° 24. −195°

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Positive angle: 95° + 360° = 455° Positive angle: –195° + 360° = 165°
Negative angle: 95° – 360° = –265° Negative angle: –195° – 360° = –555°

ANSWER: ANSWER:
455°, −265° 165°, −555°

21. 205° Rewrite each degree measure in radians and


SOLUTION: 25. 330°
Positive angle: 205° + 360° = 565°
Negative angle: 205° – 360° = –155°
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
565°, −155°

22. 350°
ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
Positive angle: 350° + 360° = 710°
Negative angle: 350° – 360° = –10°

ANSWER: 26.
710°, −10°

23. −80° SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
Positive angle: –80° + 360° = 280°
Negative angle: 350° – 360° = –440°

ANSWER:
280°, −440° ANSWER:
150°

24. −195°

27.
SOLUTION:
Positive angle: –195° + 360° = 165°
Negative
eSolutions Manualangle: –195° –
- Powered 360° = –555°
by Cognero SOLUTION: Page 8

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
12-2150°
Angles and Angle Measure

27. 30.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
−60° −420°

28. −50° 31. SKATEBOARDING The skateboard ramp at the

8 ft right is called a quarter pipe. The curved
surface is determined by the radius of a circle. Find
SOLUTION: the length of the curved part of the ramp.

ANSWER:

SOLUTION:
29. 190° Rewrite the central angle in radians.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER: Substitute 8 for r and for θ in the formula to find
the arc length.

30.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-2−420°
Angles and Angle Measure about 12.6 ft

31. SKATEBOARDING The skateboard ramp at the 32. RIVERBOATS The paddlewheel of a riverboat

8 ft right is called a quarter pipe. The curved has a diameter of 24 feet. Find the arc length of the
surface is determined by the radius of a circle. Find circle made when the paddlewheel rotates 300°.
the length of the curved part of the ramp.

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:


Substitute 12 for r and for θ in the formula to
find the arc length.

the arc length.

ANSWER:
about 62.8 ft

Find the length of each arc. Round to the
ANSWER: nearest tenth.
about 12.6 ft

32. RIVERBOATS The paddlewheel of a riverboat
has a diameter of 24 feet. Find the arc length of the
circle made when the paddlewheel rotates 300°.

33.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

the arc length.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
6.7 cm
12-2about 62.8
Angles ft Angle Measure
and

Find the length of each arc. Round to the

nearest tenth.

34.

33. SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: find the arc length.

the arc length.

ANSWER:
94.2 m
ANSWER:
6.7 cm
35. CLOCKS How long does it take for the minute
hand on a clock to pass through 2.5π radians?

SOLUTION:
Rewrite the radian measure in degrees.

34.

SOLUTION:
450° = 360° + 90°
find the arc length. Rotation of 360° makes an hour and rotation of 90°
makes 15 minutes.
So, the minute hand takes 1 hour and 15 minutes to
pass through 2.5π radians.

ANSWER:
1 h 15 min

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 36. CCSS PERSEVERANCE Refer to the beginning Page 11
of the lesson. A shadow moves around a sundial 15°
every hour.
ANSWER:

ANSWER: c. Let x represents the angle of rotation after 14
12-21Angles
h 15 minand Angle Measure hours.

The equation that represents the situation is
36. CCSS PERSEVERANCE Refer to the beginning
of the lesson. A shadow moves around a sundial 15°
every hour. .

a. After how many hours is the angle of rotation of
the shadow radians?

b. What is the angle of rotation in radians after 5
hours?

c. A sundial has a radius of 8 inches. What is the arc
formed by a shadow after 14 hours? Round to the
nearest tenth. Substitute 8 for r and for θ in the formula to find

the arc length.
SOLUTION:
a. Rewrite the radian measure in degrees.

For every hour the shadow moves 15° around a ANSWER:
sundial. a. 19.2 h

So 288° rotation takes or 19.2 hours.
b.

b. Let x represents the angle of rotation (in radians)
after 5 hours. c. 29.3 in.

. coterminal with each angle.

37. 620°

SOLUTION:
Positive angle: 620° – 360° = 260°
Negative angle: 620° – 2(360°) = –100°

ANSWER:
260°, −100°
c. Let x represents the angle of rotation after 14
hours.
38. −400°
SOLUTION:
.
Positive angle: –400° + 2(360°) = 320°

ANSWER: 41. SWINGS A swing has a 165° angle of rotation.
260°, −100°
a. Draw the angle in standard position.

38. −400° b. Write the angle measure in radians.

SOLUTION: c. If the chains of the swing are feet long, what
Positive angle: –400° + 2(360°) = 320°
Negative angle: –400° + 360° = –40° is the length of the arc that the swing makes? Round
to the nearest tenth.

ANSWER: d. Describe how the arc length would change if the
320°, −40° lengths of the chains of the swing were doubled.

SOLUTION:
39. a. Draw the terminal side of the angle 165°
counterclockwise.

SOLUTION:
Positive angle:

Negative angle:

ANSWER:

b.

40.

SOLUTION: c. Substitute for r and for θ in the formula

to find the arc length.
Positive angle:

Negative angle:

ANSWER:

d. The arc length would double. Since s = rθ, if r is
doubled and θ remains unchanged, then the value of s
is also doubled.
41. SWINGS A swing has a 165° angle of rotation.

a. Draw the angle in standard position. ANSWER:

b. Write
eSolutions the
Manual angle measure
- Powered in
by Cognero radians. Page 13

c. If the chains of the swing are feet long, what
doubled and θ remains unchanged, then the value of s SOLUTION:
is also doubled. a.
12-2 Angles and Angle Measure Plot the given coordinates and E at the origin and join
them to form the triangles ∆EAB and ∆ECD.
ANSWER:
a.

b. b.

c. 18.7 ft

doubled and θ remains unchanged, then the value of s
is also doubled.

42. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Consider A

(−4, 0), B(−4, 6), C(6, 0), and D(6, 8).

a. GEOMETRIC Draw ∆EAB and ∆ECD with E
at the origin.

b. ALGEBRAIC Find the values of the tangent of
∆BEA and the tangent of ∆DEC.
c. Consider the endpoints (–4, 6) and (0, 0) of .
c. ALGEBRAIC Find the slope of and

d. VERBAL What conclusions can you make about
the relationship between slope and tangent?

SOLUTION:
a.
Plot the given coordinates and E at the origin and join Consider the endpoints (6, 8) and (0, 0) of .
them to form the triangles ∆EAB and ∆ECD.

d. Sample answer: In the coordinate plane, the
tangent of the angle in standard position equals the
slope of the terminal side of the angle.
ANSWER:
a.
ANSWER:
472.5°
d. Sample answer: In the coordinate plane, the
slope of the terminal side of the angle. 44. 124°

ANSWER:
a. SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

45. −200°

b.
SOLUTION:

c. slope of , slope of ED =

d. Sample answer:In the coordinate plane, the
slope of the terminal side of the angle.
ANSWER:



46. 5
43.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
472.5°

47. CAROUSELS A carousel makes 5 revolutions per
44. 124°
minute. The circle formed by riders sitting in the
outside row has a radius of 17.2 feet. The circle
SOLUTION: formed by riders sitting in the inside row has a radius
of 13.1 feet.

a. Find the angle θ in radians through which the

47. CAROUSELS
12-2 A carousel makes 5 revolutions per
Angles and Angle Measure Substitute 13.1 for r and for θ in the formula to
minute. The circle formed by riders sitting in the
outside row has a radius of 17.2 feet. The circle find the arc length.
formed by riders sitting in the inside row has a radius
of 13.1 feet.

a. Find the angle θ in radians through which the
carousel rotates in one second.

b. In one second, what is the difference in arc The difference in arc lengths between the riders
lengths between the riders sitting in the outside row sitting in the outside row and the riders sitting in the
and the riders sitting in the inside row? inside row is 2.1 ft(9 – 6.9).

ANSWER:
a.

b. 2.1 ft

48. CCSS CRITIQUE Tarshia and Alan are writing an

expression for the measure of an angle coterminal
SOLUTION: with the angle shown. Is either of them correct?
a. One revolution makes 360°, so 5 revolutions make Explain your reasoning.
1800°(360° × 5).
For the rotation of 1800° it takes 60 seconds.

Therefore, for one sec it makes or 30° angle
of rotation.

Rewrite 30° in radians.

Substitute 17.2 for r and for θ in the formula to
find the arc length.

Substitute 13.1 for r and for θ in the formula to
SOLUTION:
find the arc length. Tarshia is correct; a coterminal angle can be found
eSolutions by adding a multiple of 360° or by subtracting a Page 16
multiple of 360°. Alan incorrectly subtracted the
original angle measure from 360°.
a. Tarshia; a coterminal can be found by adding a
multiple of 360° or by subtracting a multiple of 360°.
Alan incorrectly subtracted the original angle
12-2b.Angles
2.1 ft and Angle Measure measure from 360°.

48. CCSS CRITIQUE Tarshia and Alan are writing an 49. CHALLENGE A line makes an angle of

expression for the measure of an angle coterminal
with the angle shown. Is either of them correct? radians with the positive x-axis at the point (2, 0).
Explain your reasoning. Find an equation for this line.

SOLUTION:

The equation of the line is x = 2.

ANSWER:
x =2

50. REASONING Express of a revolution in

degrees and in radians. Explain your reasoning.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Tarshia is correct; a coterminal angle can be found
by adding a multiple of 360° or by subtracting a of a revolution is 45° or .
multiple of 360°. Alan incorrectly subtracted the
original angle measure from 360°.
One revolution makes 360° or 2π radians.

ANSWER:
Tarshia; a coterminal can be found by adding a of a revolution in degrees =
multiple of 360° or by subtracting a multiple of 360°.
Alan incorrectly subtracted the original angle
measure from 360°. of a revolution in radians =

49. CHALLENGE A line makes an angle of
ANSWER:
radians with the positive x-axis at the point (2, 0).
Find an equation for this line.

SOLUTION: 51. OPEN ENDED Draw and label an acute angle in

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero standard position. Find two angles, one positive Page
and 17
one negative, that are coterminal with the angle.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:

12-2 Angles and Angle Measure 440° and −280°

51. OPEN ENDED Draw and label an acute angle in 52. REASONING Justify the formula for the length of

standard position. Find two angles, one positive and an arc.
one negative, that are coterminal with the angle.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Use a proportion.

ANSWER:
Use a proportion.

Positive angle: 80° + 360° = 440°
Negative angle: 80° – 360° = –280°

53. WRITING IN MATH Use a circle with radius r
ANSWER: to describe what one degree and one radian
Sample answer: represent. Then explain how to convert between the
measures.

SOLUTION:
One degree represents an angle measure that equals
rotation around a circle. One radian represents
the measure of an angle in standard position that
intercepts an arc of length r. To change from
degrees to radians, multiply the number of degrees by
. To change from radians to degrees,

440° and −280°
multiply the number of radians by .

52. REASONING Justify the formula for the length of
an arc. ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
Use a proportion.

ANSWER:

Use a proportion.


53. WRITING IN MATH Use a circle with radius r 54. SHORT RESPONSE If (x + 6)(x + 8) − (x − 7)(x

to describe what one degree and one radian − 5) = 0, find x.
represent. Then explain how to convert between the
measures.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:

55. Which of the following represents an inverse
variation?

A


B
54. SHORT RESPONSE If (x + 6)(x + 8) − (x − 7)(x
− 5) = 0, find x.

C
SOLUTION:
D

SOLUTION:
Consider the option A.

(x1, y 1) = (2, 50)
(x2, y 2) = (5, 20)

Use a proportion that relates the values.
Page 19
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
56. GEOMETRY If the area of the figure is 60 square
units, what is the length of side ?

55. Which of the following represents an inverse
variation?

A
F

B G

H

C
J

SOLUTION:
D
Let the base of the triangle be x.

Substitute 6 for height, x for base and 60 for area in
SOLUTION: the area formula.
Consider the option A.

(x1, y 1) = (2, 50)
(x2, y 2) = (5, 20)

Use a proportion that relates the values.

Use the Pythagorean equation to find the other side
of the triangle.

Thus, option A represents an inverse variation.

A is the correct option.

ANSWER:
A
G is the correct option.]

56. GEOMETRY If the area of the figure is 60 square
units, what is the length of side ? ANSWER:
G

57. SAT/ACT The first term of a sequence is −6, and

every term after the first is 8 more than the term
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero immediately preceding it. What is the value of the
Page 20
101st term?

F

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-2GAngles and Angle Measure B

57. SAT/ACT The first term of a sequence is −6, and Find the values of the six trigonometric

every term after the first is 8 more than the term functions for angle θ.
immediately preceding it. What is the value of the
101st term?

A 788 58.

B 794
SOLUTION:
C 802 Use the Pythagorean equation to find the unknown
side of the triangle.
D 808

E 814

SOLUTION:
Substitute a 1 = –6, d = 8 and n = 101 in the formula
th
to find n term.

B is the correct option.

ANSWER:
B

Find the values of the six trigonometric ANSWER:
functions for angle θ.

58.

SOLUTION:
Use the Pythagorean equation to find the unknown
59.

SOLUTION:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero side of the triangle. Page 21


60.
59.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Identify the null and alternative hypotheses for

each statement. Then identify the statement
that represents the claim.

61. Tom drinks at least eight glasses of water every day.
60.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: at least 8 glasses: μ ≥ 8
Use the Pythagorean equation to find the unknown less than 8 glasses: μ < 8
side Manual
eSolutions of the -triangle.
The claim is μ ≥ 8, and it is the null hypothesis
a

ANSWER:
H0: μ = 2 (claim); Ha: μ ≠ 2
Identify the null and alternative hypotheses for 63. MANUFACTURING The sizes of CDs made by

each statement. Then identify the statement a company are normally distributed with a standard
that represents the claim. deviation of 1 millimeter. The CDs are supposed to
be 120 millimeters in diameter, and they are made for
drives that are 122 millimeters wide.
61. Tom drinks at least eight glasses of water every day.
a. What percent of the CDs would you expect to be
SOLUTION: greater than 120 millimeters?
at least 8 glasses: μ ≥ 8
less than 8 glasses: μ < 8 b. If the company manufactures 1000 CDs per hour,
how many of the CDs made in one hour would you
The claim is μ ≥ 8, and it is the null hypothesis expect to be between 119 and 122 millimeters?
hypothesis is μ < 8, which is the complement of μ ≥ c. About how many CDs per hour will be too large to
8. fit in the drives?

H0: μ ≥ 8 (claim)
SOLUTION:
Ha: μ < 8 a. Given .
The percent of the CDs would you expect to be
greater than 120 millimeters is
ANSWER: P(x > 120) = 34% + 13.5% + 2% + 0.5% = 50%.
H0: μ ≥ 8 (claim); Ha: μ < 8
b. Given .
The probability of CDs that was made in one hour
would be between 119 and 122 millimeters μ – σ and
62. Juanita says that she has two umbrellas in her car.
μ +2σ, that is, between 120 – 1 or 119 and 120 + 2(1)

or 122.
SOLUTION: P(119 < x < 122) = 34% + 34% + 13.5% = 81.5%
2 umbrellas: μ = 2 81.5% of 1000 CDs = 815 CDs
not 2 umbrellas: μ ≠ 2
c. Given .
The claim is μ = 2, and it is the null hypothesis The probability CDs that will be too large to fit in the
because it does include equality. The alternative drives is greater than μ + 2σ, that is, 120 + 2(1) or
hypothesis is μ ≠ 2, which is the complement of μ = 122.
2. P(x > 122) = 2% + 0.5% = 2.5%
2.5% of 1000 CDs = 25 CDs
H0: μ = 2 (claim)
Ha: μ ≠ 2 ANSWER:
a. 50%

ANSWER:
b. 815
H0: μ = 2 (claim); Ha: μ ≠ 2
c. 25
63. MANUFACTURING The sizes of CDs made by
a company are normally distributed with a standard
deviation of 1 millimeter. The CDs are supposed to 64. FINANCIAL LITERACY If the rate of inflation
be 120 millimeters in diameter, and they are made for is 2%, the cost of an item in future years can be
drives that are 122 millimeters wide. found by iterating the function c(x) = 1.02x. Find the
cost of a $70 digital audio player in four years if the
a. What percent of the CDs would you expect to be rate of inflation remains constant.
greater than 120 millimeters?

b. 815 ANSWER:

12-2c.Angles
25 and Angle Measure

64. FINANCIAL LITERACY If the rate of inflation 66. a = 8, b = 17

is 2%, the cost of an item in future years can be
found by iterating the function c(x) = 1.02x. Find the
cost of a $70 digital audio player in four years if the SOLUTION:
rate of inflation remains constant. Substitute 8 for a and 17 for b in the Pythagorean
equation and solve for c.

SOLUTION:
Given a 1 = 70, r = 1.02 and n = 5

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
$75.77 67. a = 14, b = 11

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the SOLUTION:

length of the hypotenuse for each right triangle Substitute 14 for a and 11 for b in the Pythagorean
with the given side lengths. equation and solve for c.

65. a = 12, b = 15

SOLUTION:
Substitute 12 for a and 15 for b in the Pythagorean
equation and solve for c.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
66. a = 8, b = 17

SOLUTION:
Substitute 8 for a and 17 for b in the Pythagorean
equation
eSolutions and
Manual solve for
- Powered c.
by Cognero Page 24

12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles
The terminal side of θ in standard position 2. (−8, −15)

contains each point. Find the exact values of the
six trigonometric functions of θ.
SOLUTION:

1. (1, 2) Find the value of r.

SOLUTION:
Find the value of r.

Use x = –8, y = –15, and r = 17 to write the six
trigonometric ratios.

Use x = 1, y = 2, and r = to write the six

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
3. (0, −4)

SOLUTION:
2. (−8, −15)

SOLUTION:


ANSWER:
sin θ = −1, cos θ = 0,
tan θ = undefined, csc θ =−1,
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles sec θ = undefined, cot θ = 0

3. (0, −4) Sketch each angle. Then find its reference

angle.
4. 300°
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Use x = 0, y = –4, and r = 4 to write the six

The terminal side of 300° lies in Quadrant IV.

ANSWER:
60°

ANSWER:
sin θ = −1, cos θ = 0,
tan θ = undefined, csc θ =−1,
sec θ = undefined, cot θ = 0

Sketch each angle. Then find its reference

angle.
4. 300°
5. 115°

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:


5. 115°
6.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
coterminal angle:

The terminal side of 115° lies in Quadrant II.

The terminal side of lies in Quadrant III.

ANSWER:
65°

ANSWER:

6.

SOLUTION:
coterminal angle:

Find the exact value of each trigonometric

function.


7. Page 3

ANSWER:


function. 8.

7.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: The terminal side of lies in Quadrant IV.
The terminal side of lies in Quadrant II.

The tangent function is negative in Quadrant IV
.
The sine function is positive in Quadrant II.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
9. sec 120°

SOLUTION:

8.

SOLUTION:
The secant function is negative in Quadrant II.
The terminal side of lies in Quadrant IV.

ANSWER:
−2

The tangent function is negative in Quadrant IV 10. sin 300°
. Manual - Powered by Cognero
eSolutions Page 4
SOLUTION:
c. Use the function to find the distance. Round to the
nearest tenth.
ANSWER:
12-3−2
Trigonometric Functions of General Angles
SOLUTION:
a.
10. sin 300°

SOLUTION:

The sine function is negative in Quadrant IV.
b. Reference angle: 180° – 125° = 55°
The trigonometric function that can be used to find
the distance to the wall is .

c.
ANSWER:
11. ENTERTAINMENT Alejandra opens her portable
DVD player so that it forms a 125° angle. The

screen is inches long.
ANSWER:
a.

a. Redraw the diagram so that the angle is in
standard position on the coordinate plane.

b. Find the reference angle. Then write a
trigonometric function that can be used to find the
distance to the wall d that she can place the DVD
player. b.

c. Use the function to find the distance. Round to the

nearest tenth.
c. 3.2 in.

SOLUTION:
a. The terminal side of θ in standard position
12. (5, 12)

12-3c.Trigonometric
3.2 in. Functions of General Angles

The terminal side of θ in standard position 13. (−6, 8)

SOLUTION:

12. (5, 12) Find the value of r.

SOLUTION:

Use x = –6, y = 8, and r = 10 to write the six

Use x = 5, y = 12, and r = 13 to write the six

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
14. (3, 0)

SOLUTION:
13. (−6, 8)

SOLUTION:


Use x = 3, y = 0, and r = 3 to write the six

14. (3, 0) 15. (0, −7)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find the value of r. Find the value of r.

Use x = 3, y = 0, and r = 3 to write the six Use x = 0, y = –7, and r = 7 to write the six
trigonometric ratios. trigonometric ratios.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:

16. (4, −2)
15. (0, −7)

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:


eSolutions
Page 7
Use x = 0, y = –7, and r = 7 to write the six Use x = 4, y = –2, and r = to write the six

16. (4, −2) 17. (−9, −3)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

Use x = 4, y = –2, and r = to write the six Use x = –9, y = –3, and r = to write the six

ANSWER: ANSWER:

17. (−9, −3) Sketch each angle. Then find its reference

angle.

SOLUTION: 18. 195°

SOLUTION:


Sketch each angle. Then find its reference 19. 285°

angle.

18. 195° SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:


The terminal side of 195° lies in Quadrant III.

ANSWER:
75°

ANSWER:
15°
20. −250°

19. 285° SOLUTION:

coterminal angle:
SOLUTION:



20. −250°
21.
SOLUTION:
coterminal angle: SOLUTION:

The terminal side lies in Quadrant IV.


ANSWER:
70° ANSWER:

21.
22.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
coterminal angle:


23. 400°
22.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: coterminal angle:

coterminal angle:

The terminal side of 40° lies in Quadrant I.


ANSWER:
40°

ANSWER:

function.

24. sin 210°

SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 210º lies in Quadrant III.
23. 400°

SOLUTION:
coterminal
eSolutions Manual -angle:

The sine function is negative in Quadrant III.

ANSWER:
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles −1

Find the exact value of each trigonometric 26. cos 150°

function.

24. sin 210° SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 150º lies in Quadrant II.

SOLUTION:

The cosine function is negative in Quadrant II.


ANSWER:

ANSWER:

27. csc 225°

SOLUTION:
25. tan 315°

SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 315º lies in Quadrant IV.

The cosecant function is negative in Quadrant III.

The tangent function is negative in Quadrant IV.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
−1
28.

26. cos 150°
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero The terminal side lies in Quadrant III. Page 12

ANSWER:
ANSWER:

28. 29.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The terminal side lies in Quadrant III. The terminal side lies in Quadrant IV.

The sine function is negative in Quadrant III. The cosine function is positive in Quadrant IV.

ANSWER: ANSWER:

29. 30.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The terminal side lies in Quadrant IV. The terminal side lies in Quadrant III.

The cosine function is positive in Quadrant IV. The cotangent function is positive in Quadrant III.


ANSWER:
ANSWER:
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles 1

30. 31.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The terminal side lies in Quadrant III. The terminal side lies in Quadrant IV.

The cotangent function is positive in Quadrant III. The secant function is positive in Quadrant IV.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
1

31.
32. CCSS REASONING A soccer player x feet from

the goalie kicks the ball toward the goal, as shown in
SOLUTION: the figure. The goalie jumps up and catches the ball 7
feet in the air.

a. Find the reference angle. Then write a
The secant function is positive in Quadrant IV. trigonometric function that can be used to find how
far from the goalie the soccer player was when he
kicked the ball.

b. About how far away from the goalie was the
soccer player?

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero SOLUTION: Page 14

a. Reference angle:
ANSWER:
ANSWER: a. 26°,

12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles b. about 14.4 ft

32. CCSS REASONING A soccer player x feet from 33. SPRINKLER A sprinkler rotating back and forth

the goalie kicks the ball toward the goal, as shown in shoots water out a distance of 10 feet. From the
the figure. The goalie jumps up and catches the ball 7 horizontal position, it rotates 145° before reversing its
feet in the air. direction. At a 145° angle, about how far to the left
of the sprinkler does the water reach?

a. Find the reference angle. Then write a
trigonometric function that can be used to find how
far from the goalie the soccer player was when he
kicked the ball. SOLUTION:

b. About how far away from the goalie was the
soccer player?

SOLUTION:
a. Reference angle:

The trigonometric function can be used
to find the distance from the goalie was the soccer
player.

b.
The water reaches about 8.2 feet to the left of the
sprinkler.

ANSWER:
about 8.2 ft

ANSWER:
34. BASKETBALL The formula gives
a. 26°,
the distance of a basketball shot with an initial

velocity of V0 feet per second at an angle θ with the
b. about 14.4 ft
ground.

33. SPRINKLER A sprinkler rotating back and forth a. If the basketball was shot with an initial velocity of
shoots water out a distance of 10 feet. From the 24 feet per second at an angle of 75°, how far will
horizontal position, it rotates 145° before reversing its the basketball travel?
direction. At a 145° angle, about how far to the left
of the sprinkler does the water reach? b. If the basketball was shot at an angle of 65° and
traveled 10 feet, what was its initial velocity?
c. If the basketball was shot with an initial velocity of

30 feet per second and traveled 12 feet, at what
a. If the basketball was shot with an initial velocity of
24 feet per second at an angle of 75°, how far will
the basketball travel?
b. If the basketball was shot at an angle of 65° and
traveled 10 feet, what was its initial velocity?
ANSWER:
c. If the basketball was shot with an initial velocity of a. 9 ft
30 feet per second and traveled 12 feet, at what
angle was it shot? b. about 20.4 feet per second

SOLUTION: c. about 12.6°
a. Substitute 24 for V0 and 75º for θ in the given
formula and simplify. 35. PHYSICS A rock is shot off the edge of a ravine
with a slingshot at an angle of 65° and with an initial
velocity of 6 meters per second. The equation that
represents the horizontal distance of the rock x is x =
v0 (cos θ)t, where v0 is the initial velocity, θ is the
angle at which it is shot, and t is the time in seconds.
About how far does the rock travel after 4 seconds?

SOLUTION:
b. Substitute 65º for θ and 10 for R in the given Substitute V0 = 6, θ = 65º and t = 4 in the given
formula and solve for V0. equation and solve for x.

The rock travels about 10.1 m after 4 seconds.

ANSWER:
about 10.1 m

c.
Substitute 30 for V0 and 12 for R in the given formula 36. FERRIS WHEELS The Wonder Wheel Ferris
wheel at Coney Island has a radius of about 68 feet
and solve for θ. and is 15 feet off the ground. After a person gets on
the bottom car, the Ferris wheel rotates 202.5°
counterclockwise before stopping. How high above
the ground is this car when it has stopped?

ANSWER:
a. 9 ft

b. about 20.4 feet per second

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-3about 10.1 m
Trigonometric Functions of General Angles 145.8 ft

36. FERRIS WHEELS The Wonder Wheel Ferris Suppose θ is an angle in standard position

wheel at Coney Island has a radius of about 68 feet whose terminal side is in the given quadrant.
and is 15 feet off the ground. After a person gets on For each function, find the exact values of the
the bottom car, the Ferris wheel rotates 202.5° remaining five trigonometric functions of θ.
counterclockwise before stopping. How high above
the ground is this car when it has stopped?
37. , Quadrant II

SOLUTION:
Opposite side = 4
Hypotenuse = 5

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the adjacent
angle.

SOLUTION:
Since the angle measured from the negative y-axis, Only sine function is positive in Quadrant II
the terminal angle is 202.5º – 90º or 112.5º. .

Therefore, the reference angle is(θ’) 180º – 112.5º
or 67.5º.

Substitute r = 68 and θ = 67.5º in the sine ratio.

ANSWER:

The height above the ground to the car is 62.8 + 68 +
15 or 145.8 feet.

ANSWER:
145.8 ft

38. , Quadrant IV
Suppose θ is an angle in standard position
whose terminal side is in the given quadrant.
For each function, find the exact values of the
remaining five trigonometric functions of θ. SOLUTION:
Opposite side = 2
Adjacent side = 3
eSolutions
37. Manual, -Quadrant
Powered byIICognero Page 17
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the
hypotenuse.

38. , Quadrant IV 39. , Quadrant III

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Opposite side = 2 Adjacent side = 8
Adjacent side = 3 Hypotenuse = 17

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the opposite
hypotenuse. side.

Only cosine function is positive in Quadrant IV.
Only tangent function is positive in Quadrant III.

ANSWER: ANSWER:

39. , Quadrant III 40. , Quadrant IV

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Adjacent side = 8 Opposite side = 5
Hypotenuse = 17 Adjacent side = 12

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the opposite Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the
side. hypotenuse.
eSolutions Page 18


40. , Quadrant IV function.

41. cot 270°
SOLUTION:
Opposite side = 5
Adjacent side = 12 SOLUTION:
Since the angle 270º is a quadrant angle, the
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the coordinates of the point on its terminal side is (0, –y).
hypotenuse.

Only cosine function is positive in Quadrant IV.
ANSWER:
0

42. csc 180°

SOLUTION:
coordinates of the point on its terminal side is (–x, 0).


ANSWER:

function.
ANSWER:
41. cot 270° undefined

SOLUTION:
43. sin 570°
coordinates of the point on its terminal side is (0, –y).
SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero The coterminal angle of 570º is 570º – 360º or 210º.
Page 19


ANSWER:
ANSWER:
12-3undefined

43. sin 570°
44.
SOLUTION:
The coterminal angle of 570º is 570º – 360º or 210º. SOLUTION:

The terminal side of 210° lies in Quadrant III. The coterminal angle of is .

The terminal side of lies in Quadrant II.


The tangent function is negative in Quadrant II.

ANSWER:
44.

ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
The coterminal angle of is .

The terminal side of lies in Quadrant II. 45.

SOLUTION:

The terminal side of lies in Quadrant I.


ANSWER: ANSWER:

45. 46.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The coterminal angle of is . The coterminal angle of is .

The terminal side of lies in Quadrant I. The terminal side of lies in Quadrant I.

ANSWER:
1
ANSWER:
47. CHALLENGE For an angle θ in standard position,

and tan θ = −1. Can the value of θ be
225°? Justify your reasoning.
46.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
No; for and tan θ = −1, the reference
angle is 45°. However, for sin θ to be positive and
tan θ to be negative, the reference angle must be in
the second quadrant. So, the value of θ must be 135°
The terminal side of lies in Quadrant I. or an angle coterminal with 135°.

ANSWER:
No; for and tan θ = −1, the reference

tan θ to be negative, the reference angle must be in
the second quadrant. So, the value of θ must be 135°
or an angle coterminal with 135°.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 48. CCSS ARGUMENTS Determine whether 3 sin Page 21
ANSWER: 60° = sin 180° is true or false . Explain your
reasoning.
1
tan θ to be negative, the reference angle must be in Since , it must be true that . Thus
the second quadrant. So, the value of θ must be 135° , which is undefined.
12-3or an angle coterminal with 135°.

48. CCSS ARGUMENTS Determine whether 3 sin 50. OPEN ENDED Give an example of a negative

60° = sin 180° is true or false . Explain your angle θ for which sin θ > 0 and cos θ < 0.
reasoning.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Sample answer:
False; θ = −200°

ANSWER:
Sample answer:
θ = −200°
ANSWER:
False; and sin 180° = 0 51. WRITING IN MATH Describe the steps for

evaluating a trigonometric function for an angle θ that

is greater than 90°. Include a description of a
reference angle.
49. REASONING Use the sine and cosine functions to

explain why cot 180° is undefined.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: First, sketch the angle and determine in which
quadrant it is located. Then use the appropriate rule
Sample answer: We know that , , for finding its reference angle θ’. A reference angle
is the acute angle formed by the terminal side of θ
and the x-axis. Next, find the value of the
and . Since , it must be true trigonometric function for θ’. Finally, use the
quadrant location to determine the sign of the
that y = 0. Thus , which is undefined. trigonometric function value of θ.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
First, sketch the angle and determine in which
Sample answer: quadrant it is located. Then use the appropriate rule
We know that , , and . for finding its reference angle . A reference angle
is the acute angle formed by the terminal side of θ
Since , it must be true that . Thus and the x-axis. Next, find the value of the
trigonometric function for . Finally, use the
, which is undefined. quadrant location to determine the sign of the
trigonometric function value of θ.

50. OPEN ENDED Give an example of a negative
angle θ for which sin θ > 0 and cos θ < 0. 52. GRIDDED RESPONSE If the sum of two
numbers is 21 and their difference is 3, what is their
product?
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Sample answer:
Let the two unknown numbers be x and y.
θ = −200°
The system of equations that represent the situation

are .
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
θ = −200°

and the x-axis. Next, find the value of the The product of 9 and 12 is 108.
trigonometric function for . Finally, use the
quadrant location to determine the sign of the ANSWER:
12-3trigonometric
Trigonometricfunction ofθ.General Angles
value of
Functions 108

52. GRIDDED RESPONSE If the sum of two 53. GEOMETRY D is the midpoint of , and A and

numbers is 21 and their difference is 3, what is their
E are the midpoints of and , respectively. If
product?
the length of is 12, what is the length of ?
SOLUTION:
Let the two unknown numbers be x and y. A6
The system of equations that represent the situation
are . B 12

C 24

D 48

SOLUTION:
Substitute 12 for x in the first equation and solve for D is the midpoint of , so .
y.

A and E are the midpoints of and
respectively, so . They
are at equal distance. Thus, the length of is
or 24.

C is the correct option.
The product of 9 and 12 is 108.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
C
108

2
54. The expression (−6 + i) is equivalent to which of the
53. GEOMETRY D is the midpoint of , and A and
following expressions?
E are the midpoints of and , respectively. If
the length of is 12, what is the length of ? F −12i

A6 G 36 − i

B 12 H 36 − 12i

C 24 J 35− 12i

D 48
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
D is the midpoint of , so .

A and E are the midpoints of and J is the correct option.
respectively, so . They
are at equal distance. Thus, the length of is
ANSWER:
or 24.- Powered by Cognero
eSolutions Manual Page 23
J

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-3CTrigonometric Functions of General Angles J

2 55. SAT/ACT Of the following, which is least?
54. The expression (−6 + i) is equivalent to which of the
following expressions?
A
F −12i

B
G 36 − i

H 36 − 12i C

J 35− 12i
D

SOLUTION:
E

SOLUTION:

J is the correct option.

ANSWER:
J

55. SAT/ACT Of the following, which is least?

A
is the least number.

B
E is the correct option.

C
ANSWER:
E
D
Rewrite each radian measure in degrees.
E
56.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
is the least number. 240°

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-3ETrigonometric Functions of General Angles 330°

Rewrite each radian measure in degrees.
58.
56.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
−765°
ANSWER:
240°
Solve each equation.

59.
57.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
ANSWER: 40.1°
330°

58. 60.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
−765°
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 3 Page 25


ANSWER:
\
40.1°

SOLUTION:
Sample answer:
60.
2
Step 1: There are 6 bricks in the top row, and 1 + 5
(1) = 6, so the formula is true for n = 1.
SOLUTION:
2
Step 2: Assume that there are k + 5k bricks in the
top k rows for some positive integer k.

Step 3: Since each row has 2 more bricks than the
one above, the numbers of bricks in the rows form an
arithmetic sequence.

st
The number of bricks in the (k + 1) row is 6 + [(k +
ANSWER: 1) − 1](2) or 2k + 6.
3 Then the number of bricks in the top k + 1 rows is k
2 2
+ 5k +(2k +6) or k + 7k + 6.
2 2
k + 7k + 6 = (k + 1) + 5(k + 1), which is the
61. formula to be proved, where n = k + 1.

Therefore, the formula is true for n = k + 1.
SOLUTION: Therefore, the number of bricks in the top n rows in
2
n + 5n for all positive integers n.

ANSWER:
Sample answer:

2
Step 1: There are 6 bricks in the top row, and 1 + 5
ANSWER: (1) = 6, so the formula is true for n = 1.
66.0°
2
Step 2: Assume that there are k + 5k bricks in the
top k rows for some positive integer k.
62. ARCHITECTURE A memorial being constructed
in a city park will be a brick wall, with a top row of Step 3: Since each row has 2 more bricks than the
six gold-plated bricks engraved with the names of six one above, the numbers of bricks in the rows form an
local war veterans. Each row has two more bricks arithmetic sequence.
than the row above it. Prove that the number of
2 st
bricks in the top n rows is n + 5n. The number of bricks in the (k + 1) row is 6 + [(k +
1) − 1](2) or 2k + 6.
Then the number of bricks in the top k + 1 rows is k
2 2
+ 5k +(2k +6) or k + 7k + 6.
2 2
k + 7k + 6 = (k + 1) + 5(k + 1), which is the
formula to be proved, where n = k + 1.

\ Therefore, the formula is true for n = k + 1.
Therefore, the number of bricks in the top n rows in
2
SOLUTION: n + 5n for all positive integers n.
Sample answer:

2 63. LEGENDS There is a legend of a king who wanted
Step 1: There are 6 bricks in the top row, and 1 + 5 to reward a boy for a good deed. The king gave the
formula to be proved, where n = k + 1.

Therefore, the formula is true for n = k + 1. ANSWER:
12-3Therefore, the number
Trigonometric of bricks
Functions in the topAngles
of General n rows in $10, 737, 418.23
2
n + 5n for all positive integers n.

Write an equation for each circle given the
63. LEGENDS There is a legend of a king who wanted endpoints of a diameter.
to reward a boy for a good deed. The king gave the
boy a choice. He could have $1,000,000 at once, or 64. (2, −4), (10, 2)
he could be rewarded daily for a 30-day month, with
one penny on the first day, two pennies on the
second day, and so on, receiving twice as many SOLUTION:
pennies each day as the previous day. How much Find the center.
would the second option be worth?

SOLUTION:
Substitute a 1 = 1 and r = 2 in the sum formula.

Find the radius.

The worth of the second option is $10,737,418.23.

ANSWER:
$10, 737, 418.23 The equation of the circle is .

Write an equation for each circle given the ANSWER:
endpoints of a diameter. 2 2
(x − 6) + (y + 1) = 25

64. (2, −4), (10, 2)

65. (−1, −10), (−7, 6)
SOLUTION:
Find the center.
SOLUTION:
Find the center.

Find the radius.

Find the radius.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
2 2
(x − 6) + (y + 1) = 25 2 2
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles (x + 4) + (y + 2) = 73

65. (−1, −10), (−7, 6) 66. (9, 0), (4, −7)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find the center. Find the center.

Find the radius. Find the radius.

The equation of the circle is . The equation of the circle is
.

ANSWER:
2 2 ANSWER:
(x + 4) + (y + 2) = 73
2 2
(x − 6.5) + (y + 3.5) = 18.5

66. (9, 0), (4, −7)
Simplify each expression.

SOLUTION:
Find the center. 67.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
Find the radius.


ANSWER:
ANSWER:
2 2
− 6.5) + (y + 3.5)
12-3(xTrigonometric = 18.5 of General Angles
Functions


69.
67.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:

68. Solve each equation or inequality. Round to the

nearest ten-thousandth.

x
SOLUTION: 70. 8 = 30

SOLUTION:
Use the property of equality for logarithmic
functions.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
69.
1.6356

SOLUTION:
x
71. 5 = 64

SOLUTION:
functions.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
1.6356
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles 1.3802

x Evaluate each expression.
71. 5 = 64

SOLUTION: 73.
functions.
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

2.5841
ANSWER:
x+2
72. 3 = 41

SOLUTION:
functions. 74.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
81
ANSWER:

1.3802

75.
Evaluate each expression.

SOLUTION:
73.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
6
12-381

75. 77.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
9
78.

ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
Solve for x.

76.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
−4

ANSWER:
6

77.

SOLUTION: Page 31
ANSWER:
2
27.9 mm
12-4 Law of Sines
Find the area of ∆ABC to the nearest tenth, if

necessary.

2.

SOLUTION:
Substitute c = 4, a = 3 and B = 30º in the area
1. formula.

SOLUTION:
Substitute c = 7, b = 8 and A = 86º in the area
formula.

ANSWER:
2
3 yd

3. A = 40°, b = 11 cm, c = 6 cm
ANSWER:

2
27.9 mm

SOLUTION:
formula.

2.

SOLUTION:
formula.
ANSWER:
2
21.2 cm

4. B = 103°, a = 20 in., c =18 in.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER: formula.
2
3 yd

3. A = 40°, b = 11 cm, c = 6 cm

ANSWER: ANSWER:
2 2
12-421.2
Lawcm
of Sines 175.4 in

4. B = 103°, a = 20 in., c =18 in. Solve each triangle. Round side lengths to the
nearest tenth and angle measure to the nearest
degree.
SOLUTION:
formula.

5.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
2
175.4 in

Solve each triangle. Round side lengths to the Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths d and f .
nearest tenth and angle measure to the nearest
degree.

5.

SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths d and f .

ANSWER:
E = 107°, d ≈ 7.9, f ≈ 7.0

6.
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
E = 107°, d ≈ 7.9, f ≈ 7.0
12-4 Law of Sines C = 33°, a ≈ 6.9, c ≈ 4.9

7. Solve ∆FGH if G = 80°, H = 40°, and g = 14.

SOLUTION:
6.

SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths f and h.

Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths a and c.

ANSWER:
F = 60°, f ≈ 12.3, h ≈ 9.1

ANSWER: CCSS PERSEVERANCE Determine whether

each has no solution, one solution, or
C = 33°, a ≈ 6.9, c ≈ 4.9
two solutions. Then solve the triangle. Round

side lengths to the nearest tenth and angle
7. Solve ∆FGH if G = 80°, H = 40°, and g = 14. measures to the nearest degree.

8. A = 95°, a = 19, b = 12
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Because is obtuse and a > b, one solution exists.

Use the Law of Sines to find .
Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths f and h.


ANSWER:
ANSWER:
one; B ≈ 39°, C ≈ 46°, c ≈ 13.7
= 60°, f
12-4FLaw ≈ 12.3, h ≈ 9.1
of Sines

CCSS PERSEVERANCE Determine whether 9. A = 60°, a = 15, b = 24

each has no solution, one solution, or
two solutions. Then solve the triangle. Round
side lengths to the nearest tenth and angle SOLUTION:
measures to the nearest degree. Since is acute and a < b, find h and compare it
to a.
8. A = 95°, a = 19, b = 12

SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find . Since 15 < 20.8 or a < h, there is no solution.

ANSWER:
no solution

10. A = 34°, a = 8, b = 13

SOLUTION:
Since is acute and a < b, find h and compare it
to a.

Use the Law of Sines to find c.

Since 7.3 < 8 < 13 or h < a < b, there is two
solutions. So, there are two triangles to be solved.

ANSWER:
one; B ≈ 39°, C ≈ 46°, c ≈ 13.7

9. A = 60°, a = 15, b = 24

SOLUTION:
to a.

ANSWER:
two; B ≈ 65°, C ≈ 81°, c ≈ 14.1; B ≈ 115°, C ≈ 31°, c
≈ 7.4

Since 15 < 20.8 or a < h, there is no solution.
11. A = 30°, a = 3, b = 6

ANSWER:
ANSWER: two; B ≈ 65°, C ≈ 81°, c ≈ 14.1; B ≈ 115°, C ≈ 31°, c
12-4no solution
Law of Sines ≈ 7.4

10. A = 34°, a = 8, b = 13 11. A = 30°, a = 3, b = 6

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Since is acute and a < b, find h and compare it Since is acute and a < b, find h and compare it
to a. to a.

Since 7.3 < 8 < 13 or h < a < b, there is two Since a = h, there is one solution and


ANSWER: ANSWER:
two; B ≈ 65°, C ≈ 81°, c ≈ 14.1; B ≈ 115°, C ≈ 31°, c one; B ≈ 90°, C ≈ 60°, c ≈ 5.2
≈ 7.4

12. SPACE Refer to the beginning of the lesson. Find
11. A = 30°, a = 3, b = 6 the distance between the Wahoo Crater and the
Naukan Crater on Mars.

SOLUTION:
to a.

SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Sines to find x.

Since a = h, there is one solution and


ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-4one;
LawB ≈ 90°, C ≈ 60°, c ≈ 5.2
of Sines 3 kilometers

12. SPACE Refer to the beginning of the lesson. Find Find the area of ∆ABC to the nearest tenth.

the distance between the Wahoo Crater and the
Naukan Crater on Mars.
13.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Substitute a = 5, b = 6 and C = 45º in the area
formula.

The distance between the Wahoo Crater and the
Naukan Crater is 3 kilometers. ANSWER:
2
10.6 km
ANSWER:
3 kilometers

Find the area of ∆ABC to the nearest tenth.

14.

SOLUTION:
13. Substitute b = 16, c = 20 and A = 52º in the area
formula.

SOLUTION:
formula.

ANSWER:
2
126.1 ft
eSolutions Page 6
ANSWER:

ANSWER:
2
ANSWER:
10.6 km 2
12-4 Law of Sines 36.8 m

16.
14.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Substitute a = 14, b = 18 and C = 36º in the area
Substitute b = 16, c = 20 and A = 52º in the area formula.
formula.

ANSWER:
ANSWER: 2
74.1 cm
2
126.1 ft

17. C = 25°, a = 4 ft, b = 7 ft

SOLUTION:
formula.
15.

SOLUTION:
Substitute a = 8, c = 10 and B = 113º in the area
formula.

ANSWER:
2
5.9 ft

18. A = 138°, b = 10 in., c = 20 in.
ANSWER:
2 SOLUTION:
36.8 m
Substitute b = 10, c = 20 and A = 138º in the area
formula.


ANSWER: ANSWER:
2 2
12-45.9
Lawft of Sines 65.2 m

18. A = 138°, b = 10 in., c = 20 in. 20. C = 116°, a = 2.7 cm, b = 4.6 cm

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Substitute b = 10, c = 20 and A = 138º in the area Substitute a = 2.7, b = 4.6 and C = 116º in the area
formula. formula.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
2 2
66.9 in 5.6 cm

19. B = 92°, a = 14.5 m, c = 9 m CCSS REASONING Solve each triangle.

Round side lengths to the nearest tenth and
angle measures to the nearest degree.
SOLUTION:
Substitute a = 14.5, c = 9 and B = 92º in the area
formula.

21.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

2
65.2 m Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths c and b.

20. C = 116°, a = 2.7 cm, b = 4.6 cm

SOLUTION:
Substitute a = 2.7, b = 4.6 and C = 116º in the area
formula.

ANSWER:
2
5.6 cm

ANSWER: ANSWER:
2 C = 30°, b ≈ 11.1, c ≈ 5.8
12-45.6
Lawcmof Sines

CCSS REASONING Solve each triangle.
Round side lengths to the nearest tenth and
angle measures to the nearest degree.

22.

SOLUTION:
21.

Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths r and t.
SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths c and b.

ANSWER:
R = 80°, r ≈ 17.5, t ≈ 14.2

ANSWER:
C = 30°, b ≈ 11.1, c ≈ 5.8

23.

SOLUTION:
22.
Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths n and m.
SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths r and t.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
= 80°, r ≈ 17.5, t ≈ 14.2
12-4RLaw of Sines L = 74°, m ≈ 4.9, n ≈ 3.1

23.
24.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths n and m.

ANSWER:
L = 74°, m ≈ 4.9, n ≈ 3.1 ANSWER:
B = 38°, a ≈ 19.5, c ≈ 36.1

25. Solve ∆HJK if H = 53°, J = 20°, and h = 31.

SOLUTION:
24.

Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths j and k.
SOLUTION:



ANSWER: ANSWER:
= 38°, a ≈ 19.5, c ≈ 36.1
12-4BLaw of Sines K = 107°, j ≈ 13.3, k ≈ 37.1

25. Solve ∆HJK if H = 53°, J = 20°, and h = 31. 26. Solve ∆NPQ if P = 109°, Q = 57°, and n = 22.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths j and k.

Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths p and q
.

ANSWER:
K = 107°, j ≈ 13.3, k ≈ 37.1

ANSWER:
26. Solve ∆NPQ if P = 109°, Q = 57°, and n = 22. N = 14°, p ≈ 86.0, q ≈ 76.3

SOLUTION: 27. Solve ∆ABC if A = 50°, a = 2.5, and C = 67°.

SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths p and q Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths b and c.
.


ANSWER: ANSWER:
= 14°, p
12-4NLaw ≈ 86.0, q ≈ 76.3
of Sines B = 63°, b ≈ 2.9, c ≈ 3.0

27. Solve ∆ABC if A = 50°, a = 2.5, and C = 67°. 28. Solve ∆ABC if B = 18°, C = 142°, and b = 20.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths b and c. Use the Law of Sines to find side lengths a and c.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
B = 63°, b ≈ 2.9, c ≈ 3.0 A = 20°, a ≈ 22.1, c ≈ 39.8

28. Solve ∆ABC if B = 18°, C = 142°, and b = 20.
Determine whether each triangle has no
solution, one solution, or two solutions. Then
SOLUTION:
solve the triangle. Round side lengths to the
nearest tenth and angle measures to the
nearest degree.
29. A = 100°, a = 7, b = 3

SOLUTION:



ANSWER:
ANSWER:
A = 20°, a ≈ 22.1, c ≈ 39.8 one; B ≈ 25°, C ≈ 55°, c ≈ 5.8
12-4 Law of Sines

Determine whether each triangle has no 30. A = 75°, a = 14, b = 11

nearest degree. SOLUTION:
Because is acute and a > b, one solution exists.
29. A = 100°, a = 7, b = 3

SOLUTION:




ANSWER:
one; B ≈ 49°, C ≈ 56°, c ≈ 12.0

ANSWER: 31. A = 38°, a = 21, b = 18
one; B ≈ 25°, C ≈ 55°, c ≈ 5.8

SOLUTION:
30. A = 75°, a = 14, b = 11


SOLUTION:
eSolutions Page 13

ANSWER:
one; B ≈ 49°, C ≈ 56°, c ≈ 12.0 ANSWER:
12-4 Law of Sines one; B ≈ 32°, C ≈ 110°, c ≈ 32.1

31. A = 38°, a = 21, b = 18 32. A = 52°, a = 9, b = 20

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Because is acute and a > b, one solution exists. Since is acute and a < b, find h and compare it
to a.


ANSWER:
no solution

33. A = 42°, a = 5, b = 6

SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find c. Since is acute and a < b, find h and compare it
to a.

Since 4 < 5 < 6 or h < a < b, there are two solutions.
So, there are two triangles to be solved.

ANSWER:
one; B ≈ 32°, C ≈ 110°, c ≈ 32.1

32. A = 52°, a = 9, b = 20

SOLUTION:
to a.

ANSWER:
two; B ≈ 53°, C ≈ 85°, c ≈ 7.4; B ≈ 127°, C ≈ 11°, c
eSolutions
≈ 1.4
Page 14
ANSWER:

ANSWER:
12-4no solution
Law of Sines ≈ 1.4

33. A = 42°, a = 5, b = 6 34. A = 44°, a = 14, b = 19

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Since is acute and a < b, find h and compare it Since is acute and a < b, find h and compare it
to a. to a.

Since 4 < 5 < 6 or h < a < b, there are two solutions. Since 13.2 < 14 < 19 or h < a < b, there are two
So, there are two triangles to be solved. solutions. So, there are two triangles to be solved.

ANSWER:
two; B ≈ 53°, C ≈ 85°, c ≈ 7.4; B ≈ 127°, C ≈ 11°, c ≈ 9.1
≈ 1.4

35. A = 131°, a = 15, b = 32
34. A = 44°, a = 14, b = 19

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Since is obtuse and a < b, so there is no
Since is acute and a < b, find h and compare it solution.
to a.

ANSWER:
no solution

36. A = 30°, a = 17, b = 34
Since 13.2 < 14 < 19 or h < a < b, there are two
SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Since is acute and a < b, find h and compare
Pageit 15
to a.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-4no solution
Law of Sines one; B = 90°, C = 60°, c ≈ 29.4

36. A = 30°, a = 17, b = 34 GEOGRAPHY In Hawaii, the distance from

Hilo to Kailua is 57 miles, and the distance from
Hilo to Captain Cook is 55 miles.
SOLUTION:
to a.

37.

What is the measure of the angle formed at Hilo?

Since a = h, one solution exists.
SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Sines to find . Use the Law of Sines to find the measure of the
angle formed at Kailua.

The measure of the angle formed at Hilo is about 28º
(180º – 80° – 72º).

ANSWER:
about 28°


38. What is the distance between Kailua and Captain
Cook?

SOLUTION:
Substitute 80, 57 and 28 for C, c and H and then
solve for h.

ANSWER:
one; B = 90°, C = 60°, c ≈ 29.4

GEOGRAPHY In Hawaii, the distance from
Hilo to Kailua is 57 miles, and the distance from The distance between Kailua and Captain Cook is
Hilo to Captain Cook is 55 miles. about 27.2 mi.

ANSWER:
about 27.2 mi
ANSWER:
ANSWER: about 15.8 mi

about 28°
12-4 Law of Sines
40. MYSTERIES The Bermuda Triangle is a region of
the Atlantic Ocean between Bermuda, Miami,
38. What is the distance between Kailua and Captain Florida, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is an area
Cook? where ships and airplanes have been rumored to
mysteriously disappear.

SOLUTION:
Substitute 80, 57 and 28 for C, c and H and then
solve for h.

The distance between Kailua and Captain Cook is
about 27.2 mi. a. What is the distance between Miami and
Bermuda?

ANSWER: b. What is the approximate area of the Bermuda
about 27.2 mi Triangle?

39. TORNADOES Tornado sirens A, B, and C form a SOLUTION:

triangular region in one area of a city. Sirens A and B a.
are 8 miles apart. The angle formed at siren A is Use the Law of Sines to find the measure of angle at
112°, and the angle formed at siren B is 40°. How far Bermuda..
apart are sirens B and C?

SOLUTION:
Measure of the angle formed at siren C = 180º –
(112º + 40º) = 28º.

The measure of angle at San Juan ≈ 180º – (53º +
59º) or 68º

Use the Law of Sines to find the distance between
Miami and Bermuda.

Sirens B and C are about 15.8 miles apart.

ANSWER:
about 15.8 mi

40. MYSTERIES The Bermuda Triangle is a region of b.
the Atlantic Ocean between Bermuda, Miami,
Florida,
eSolutions and
Manual San Juan,
- Powered Puerto Rico. It is an area
by Cognero Page 17
where ships and airplanes have been rumored to
mysteriously disappear.

12-4 Law of Sines

b. c.

ANSWER:
a. about 1120.3 mi

2
b. about 464,366.1 mi

41. BICYCLING One side of a triangular cycling path
is 4 miles long. The angle opposite this side is 64°. Perimeter of the triangle = 4 + 4.1 + 3.3 = 11.5 miles
Another angle formed by the triangular path
measures 66°.
ANSWER:

a.
a. Sketch a drawing of the situation. Label the
missing sides a and b.

b. Write equations that could be used to find the
lengths of the missing sides.

c. What is the perimeter of the path?

b.
SOLUTION:
a.

c. about 11.5 mi

42. ROCK CLIMBING Savannah S and Leon L are

b. standing 8 feet apart in front of a rock climbing wall,
as shown at the right. What is the height of the wall?
Round to the nearest tenth.

c.

SOLUTION:
Label the triangles.

ANSWER:
12-4 Law of Sines 18.9 ft

43. CCSS CRITIQUE In ∆RST, R = 56°, r = 24, and t
SOLUTION: = 12. Cameron and Gabriela are using the Law of
Label the triangles. Sines to find T. Is either of them correct? Explain
your reasoning.

Consider the ∆ABL, , so
.

Use the Law of Sines to find the length .

SOLUTION:
Cameron is correct; R is acute and r > t, so there is
one solution.

In a 30º-60º-90º triangle the sides are in the ratio
.
ANSWER:
In the ∆ABL side opposite to the is about Cameron; R is acute and r > t, so there is one
solution.
ft, so h is about ft or 18.9
ft.
44. OPEN ENDED Create an application problem
ANSWER: involving right triangles and the Law of Sines. Then
solve your problem, drawing diagrams if necessary.
18.9 ft

SOLUTION:
43. CCSS CRITIQUE In ∆RST, R = 56°, r = 24, and t See students’ work.
= 12. Cameron and Gabriela are using the Law of
Sines to find T. Is either of them correct? Explain
your reasoning. ANSWER:
See students’ work.

45. CHALLENGE Using the figure, derive the formula
Area = .


ANSWER:
12-4See students’ work.
Law of Sines

45. CHALLENGE Using the figure, derive the formula 46. REASONING Find the side lengths of two

different triangles ABC that can be formed if A = 55°
Area = . and C = 20°.

SOLUTION:
Sample answer:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

The side lengths a, b and c of the triangle will be in
the ratio 1 : 1.18 : 0.42.

46. REASONING Find the side lengths of two If a = 12, then b ≈ 1.18 × 12 or 14.2 and c ≈ 0.42 ×
different triangles ABC that can be formed if A = 55° 12 or 5.0.
and C = 20°. If a = 6, then b ≈ 1.18 × 6 or 7.1 and c ≈ 0.42 × 62
or 2.5.

ANSWER:
Sample answer:

a = 12, b ≈ 14.2, c ≈ 5.0; a = 6, b ≈ 7.1, c ≈ 2.5
SOLUTION:
Sample answer:
47. WRITING IN MATH Use the Law of Sines to
explain why a and b do not have unique values in the
figure shown.


ANSWER: because there are two unknown sides. To solve a
Sample answer: triangle using the Law of Sines, two sides and an
angle must be given or two angles and a side
12-4aLaw
= 12,ofb ≈ 14.2, c ≈ 5.0; a
Sines = 6, b ≈ 7.1, c ≈ 2.5 opposite one of the angles must be given.

47. WRITING IN MATH Use the Law of Sines to 48. OPEN ENDED Given that E = 62° and d = 38, find

explain why a and b do not have unique values in the a value for e such that no triangle DEF can exist.
figure shown. Explain your reasoning.

SOLUTION:
Sample answer:

SOLUTION:
In the triangle, B = 115°. Using the Law of Sines,
. This equation cannot be solved

because there are two unknown sides. To solve a Since the value of sin D is between 0 to 1, the value
triangle using the Law of Sines, two sides and an e should be greater than or equal to 33.6.
angle must be given or two angles and a side
opposite one of the angles must be given. For e = 30, the triangle will not exist.
For no triangle to exist, the length of the side opposite
angle E must be less than 33.6 to satisfy the Law of
ANSWER: Sines.
In the triangle, B = 115°. Using the Law of Sines,
. This equation cannot be solved ANSWER:
because there are two unknown sides. To solve a Sample answer: e = 30; for no triangle to exist, the
triangle using the Law of Sines, two sides and an length of the side opposite angle E must be less than
angle must be given or two angles and a side 33.6 to satisfy the Law of Sines.
opposite one of the angles must be given.

49. SHORT RESPONSE Given the graphs of f (x) and
48. OPEN ENDED Given that E = 62° and d = 38, find g(x), what is the value of f (g(4))?
a value for e such that no triangle DEF can exist.
Explain your reasoning.

SOLUTION:
Sample answer:

SOLUTION:
At x = 4, the graph of g(x) intersect the x-axis.
Therefore, g(4) = 0

Since the value of sin D is between 0 to 1, the value
e should be greater than or equal to 33.6.
At x = 0, the graph of f (x) intersect the y-axis at 2.
For eManual
eSolutions = 30,- the triangle
Powered will not
by Cognero exist. So, f (g(4)) = 2. Page 21
For no triangle to exist, the length of the side opposite
angle E must be less than 33.6 to satisfy the Law of
ANSWER:
Sample answer: e = 30; for no triangle to exist, the
length of the side opposite angle E must be less than ANSWER:
12-433.6
Lawtoofsatisfy
Sinesthe Law of Sines. 2

49. SHORT RESPONSE Given the graphs of f (x) and 50. STATISTICS If the average of seven consecutive

g(x), what is the value of f (g(4))? odd integers is n, what is the median of these seven
integers?

A0

B7

Cn

D n − 2

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
At x = 4, the graph of g(x) intersect the x-axis.
Let x be the first odd integer.
Therefore, g(4) = 0

So, the other integers are x +2, x + 4, x + 6, x + 8, x
+ 10, x + 12.

At x = 0, the graph of f (x) intersect the y-axis at 2. The median of the data is x + 6.
So, f (g(4)) = 2.
.
ANSWER:
2

50. STATISTICS If the average of seven consecutive
odd integers is n, what is the median of these seven
integers?

A0 C is the correct option.

B7
ANSWER:

Cn C

D n − 2 3 2
51. One zero of f (x) = x − 7x − 6x + 72 is 4. What is
3 2
the factored form of the expression x – 7x − 6x +
SOLUTION: 72?
Let x be the first odd integer.
F (x − 6)(x + 3)(x + 4)
So, the other integers are x +2, x + 4, x + 6, x + 8, x
+ 10, x + 12. G (x − 6)(x + 3)(x − 4)

The median of the data is x + 6. H (x + 6)(x + 3)(x − 4)

J (x + 12)(x − 1)(x − 4)
.


SOLUTION:
Divide the polynomial by x – 4.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-4CLaw of Sines G

3 2 52. SAT/ACT Three people are splitting $48,000 using
51. One zero of f (x) = x − 7x − 6x + 72 is 4. What is
3 2 the ratio 5:4:3. What is the amount of the greatest
the factored form of the expression x – 7x − 6x +
share?
72?

A $12,000
F (x − 6)(x + 3)(x + 4)

B $16,000
G (x − 6)(x + 3)(x − 4)

C $20,000
H (x + 6)(x + 3)(x − 4)

D $24,000
J (x + 12)(x − 1)(x − 4)

E $30,000
SOLUTION:
Divide the polynomial by x – 4.
SOLUTION:

3 2 2 The total number of shares is 5 + 4 + 3 or 12.
x − 7x − 6x + 72 = (x − 3x – 18) (x – 4)

To factor the quadratic, find a pair of numbers with of $48,000 is $20,000.
the product −18 and the sum −3.

= (x − 6)(x + 3)(x − 4) of $48,000 is $16,000.

G is the correct option.

of $48,000 is $12,000.
ANSWER:
G $20,000 is the greatest share.

52. SAT/ACT Three people are splitting $48,000 using
the ratio 5:4:3. What is the amount of the greatest
share? ANSWER:
C
A $12,000

B $16,000 Find the exact value of each trigonometric
function.
C $20,000
53. sin 210°

D $24,000
SOLUTION:
E $30,000 The terminal side of 210° lies in Quadrant III.

Find the reference angle.
SOLUTION:

The total number of shares is 5 + 4 + 3 or 12.

of $48,000 is $20,000.

of $48,000 is $16,000.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
12-4CLaw of Sines


function. 54.

53. sin 210°
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: The terminal side of lies in Quadrant II.




ANSWER:

ANSWER:
54.

55. cot 60°
SOLUTION:
The terminal side of lies in Quadrant II. SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 60° lies in Quadrant I.
The cotangent function is positive in Quadrant I.

cot 60° =

ANSWER:



coterminal with each angle.

56. 125°
ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-4 Law of Sines

Find an angle with a positive measure and an 59. CLOCKS Jun’s grandfather clock is broken. When
angle with a negative measure that are she sets the pendulum in motion by holding it against
coterminal with each angle. the side of the clock and letting it go, it swings 24
centimeters to the other side, then 18 centimeters
56. 125° back, then 13.5 centimeters, and so on. What is the
total distance that the pendulum swings before it
stops?
SOLUTION:
Positive angle: 125° + 360° = 485°
SOLUTION:
Negative angle: 125° – 360° = –235° Find the common ratio.

ANSWER:
485°, −235°
Substitute 24 for a 1 and 0.75 for r in the sum
formula.
57. −32°

SOLUTION:
Positive angle: –32° + 360° = 328°

Negative angle: –32° – 360° = –392°

The total distance traveled by the pendulum is 96 cm.
ANSWER:
328°, −392°
ANSWER:
96 cm
58.
Find the sum of each infinite series, if it exists.

SOLUTION: 60. 64 + 48 + 36 + …

Positive angle:
SOLUTION:

Find the common ratio.
Negative angle:

ANSWER:
59. CLOCKS Jun’s grandfather clock is broken. When

she sets the pendulum in motion by holding it against
the side of the clock and letting it go, it swings 24
centimeters to the other side, then 18 centimeters
eSolutions
back,Manual
then -13.5
Powered by Cogneroand so on. What is the
centimeters, Page 25
total distance that the pendulum swings before it
stops?

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
256
12-496 cm of Sines
Law

Find the sum of each infinite series, if it exists. 61. 27 + 36 + 48 + …

60. 64 + 48 + 36 + …
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Since < 1, the series is convergent. Since > 1, the series is divergent. So, the sum
does not exist.
Use the formula to find the sum.

ANSWER:
No sum exists.

62.

SOLUTION:
Here r = 1.1.
ANSWER:
256 Since > 1, the series is divergent. So, the sum
does not exist.

61. 27 + 36 + 48 + … ANSWER:
No sum exists.
SOLUTION:
63. ASTRONOMY At its closest point, Earth is 91.8

million miles from the center of the Sun. At its
farthest point, Earth is 94.9 million miles from the
center of the Sun. Write an equation for the orbit of
Earth, assuming that the center of the orbit is the
origin and the Sun lies on the x-axis.

SOLUTION:
The value of a is one half the length of the major
axis.
Since > 1, the series is divergent. So, the sum

does not exist.
eSolutions
Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 26
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
12-4No
Lawsum
of exists.
Sines

63. ASTRONOMY At its closest point, Earth is 91.8 Simplify.

million miles from the center of the Sun. At its 64.
farthest point, Earth is 94.9 million miles from the
center of the Sun. Write an equation for the orbit of
Earth, assuming that the center of the orbit is the SOLUTION:
origin and the Sun lies on the x-axis.

SOLUTION:
Since the index 2 is even and the exponent 1 is odd,
The value of a is one half the length of the major we must use absolute value.
axis.

ANSWER:

65.

The value of c is the distance from the center of the SOLUTION:
ellipse to the focus. This distance is equal to a minus
the perihelion.

ANSWER:
66.

The equation of the ellipse is
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:

Simplify. Evaluate each expression if w = 6, x = −4, y =
64. 1.5, and .

SOLUTION: 67.
Page 27
SOLUTION:
Since the index 2 is even and the exponent 1 is odd,

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
12-4 Law of Sines

Evaluate each expression if w = 6, x = −4, y = 69.
1.5, and .
SOLUTION:
67. Substitute w = 6, x = –4, y = 1.5 and in the

given expression and evaluate.
SOLUTION:
Substitute w = 6, x = –4, y = 1.5 and in the

ANSWER:
26

ANSWER:
56.25

68.

SOLUTION:
Substitute w = 6, x = –4, y = 1.5 and in the


ANSWER:
69.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
A ≈ 36°, C ≈ 52°, b ≈ 5.1
12-5 Law of Cosines
Solve each triangle. Round side lengths to the

nearest degree.

2.

SOLUTION:
1.
Use the Law of Cosines to find the measure of the
largest angle, .
SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
length.

Use the Law of Sines to find the measure of angle,
.
Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle
measure.

Find the measure of .


ANSWER:

A ≈ 112°, B ≈ 40°, C ≈ 28°
ANSWER:
A ≈ 36°, C ≈ 52°, b ≈ 5.1
3. a = 5, b = 8, c = 12

SOLUTION:
largest angle, .

2.

SOLUTION:
largest angle, .

ANSWER: ANSWER:
≈ 112°, B ≈ 40°, C ≈ 28°
12-5ALaw of Cosines A ≈ 18°, B ≈ 29°, C ≈ 133°

3. a = 5, b = 8, c = 12 4. B = 110°, a = 6, c = 3

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Cosines to find the measure of the Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
largest angle, . length.


measure.

.



ANSWER:
ANSWER: A ≈ 48°, C ≈ 22°, b ≈ 7.6

A ≈ 18°, B ≈ 29°, C ≈ 133°
CCSS PRECISION Determine whether each
triangle should be solved by beginning with the
4. B = 110°, a = 6, c = 3 Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines. Then solve
the triangle.
SOLUTION:
length.

5.

SOLUTION:
Since two sides and an angle opposite one of them of
Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle a triangle are given, the triangle should be solved by
measure. beginning with the Law of Sines.


ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Sines; B ≈ 40°, C ≈ 33°,c ≈ 6.8
≈ 48°, C ≈ 22°, b ≈ 7.6
12-5ALaw of Cosines

CCSS PRECISION Determine whether each
triangle should be solved by beginning with the
Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines. Then solve
the triangle.

6.

SOLUTION:
Since two sides and their included angle of a triangle
5. are given, the triangle should be solved by beginning
with the Law of Cosines.

SOLUTION:
Since two sides and an angle opposite one of them of
a triangle are given, the triangle should be solved by
beginning with the Law of Sines.

measure.



Use Law of Sines to find c.

ANSWER:
Cosines; A ≈ 48°, C ≈ 36°, b ≈ 6.7

7. In ∆RST, R = 35°, s = 16, and t = 9.

ANSWER: SOLUTION:
Sines; B ≈ 40°, C ≈ 33°,c ≈ 6.8 Since two sides and their included angle of a triangle
are given, the triangle should be solved by beginning

6.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle Page 3
measure.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-5Cosines;
Law of A ≈ 48°, C ≈ 36°, b ≈ 6.7
Cosines Cosines; S ≈ 114°, T ≈ 31°, r ≈ 10.1

7. In ∆RST, R = 35°, s = 16, and t = 9. 8. FOOTBALL In a football game, the quarterback is

20 yards from Receiver A. He turns 40° to see
Receiver B, who is 16 yards away. How far apart
SOLUTION: are the two receivers?
Since two sides and their included angle of a triangle
with the Law of Cosines. SOLUTION:
length.

measure.

The two receivers are about 12.9 yards apart.

ANSWER:
about 12.9 yd


Find the measure of . nearest degree.

ANSWER:
Cosines; S ≈ 114°, T ≈ 31°, r ≈ 10.1 9.

SOLUTION:
8. FOOTBALL In a football game, the quarterback is Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
20 yards from Receiver A. He turns 40° to see length.
Receiver B, who is 16 yards away. How far apart

are the two receivers?

SOLUTION:
length.

measure.

The two receivers are about 12.9 yards apart.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
A ≈ 70°, B ≈ 40°, c ≈ 3.0
12-5about
Law 12.9 yd
of Cosines


nearest degree.

10.

9. SOLUTION:
length.
SOLUTION:

length.

measure.

measure.



ANSWER:
A ≈ 48°, C ≈ 40°, b ≈ 18.8
ANSWER:
A ≈ 70°, B ≈ 40°, c ≈ 3.0

11.

SOLUTION:
10. Use the Law of Cosines to find the measure of the
largest angle, .

SOLUTION:

length.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
≈ 48°, C ≈ 40°, b ≈ 18.8
12-5ALaw of Cosines A ≈ 31°, B ≈ 108°, C ≈ 41°

12.
11.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Cosines to find the measure of the largest angle, .
largest angle, .

.
.



ANSWER:

A ≈ 102°, B ≈ 44°, C ≈ 34°
ANSWER:
A ≈ 31°, B ≈ 108°, C ≈ 41°
13. A = 116°, b = 5, c = 3

SOLUTION:
length.

12.

SOLUTION:
largest
eSolutions angle,
Manual - Powered. by Cognero Page 6

measure.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
≈ 102°, B ≈ 44°, C ≈ 34°
12-5ALaw of Cosines a ≈ 6.9, B ≈ 41°, C ≈ 23°

13. A = 116°, b = 5, c = 3 14. C = 80°, a = 9, b = 2

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
length. length.

Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle
measure. measure.



ANSWER:
a ≈ 6.9, B ≈ 41°, C ≈ 23°
ANSWER:
c ≈ 8.9, A ≈ 87°, B ≈ 13°
14. C = 80°, a = 9, b = 2

15. f = 10, g = 11, h = 4
SOLUTION:
length. SOLUTION:
largest angle, .

measure.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero . Page 7

ANSWER:
ANSWER: F ≈ 65°, G ≈ 94°, H ≈ 21°
≈ 8.9, A ≈ 87°, B ≈ 13°
12-5cLaw of Cosines

15. f = 10, g = 11, h = 4 16. w = 20, x = 13, y = 12

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Cosines to find the measure of the Use the Law of Cosines to find the measure of the
largest angle, . largest angle, .

.
.


ANSWER:
ANSWER:
W ≈ 106°, X ≈ 39°, Y ≈ 35°
F ≈ 65°, G ≈ 94°, H ≈ 21°

Determine whether each triangle should be
solved by beginning with the Law of Sines or the
16. w = 20, x = 13, y = 12 Law of Cosines. Then solve the triangle.

SOLUTION:
largest angle, .

17.

SOLUTION:
Since two sides and an angle opposite on of them of
.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Sines; C ≈ 45°, A ≈ 85°, a ≈ 18.2
12-5W ≈ 106°, X ≈ 39°, Y ≈ 35°
Law of Cosines


solved by beginning with the Law of Sines or the
Law of Cosines. Then solve the triangle.

18.

SOLUTION:
17. Since two sides and their included angle of a triangle
SOLUTION:

measure.

Find the measure of

Use Law of Sines to find a. Find the measure of .

ANSWER:
Cosines; s ≈ 28.9, R ≈ 42°, T ≈ 32°

ANSWER:
Sines; C ≈ 45°, A ≈ 85°, a ≈ 18.2

19.

SOLUTION:
18. Since three sides of a triangle are given, the triangle
should be solved by beginning with the Law of
Cosines.
SOLUTION:
Since two sides and their included angle of a triangle Find the measure of the largest angle, .

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-5Cosines;
Law of s ≈ 28.9, R ≈ 42°, T ≈ 32°
Cosines Cosines; A ≈ 27°, B ≈ 115°, C ≈ 38°

19. 20.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Since three sides of a triangle are given, the triangle Since two angles and any side of a triangle are given,
should be solved by beginning with the Law of the triangle should be solved by beginning with the
Cosines. Law of Sines.

Find the measure of the largest angle, . Find the measure of .

Find the length of m and p .

.

ANSWER:
Sines; N ≈ 53°, p ≈ 38.2, m ≈ 28.4

21. In ∆ABC, C = 84°, c = 7, and a = 2.
ANSWER:
Cosines; A ≈ 27°, B ≈ 115°, C ≈ 38° SOLUTION:

Find the measure of angle, .

20.

SOLUTION:
Since two angles and any side of a triangle are given,
the triangle should be solved by beginning with the

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-5Sines;
Law of Cosines ≈ 38.2, m ≈ 28.4
N ≈ 53°, p Sines; A ≈ 17°, B ≈ 79°, b ≈ 6.9

21. In ∆ABC, C = 84°, c = 7, and a = 2. 22. In ∆HJK, h = 18, j = 10, and k = 23.

SOLUTION:
Since two sides and an angle opposite on of them of SOLUTION:
a triangle are given, the triangle should be solved by Since three sides of a triangle are given, the triangle
beginning with the Law of Sines. should be solved by beginning with the Law of
Cosines.
Find the measure of the largest angle, .

Use the Law of Sines to find the measure of
angle .

Find the length of b.


ANSWER:

Sines; A ≈ 17°, B ≈ 79°, b ≈ 6.9
ANSWER:
Cosines; H ≈ 48°, J ≈ 25°, K ≈ 107°
22. In ∆HJK, h = 18, j = 10, and k = 23.

23. EXPLORATION Refer to the beginning of the
SOLUTION: lesson. Find the distance between the ship and the
shipwreck. Round to the nearest tenth.
Since three sides of a triangle are given, the triangle
should be solved by beginning with the Law of
Cosines.

Find the measure of the largest angle, .


ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-5Cosines;
Law of H ≈ 48°, J ≈ 25°, K ≈ 107°
Cosines 514.2 m

23. EXPLORATION Refer to the beginning of the 24. GEOMETRY A parallelogram has side lengths 8

lesson. Find the distance between the ship and the centimeters and 12 centimeters. One angle between
shipwreck. Round to the nearest tenth. them measures 42°. To the nearest tenth, what is the
length of the shorter diagonal?

SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Cosines to find the shorter diagonal.

The length of the shorter diagonal is 8.1 cm.
SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side ANSWER:
length. 8.1 cm

25. RACING A triangular cross-country course has

side lengths 1.8 kilometers, 2 kilometers, and 1.2
kilometers. What are the angles formed between
each pair of sides?

SOLUTION:
The distance between the ship and the shipwreck is
514.2 meters. Let a = 2, b = 1.8 and c = 1.2.

ANSWER: largest angle.
514.2 m

24. GEOMETRY A parallelogram has side lengths 8
centimeters and 12 centimeters. One angle between
them measures 42°. To the nearest tenth, what is the
length of the shorter diagonal?

Use the Law of Sines to find the measure of .
SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Cosines to find the shorter diagonal.

The length of the shorter diagonal is 8.1 cm.

ANSWER:
8.1 cm
b. What is the area of the plot of land?

ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
12-58.1
Lawcmof Cosines
a. Let a = 1.25, b = 0.9 and c = 0.5.

25. RACING A triangular cross-country course has Use the Law of Cosines to find the measure of the
side lengths 1.8 kilometers, 2 kilometers, and 1.2 largest angle.
kilometers. What are the angles formed between
each pair of sides?
SOLUTION:
Let a = 2, b = 1.8 and c = 1.2.


largest angle.


b. Substitute b = 0.9, c = 0.5 and A = 124º in the area
formula.

ANSWER:
81°, 36°, 63°
ANSWER:

a. 19°, 37°, 124°
26. CCSS MODELING A triangular plot of farm land
measures 0.9 by 0.5 by 1.25 miles. 2
b. about 0.19 mi

a. If the plot of land is fenced on the border, what
will be the angles at which the fences of the three 27. LAND Some land is in the shape of a triangle. The
sides meet? Round to the nearest degree. distances between each vertex of the triangle are
140 yd, 210 yd and 300 yd, respectively. Use the
b. What is the area of the plot of land? Law of Cosines to find the area of the land to the
nearest square yard.

SOLUTION:
a. Let a = 1.25, b = 0.9 and c = 0.5. SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Cosines to find the measure of the largest angle.
largest angle. Page 13

a. 19°, 37°, 124°
b. Before the collision, a third car was 10 feet from
2 car 1 and 13 feet from car 2. Describe the angles
12-5b.Law
about
of 0.19 mi
Cosines formed by cars 1, 2, and 3 before the collision.

27. LAND Some land is in the shape of a triangle. The SOLUTION:
distances between each vertex of the triangle are a. Let a = 5.5, b = 7, c = d and C = 118
140 yd, 210 yd and 300 yd, respectively. Use the
Law of Cosines to find the area of the land to the Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
nearest square yard. length.

SOLUTION:
largest angle.

The distance between the two cars is about 10.7 ft.

b. Let a = 13, b = 10 and c = 10.7

largest angle.
formula.

The area of the land is 13,148 yd .
2

ANSWER:
2
13,148 yd

28. RIDES Two bumper cars at an amusement park
ride collide as shown
.

ANSWER:
a. about 10.7 ft

a. How far apart d were the two cars before they
b. 78°, 49°, 53°
collided?

b. Before the collision, a third car was 10 feet from
29. PICNICS A triangular picnic area is 11 yards by 14
car 1 and 13 feet from car 2. Describe the angles yards by 10 yards.
formed by cars 1, 2, and 3 before the collision.

a. Sketch and label a drawing to represent the picnic
SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero area. Page 14
a. Let a = 5.5, b = 7, c = d and C = 118

b. Describe how you could find the area of the picnic

29. PICNICS A triangular picnic area is 11 yards by 14
12-5yards
Law by
of 10 yards.
Cosines
ANSWER:
a. Sketch and label a drawing to represent the picnic a.
area.

b. Describe how you could find the area of the picnic
area.

c. What is the area? Round to the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:
a. b. Sample answer: Use the Law of Cosines to find
the measure of . Then use the formula Area =
.

c. 54.6 yd2

30. WATERSPORTS A person on a personal
b. Sample answer: Use the Law of Cosines to find watercraft makes a trip from point A to point B to
the measure of . Then use the formula Area = point C traveling 28 miles per hour. She then returns
from point C back to her starting point traveling 35
. miles per hour. How many minutes did the entire trip
take? Round to the nearest tenth.

c. Use the Law of Cosines to find the measure of the
largest angle.

SOLUTION:
length.

formula.

The time taken for the trip from point A to point B is
per hour.

The time taken for the trip from point B to point C is
ANSWER: per hour.
a.

The time taken for the trip from point C to point A is
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero per hour. Page 15

Time taken for the entire trip is 0.0246 hrs or 1.5
.
ANSWER:
2
12-5c.Law
54.6ofydCosines 1.5 min

30. WATERSPORTS A person on a personal Solve each triangle. Round side lengths to the

watercraft makes a trip from point A to point B to nearest tenth and angle measures to the
point C traveling 28 miles per hour. She then returns nearest degree.
from point C back to her starting point traveling 35
miles per hour. How many minutes did the entire trip
take? Round to the nearest tenth.

31.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: measure.
length.

The time taken for the trip from point A to point B is Find the measure of .
per hour.

The time taken for the trip from point B to point C is

per hour. Use the Law of Sines to find c.

The time taken for the trip from point C to point A is
per hour.

Time taken for the entire trip is 0.0246 hrs or 1.5
minutes.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
B ≈ 39°, C ≈ 37°, c ≈ 7.7
1.5 min


nearest degree.

32.

SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing sidePage 16
length.
31.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
B ≈ 39°, C ≈ 37°, c ≈ 7.7
12-5 Law of Cosines R ≈ 107°, S ≈ 48°, q ≈ 16.0

32.
33.

SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side SOLUTION:
length. Use the Law of Cosines to find the measure of the
largest angle, .

Use the Law of Sines to find the measure of angle

.

angle .

Since R is obtuse


ANSWER:
ANSWER:
R ≈ 107°, S ≈ 48°, q ≈ 16.0
F ≈ 42°, G ≈ 72°, H ≈ 66°

34. CHALLENGE Use the figure and the Pythagorean
Theorem to derive the Law of Cosines. Use the hints
below.

33.

SOLUTION:
largest angle, .

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero • First, use the Pythagorean Theorem for ∆DBC.
Page 17

2 2 2
• In ∆ADB, c = x + h .
A.

2 2
12-5 Law of Cosines = b + c – 2bc cos A Commutative Property

• First, use the Pythagorean Theorem for ∆DBC. 35. CCSS ARGUMENTS Three sides of a triangle
measure 10.6 centimeters, 8 centimeters, and 14.5
2 2
• In ∆ADB, c = x + h .
2 centimeters. Explain how to find the measure of the
largest angle. Then find the measure of the angle to

the nearest degree.
•
SOLUTION:
The longest side is 14.5 centimeters. Use the Law of
SOLUTION: Cosines to find the measure of the angle opposite the
2 2 2 longest side.
a = (b – x) + h Use the Pythagorean
Theorem for ∆DBC.

2 2 2 2 ANSWER:
= b – 2bx + x + h Expand (b – x) .
Cosines to find the measure of the angle opposite the
2 2 2 2 2
= b – 2bx + c In ∆ADB, c = x + h . longest side; 102°.

2 2
= b – 2b(c cos A) + c , so x = c cos 36. OPEN ENDED Create an application problem
A. involving right triangles and the Law of Cosines.
Then solve your problem, drawing diagrams if
2 2 necessary.
= b + c – 2bc cos A Commutative Property

SOLUTION:
ANSWER: See students’ work.
2 2 2
a = (b – x) + h Use the Pythagorean
Theorem for ∆DBC. ANSWER:

2 2 2 2
See students’ work.
= b – 2bx + x + h Expand (b – x) .

2 2 2 2 2 37. WRITING IN MATH How do you know which
= b – 2bx + c In ∆ADB, c = x + h .
method to use when solving a triangle?

2 2
= b – 2b(c cos A) + c , so x = c cos SOLUTION:
A. Sample answer: To solve a right triangle, you can use
the Pythagorean Theorem to find side lengths and
2 2 trigonometric ratios to find angle measures and side
= b + c – 2bc cos A Commutative Property lengths. To solve a nonright triangle, you can use the
Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines, depending on
what information is given. When two angles and a
35. CCSS ARGUMENTS Three sides of a triangle side are given or when two sides and an angle
measure 10.6 centimeters, 8 centimeters, and 14.5 opposite one of the sides are given, you can use the
centimeters. Explain how to find the measure of the Law of Sines. When two sides and an included angle
largest angle. Then find the measure of the angle to or three sides are given, you can use the Law of
the nearest degree. Cosines.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
Sample answer: To solve a right triangle, you can use
Cosines to find the measure of the angle opposite the
longest
eSolutions side.
trigonometric ratios to find angle measures and side
lengths. To solve a nonright triangle, you can use the
Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines, depending on
opposite one of the sides are given, you can use the
Law of Sines. When two sides and an included angle
ANSWER: or three sides are given, you can use the Law of
12-5See students’ work.
Law of Cosines Cosines.

37. WRITING IN MATH How do you know which 38. SAT/ACT If c and d are different positive integers
method to use when solving a triangle? and 4c + d = 26, what is the sum of all possible
values of c?

SOLUTION:
A6
trigonometric ratios to find angle measures and side B 10
lengths. To solve a nonright triangle, you can use the
Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines, depending on C 15
what information is given. When two angles and a
side are given or when two sides and an angle D 21
opposite one of the sides are given, you can use the
Law of Sines. When two sides and an included angle E 28
or three sides are given, you can use the Law of

Cosines.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
trigonometric ratios to find angle measures and side Since the values of c and d are different positive
lengths. To solve a nonright triangle, you can use the integers, the values of c are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines, depending on Therefore, the sum of all possible values of c is 1 + 2
what information is given. When two angles and a + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 or 21.
side are given or when two sides and an angle
opposite one of the sides are given, you can use the D is the correct option.
Law of Sines. When two sides and an included angle
or three sides are given, you can use the Law of
Cosines. ANSWER:
D

38. SAT/ACT If c and d are different positive integers
and 4c + d = 26, what is the sum of all possible y
39. 4If 6 = 21, what is y?
values of c?
F log 12 – log 6
A6

B 10 G

C 15
H
D 21

E 28
J

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Since the values of c and d are different positive
integers, the values of c are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Therefore, the sum of all possible values of c is 1 + 2
+ 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 or 21.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-5DLaw of Cosines G

y 40. GEOMETRY Find the perimeter of the figure.
39. 4If 6 = 21, what is y?

F log 12 – log 6

G

H A 24

B 30

J
C 36

D 48
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Two sides of the triangle are equal, so the angle
opposite to the side length 12 units is 60º.

Measure of the third angles is also 60º, so it is an
equilateral triangle.

The side lengths of an equilateral triangle are equal.

ANSWER: Thus, the perimeter of the figure is 12 + 12 + 12 or
36 units.
G

ANSWER:
40. GEOMETRY Find the perimeter of the figure.
C

41. SHORT RESPONSE Solve the equation for x.

A 24
SOLUTION:
B 30

C 36

D 48

SOLUTION:
Two sides of the triangle are equal, so the angle
opposite to the side length 12 units is 60º.

Measure of the third angles is also 60º, so it is an
equilateral triangle.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
12-5CLaw of Cosines

41. SHORT RESPONSE Solve the equation for x. Find the area of ∆ABC to the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:
42.

SOLUTION:
formula.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
2
65.2 cm

Find the area of ∆ABC to the nearest tenth.

43.

42.
SOLUTION:

Substitute c = 5, a = 6 and A = 30º in the area
SOLUTION: formula.
formula.

ANSWER:
2
7.5 yd
ANSWER:
2
65.2Manual
eSolutions cm - Powered by Cognero Page 21

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
2
65.2 cm 2
12-5 Law of Cosines 35.1 ft

The terminal side of θ in standard position


45. (8, 5)

43.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Substitute c = 5, a = 6 and A = 30º in the area
formula.

Use x = 8, y = 5, and r = to write the six

ANSWER:
2
7.5 yd

44.

SOLUTION:
formula.
ANSWER:

ANSWER:
2
35.1 ft 46. (–4, –2)

The terminal side of θ in standard position SOLUTION:
contains each point. Find the exact values of the Find the value of r.

45. (8, 5)

12-5 Law of Cosines

46. (–4, –2) 47. (6, –9)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

Use x = –4, y = –2, and r = to write the six Use x = 6, y = –9, and r = to write the six

ANSWER: ANSWER:

47. (6, –9)
48. ATHLETIC SHOES The prices for a random
sample of athletic shoes are shown.
SOLUTION:

eSolutions Page 23
Use x = 6, y = –9, and r = to write the six a. Use a graphing calculator to create a box-and-

trigonometric ratios. whisker plot. Then describe the shape of the
49. BUSINESS During the month of June, MediaWorld
had revenue of $2700 from sales of a certain DVD
12-5 Law of Cosines box set. During the July Blowout Sale, the set was on
sale for $10 off. Revenue from the set was $3750 in
July with 30 more sets sold than were sold in June.
Find the price of the DVD set for June and the price
a. Use a graphing calculator to create a box-and- for July.
whisker plot. Then describe the shape of the
distribution.
SOLUTION:
b. Describe the center and spread of the data using Let p be the price in June and q the quantity sold in
either the mean and standard deviation or the five- June. Represent the problem with a system on non-
number summary. Justify your choice. linear equations.

SOLUTION:
a.

Solve the system.

(p 10)(q + 30) = 3750

The distribution is positively skewed. 30p + pq 10q = 4050

b. Sample answer: The distribution is positively
skewed, so use the five-number summary. The range 30p + p 10 = 4050
is $70 to $400. The median is $190, and half of the

data are between $120 and $250.
30p + 2700 = 4050
ANSWER:
a.
30p = 1350

2
30p 27000 = 1350p

2
p 45p 900 = 0

(p 60)(p + 15) = 0
The distribution is positively skewed.

b. Sample answer: The distribution is positively p = 60 or 15
skewed, so use the five-number summary. The range
is $70 to $400. The median is $190, and half of the The price in June was $60. Therefore, the price in
data are between $120 and $250. July was $50.

49. BUSINESS During the month of June, MediaWorld ANSWER:

had revenue of $2700 from sales of a certain DVD $60, $50
box set. During the July Blowout Sale, the set was on
sale for $10 off. Revenue from the set was $3750 in
July with 30 more sets sold than were sold in June. Without writing the equation in standard form,
Find the price of the DVD set for June and the price state whether the graph of each equation is a
for July. parabola , circle, ellipse, or hyperbola.

2 2

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-5$60,
Law$50
of Cosines hyperbola

Without writing the equation in standard form, 2

52. y + 18y – 2x = –84
state whether the graph of each equation is a
parabola , circle, ellipse, or hyperbola.
SOLUTION:
2 2 A = 0, B = 0, and C = 1
50. x + y – 8x – 6y + 5 = 0

2
SOLUTION: The discriminant is (0) – 4(0)(1) or 0.

A = 1, B = 0, and C = 1 Because the discriminant is equal to 0, the conic is a
parabola.
2
The discriminant is (0) – 4(1)(1) or –4.

Because the discriminant is less than 0 and B = 0 and ANSWER:
A = C, the conic is a circle. parabola

ANSWER: Sketch each angle. Then find its reference

circle angle.

53. 245°
2 2

51. 3x – 2y + 32y – 134 = 0
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
A = 3, B = 0, and C = –2

2
The discriminant is (0) – 4(3)(–2) or 24.

Because the discriminant is greater than 0, the conic
is a hyperbola.

ANSWER:
hyperbola The terminal side of 245º lies in Quadrant III.

2
52. y + 18y – 2x = –84

SOLUTION:
A = 0, B = 0, and C = 1
ANSWER:
2
The discriminant is (0) – 4(0)(1) or 0.

Because the discriminant is equal to 0, the conic is a
parabola.

ANSWER:
parabola

Sketch each angle. Then find its reference

ANSWER:
12-5parabola
Law of Cosines

Sketch each angle. Then find its reference 54. –15°

angle.

53. 245° SOLUTION:
coterminal angle:

SOLUTION:

The terminal side of 245º lies in Quadrant III. The coterminal side of 345° lies in Quadrant IV.

ANSWER: ANSWER:

54. –15° 55.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
coterminal angle:
The terminal side lies in Quadrant III.


12-5 Law of Cosines

55.

SOLUTION:
The terminal side lies in Quadrant III.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
12-6 Circular and Periodic Functions

CCSS STRUCTURE The terminal side of angle Determine the period of each function.

θ in standard position intersects the unit circle
at each point P. Find cos θ and sin θ.

1.

SOLUTION: 3.

SOLUTION:
The pattern repeats after 2, 4, 6, 8,… units. So, the
period of the function is 2.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
2

2.

SOLUTION:
4.

SOLUTION:
The pattern repeats after 4π, 8π, … units. So, the
period of the function is 4π.

ANSWER: ANSWER:

5. SWINGS The height of a swing varies periodically
Determine the period of each function. as the function of time. The swing goes forward and
reaches its high point of 6 feet. It then goes
backward and reaches 6 feet again. Its lowest point
is 2 feet. The time it takes to swing from its high
point to its low point is 1 second.

a. How long does it take for the swing to go forward
and back one time?

3.
b. Graph the height of the swing h as a function of
time t.
SOLUTION:
The pattern repeats after 2, 4, 6, 8,… units. So, the
SOLUTION:
period of the function is 2.
a. It takes 4 seconds for the swing to go forward and
a. How long does it take for the swing to go forward
and back one time?

12-6b.
Circular and
Graph the Periodic
height of theFunctions
swing h as a function of
time t.

Find the exact value of each function.
SOLUTION:
a. It takes 4 seconds for the swing to go forward and
back one time. 6.

b. Sample answer: Let the x-axis represents the time
and the y-axis represents the height in feet. SOLUTION:

The maximum point is 6 ft, and the minimum point is
2 ft.
It takes 1 second to reach from the maximum to the
minimum. So, period is 2 seconds.

ANSWER:
7. sin (−60°)

ANSWER:
a. 4 seconds SOLUTION:

b. Sample answer:

ANSWER:
8. cos 540°

Find the exact value of each function. SOLUTION:

6.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
−1

The terminal side of angle θ in standard

position intersects the unit circle at each point
P. Find cos θ and sin θ.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
12-6−1
Circular and Periodic Functions

The terminal side of angle θ in standard 11.

position intersects the unit circle at each point
P. Find cos θ and sin θ.
SOLUTION:
9.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

ANSWER: 12.
SOLUTION:

10.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
Determine the period of each function.

ANSWER:

13.
11.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: The pattern repeats every 3 units. So, the period of
the given function is 3.

ANSWER:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 3 Page 3

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-6 Circular and Periodic Functions 8

Determine the period of each function.

15.

13.
SOLUTION:
The pattern repeats every 12 units. So, the period of
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
12
ANSWER:

3

16.

14.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION: the given function is 6.
ANSWER:
6
ANSWER:
8

17.

15. SOLUTION:
The pattern repeats every 180º. So, the period of the
SOLUTION: given function is 180º.

the given function is 12. ANSWER:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 180° Page 4
ANSWER:
12

ANSWER:
12-66Circular and Periodic Functions a. Sketch a graph of the function representing this
situation.

b. Describe the period of the function.

SOLUTION:
a.
17.

SOLUTION:
The pattern repeats every 180º. So, the period of the
given function is 180º.

ANSWER:
180°

b. The period of the function is 12 months or 1 year.

ANSWER:
a.
18.

SOLUTION:
The pattern repeats every 2π units. So the period of
the given function is 2π.

ANSWER:

b. 12 mo or 1 yr
19. WEATHER In a city, the average high temperature
for each month is shown in the table.

20.

SOLUTION:

a. Sketch a graph of the function representing this
situation.

eSolutions
b. Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 5
Describe the period of the function.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
12-6b. 12 mo orand
Circular 1 yrPeriodic Functions 0


23.

20.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:

24. sin (−45°)

21. SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

ANSWER:

25. cos 570°

22. cos 450° SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
0

23. 26. CCSS SENSE-MAKING In the engine at the

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero right, the distance d from the piston to the centerPage
of 6
the circle, called the crankshaft, is a function of the
speed of the piston rod. Point R on the piston rod
SOLUTION:
rotates 150 times per second.
a.

b. Sample answer:
26. CCSS SENSE-MAKING In the engine at the
right, the distance d from the piston to the center of
the circle, called the crankshaft, is a function of the
speed of the piston rod. Point R on the piston rod
rotates 150 times per second.
27. TORNADOES A tornado siren makes 2.5 rotations
per minute and the beam of sound has a radius of 1
mile. Ms. Miller’s house is 1 mile from the siren. The
a. Identify the period of the function as a fraction of distance of the sound beam from her house varies
a second. periodically as a function of time.

b. The shortest distance d is 0.5 inch, and the longest a. Identify the period of the function in seconds.
distance is 3.5 inches. Sketch a graph of the function.
Let the horizontal axis represent the time t. Let the b. Sketch a graph of the function. Let the horizontal
vertical axis represent the distance d. axis represent the time t from 0 seconds to 60
seconds. Let the vertical axis represent the distance
d the sound beam is from Ms. Miller’s house at time
SOLUTION:
t.
a. The period is the time it takes to complete one
rotation.
So, the period of the function as a fraction of a SOLUTION:
second is .
rotation.
So, the period of the function in seconds is
b. Sample answer: seconds.
The maximum distance d 3.5 inches, and the
minimum distance d is 0.5 inch.
b. Sample answer:

ANSWER:
a. ANSWER:
a. 24 seconds
b. Sample answer:
b. Sample answer:


27. TORNADOES A tornado siren makes 2.5 rotations 28. FERRIS WHEEL A Ferris wheel in China has a

per minute and the beam of sound has a radius of 1 diameter of approximately 520 feet. The height of a
mile. Ms. Miller’s house is 1 mile from the siren. The compartment h is a function of time t. It takes about
distance of the sound beam from her house varies 30 seconds to make one complete revolution. Let the
periodically as a function of time. height at the center of the wheel represent the height
at time 0. Sketch a graph of the function.
a. Identify the period of the function in seconds.
SOLUTION:
b. Sketch a graph of the function. Let the horizontal
Sample answer:
axis represent the time t from 0 seconds to 60

seconds. Let the vertical axis represent the distance
Period of the function is 30 seconds.
d the sound beam is from Ms. Miller’s house at time
t.

SOLUTION:
rotation.
So, the period of the function in seconds is
seconds.

b. Sample answer:
ANSWER:
Sample answer:

ANSWER:
a. 24 seconds
29. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The
terminal side of an angle in standard position
b. Sample answer:
intersects the unit circle at P, as shown in the figure.

28. FERRIS WHEEL A Ferris wheel in China has a

diameter
eSolutions Manualof- Powered
approximately 520 feet. The height of a
by Cognero a. GEOMETRIC Copy the figure. Draw lines Page 8
compartment h is a function of time t. It takes about representing 30º, 60º, 150º, 210º, and 315º
30 seconds to make one complete revolution. Let the .
height at the center of the wheel represent the height
c. Sample answer: The slope corresponds to the
tangent of the angle. For θ = 120°, the x-coordinate
a. GEOMETRIC Copy the figure. Draw lines
representing 30º, 60º, 150º, 210º, and 315º of P is and the y-coordinate is ; slope =
.
b. TABULAR Use a table of values to show the . Since change in and change in
slope of each line to the nearest tenth.

, or about –1.7.
c. ANALYTICAL What conclusions can you make
about the relationship between the terminal side of
the angle and the slope? Explain your reasoning.
ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
a.
a.

b.

b.

of P is and the y-coordinate is ;

. Since change in and
of P is and the y-coordinate is ; slope = change in , or

. Since change in and change in about –1.7.

ANSWER:
a. Sample answer: independent variable: time t in
of P is and the y-coordinate is ; seconds; dependent variable: height h in feet; period:
12-6 Circular and Periodic Functions 1.2 second
. Since change in and
b.
change in , or
about –1.7.

30. POGO STICK A person is jumping up and down

on a pogo stick at a constant rate. The difference
between his highest and lowest points is 2 feet. He
jumps 50 times per minute.

a. Describe the independent variable and dependent
variable of the periodic function that represents this 31. cos 45° − cos 30°
situation. Then state the period of the function in

seconds.
SOLUTION:
b. Sketch a graph of the jumper’s change in height in
relation to his starting point. Assume that his starting
point is halfway between his highest and lowest
points. Let the horizontal axis represent the time t in
seconds. Let the vertical axis represent the height h.

SOLUTION: ANSWER:
a. Sample answer: Independent variable: time t in
seconds.
Dependent variable: height h in feet;

The period of the function is second.
32. 6(sin 30°)(sin 60°)
b.
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
a. Sample answer: independent variable: time t in
seconds; dependent variable: height h in feet; period:
1.2 second
33.

b.
SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:

2 2
33. 35. (sin 45°) + (cos 45°)

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
1

ANSWER: 36.

SOLUTION:
34.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

ANSWER:

2 2
35. (sin 45°) + (cos 45°)

SOLUTION: 37. CCSS CRITIQUE Francis and Benita are finding
the exact value of . Is either of them correct?


ANSWER:
Benita, Francis incorrectly wrote .

37. CCSS CRITIQUE Francis and Benita are finding 38. CHALLENGE A ray has its endpoint at the origin

the exact value of . Is either of them correct? of the coordinate plane, and point lies
on the ray. Find the angle θ formed by the positive x-
axis and the ray.

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
Benita is correct.

Francis incorrectly wrote .

In Quadrant IV, cosines will have positive values and
ANSWER:
sines will have negative values. So, the angle θ is –
Benita, Francis incorrectly wrote . 60º.

ANSWER:
−60°
38. CHALLENGE A ray has its endpoint at the origin
of the coordinate plane, and point lies 39. REASONING Is the period of a sine curve

sometimes, always, or never a multiple of π? Justify
on the ray. Find the angle θ formed by the positive x- your reasoning.
axis and the ray.

SOLUTION:
The period of a sine curve is sometimes a multiple of
π. The period of a sine curve could be , which is
not a multiple of π.


ANSWER: Page 12

Sometimes; the period of a sine curve could be ,
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
12-6−60°
Circular and Periodic Functions which is not a multiple of π.

39. REASONING Is the period of a sine curve 40. OPEN ENDED Draw the graph of a periodic

sometimes, always, or never a multiple of π? Justify function that has a maximum value of 10 and a
your reasoning. minimum value of –10. Describe the period of the
function.

SOLUTION:
The period of a sine curve is sometimes a multiple of SOLUTION:
Sample answer:
π. The period of a sine curve could be , which is
not a multiple of π.

ANSWER:

which is not a multiple of π.

40. OPEN ENDED Draw the graph of a periodic

function that has a maximum value of 10 and a
minimum value of –10. Describe the period of the
function. ANSWER:

Sample answer:
SOLUTION:
Sample answer:

41. WRITING IN MATH Explain how to determine

the period of a periodic function from its graph.
ANSWER: Include a description of a cycle.
Sample answer:
SOLUTION:
The period of a periodic function is the horizontal
distance of the part of the graph that is nonrepeating.
Each nonrepeating part of the graph is one cycle.

ANSWER:
distance of the part of the graph that is nonrepeating.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Each nonrepeating part of the graph is one cycle.Page 13

ANSWER:
Sample answer: Move the graph of f (x) 4 units to the
12-6 Circular and Periodic Functions left and 3 units down to obtain the graph of g(x).

41. WRITING IN MATH Explain how to determine 43. The rate of population decline of Hampton Cove is

the period of a periodic function from its graph. −0.0064t
modeled by P(t) = 24,000e , where t is time in
Include a description of a cycle. years from this year and 24,000 is the current
population. In how many years will the population be
SOLUTION: 10,000?

distance of the part of the graph that is nonrepeating. A 14
B 104

ANSWER: C 137
distance of the part of the graph that is nonrepeating. D 375

SOLUTION:
42. SHORT RESPONSE Describe the translation of Substitute 10,000 for P(t) in the equation and solve
2 2 for t.
the graph of f (x) = x to the graph of g(x) = (x + 4)
− 3.

SOLUTION:
left and 3 units down to obtain the graph of g(x).

ANSWER:
left and 3 units down to obtain the graph of g(x).

After about 137 years the population will be 10,000.
43. The rate of population decline of Hampton Cove is
−0.0064t Option C is the correct answer.
modeled by P(t) = 24,000e , where t is time in
years from this year and 24,000 is the current
population. In how many years will the population be
ANSWER:
10,000?
C
A 14
2 2
44. SAT/ACT If d + 8 = 21, then d − 8 =
B 104

F0
C 137

G5
D 375

H 13
SOLUTION:
Substitute 10,000 for P(t) in the equation and solve J 31
for t.
K 161
SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-6CCircular and Periodic Functions G

2 2 45. STATISTICS If the average of three different
44. SAT/ACT If d + 8 = 21, then d − 8 =
positive integers is 65, what is the greatest possible
F0 value of one of the integers?

G5 A 192

H 13 B 193

J 31 C 194

K 161 D 195

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The sum of three different positive integers is 195.
So, the greatest possible value of one of the integer is
192 (195 – (1 + 2)).

2 A is the correct option.
Substitute 13 for d .

ANSWER:
A

So, G is the correct option.
46. GRIDDED RESPONSE If 8xy + 3 = 3, what is
the value of xy?
ANSWER:
G
SOLUTION:
45. STATISTICS If the average of three different
positive integers is 65, what is the greatest possible
value of one of the integers?

A 192 ANSWER:
0
B 193

C 194 Solve each triangle. Round side lengths to the
D 195 nearest degree.

SOLUTION:
The sum of three different positive integers is 195.
So, the greatest possible value of one of the integer is
192 (195 – (1 + 2)). 47.

A is the correct option.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER: angle .
A

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
A ≈ 34°, C ≈ 64°, c ≈ 12.7
12-60Circular and Periodic Functions


nearest degree.

48.

SOLUTION:
47. Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
length.

SOLUTION:
angle .

measure.




ANSWER:
a ≈ 16.1, B ≈ 49°, C ≈ 21°

ANSWER:
A ≈ 34°, C ≈ 64°, c ≈ 12.7

49.

SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Sines to find the measure of angle
48. .

SOLUTION:
length.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
≈ 16.1, B ≈ 49°, C ≈ 21°
12-6aCircular and Periodic Functions B ≈ 33°, C ≈ 29°, c ≈ 9.9


nearest degree.
49.

50. A = 72º, a = 6, b = 11
SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Sines to find the measure of angle SOLUTION:
.
to a.

Find the measure of . Since 6 < 10.5 or a < h, there is no solution.

ANSWER:
no solution


51. A = 46º, a = 10, b = 8

SOLUTION:
Since is acute and a > b, there is one solution.


ANSWER:
B ≈ 33°, C ≈ 29°, c ≈ 9.9


nearest degree.

50. A = 72º, a = 6, b = 11

SOLUTION:
to a. Use the Law of Sines to find c.


ANSWER:
ANSWER:
no solution
12-6 Circular and Periodic Functions one solution; B ≈ 35°, C ≈ 99°, c ≈ 13.7

51. A = 46º, a = 10, b = 8 52. A = 110º, a = 9, b = 5

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Since is acute and a > b, there is one solution. Because is obtuse and a > b, one solution exists.

Use the Law of Sines to find . Use the Law of Sines to find .

Find the measure of . Find the measure of .

Use the Law of Sines to find c. Use the Law of Sines to find c.

ANSWER:

one solution; B ≈ 35°, C ≈ 99°, c ≈ 13.7
ANSWER:
one solution; B ≈ 31°, C ≈ 39°, c ≈ 6.0
52. A = 110º, a = 9, b = 5

A binomial distribution has a 70% rate of
SOLUTION:
success. There are 10 trials.
53. What is the probability that there will be 3 failures?

SOLUTION:
The probability of a success is 0.7.

The probability of a failure is 1 – 0.7 or 0.3.

The probability of 3 failures is or
about 0.267.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-6one solution;
Circular andB ≈ 31°, C ≈ 39°, c ≈ 6.0
Periodic Functions 0.6496

A binomial distribution has a 70% rate of 55. What is the expected number of successes?

53. What is the probability that there will be 3 failures? SOLUTION:
Expected value of binomial distribution.

SOLUTION:


The expected number of success is 7.

about 0.267.
ANSWER:
7
ANSWER:

0.267
56. GAMES The diagram shows the board for a game
in which spheres are dropped down a chute. A
54. What is the probability that there will be at least 7 pattern of nails and dividers causes the disks to take
successes? various paths to the sections at the bottom. For each
section, how many paths through the board lead to
that section?
SOLUTION:
The probability that at least 7 successes
is .

That is approximately 0.6496.

ANSWER:
0.6496

55. What is the expected number of successes?

SOLUTION:
Expected value of binomial distribution. SOLUTION:
Look at the fourth row of Pascal’s triangle.

The expected number of success is 7.

ANSWER:
7 So, for each section they have 1, 4, 6, 4, 1 paths
which lead to the section at the bottom.
56. GAMES The diagram shows the board for a game
ANSWER:
in which spheres are dropped down a chute. A

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-67Circular and Periodic Functions 1, 4, 6, 4, 1

56. GAMES The diagram shows the board for a game 57. SALARIES Phillip’s current salary is $40,000 per

in which spheres are dropped down a chute. A year. His annual pay raise is always a percent of his
pattern of nails and dividers causes the disks to take salary at the time. What would his salary be if he got
various paths to the sections at the bottom. For each four consecutive 4% increases?
section, how many paths through the board lead to
that section?
SOLUTION:
The recursive formula is .

His salary would be $46,794.34.

ANSWER:
$46,794.34

SOLUTION:
Look at the fourth row of Pascal’s triangle. Find the exact solution(s) of each system of
equations.

58. y = x + 2
2
y =x

SOLUTION:
2
Substitute x for y in the equation y = x + 2 and solve
So, for each section they have 1, 4, 6, 4, 1 paths for x.
which lead to the section at the bottom.

ANSWER:
1, 4, 6, 4, 1

57. SALARIES Phillip’s current salary is $40,000 per

year. His annual pay raise is always a percent of his Substitute 2 and –1 for x in anyone of the equation
salary at the time. What would his salary be if he got and find the respective y values.
four consecutive 4% increases?

SOLUTION:
The recursive formula is .


The solutions of the system are (2, 4) and (–1, 1).

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
(2, 4), (−1, 1)
12-6$46,794.34
Circular and Periodic Functions

Find the exact solution(s) of each system of 2

59. 4x + y = 20
equations. 2 2
4x + y = 100

58. y = x + 2
2 SOLUTION:
y =x
Solve the system of equations. Subtract both the
equations.
SOLUTION:
2
Substitute x for y in the equation y = x + 2 and solve
for x.

Substitute 5 and –4 for x in anyone of the equation

and find the respective y values.


The solutions of the system are (2, 4) and (–1, 1). The solutions are (5, 0) and (–4, ±6).

ANSWER:
ANSWER: (5, 0), (−4, ±6)
(2, 4), (−1, 1)
60.
2
59. 4x + y = 20
2 2
4x + y = 100

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Solve the system of equations. Subtract both the
equations.

ANSWER:
The solutions are (5, 0) and (–4, ±6).
12-6ANSWER:
Circular and Periodic Functions ANSWER:
(5, 0), (−4, ±6) 108
62.
60.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
960 120

61.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
108
62.

SOLUTION:

12-7 Graphing Trigonometric Functions
Find the amplitude and period of each function. 2. y = sin 3θ

Then graph the function.

1. y = 4 sin θ SOLUTION:
amplitude:

SOLUTION:
amplitude: period:

period: x-intercepts: (0,0)

x-intercepts: (0,0)

ANSWER:
amplitude: 1; period: 120°
ANSWER:

3. y = cos 2θ

2. y = sin 3θ
SOLUTION:
amplitude: Page 1
SOLUTION:

amplitude:
period:

3. y = cos 2θ
4.

SOLUTION:
amplitude: SOLUTION:

amplitude:
period:

period:
x-intercepts:

x-intercepts:

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
amplitude: ; period: 120°

4.

SOLUTION:
5. SPIDERS When an insect gets caught in a spider
amplitude: web, the web vibrates with a frequency of 14 hertz.

a. Find the period of the function.

period:
b. Let the amplitude equal 1 unit. Write a sine
equation to represent the vibration of the web y as a

5. SPIDERS
12-7 Graphing When an insect gets caught in a spider
Trigonometric Functions
web, the web vibrates with a frequency of 14 hertz.
ANSWER:
a. Find the period of the function.
a. or about 0.07

b. Let the amplitude equal 1 unit. Write a sine
equation to represent the vibration of the web y as a b. y = sin 28πt
function of time t. Then graph the equation.

SOLUTION:
a. The period of the function is or about 0.07.

b. Period =

Find the period of each function. Then graph

the function.

6. y = 3 tan θ

Substitute 1 for a, 28π for b and t for θ in the general SOLUTION:
equation for the sine function.
period:

asymptotes:

amplitude:
Sketch asymptotes at

x-intercepts: (0, 0)

Use y = tan θ, draw one cycle every 180º.

ANSWER:
ANSWER: period: 180°

a. or about 0.07

b. y = sin 28πt


Find the period of each function. Then graph 7. y = 2 csc θ

the function.

6. y = 3 tan θ SOLUTION:

period:
SOLUTION:

period: Since 2 csc θ is a reciprocal of 2 sin θ, the vertical
asymptotes occur at the points where 2 sin θ = 0. So,
the asymptotes are at θ = 0° and θ = 180°.

asymptotes: Sketch y = 2 csc θ.



ANSWER:
period: 360°

ANSWER:
period: 180°

8. y = cot 2θ

SOLUTION:
period:
7. y = 2 csc θ

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Since cot 2θ is a reciprocal of tan 2θ, the verticalPage 4
SOLUTION: asymptotes occur at the points where tan 2θ = 0. So,
the asymptotes are at θ = 0°, θ = 90°, θ = 180°, θ =
period:
270° and so on

8. y = cot 2θ Find the amplitude and period of each function.


SOLUTION: 9. y = 2 cos θ

period:
SOLUTION:

amplitude:
Since cot 2θ is a reciprocal of tan 2θ, the vertical
asymptotes occur at the points where tan 2θ = 0. So,
the asymptotes are at θ = 0°, θ = 90°, θ = 180°, θ =
270° and so on period:
.
Sketch y = cot 2θ.
x-intercepts:

ANSWER:
period: 90°

ANSWER:

Find the amplitude and period of each function.


9. y = 2 cos θ

SOLUTION: 10. y = 3 sin θ
amplitude:
eSolutions SOLUTION: Page 5
period: amplitude:


10. y = 3 sin θ 11. y = sin 2θ

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
amplitude: amplitude:

period: period:

x-intercepts: (0,0) x-intercepts: (0,0)

ANSWER:
ANSWER:

12. y = cos 3θ

SOLUTION:
11. y = sin 2θ amplitude:

SOLUTION: period:
amplitude:

x-intercepts:


12. y = cos 3θ
13.

SOLUTION:
amplitude:

period:
period:

x-intercepts:

x-intercepts:

ANSWER:
amplitude: 1; period: 120° ANSWER:

13.
14. y = sin 4θ

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

period: period:

x-intercepts: (0,0)

14. y = sin 4θ
15.

SOLUTION:

amplitude:
period:

period:
x-intercepts: (0,0)

x-intercepts:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
amplitude: ; period: 360°

15.

16.
SOLUTION:

amplitude:
SOLUTION:

amplitude:
period:


16. 17.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

period: period:

x-intercepts: (0,0) x-intercepts: (0,0)

ANSWER: ANSWER:
amplitude: ; period: 360° amplitude: ; period: 180°

18. y = 4 cos 2θ
17.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: amplitude:
Page 9
amplitude:
period:


18. y = 4 cos 2θ 19. y = 3 cos 2θ

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

period: period:

x-intercepts: x-intercepts:

ANSWER:
amplitude: 4; period: 180° ANSWER:

19. y = 3 cos 2θ
20.
SOLUTION:
eSolutions
amplitude:
Page 10
period:

21. CCSS REASONING A boat on a lake bobs up and
down with the waves. The difference between the
lowest and highest points of the boat is 8 inches. The
20. boat is at equilibrium when it is halfway between
the lowest and highest points. Each cycle of the
periodic motion lasts 3 seconds.
SOLUTION:
amplitude: a. Write an equation for the motion of the boat. Let h
represent the height in inches and let t represent the
time in seconds. Assume that the boat is at
period: equilibrium at t = 0 seconds.

b. Draw a graph showing the height of the boat as a
function of time.
x-intercepts: (0,0)

SOLUTION:
a. The period of the function is 3.
Period =

Substitute 4 for a, for b and t for θ in the general

ANSWER:

b.

amplitude:

x-intercepts: (0,0)

21. CCSS REASONING A boat on a lake bobs up and

down with the waves. The difference between the
lowest and highest points of the boat is 8 inches. The
eSolutions
boatManual - Powered by Cognero
is at equilibrium when it is halfway between Page 11
the lowest and highest points. Each cycle of the

periodic motion lasts 3 seconds.
SOLUTION:
a. The period of the function per second is or

0.02.

Period =

Substitute 165 for a, for b and t for θ in the
general equation for the cosine function.

ANSWER:
a.

b. amplitude:
b.

x-intercepts:

22. ELECTRICITY The voltage supplied by an
electrical outlet is a periodic function that oscillates,
or goes up and down, between –165 volts and 165
volts with a frequency of 50 cycles per second.

a. Write an equation for the voltage V as a function
of time t. Assume that at t = 0 seconds, the current is
165 volts. ANSWER:
a. V = 165 cos 100πt
b. Graph the function.
b.
SOLUTION:
a. The period of the function per second is or

0.02.

eSolutions
PeriodManual
= - Powered by Cognero Page 12

ANSWER:
12-7aGraphing
. V = 165 cos 100πt
Trigonometric Functions Find the period of each function. Then graph
the function.
b.
23.

SOLUTION:
period:
asymptotes:
Find the period of each function. Then graph

the function.
and so on.
23.

SOLUTION:
period:

asymptotes:

and so on.
ANSWER:
period: 360°

ANSWER:
period: 360° 24. y = 3 sec θ

SOLUTION:
Period of the function is 360º.

24. y = 3 sec θ 25. y = 2 cot θ

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Period of the function is 360º.
period:
Since 3 sec θ is a reciprocal of 3 cos θ, the vertical
asymptotes occur at the points where 3 cos θ = 0.
So, the asymptotes are at θ = 90° and θ = 270°. Since 2 cot θ is a reciprocal of 2 tan θ, the vertical
asymptotes occur at the points where 2 tan θ = 0. So,
the asymptotes are at θ = 0°, θ = 180°, θ = 360° and
Sketch y = 3 cos θ and use it to graph y = 3 sec θ.
so on.

Sketch y = 2 tan θ and use it to graph y = 2 cot θ.

ANSWER:
period: 360°

ANSWER:
period: 180°

25. y = 2 cot θ

SOLUTION: 26.
period:
SOLUTION:
Since 2 cot θ is a reciprocal of 2 tan θ, the vertical
period:
asymptotes occur at the points where 2 tan θ = 0. So,
the asymptotes are at θ = 0°, θ = 180°, θ = 360° and
so on.

Sketch y = 2 tan θ and use it to graph y = 2 cot θ. Since is a reciprocal of , the vertical


27. y = 2 tan θ
26.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
period:
period:

asymptotes:
Since is a reciprocal of , the vertical

asymptotes occur at the points where = 0.

So, the asymptotes are at θ = 0°, θ = 360°, θ = 720° Use y = tan θ, draw one cycle every 180º.
and so on.

Sketch y = sin and use it to graph y = csc .

ANSWER:
period: 180°

ANSWER:
period: 720°

28.

SOLUTION:
period:
27. y = 2 tan θ

SOLUTION: Since is a reciprocal of , the vertical
Page 15
period: asymptotes occur at the points where = 0.

29. EARTHQUAKES A seismic station detects an
earthquake wave that has a frequency of 0.5 hertz

and an amplitude of 1 meter.

28. a. Write an equation involving sine to represent the
height of the wave h as a function of time t. Assume

that the equilibrium point of the wave, h = 0, is
SOLUTION: halfway between the lowest and highest points.

period: b. Graph the function. Then determine the height of
the wave after 20.5 seconds.

SOLUTION:
Since is a reciprocal of , the vertical
a. The period of the function is or 2.
asymptotes occur at the points where = 0.
Period =
So, the asymptotes are at θ = –270°, θ = 270°, θ =
810° and so on.

Sketch y = cos and use it to graph .

Substitute 1 for a, π for b and t for θ in the general

b. amplitude:

x-intercepts: (0,0)
ANSWER:
period: 1080°

29. EARTHQUAKES A seismic station detects an
earthquake wave that has a frequency of 0.5 hertz
and an amplitude of 1 meter. ANSWER:
eSolutions a. h = sin πt Page 16
a. Write an equation involving sine to represent the
height of the wave h as a function of time t. Assume b.

Frequency is the reciprocal of period.
12-7 Graphing Trigonometric Functions So, the frequency is or 0.5 vibrations per second.
ANSWER:
a. h = sin πt
b. Substitute in the given equation and solve

b. for y.

The distance of the object from the equilibrium
position is about 14.1 cm at second.
30. CCSS PERSEVERANCE An object is attached to
a spring as shown at the right. It oscillates according
to the equation y = 20 cos πt, where y is the distance
in centimeters from its equilibrium position at time t. c. Substitute in the given equation and solve for
v.

a. Describe the motion of the object by finding the
following: the amplitude in centimeters, the frequency
in vibrations per second, and the period in seconds.

b. Find the distance of the object from its equilibrium
position at second. The velocity is about –44.4 cm/s.

c. The equation v = (−20 cm)(π rad/s) · sin (π rad/s · ANSWER:
t) represents the velocity v of the object at time t. a. amplitude: 20 cm; frequency: 0.5 vibrations per
second; period: 2 seconds
Find the velocity at second.
b. about 14.1 cm

SOLUTION: c. about −44.4 cm/s
a. amplitude:

31. PIANOS A piano string vibrates at a frequency of
period: 130 hertz.

a. Write and graph an equation using cosine to model
Frequency is the reciprocal of period. the vibration of the string y as a function of time t.
So, the frequency is or 0.5 vibrations per second. Let the amplitude equal 1 unit.

b. Suppose the frequency of the vibration doubles.
Do the amplitude and period increase, decrease, or
b. Substitute in the given equation and solve
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero remain the same? Explain. Page 17
for y.

SOLUTION:
a. Write and graph an equation using cosine to model frequency.
the vibration of the string y as a function of time t.
Let the amplitude equal 1 unit.
ANSWER:
b. Suppose the frequency of the vibration doubles. a. y = cos 260πt
Do the amplitude and period increase, decrease, or
remain the same? Explain.

SOLUTION:
a. The period of the function is .

Period =

b. The amplitude remains the same. The period
decreases because it is the reciprocal of the
frequency.
Substitute 1 for a, 260π for b and t for θ in the
general equation for the cosine function.
Find the amplitude, if it exists, and period of
each function. Then graph the function.

32.

Graph the function.
SOLUTION:
amplitude:

period:

x-intercepts: (0,0)

b. The amplitude remains the same. The period
decreases because it is the reciprocal of the
frequency.

ANSWER:
a. y = cos 260πt


frequency.

12-7Find the amplitude,

Graphing if it exists,
Trigonometric and period of
Functions

32. 33.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
amplitude:
amplitude:

period:
period:

x-intercepts: (0,0)
x-intercepts:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
amplitude: 3; period: 540° amplitude: ; period: 480°

34.

33.
SOLUTION:
amplitude: does not exist
SOLUTION:

34. 35.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
amplitude: does not exist amplitude: does not exist.

period: period:

The vertical asymptotes occur at the points where 2
asymptotes:
cos = 0. So, the asymptotes are at θ = 112.5º
and θ = 337.5º.

Sketch 2 cos and use it to graph 2 sec .


ANSWER:
ANSWER: amplitude: does not exist; period: 450°
amplitude: does not exist; period: 360°

36. y = 5 csc 3θ

35.
SOLUTION:

amplitude: does not exist.
SOLUTION:

36. y = 5 csc 3θ 37. y = 2 cot 6θ

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
amplitude: does not exist. amplitude: does not exist

period: period:

The vertical asymptotes occur at the points where 5 The vertical asymptotes occur at the points where 2
sin 3θ = 0. So, the asymptotes are at θ = 60º and θ = tan 6θ = 0. So, the asymptotes are at θ = 0°, θ = 30°,
120º. θ = 90° and so on.

Sketch y = 5 sin 3θ and use it to graph y = 5 csc 3θ. Sketch y = 2 tan 6θ and use it to graph y = 2 cot 6θ.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
amplitude: does not exist; period: 120° amplitude: does not exist; period: 30°

Identify the period of the graph and write an
37. y = 2 cot 6θ equation for each function.

SOLUTION:
amplitude: does not exist

period:

ANSWER:
360°;

Identify the period of the graph and write an

equation for each function.
39.

38.
SOLUTION:

The period of the graph is 180º.
SOLUTION: The amplitude of the graph is 5.
The amplitude of the graph is . Period =

Period =

Substitute 5 for a, 2 for b in the general equation for
the sine function.

Substitute for a, 1 for b in the general equation for

the cosine function.

ANSWER:
180°; y = 5 sin 2θ

ANSWER:
360°;
40.

SOLUTION:

The amplitude of the graph is 2.

Period =
39.

ANSWER:

1800°;
12-7ANSWER:
Graphing Trigonometric Functions
180°; y = 5 sin 2θ
41. CHALLENGE Describe the domain and range of
y = a cos θ and y = a sec θ, where a is any positive
real number.

SOLUTION:
The domain of y = a cos θ is the set of all real
numbers.
40. The domain of y = a sec θ is the set of all real
numbers except the values for which cos θ = 0.
The range of y = a cos θ is –a ≤ y ≤ a.
SOLUTION: The range of y = a sec θ is y ≤ –a and y ≥ a.

The amplitude of the graph is 2. ANSWER:
numbers.
Period = The domain of y = a sec θ is the set of all real
numbers except the values for which cos θ = 0.
The range of y = a cos θ is .
The range of y = a sec θ is and .

42. REASONING Compare and contrast the graphs of
and .

Substitute 2 for a, for b in the general equation for
SOLUTION:
the sine function.
The graph of has an amplitude of and
a period of 360°.

The graph of has an amplitude of 1 and a

period of 720°.
ANSWER:
1800°; ANSWER:

The graph of has an amplitude of and
41. CHALLENGE Describe the domain and range of a period of 360°.
y = a cos θ and y = a sec θ, where a is any positive
real number.
SOLUTION: period of 720°.
numbers.
The domain of y = a sec θ is the set of all real 43. OPEN ENDED Write a trigonometric function that
numbers except the values for which cos θ = 0. has an amplitude of 3 and a period of 180°. Then
The Manual
range -ofPowered
y = a by θ is –a ≤ y ≤ a.
cosCognero graph the function.
eSolutions Page 23
The range of y = a sec θ is y ≤ –a and y ≥ a.
SOLUTION:

12-7period of 720°.
Graphing Trigonometric Functions

43. OPEN ENDED Write a trigonometric function that 44. WRITING IN MATH How can you use the

has an amplitude of 3 and a period of 180°. Then characteristics of a trigonometric function to sketch
graph the function. its graph?

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Sample answer: Determine the amplitude and period
of the function; find and graph any x-intercepts,
y = 3 sin 2θ extrema, and asymptotes; use the parent function to
sketch the graph.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: Determine the amplitude and period
of the function; find and graph any x-intercepts,
extrema, and asymptotes; use the parent function to
sketch the graph.

45. SHORT RESPONSE Find the 100,001st term of

the sequence.

13, 20, 27, 34, 41, …
ANSWER:
Sample answer: y = 3 sin 2θ SOLUTION:
Substitute a 1 = 13 and d = 7 in the formula to find the
nth term.

ANSWER:
44. WRITING IN MATH How can you use the 700,013
characteristics of a trigonometric function to sketch
its graph?
46. STATISTICS You bowled five games and had the
following scores: 143, 171, 167, 133, and 156. What
SOLUTION: was your average?
of the function; find and graph any x-intercepts, A 147
sketch the graph. B 153

ANSWER: C 154
of the function; find and graph any x-intercepts, D 156
sketch the graph.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-7700,013
Graphing Trigonometric Functions C

46. STATISTICS You bowled five games and had the 47. Your city had a population of 312,430 ten years ago.
following scores: 143, 171, 167, 133, and 156. What If its current population is 418,270, by what
was your average? percentage has it grown over the past 10 years?

A 147 F 25%

B 153 G 34%

C 154 H 66%

D 156 J 75%

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Percentage of growth over the past 10 years
Average =


ANSWER:
C

47. Your city had a population of 312,430 ten years ago. G is the correct option.
If its current population is 418,270, by what
percentage has it grown over the past 10 years?
ANSWER:
F 25% G

G 34%
2
48. SAT/ACT If h + 4 = b − 3, then (h – 2) =
H 66%
2
A h +4
J 75%
B b 2 − 6b + 3
SOLUTION:
2
Percentage of growth over the past 10 years C b − 18b + 81

D b 2 − 14b + 49

2
E b − 10b + 25

SOLUTION:

Substitute b – 7 for h.
ANSWER:
G

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
−1
12-7GGraphing Trigonometric Functions

2 50. 3(sin 45°)(sin 60°)
48. SAT/ACT If h + 4 = b − 3, then (h – 2) =

2
A h +4 SOLUTION:

B b 2 − 6b + 3

2
C b − 18b + 81

D b 2 − 14b + 49
ANSWER:
2
E b − 10b + 25

SOLUTION:
51.

Substitute b – 7 for h.
SOLUTION:


ANSWER:
ANSWER:
C

Find the exact value of each expression. nearest tenth and angle measures to the
nearest degree.
49. cos 120° − sin 30°

SOLUTION:
52.

ANSWER: SOLUTION:
−1 Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
length.

50. 3(sin 45°)(sin 60°)

SOLUTION:


ANSWER: ANSWER:
B ≈ 17°, A ≈ 139°, c ≈ 7.2


nearest degree.

52.
53.

SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side SOLUTION:
length. Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
length.

measure. Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle
measure.

Find the measure of

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
B ≈ 17°, A ≈ 139°, c ≈ 7.2
R ≈ 140°, S ≈ 9°, q ≈ 48.6

54.

SOLUTION:
53.
largest angle . Page 27

SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
≈ 140°, S ≈ 9°, q ≈ 48.6
12-7RGraphing Trigonometric Functions F ≈ 49°, G ≈ 62°, H ≈ 69°

A binomial distribution has a 40% rate of


55. What is the probability that there will be exactly 5
failures?

54.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Cosines to find the measure of the The probability of a failure is 1 – 0.4 or 0.6.
largest angle .

about 0.101, or 10.1%.

ANSWER:
10.1%
.
56. What is the probability that there will be at least 8
successes?

SOLUTION:
The probability that at least 8 successes is
.

Find the measure of . That is approximately 0.057, or 5.7%.

ANSWER:

5.7%
ANSWER:
F ≈ 49°, G ≈ 62°, H ≈ 69° 57. What is the expected number of successes?

A binomial distribution has a 40% rate of SOLUTION:
success. There are 12 trials. Expected value of binomial distribution.

55. What is the probability that there will be exactly 5
failures?

SOLUTION:

The expected number of success is a bout 5.

ANSWER:
The probability of 3 failures is or 5
about
eSolutions 0.101,
Manual or 10.1%.
- Powered by Cognero Page 28

58. BANKING Rita has deposited $1000 in a bank
ANSWER: account. At the end of each year, the bank posts

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-75.7%
Graphing Trigonometric Functions 5

57. What is the expected number of successes? 58. BANKING Rita has deposited $1000 in a bank

account. At the end of each year, the bank posts
interest to her account in the amount of 3% of the
SOLUTION: balance, but then takes out a $10 annual fee.
Expected value of binomial distribution.
a. Let b 0 be the amount Rita deposited. Write a
recursive equation for the balance b n in her account
at the end of n years.

b. Find the balance in the account after four years.
The expected number of success is a bout 5.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER: a. The recursive equation for the balance b n at the
5
end of n years is

58. BANKING Rita has deposited $1000 in a bank
account. At the end of each year, the bank posts
interest to her account in the amount of 3% of the
balance, but then takes out a $10 annual fee.

a. Let b 0 be the amount Rita deposited. Write a b.
recursive equation for the balance b n in her account
at the end of n years.

b. Find the balance in the account after four years.

SOLUTION:
a. The recursive equation for the balance b n at the After four years Rita will have $1083.67 in her
end of n years is account.

ANSWER:
a. b n = 1.03b n − 1 – 10

b. $1083.67
b.
Write an equation for an ellipse that satisfies

each set of conditions.

59. center at (6, 3), focus at (2, 3), co-vertex at (6, 1)

SOLUTION:
After four years Rita will have $1083.67 in her Since the y-coordinate of the center and the focus
account. are same, the orientation is horizontal.
From the given points: h = 6, k = 3, h – c = 2, k – b
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero = 1. Page 29
ANSWER:
a. b = 1.03b – 10 Find the values of c.
ANSWER:
a. b n = 1.03b n − 1 – 10

12-7b. $1083.67 Trigonometric Functions
Graphing

Write an equation for an ellipse that satisfies 60. foci at (2, 1) and (2, 13), co-vertex at (5, 7)
each set of conditions.

59. center at (6, 3), focus at (2, 3), co-vertex at (6, 1) SOLUTION:
Since the x-coordinates of the foci are same, the
orientation is vertical.
SOLUTION:
Since the y-coordinate of the center and the focus The foci are equidistance from the center. So, the
are same, the orientation is horizontal. center is at (2, 7).
From the given points: h = 6, k = 3, h – c = 2, k – b
= 1. Therefore, h = 2, k = 7.

Find the values of c. The co-vertex (h + b, k) is (5, 7).

Therefore, b = 3.

Find the value of b. The value of c is distance between the center and
foci.
c = 6.
2
Find the value a .
2
Find the value of a .

Therefore, the equation of the ellipse is
The equation of the ellipse is .
.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:

Graph each function.

60. foci at (2, 1) and (2, 13), co-vertex at (5, 7) 2
61. y = 2(x − 3) − 4

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Since the x-coordinates of the foci are same, the
orientation is vertical. The vertex is at (3, –4). The axis of symmetry is at x
= 3. Because a = 2 > 1, the graph is narrower than
2
The foci are equidistance from the center. So, the the graph of y = x .
center is at (2, 7).

Therefore, h = 2, k = 7.

The co-vertex (h + b, k) is (5, 7).

Therefore, b = 3.

The value of c is distance between the center and
ANSWER:

Graph each function.

62.
2
61. y = 2(x − 3) − 4

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: The vertex is at (–5, 2). The axis of symmetry is at x
The vertex is at (3, –4). The axis of symmetry is at x = –5. Because 0 < a < 1, the graph is compressed
= 3. Because a = 2 > 1, the graph is narrower than vertically.
2
the graph of y = x .

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
63.

62. SOLUTION:
The vertex is at (–6, 7). The axis of symmetry is at x
= –6. Because a < 0, the graph opens down and is
SOLUTION: stretched vertically.
= –5. Because 0 < a < 1, the graph is compressed
vertically.



63.

SOLUTION:
= –6. Because a < 0, the graph opens down and is
stretched vertically.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
12-8 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs
1; 360°; h = 180°

State the amplitude, period, and phase shift for

1. y = sin (θ – 180°)

SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and h = 180°.

Amplitude:

2.
Period:

SOLUTION:
Given b = 1 and h = .

Phase shift: Amplitude:
No amplitude

Period:

Graph shifted to the right.

Phase shift:

Graph shifted units to the right.

ANSWER:
1; 360°; h = 180°

ANSWER:
no amplitude; 180°;

2. 3.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Given b = 1 and h = . Given a = 1, b = 1 and h = .

Amplitude: Amplitude:
No amplitude

Period:

Period:

Phase shift:
Phase shift:


ANSWER:

ANSWER:
3.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:

4.
State the amplitude, period, vertical shift, and
equation of the midline for each function. Then
SOLUTION: graph the function.

Given a = , b = 1 and h = –90°. 5. y = cos θ + 4

Amplitude: SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and k = 4.

Amplitude:

Period:
Period:

Phase shift:
Vertical shift:

Graph shifted to the left.
Midline:

To graph , first draw the midline. Then
use it to graph shifted 4 units up.

ANSWER:
Vertical shift:

To graph , first draw the midline. Then Midline:
use it to graph shifted 2 units down.

ANSWER:
1; 360°; k = 4; y = 4

ANSWER:
1; 360°; k = –2; y = –2

6. y = sin θ – 2

SOLUTION:

The amplitude, period, vertical shift, and midline of
the function is given by
7.
Amplitude:
SOLUTION:
Given b = 1 and k = 1.

Period:
Amplitude:
No amplitude

Period:

Vertical shift:

Midline:
Vertical shift:
eSolutions
Manual - Powered by Cognero Midline: Page 4

12-8Vertical shift: of Trigonometric Graphs
Translations

Midline: 8. y = sec θ – 5

SOLUTION:
To graph , first draw the midline. Then Given b = 1 and k = –5.

use it to graph shifted 1 unit up. Amplitude:
No amplitude

Period:

Vertical shift:

Midline:

ANSWER:
First, graph the midline. Then graph
no amplitude; 180°; k = 1; y = 1 using the midline as reference.

ANSWER:
8. y = sec θ – 5
no amplitude; 360°; k = –5; y = –5

SOLUTION:
Given b = 1 and k = –5.

Amplitude:
No amplitude

Period:

CCSS REGULARITY State the amplitude,
Vertical
eSolutions shift:
Manual - Powered by Cognero period, phase shift, and vertical shift for each
Page 5
function. Then graph the function.

ANSWER:
2; 360°; h = –45°; k = 1
CCSS REGULARITY State the amplitude,
period, phase shift, and vertical shift for each
function. Then graph the function.

9. y = 2 sin (θ + 45°) + 1

SOLUTION:
Given a = 2, b = 1, h = –45° and k = 1.

Amplitude:

10. y = cos 3(θ – π) – 4
Period:

SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 3, h = and k = –4.

Amplitude:
Phase shift:

Vertical shift:
Period:

Midline:

First, graph the midline. Since the amplitude is 2, Phase shift:
draw dashed line 2 units above and 2 units below the
midline. Then graph using the midline Vertical shift:
as reference. Then shift the graph to the left.
Midline:

First, graph the midline. Since the amplitude is 1,
draw dashed line 1 units above and 1 unit below the
midline. Then graph using the
midline as reference. Then shift the graph units to
the right.

ANSWER:
2; 360°; h = –45°; k = 1


draw dashed line 1 units above and 1 unit below the Vertical shift:
midline. Then graph using the
12-8midline as reference.
Translations graph units to
Then shift theGraphs
of Trigonometric Midline:
the right.
using the midline as reference.
Then shift the graph 30 units to the left.

ANSWER:
1; 120°; h = π; k = –4

ANSWER:
no amplitude; 90°; h = –30°; k = 3

11.

SOLUTION:
Given a = , b = 2, h = –30° and k = 3.

12.

Amplitude: No amplitude
SOLUTION:
Period:
Given a = 4, b = ,h = and k = 5.

Amplitude:

Phase shift:

Vertical shift: Period:

Midline:


Phase shift:
Then shift the graph 30 units to the left.

13. EXERCISE While doing some moderate physical
activity, a person’s blood pressure oscillates between
12-8 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs a maximum of 130 and a minimum of 90. The
person’s heart rate is 90 beats per minute. Write a
sine function that represents the person’s blood
pressure P at time t seconds. Then graph the
Phase shift: function.

Vertical shift: SOLUTION:
Amplitude:
Midline:

Period:
Then shift the graph units to the right. Since the person’s heart rate is 90 beats per minute,
the heart beats every second. So, the period is
second.

The midline lies halfway between the maximum and
the minimum values.

ANSWER:

4; 4π; ;k =5 Therefore the vertical shift is .

Substitute 20 for a, for b, 0 for h, and 110 for k in
.

Graph the function.

13. EXERCISE While doing some moderate physical
activity, a person’s blood pressure oscillates between
a maximum of 130 and a minimum of 90. The
person’s heart rate is 90 beats per minute. Write a
sine function that represents the person’s blood
pressure P-at time tbyseconds.
eSolutions Manual Powered Cognero Then graph the Page 8
function.
ANSWER:

P = 20 sin 3πt + 110

12-8 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs State the amplitude, period, and phase shift for

14. y = cos (θ + 180°)
ANSWER:
P = 20 sin 3πt + 110 SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and h = –180°.

Amplitude:

Period:

Phase shift:

14. y = cos (θ + 180°) Graph shifted to the left.

SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and h = –180°.

Amplitude:

Period:

ANSWER:
Phase shift: 1; 360°; h = –180°


eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 15. y = tan (θ – 90°) Page 9

SOLUTION:

15. y = tan (θ – 90°) 16. y = sin (θ + π)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Given b = 1 and h = 90°. Given a = 1, b = 1 and h = .

No amplitude

Period:

Period:

Phase shift:
Phase shift:

Graph shifted to the right.
Graph shifted units to the left.

ANSWER:
1; 2π; h = –π

ANSWER:
no amplitude; 180°; h = 90°

17.
SOLUTION:
Given a = 2, b = 1 and h = .
16. y = sin
eSolutions Manual π)
(θ +- Powered by Cognero Page 10

Amplitude:
SOLUTION:
17.

SOLUTION:
Given a = 2, b = 1 and h = . 18.

Amplitude:
SOLUTION:
Given b = and h = –30°.

Period:
Amplitude:
No amplitude

Period:

Phase shift:

Phase shift:


ANSWER:
2; 2π;

ANSWER:
no amplitude; 360°; h = –30°

18.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 19. Page 11
SOLUTION:

Given b = and h = –30°.

ANSWER:
12-8 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs 3; 2π;

19.

SOLUTION:
Given a = 3, b = 1 and h = .

Amplitude:

Period:
equation of the midline for each function. Then
graph the function.

20. y = cos θ + 3
Phase shift:
SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and k = 3.

Graph shifted units to the right. Amplitude:

Period:

Vertical shift:

Midline:

ANSWER: use it to graph shifted 3 units up.

3; 2π;

ANSWER:


12-8equation of theofmidline
Translations for eachGraphs
Trigonometric function. Then

graph the function.

20. y = cos θ + 3 21. y = tan θ – 1

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and k = 3. Given a = 1, b = 1 and k = –1.

Amplitude: Amplitude: No amplitude

Period:

Period:

Vertical shift:

Vertical shift: Midline:

Midline: To graph , first draw the midline. Then
use it to graph shifted 1 unit down.

ANSWER:
ANSWER: no amplitude; 180°; k = –1; y = –1
1; 360°; k = 3; y = 3

21. y = tan θ – 1 22.

eSolutions

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
12-8 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs no amplitude; 180°;

22.

SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and k = .


Period:

23. y = 2 cos θ – 5

SOLUTION:
Vertical shift: Given a = 2, b = 1 and k = –5.

Amplitude:
Midline:

To graph , first draw the midline. Then Period:
use it to graph shifted units up.

Vertical shift:

Midline:


ANSWER:

ANSWER:
2; 360°; k = –5; y = –5

23. y = 2 cos θ – 5 24. y = 2 sin θ – 4

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Given a = 2, b = 1 and k = –5. Given a = 2, b = 1 and k = –4.


Period: Period:

Vertical shift: Vertical shift:

Midline: Midline:

To graph , first draw the midline. Then To graph , first draw the midline. Then
use it to graph shifted 5 units down. use it to graph shifted 4 units down.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
2; 360°; k = –5; y = –5 2; 360°; k = –4; y = –4

24. y = 2 sin θ – 4
eSolutions 25. Page 15
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
12-8 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs ; 360°; k = 7; y = 7

25.

SOLUTION:
Given a = , b = 1 and k = 7.

Amplitude:
State the amplitude, period, phase shift, and

vertical shift for each function. Then graph the
Period: function.

26.

SOLUTION:
Vertical shift:
Given a = 4, b = 1, h = 60° and k = –1.

Midline:
Amplitude:


use it to graph shifted 7 units up. Period:

Phase shift:

Vertical shift:

Midline:

using the midline as reference. Then

shift the graph to the right.
ANSWER:
; 360°; k = 7; y = 7


First, graph the midline. Then graph Phase shift:
shift the graph to the right. Vertical shift:

Midline:

Then shift the graph to the right.

ANSWER:
4; 360°; h = 60°; k = –1

ANSWER:
1; 720°; h = 90°; k = 2

27.

SOLUTION:
28. y = tan (θ + 30°) – 2
Given a = 1, b = , h = 90° and k = 2.

SOLUTION:
Amplitude:
Given a = 1, b = 1, h = –30° and k = –2.


Period: Period:

Phase shift:
Phase shift:

Vertical shift:
Vertical shift:

Midline:
Midline:

Given a = 2, b = 2, h = and k = –5.
Phase shift:
Vertical shift:
Period:
Midline:

shift the graph to the left.

Phase shift:

Vertical shift:

Midline:

Then shift the graph units to the left.

ANSWER:
no amplitude; 180°; h = –30°; k = –2

ANSWER:
no amplitude; ; k = –5

29.

SOLUTION:
Given a = 2, b = 2, h = and k = –5.


Period:
30.

SOLUTION:
Given a = , b = 1, h = and k = 4.

ANSWER:
30. Translations of Trigonometric Graphs
12-8 ; 2π; ;k =4

SOLUTION:
Given a = , b = 1, h = and k = 4.

Amplitude:

Period:
31.

SOLUTION:

Given a = 1, b = 3, h = 45° and k = .
Phase shift:

Amplitude:
Vertical shift:

Midline:

Period:
shift the graph units to the right.

Phase shift:

Vertical shift:

Midline:

ANSWER: shift the graph to the right.

; 2π; ;k =4


Midline:

shift the graph to the right. First, graph the midline. Then graph

ANSWER:

1; 120°; h = 45°;
ANSWER:
5; π; h = π; k = 3

32. y = 3 + 5 sin 2(θ – π)

33.
SOLUTION:
Given a = 5, b = 2, h = π and k = 3.

SOLUTION:
Amplitude:
Given a = 3, b = ,h = and k = –2.

Amplitude:
Period:

Period:

Phase shift:

Vertical shift:

Midline:
Phase shift:

Vertical shift:
eSolutions Page 20
Midline:

Phase shift:
Vertical shift:

34. TIDES The height of the water in a harbor rose to a
Midline: maximum height of 15 feet at 6:00 p.m. and then
dropped to a minimum level of 3 feet by 3:00 a.m.
First, graph the midline. Then graph The water level can be modeled by the sine function.
Write an equation that represents the height h of the
water t hours after noon on the first day.

Then shift the graph units to the right.
SOLUTION:
The maximum and the minimum height is 15ft and 3
ft respectively.
Therefore, the amplitude is .

The time taken for half cycle is 9 hrs. Therefore, the
period is 18 hrs.
Find the value of b.

ANSWER:
3; 6π; ; k = –2

Since the period of the function is 18 hrs, one fourth
of the period is 4.5 hrs.
Therefore, the horizontal shift is 6 – 4.5 or 1.5.
That is, h = 1.5.
The vertical shift is .

That is k = 9.
Substitute the values of a, b, hand k in the standard
equation of the sine function.

34. TIDES The height of the water in a harbor rose to a
maximum height of 15 feet at 6:00 p.m. and then
dropped to a minimum level of 3 feet by 3:00 a.m.
The water level can be modeled by the sine function.
Write an equation that represents the height h of the
water t hours after noon on the first day. ANSWER:

SOLUTION:
35. LAKES A buoy marking the swimming area in a
ft respectively.
lake oscillates each time a speed boat goes by. Its
Therefore, the amplitude is . distance d in feet from the bottom of the lake is given
by , where t is the time in

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero seconds. Page 21

Graph the function. Describe the minimum and
Since the maximum value is the value of the midline
35. LAKES A buoy marking the swimming area in a plus the amplitude, the maximum distance is
lake oscillates each time a speed boat goes by. Its .
distance d in feet from the bottom of the lake is given Since the minimum value is the value of the midline
minus the amplitude, the minimum distance is
by , where t is the time in
seconds.

Graph the function. Describe the minimum and ANSWER:
maximum distances of the buoy from the bottom of
the lake when a boat passes by.
SOLUTION:
Given a = 1.8, b = , h = 0 and k = 12.

Amplitude:

Period:
min: 10.2 ft; max: 13.8 ft

36. FERRIS WHEEL Suppose a Ferris wheel has a

diameter of approximately 520 feet and makes one
complete revolution in 30 minutes. Suppose the
lowest car on the Ferris wheel is 5 feet from the
Phase shift: No phase shift ground. Let the height at the top of the wheel
represent the height at time 0. Write an equation for
Vertical shift: the height of a car h as a function of time t. Then
graph the function.

Midline:
SOLUTION:
First, graph the midline. Then graph The midline lies halfway between the maximum and
using the midline as reference. the minimum values
Therefore the vertical shift is .
Amplitude:

Period:
Since the wheel makes one complete revolution in 30
minutes, the period is 30 minutes.

Since the maximum value is the value of the midline
plus the amplitude, the maximum distance is
.
Since the minimum value is the value of the midline
minus the amplitude, the minimum distance is
Substitute 260 for a, for b, 265 for t in
eSolutions Page 22
.
ANSWER:

Write an equation for each translation.
Substitute 260 for a, for b, 265 for t in
. 37. y = sin x, 4 units to the right and 3 units up

SOLUTION:
The sine function involving phase shifts and vertical
shifts is .

Given .
Graph the function.

Therefore, the equation is .

ANSWER:
y = sin (x – 4) + 3

38. y = cos x, 5 units to the left and 2 units down

SOLUTION:
The cosine function involving phase shifts and
vertical shifts is .

Given .
ANSWER:
Therefore, the equation is .

ANSWER:
y = cos (x + 5) – 2

39. y = tan x, π units to the right and 2.5 units up

SOLUTION:
The tangent function involving phase shifts and
vertical shifts is
.

Given .

Therefore, the equation is
.
Write an equation for each translation.
ANSWER:
37. y = sin x, 4 units to the right and 3 units up y = tan (x – π) + 2.5
eSolutions Page 23
SOLUTION: 40. JUMP ROPE The graph approximates the height

a. At 1.25 seconds, the height of the rope is 68
inches and at 2.75 seconds, the height of the rope is 2
ANSWER: inches.
12-8yTranslations – 2Trigonometric Graphs
= cos (x + 5) of
b. The midline lies halfway between the maximum
and the minimum values.
39. y = tan x, π units to the right and 2.5 units up

SOLUTION:

The tangent function involving phase shifts and
vertical shifts is Therefore the vertical shift is .

.
Midline:

Given .
Amplitude:

Therefore, the equation is
.
ANSWER:
y = tan (x – π) + 2.5 The graph completes 1.5 cycles in 1.5 seconds
(between 1.25 and 2.75).

40. JUMP ROPE The graph approximates the height Therefore, period is 1
of a jump rope h in inches as a function of time t in .
seconds. A maximum point on the graph is (1.25, 68), c. Find the value of b.
and a minimum point is (2.75, 2).

Substitute 33 for a, for b, 35 for k in
.

a. Describe what the maximum and minimum points
mean in the context of the situation.
ANSWER:
b. What is the equation for the midline, the amplitude, a. At 1.25 seconds, the height of the rope is 68
and the period of the function? inches; at 2.75 seconds, the height of the rope is 2
inches.
c. Write an equation for the function.
b. y = 35; 33, 1

SOLUTION: c. h = 33 sin 2πt + 35
a. At 1.25 seconds, the height of the rope is 68
inches and at 2.75 seconds, the height of the rope is 2
inches. 41. CAROUSEL A horse on a carousel goes up and
down 3 times as the carousel makes one complete
b. The midline lies halfway between the maximum rotation. The maximum height of the horse is 55
and the minimum values. inches, and the minimum height is 37 inches. The
carousel rotates once every 21 seconds. Assume that
the horse starts and stops at its median height.
a. Write an equation to represent the height of the

horse h as a function of time t seconds.
41. CAROUSEL A horse on a carousel goes up and Midline:
down 3 times as the carousel makes one complete
rotation. The maximum height of the horse is 55
12-8inches, and the of
Translations minimum height is 37
Trigonometric inches. The
Graphs Substitute 9 for a, for b, 0 for h, and 46 for k in
carousel rotates once every 21 seconds. Assume that
the horse starts and stops at its median height. .

a. Write an equation to represent the height of the
horse h as a function of time t seconds.

c. Use your graph to estimate the height of the horse
after 8 seconds. Then use a calculator to find the
height to the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:
a. Amplitude:

Since the carousel rotates once every 21 seconds,
and a horse on the carousel goes up and down three
times in one rotation, the time taken for the horse to
go up and down once is 7 seconds. So, the period is 7
seconds.
c. Sample answer:
Find the value of b. Substitute 8 for t to find the height.
Therefore the height of the horse after 8 seconds is

The midline lies halfway between the maximum and about 53 inches.
the minimum values.
ANSWER:
a.

Therefore the vertical shift is . b.

Midline:

.

ANSWER:
Since the change in temperature with a high of
a.
12-8 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs being reached every four days, the period is 4.
b. the minimum values.


Midline:

b. Find the value of b.

c. Sample answer: 8 s; 53.0 in.

Write an equation for the function.
42. CCSS REASONING During one month, the
outside temperature fluctuates between 40°F and 50°
F. A cosine curve approximates the change in
temperature, with a high of 50°F being reached every
Substitute 5 for a, for b, 0 for h, and 45 for k.
four days.

a. Describe the amplitude, period, and midline of the
function that approximates the temperature y on day
d.

b. Write a cosine function to estimate the
c. Graph the function.
temperature y on day d.

c. Sketch a graph of the function.

d. Estimate the temperature on the 7th day of the
month.

SOLUTION:
a. Amplitude:

Since the change in temperature with a high of
being reached every four days, the period is 4. d. Substitute 7 for d to find the temperature.
the minimum values.


12-8 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs d. about 45°F

d. Substitute 7 for d to find the temperature.
Find a coordinate that represents a maximum
for each graph.

43.

SOLUTION:
th
Therefore, the temperature on the 7 day of the Sample answer:
month is about .

ANSWER:
a. 5; 4; y = 45

The range of is .
b.

c.

Substitute 2 for y and solve for x.

d. about 45°F

The coordinate of the maximum point is .
Find a coordinate that represents a maximum
for each graph.

ANSWER:
43.
Sample answer:

SOLUTION:
Sample answer:
44.

SOLUTION:
Sample answer:

The range of is .
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
Sample answer:

44. 45.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Since the amplitude is undefined for the tangent
functions, there is no maximum value for
.

ANSWER:
The range of is . no maximum values

46.

SOLUTION:
Substitute 4 for y and solve for x. Sample answer:
The range of is .


ANSWER: Substitute –1 for y and solve for x.
Sample answer:
45.

SOLUTION:
Since the amplitude is undefined for the tangent
functions, there is no maximum value for
. Page 28

Compare each pair of graphs.
ANSWER:
12-8no maximum values
Translations of Trigonometric Graphs 47. y = –cos 3θ and y = sin 3(θ – 90°)

SOLUTION:
46.
Given a = –1 and b = 3.

Amplitude:
SOLUTION:
Sample answer:

Period:
The range of is .

Draw the graph of
.

Substitute –1 for y and solve for x.

Given a = –1, b = 3 and h = 90°.

Amplitude:

Period:


ANSWER: Phase shift:
Sample answer:
Graph shifted 90° units to the right.

Compare each pair of graphs.

47. y = –cos 3θ and y = sin 3(θ – 90°)

SOLUTION: Page 29
Given a = –1 and b = 3.

Phase shift: Midline:

To graph , first draw the midline.
Graph shifted 90° units to the right. Then use it to graph shifted 2 units up.

The graphs are reflections of each other over the x- Given a = 0.5, b = 1, h = and k = 2.
axis.

ANSWER: Period:
The graphs are reflections of each other over the x-
axis.

48. y = 2 + 0.5 tan θ and y = 2 + 0.5 tan (θ + π)

Phase shift:
SOLUTION:
Given a = 0.5, b = 1, h = 0 and k = 2. Vertical shift:

Amplitude: No amplitude Midline:

Period:
using the midline as
reference. Then shift the graph units to the left.

Vertical shift:

Midline:

Then use it to graph shifted 2 units up.

Therefore, the graphs are identical.

ANSWER:
The graphs are identical.

49. and

Therefore, the graphs are identical. Amplitude:

12-8ANSWER:
Translations of Trigonometric Graphs
Period:
49. and

SOLUTION:
Phase shift:
Given a = 2, b = 1, h = and k = 0.

Amplitude:

Period:

Phase shift:

Graph shifted units to the right. The graphs are identical.

ANSWER:

Identify the period of each function. Then write

an equation for the graph using the given
trigonometric function.

50. sine

Given a = –2, b = 1, h = and k = 0.

Amplitude:

Period:
SOLUTION:
Period:

The function gets the maximum value of –4 andPage
the 31
minimum value of –6. Therefore, the amplitude is
Phase shift:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
360°; Sample answer: y = sin θ – 5
12-8The graphs are of
Translations identical.
Trigonometric Graphs

Identify the period of each function. Then write 51. cosine

an equation for the graph using the given
trigonometric function.

50. sine

SOLUTION:
Period:

The function gets the maximum value of 2 and the
SOLUTION: minimum value of –2. Therefore, the amplitude is
Period:
and the midline is at y = .
The function gets the maximum value of –4 and the
minimum value of –6. Therefore, the amplitude is
Since the period is 360°, .
and the midline is at y =

. Since the function has shifted to the left by 90 units,
h = –90°.

Since the period is 360°, .
Since the midline is y = 0, there is no vertical shift.
That is k = 0.
Since the midline is y = –5, the graph is shifted
vertically down by 5 units. That is, k = –5. Therefore the equation is .

Therefore the equation is .
ANSWER:
360°; Sample answer:
ANSWER:

360°; Sample answer: y = sin θ – 5
52. cosine

51. cosine


ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-8360°; Sample answer:
Translations of Trigonometric Graphs 360°; Sample answer:

52. cosine 53. sine

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Period: Period:

The function gets the maximum value of 5 and the The function gets the maximum value of 4 and the
minimum value of –3. Therefore, the amplitude is minimum value of 2. Therefore, the amplitude is
and the midline is at y = . and the midline is at y = .

Since the period is 360°, . Since the period is 180°, .

Since the midline is y = 1, graph is shifted vertically Since the function has shifted to the right by 45 units,
up by 1 unit. That is k = 1. h = 45°.

Therefore the equation is . Since the midline is y = 3, graph is shifted vertically
up by 1 unit. That is k = 3.

ANSWER: Therefore the equation is .
360°; Sample answer:
ANSWER:
53. sine 180°; Sample answer: y = sin 2(θ – 45°) + 3

State the period, phase shift, and vertical shift.


54. y = csc (θ + π)

SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and h = .

Period:

SOLUTION:
Period:

ANSWER:
12-8180°; Sample answer: y = sin 2(θ –Graphs
Translations of Trigonometric 45°) + 3

State the period, phase shift, and vertical shift. 55. y = cot θ + 6

54. y = csc (θ + π) SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and k = 6.

SOLUTION: Period:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and h = .

Period:

Phase shift: No phase shift.

Vertical shift:
Phase shift:
Midline:
Vertical shift: No vertical shift
To graph , shift the graph of
Then use it to graph shifted 6 units up.
to the left by units.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
360°; h = –π; no vertical shift 180°; no phase shift; k = 6

55. y = cot θ + 6
56.
SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and k = 6. SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
12-8 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs π; ; k = –2

56.

SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1, h = and k = –2.

Period:

57.
Phase shift:

SOLUTION:
Vertical shift:
Given a = , b = 3, h = 45° and k = 1.
Midline:

Period:

Phase shift:

Vertical shift:

Midline:


ANSWER:
π; ; k = –2

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero ANSWER: Page 35

120°; h = 45°; k = 1


ANSWER:
120°; h = 45°; k = 1 58.

SOLUTION:
Given a = 2, b = and h = 90°.

Period:

58. Phase shift:

SOLUTION:
Given a = 2, b = and h = 90°. Graph . Then shift the graph 90° to
the right.
Period:

Phase shift:


Graph . Then shift the graph 90° to
ANSWER:
the right. 720°; h = 90°; no vertical shift

ANSWER:
720°; h = 90°; no vertical shift
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 59. Page 36

ANSWER:
12-8 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs π; ; k = –3

59.

SOLUTION:
Given a = 4, b = 2, h = and k = –3.

Period:
60. CCSS ARGUMENTS If you are given the

amplitude and period of a cosine function, is it
sometimes, always, or never possible to find the
maximum and minimum values of the function?
Phase shift: Explain your reasoning.

Vertical shift: SOLUTION:
Sometimes; if the function is shifted vertically, then
Midline: you also need to know the value of the midline. The
maximum value is the value of the midline plus the

amplitude. The minimum value is the midline value
First, graph the midline. Then graph minus the amplitude.
shift the graph to the left. ANSWER:
Sometimes; if the function is shifted vertically, then
you also need to know the value of the midline. The
maximum value is the value of the midline plus the
amplitude. The minimum value is the midline value
minus the amplitude.

61. REASONING Describe how the graph of y = 3 sin

2θ + 1 is different from y = sin θ.
SOLUTION:
The graph of y = 3 sin 2θ + 1 has an amplitude of 3
ANSWER: rather than an amplitude of 1. It is shifted up 1 unit
from the parent graph and is compressed so that it
π; ; k = –3 has a period of 180°.
ANSWER:
rather than an amplitude of 1. It is shifted up 1 unit
from the parent graph and is compressed so that it
has a period of 180°.
62. WRITING IN MATH Describe two different

phase shifts that will translate the sine curve onto the
cosine curve shown at the right. Then write an
equation for the new sine curve using each phase
shift. Page 37

60. CCSS ARGUMENTS If you are given the
ANSWER: the function.
rather than an amplitude of 1. It is shifted up 1 unit
12-8from the parentofgraph
Translations and is compressed
Trigonometric Graphsso that it SOLUTION:
has a period of 180°. Sample answer:
62. WRITING IN MATH Describe two different shifts is .
phase shifts that will translate the sine curve onto the Here .
cosine curve shown at the right. Then write an
equation for the new sine curve using each phase
shift. Therefore the equation is .

Amplitude:

Period:

Vertical shift:

SOLUTION:
Midline:
When is shifted 90° to the left, the sine

curve will be translated onto a cosine curve.
Phase shift:

Therefore, the equation of the curve is

Also, when is shifted to the right, the
sine curve will be translated onto a cosine curve.

Phase shift:

Therefore, the equation of the curve is
.
ANSWER:
ANSWER: Sample answer:
Sample answer: a phase shift 90° left, y = sin (θ +
90°); a phase shift 270° right, y = sin (θ – 270°)

63. OPEN ENDED Write a periodic function that has

an amplitude of 2 and midline at y = –3. Then graph
the function.

SOLUTION:
Sample answer:
shifts is .
Here . 64. REASONING How many different sine graphs Page 38
pass through the origin (nπ, 0)? Explain your
reasoning.
Therefore the equation is .

ANSWER:
12-8 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs 1.25

64. REASONING How many different sine graphs 4
66. Expand (a – b) .
pass through the origin (nπ, 0)? Explain your
reasoning. 4 4
Aa –b

SOLUTION: B a 4 – 4ab + b 4
Infinitely many; any change in amplitude will create a
different graph that has the same θ-intercepts. 4 3 2 2 3 4
C a + 4a b + 6a b + 4ab + b

ANSWER: D a 4 – 4a 3b + 6a 2b 2 – 4ab3 + b 4
Sample answer: Infinitely many; any change in
amplitude will create a different graph that has the
same θ-intercepts. SOLUTION:

65. GRIDDED RESPONSE The expression

is how much greater than x? Therefore, the correct option is D.

ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
D
Let .
67. Solve .

F7

G 0,7

H 7, 13

J no solution

Therefore, is 1.25 greater than x.
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
1.25
Square on both the sides.
4
66. Expand (a – b) .

4 4
Aa –b

B a 4 – 4ab + b 4
Again, square on both the sides.
4 3 2 2 3 4
C a + 4a b + 6a b + 4ab + b

eSolutions 4Manual3- Powered
2 by
2 Cognero3 Page 39
D a – 4a b + 6a b – 4ab + b 4

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-8DTranslations of Trigonometric Graphs F

67. Solve . 68. GEOMETRY Using the figures below, what is the

average of a, b, c, d, and f ?
F7

G 0,7

H 7, 13

J no solution A 21

B 45
SOLUTION:
C 50

D 54

Square on both the sides.
SOLUTION:
Since the sum of the measures of the triangle is
, we have and

Again, square on both the sides.

Therefore, the option is F.

ANSWER: Therefore, the correct option is D.
F
ANSWER:
D
68. GEOMETRY Using the figures below, what is the
average of a, b, c, d, and f ?

69. y = 2 cos θ

A 21 SOLUTION:
Given a = 2 and b = 1
B 45
Amplitude:
C 50
eSolutions Page 40
D 54
Period:

ANSWER:
12-8DTranslations of Trigonometric Graphs

Find the amplitude and period of each function. 70. y = 3 sin θ


69. y = 2 cos θ SOLUTION:

SOLUTION: Amplitude:

Amplitude:

Period:

Period:

Graph the function .


ANSWER:
ANSWER: amplitude: 3; period: 360°


71. y = sin 2θ

70. y = 3 sin θ
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Given a = 3 and b = 1 Amplitude:

Amplitude:


71. y = sin 2θ Find the exact value of each expression.

SOLUTION: 72.

Amplitude: SOLUTION:

Period: Find the measure of the reference angle.


The sine function is negative in quadrant III.

ANSWER:

ANSWER: 73. sin(−30°)

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

74. cos 405°
Find the exact value of each expression.
SOLUTION:
72.

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
survey; sample: players that received the
12-8 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs questionnaire; population: all soccer players

74. cos 405° 77. A teacher randomly selects 100 students who have
part-time jobs and compares their grades.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
observational study; sample: 100 students selected;
population: all students that have part-time jobs

ANSWER:
observational study; sample: 100 students selected;
population: all students that have part-time jobs
ANSWER:
78. GEOMETRY Equilateral triangle ABC has a

perimeter of 39 centimeters. If the midpoints of the
sides are connected, a smaller equilateral triangle
results. Suppose the process of connecting midpoints
Determine whether each situation describes a
of sides and drawing new triangles is continued
survey, an experiment, or an observational study.
indefinitely.
Then identify the sample, and suggest a

population from which it may have been
selected.

75. A group of 220 adults is randomly split into two
groups. One group exercises for an hour a day and
the other group does not. The body mass indexes are
then compared.

SOLUTION:
experiment; sample: people that exercise for an hour
a day; population: all adults a. Write an infinite geometric series to represent the
sum of the perimeters of all of the triangles.

ANSWER:
b. Find the sum of the perimeters of all of the
experiment; sample: people that exercise for an hour triangles.
a day; population: all adults

SOLUTION:
76. A soccer coach randomly selects some of his players a. The perimeter of the equilateral triangle ABC is 39
and gives them a questionnaire asking about their centimeters. Since an equilateral triangle is formed
daily sleeping habits. by joining the midpoints, the perimeter of that triangle
will be half of the equilateral triangle ABC. If the
SOLUTION: process is repeated again and again, then the
survey; sample: players that received the perimeter of each equilateral triangle will be half the
questionnaire; population: all soccer players perimeter of the previous one.
Therefore the sum of the perimeters of all of the
ANSWER: triangles is

survey; sample: players that received the
questionnaire; population: all soccer players b. Find the value of r.

77. A teacher randomly selects 100 students who have
part-time jobs and compares their grades.

Since , the sum exists.
perimeter of each equilateral triangle will be half the ANSWER:
perimeter of the previous one. a. 39 + 19.5 + 9.75 + …
Therefore the sum of the perimeters of all of the
12-8triangles is
Translations of Trigonometric Graphs b. 78 cm

b. Find the value of r.
79. CONSTRUCTION A construction company will
be fined for each day it is late completing a bridge.
The daily fine will be $4000 for the first day and will
increase by $1000 each day. Based on its budget, the
company can only afford $60,000 in total fines. What
Since , the sum exists.
is the maximum number of days it can be late?
Find the sum.
SOLUTION:
The fine is $4000 for the first day, $5000 for the
Substitute 39 for , and 0.5 for r. second day, $6000 for the third day and so on.
Therefore the arithmetic sequence is

Therefore, the sum of the perimeters of all the To find n:
triangles is 78 cm.

ANSWER: Substitute 60,000 for S n, 4,000 for a 1, and 1000 for d.
a. 39 + 19.5 + 9.75 + …

b. 78 cm

79. CONSTRUCTION A construction company will
be fined for each day it is late completing a bridge.
The daily fine will be $4000 for the first day and will
increase by $1000 each day. Based on its budget, the
company can only afford $60,000 in total fines. What
is the maximum number of days it can be late?
Since the number of days cannot be negative, the
number of days it can delay is 8 days.
SOLUTION:

The fine is $4000 for the first day, $5000 for the
second day, $6000 for the third day and so on. ANSWER:
Therefore the arithmetic sequence is 8 days

Find each value of θ. Round to the nearest
degree.

To find n: 80.

SOLUTION:
Substitute 60,000 for S n, 4,000 for a 1, and 1000 for d.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
61°
12-88Translations
days of Trigonometric Graphs

Find each value of θ. Round to the nearest

degree. 81.

80. SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] 9 10 ) ENTER
Use a calculator.
Output: 41.9872125
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 7 8 ) ENTER
Therefore, .
Output: 61.04497563

Therefore, . ANSWER:
42°

ANSWER:
61°
82.

81. SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 1 4 ) ENTER
Use a calculator.
Output: 75.52248781
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] 9 10 ) ENTER
Therefore, .
Output: 41.9872125
ANSWER:
Therefore, . 76°

ANSWER:
42° 83.

SOLUTION:
82.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-876°
Translations of Trigonometric Graphs 56°

83. 85.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.
-1 Use a calculator.
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 4 5 )
ENTER
Output: 36.86989765 -1
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] 2 7 )
Therefore, . ENTER

ANSWER: Output: 15.9453959
37°

Therefore, .

84.
ANSWER:
16°
SOLUTION:

Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 5 6 )
ENTER

Output: 56.44269024

Therefore, .

ANSWER:
56°

85.

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
−60°;
12-9 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Find each value. Write angle measures in 3. Arccos(−1)

degrees and radians.

SOLUTION:
1. Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] (–) 1 )
SOLUTION: ENTER 180
Use a calculator.
Therefore, .
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 1 2 ) ENTER
30
ANSWER:
180°; π
Therefore, .

Find each value. Round to the nearest
ANSWER: hundredth if necessary.

30°;
4.

2. SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

SOLUTION: -1
Keystrokes: COS 2nd [SIN ] 4 5 ) )
Use a calculator. ENTER 0.6

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] (–) 2nd 3 Therefore, .
) ) ENTER –60

0.6

ANSWER:
5.
−60°;

SOLUTION:
3. Arccos(−1) Use a calculator.

-1
SOLUTION: Keystrokes: TAN 2nd [COS ] 1 ) )
Use a calculator. ENTER 0

-1 Therefore, .
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] (–) 1 )
ENTER 180
eSolutions Page 1
0

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
0.6
12-9 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 0.87

5. 7. MULTIPLE CHOICE If Sin θ = 0.422, find θ.

A 25°
SOLUTION:
Use a calculator. B 42°

-1 C 48°
Keystrokes: TAN 2nd [COS ] 1 ) )
ENTER 0
D 65°
Therefore, .
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
0

Use a calculator.

6. -1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 0 . 4 2 2 )
ENTER 24.96092039

SOLUTION: Therefore, .
Use a calculator.
The option A is the correct option.
-1
Keystrokes: SIN 2nd [SIN ] 2nd
3 ) 2 ) ) ENTER ANSWER:
0.8660254038 A

Therefore, . Solve each equation. Round to the nearest

tenth if necessary.

8. Cos θ = 0.9
ANSWER:
0.87
SOLUTION:

7. MULTIPLE CHOICE If Sin θ = 0.422, find θ.

A 25° Use a calculator.

B 42° -1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 0 . 9 ) ENTER
25.84193276
C 48°

Therefore, .
D 65°

SOLUTION: ANSWER:
25.8° Page 2

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-9AInverse Trigonometric Functions −27.4°

Solve each equation. Round to the nearest 10. Tan θ = 2.1

tenth if necessary.

8. Cos θ = 0.9 SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] 2 . 1 ) ENTER
Use a calculator. 64.53665494

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 0 . 9 ) ENTER Therefore, .
25.84193276

64.5°

ANSWER:
25.8° 11. SNOWBOARDING A cross section of a
superpipe for snowboarders is shown at the right.
Write an inverse trigonometric function that can be
used to find θ, the angle that describes the steepness
9. Sin θ = −0.46 of the superpipe. Then find the angle to the nearest
degree.
SOLUTION:

Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] (–) 0 . 4 6 )
ENTER –27.3871075

SOLUTION:
Therefore, .
Since the measures of the opposite side and the
adjacent side are known, use the tangent function.
ANSWER:
−27.4°

10. Tan θ = 2.1
Use a calculator.
SOLUTION:
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] 6 . 2 18 )
ENTER 19.0059842

So, the angle of the steepness of superpipe is 19°.
Use Manual
eSolutions a calculator.
ANSWER:
-1

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
12-964.5°
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

11. SNOWBOARDING A cross section of a Find each value. Write angle measures in

superpipe for snowboarders is shown at the right. degrees and radians.
Write an inverse trigonometric function that can be
used to find θ, the angle that describes the steepness
of the superpipe. Then find the angle to the nearest 12.
degree.

SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 2nd 3 )
2 ) ENTER 60

Therefore, .
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
60°;

Use a calculator.
13.
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] 6 . 2 18 )
ENTER 19.0059842
SOLUTION:
So, the angle of the steepness of superpipe is 19°. Use a calculator.
ANSWER:
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 2nd 3 )
2 ) ENTER 30

Find each value. Write angle measures in Therefore, .
degrees and radians.

12. ANSWER:
30°;
SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.
14.
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 2nd 3 )
2 ) ENTER 60 SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

Therefore, . -1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] (–) 1 ) ENTER
ANSWER: ANSWER:
30°; 60°;

14.
16.

SOLUTION:
Use a calculator. SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] (–) 1 ) ENTER
–90 -1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] (–) 2nd

3 ) 2 ) ENTER
Therefore, . 150

ANSWER: Therefore, .
−90°;
ANSWER:
15. 150°;

SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.
17.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] 2nd 3 )
) ENTER 60 SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.
Therefore, .
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] (–) 2nd

3 ) 3 ) ENTER –30
ANSWER:

60°;
Therefore, .

16. ANSWER:
−30°;
SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

-1
hundredth if necessary.
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] (–) 2nd
3 ) 2 ) ENTER −1
18. tan (Cos 1)
150
SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Use a calculator. Page 5
Therefore, .

-1

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
−30°;
12-9 Inverse Trigonometric Functions −0.58


hundredth if necessary. 20.

−1

18. tan (Cos 1)
SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.
SOLUTION:
Use a calculator. -1
Keystrokes: COS 2nd [TAN ] 3 5 )

-1
) ENTER 0.8574929257
ENTER 0
Therefore, .
Therefore, .

ANSWER:
ANSWER: 0.86
0

21.

19.
SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.
SOLUTION:
-1
Use a calculator. Keystrokes: SIN 2nd [TAN ] 2nd 3
) ) ) ENTER 0.8660254038
-1
Keystrokes: TAN 2nd [SIN ] (–) 1
2 ) ) ENTER –0.5773502692
Therefore, .

Therefore, .
ANSWER:
0.87

ANSWER:
−0.58
22.

20.
SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

SOLUTION: -1
Use a calculator.
ENTER 0.8958064165

-1

Keystrokes: COS 2nd [TAN ] 3 5 )
) ENTER 0.8574929257 Therefore, .

Therefore,
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero . Page 6
ANSWER:
0.90

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-90.87
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 0.71

Solve each equation. Round to the nearest

22. tenth if necessary.

24. Tan θ = 3.8
SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.
SOLUTION:

-1
ENTER 0.8958064165

Use a calculator.
Therefore, .
-1
75.25643716
ANSWER:
0.90 Therefore, .

ANSWER:
23. 75.3°

SOLUTION: 25. Sin θ = 0.9
Use a calculator.

-1 SOLUTION:
Keystrokes: SIN 2nd [COS ] (–) 2nd
2 ) 2 ) ) ENTER
0.7071067812
Use a calculator.

Therefore, . -1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 0 . 9 ) ENTER
64.15806724

0.71

ANSWER:
Solve each equation. Round to the nearest 64.2°
tenth if necessary.

24. Tan θ = 3.8 26. Sin θ = −2.5

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Since the range of is ,
has no solution.

Use Manual
eSolutions a calculator.
ANSWER:
-1 no solution

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-964.2°
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 104.5°

26. Sin θ = −2.5 28. Cos θ = 0.56

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
has no solution.

Use a calculator.
ANSWER:
no solution -1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 0 . 5 6 ) ENTER
55.94420226
27. Cos θ = −0.25
Therefore, .

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
55.9°

Use a calculator.
29. Tan θ = −0.2

-1

Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] (–) 0 . 2 5 )
ENTER 104.4775122 SOLUTION:

Therefore, .

Use a calculator.

ANSWER: -1
104.5° Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] (–) 0 . 2 )
ENTER –11.30993247

28. Cos θ = 0.56 Therefore, .

SOLUTION: ANSWER:
−11.3°

30. CCSS SENSE-MAKING A boat is traveling west
Use a calculator. to cross a river that is 190 meters wide. Because of
the current, the boat lands at point Q, which is 59
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 0 . 5 6 ) ENTER meters from its original destination point P. Write an
55.94420226 inverse trigonometric function that can be used to
find θ, the angle at which the boat veered south of
the horizontal line. Then find the measure of the
Therefore, .
angle to the nearest tenth.

ANSWER:
55.9°
eSolutions Page 8
29. Tan θ = −0.2

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
12-9−11.3°

30. CCSS SENSE-MAKING A boat is traveling west 31. TREES A 24-foot tree is leaning 2.5 feet left of
to cross a river that is 190 meters wide. Because of vertical, as shown in the figure. Write an inverse
the current, the boat lands at point Q, which is 59 trigonometric function that can be used to find θ, the
meters from its original destination point P. Write an angle at which the tree is leaning. Then find the
inverse trigonometric function that can be used to measure of the angle to the nearest degree.
find θ, the angle at which the boat veered south of
the horizontal line. Then find the measure of the
angle to the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:
hypotenuse are known, use the sine function.
SOLUTION:

Use a calculator.

-1
Use a calculator.
ENTER 5.979156796

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] 5 9 1 9 0 ) Therefore, .
ENTER 17.25094388

So, the angle at which the tree is leaning is about 6°.
Therefore, .

So, the angle at which the boat veered south of the ANSWER:
horizontal line is 17.3°.

ANSWER:
32. DRIVING An expressway off-ramp curve has a
radius of 52 meters and is designed for vehicles to

safely travel at speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour
(or 12.5 meters per second). The equation below
31. TREES A 24-foot tree is leaning 2.5 feet left of
represents the angle θ of the curve. What is the
vertical, as shown in the figure. Write an inverse
measure of the angle to the nearest degree?
trigonometric function that can be used to find θ, the

angle at which the tree is leaning. Then find the
measure of the angle to the nearest degree.

SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
12-9 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17°

32. DRIVING An expressway off-ramp curve has a 33. TRACK AND FIELD A shot-putter throws the
radius of 52 meters and is designed for vehicles to shot with an initial speed of 15 meters per second.
safely travel at speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour
(or 12.5 meters per second). The equation below The expression represents the time in
represents the angle θ of the curve. What is the
seconds at which the shot reached its maximum
measure of the angle to the nearest degree?
height. In the expression, x is the angle at which the

shot was thrown. If the maximum height of the shot
was reached in 1.0 second, at what angle was it
thrown? Round to the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
The expression to find time, t at which the shot
Use a calculator.
reached its maximum height is .
-1 2
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] 1 2 . 5 x
( 5 2 9 . 8 ) ) ENTER 17.04622194 Substitute 1.0 for t to find the angle, x.

Therefore, .

ANSWER:
17°

Use a calculator.
33. TRACK AND FIELD A shot-putter throws the
shot with an initial speed of 15 meters per second. -1
The expression represents the time in ENTER 40.79339495

seconds at which the shot reached its maximum So, the angle at which the maximum height of the
height. In the expression, x is the angle at which the shot was thrown is 40.8°.
shot was thrown. If the maximum height of the shot
was reached in 1.0 second, at what angle was it
thrown? Round to the nearest tenth. ANSWER:
40.8°

SOLUTION:
The expression to find time, t at which the shot Solve each equation for .

reached its maximum height is .
34. csc θ = 1

Substitute 1.0 for t to find the angle, x.
SOLUTION:

Use a calculator.
Use a calculator.
-1
eSolutions Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 1 ) ENTER 90
Page 10
-1
ENTER 40.79339495
Therefore, .

ANSWER: ANSWER:
12-940.8°
Inverse Trigonometric Functions π

Solve each equation for . 36. sec θ = 1

34. csc θ = 1
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

Use a calculator.

Use a calculator. -1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 1 ) ENTER 0

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 1 ) ENTER 90 Therefore, .

0, 2π

ANSWER:
37.

SOLUTION:
35. sec θ = −1

SOLUTION:

has no solution.

Use a calculator.
ANSWER:
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] (–) 1 ) ENTER no solution
180

38. cot θ = 1
Therefore, .

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
π

36. sec θ = 1
Use a calculator.
SOLUTION:
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] 1 ) ENTER 45
Therefore, .

ANSWER:
12-9no solutionTrigonometric Functions
Inverse 40. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Consider y
−1
= Cos x.

38. cot θ = 1 a. GRAPHICAL Sketch a graph of the function.
Describe the domain and the range.
SOLUTION:
b. SYMBOLIC Write the function using different
notation.

c. NUMERICAL Choose a value for x between −1
and 0. Then evaluate the inverse cosine function.
Use a calculator. Round to the nearest tenth.

-1 d. ANALYTICAL Compare the graphs of y = cos
−1
x and y = Cos x.

Therefore, .
SOLUTION:
a.
ANSWER:
39. sec θ = 2

SOLUTION:

domain: ; range:

b. y = Arccos x

c. Sample answer: Let . To find the value of
, use a calculator.
Use a calculator.
–1
-1 Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] (–) . 2 ) ENTER
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 1 2 ) 101.536959
ENTER 60
Therefore, y = 101.5°.
Therefore, .
d. Sample answer: The graph of has a
domain of all real numbers and a range from –1 to 1.
ANSWER: The graph of has a domain from –1 to
1 and a range of 0 to .

ANSWER:
a.
40. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Consider y
−1
= Cos x.

a. GRAPHICAL Sketch a graph of the function.
Describe the domain and the range.

The graph of has a domain from –1 to
1 and a range of 0 to .
ANSWER:
12-9 Inverse Trigonometric Functions false; x = 2π
ANSWER:
a.
42. CCSS CRITIQUE Desiree and Oscar are solving
cos θ = 0.3 where 90 < θ < 180. Is either of them
correct? Explain your reasoning.

domain: ; range:

b. y = Arccos x

c. Sample answer: x = −0.2; y = 101.5°

d. Sample answer: The graph of has a
SOLUTION:
domain of all real numbers and a range from –1 to 1.
Sample answer: Neither; cosine is not positive in the
The graph of has a domain from –1 to second quadrant.
1 and a range of 0 to 180°.

ANSWER:
41. CHALLENGE Determine whether cos (Arccos x) Sample answer: Neither; cosine is not positive in the
= x for all values of x is true or false . If false, give second quadrant.
a counterexample.

−1
43. REASONING Explain how the domain of y = Sin
SOLUTION:
x is related to the range of y = Sin x.
false; x = 2π

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
The domain of is . This is the
false; x = 2π
same as the range of .

42. CCSS CRITIQUE Desiree and Oscar are solving
cos θ = 0.3 where 90 < θ < 180. Is either of them ANSWER:
−1
correct? Explain your reasoning. The domain of y = Sin x is . This is the
same as the range of y = Sin x.

44. OPEN ENDED Write an equation with an Arcsine

function and an equation with a Sine function that
both involve the same angle measure.

SOLUTION:
Sample answer:

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Neither; cosine is not positive in the
second quadrant.

not a function. y = Tan x is a function that has a
ANSWER: domain of all real numbers and a range of
−1
The domain of y = Sin x is . This is the .
12-9same as the
Inverse range of y = Sin
Trigonometric x.
Functions

44. OPEN ENDED Write an equation with an Arcsine −1 −1

46. REASONING Explain how Sin 8 and Cos 8
function and an equation with a Sine function that −1
are undefined while Tan 8 is defined.
both involve the same angle measure.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The range of and is .
The range of is all real numbers.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The range of y = Sin x and y = Cos
−1
x is . The range of y = Tan x is all real
numbers.
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
47. Simplify

45. WRITING IN MATH Compare and contrast the A
−1 −1
relations y = tan x and y = Tan x. Include
information about the domains and ranges.
B
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: is a relation that has a C
domain of all real numbers and a range of all real

numbers except odd multiples of . D −x
The relation is not a function. is a
function that has a domain of all real numbers and a SOLUTION:
range of .

ANSWER:
–1
Sample answer: y = tan x is a relation that has a
domain of all real numbers and a range of all real
numbers except odd multiples of . The relation is
–1
not a function. y = Tan x is a function that has a
domain of all real numbers and a range of

.
The option A is the correct option.

46. REASONING Explain how Sin
−1
8 and Cos
−1
8 ANSWER:
−1 A
are undefined while Tan 8 is defined.

ANSWER:

Sample answer: The range of y = Sin x and y = Cos
−1 ANSWER:
x is . The range of y = Tan x is all real
12-9numbers.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions A

48. SHORT RESPONSE What is the equation of the

graph?
47. Simplify

A

B
SOLUTION:
The center of the circle is (3, –4) and the radius is 5
C units.

D −x The equation of the circle with center (h, k) and
radius, r is .

SOLUTION:
Substitute 3 for h, –4 for k and 5 for r.

ANSWER:
2 2
(x − 3) + (y + 4) = 25

2
49. If f (x) = 2x − 3x and g(x) = 4 − 2x, what is g[f (x)]?

The option A is the correct option. 2
F g[f (x)] = 4 + 6x − 8x

ANSWER: G g[f (x)] = 4 + 6x − 4x2
A
2
H g[f (x)] = 20 − 26x + 8x
48. SHORT RESPONSE What is the equation of the
graph? J g[f (x)] = 44 − 38x + 8x2

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
The center of the circle is (3, –4) and the radius is 5
units.
The option G is the correct option.

The equation of the circle with center (h, k) and

ANSWER: ANSWER:
2 2
− 3) +Trigonometric
12-9(xInverse (y + 4) = 25 Functions G

2 50. If g is a positive number, which of the following is
49. If f (x) = 2x − 3x and g(x) = 4 − 2x, what is g[f (x)]?
equal to 12g?
2
F g[f (x)] = 4 + 6x − 8x
A

G g[f (x)] = 4 + 6x − 4x2
B
2
H g[f (x)] = 20 − 26x + 8x
C
2
J g[f (x)] = 44 − 38x + 8x

D
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

The option D is the correct option.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
G
D

50. If g is a positive number, which of the following is
equal to 12g? 51. RIDES The Cosmoclock 21 is a huge Ferris wheel
in Japan. The diameter is 328 feet. Suppose a rider
enters the ride at 0 feet, and then rotates in 90°
A
increments counterclockwise. The table shows the
angle measures of rotation and the height above the
B ground of the rider.

C

D

SOLUTION:

a. A function that models the data is
. Identify the verticalPage 16
The option D is the correct option. shift, amplitude, period, and phase shift of the graph.


a. A function that models the data is
. Identify the vertical
shift, amplitude, period, and phase shift of the graph.
ANSWER:

a. 164; 164; 360°, 90°
b. Write an equation using the sine that models the
position of a rider on the Vienna Giant Ferris Wheel

in Austria, with a diameter of 200 feet. Check your b. y = 100 [sin (x − 90°)] + 100
equation by plotting the points and the equation with a
graphing calculator.
52. TIDES The world’s record for the highest tide is
held by the Minas Basin in Nova Scotia, Canada,
SOLUTION: with a tidal range of 54.6 feet. A tide is at equilibrium
a. From the equation, we can find a = 164, b = 1, h = when it is at its normal level halfway between its
90° and k = 164. highest and lowest points. Write an equation to
represent the height h of the tide. Assume that the
Vertical shift: tide is at equilibrium at t = 0, that the high tide is
Since k = 164, the vertical shift is 164. beginning, and that the tide completes one cycle in 12
hours.
Amplitude:
SOLUTION:
A tide is at equilibrium when it is at its normal level
halfway between its highest and lowest points. As
Period : the midline lies halfway between the maximum and
the minimum values, the equation of the midline is y =
0.

Therefore, there is no vertical shift.

Phase shift: Amplitude:

b. Here, the diameter of the Giant Wheel is 200 feet.
So the amplitude is 100 and the vertical shift is
. Period:
Substitute 100 for a, 1 for b, for h, and 100 for k Since the tide completes one cycle in 12 hours, the
in . period is 12.

Check the equation by plotting the points and
graphing the equation using graphing calc.

Substitute 27.3 for a, for b, 0 for h, and 0 for k in
.


eSolutions Page 17
ANSWER:

Substitute 27.3 for a, for b, 0 for h, and 0 for k in ANSWER:

12-9 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 3
.

55. log10 16 − log10 2t = log10 2

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:

ANSWER:

4
53. log3 5 + log3 x = log3 10

56. log7 24 − log7 (y + 5) = log3 8
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
2

54. log4 a + log4 9 = log4 27

ANSWER:
SOLUTION: −2


function.

ANSWER: 57. cos 3π
3

55. log10 16 − log10 2t = log10 2 SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
Since the angle π is a quadrant angle, the coordinates
of the point on its terminal side is (–x, 0).


ANSWER:
4

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
−1
12-9−2

Find the exact value of each trigonometric 58. tan 120°

function.

57. cos 3π
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION: Find the measure of the reference angle.

Since the angle π is a quadrant angle, the coordinates
of the point on its terminal side is (–x, 0).

The tangent function is negative in quadrant II.

ANSWER:
59. sin 300°

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:

−1 Find the measure of the reference angle.

58. tan 120°

SOLUTION: The sine function is negative in quadrant III.

Find the measure of the reference angle.

ANSWER:

The tangent function is negative in quadrant II.


60.

ANSWER:

60.

SOLUTION:


The secant function is negative in quadrant III.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
Practice Test - Chapter 12 B = 54°, a = 5.3, b = 7.3
Solve ∆ABC by using the given measurements. 2. a = 12, A = 58°

Round measures of sides to the nearest tenth
and measures of angles to the nearest degree.
SOLUTION:
Find the measure of the third angle.

Use the Law of Sines to find side length c.

1. A = 36°, c = 9

SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines.

Find the value of a.


ANSWER:
B = 32°, c = 14.2, b = 7.5

3. B = 85°, b = 8

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:

B = 54°, a = 5.3, b = 7.3
2. a = 12, A = 58°

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Use the Law of Sines to find side length c. Page 1
SOLUTION:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
B = 32°, c
Practice Test = 14.2, b = 12
- Chapter 7.5 A = 5°, c = 8.0, a = 0.7

3. B = 85°, b = 8 4. a = 9, c = 12

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find side length c.

Use the Law of Sines to find the length b.



ANSWER:
b = 7.9, B = 41°, A = 49°

ANSWER:
A = 5°, c = 8.0, a = 0.7

5. 325°
4. a = 9, c = 12

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
Use the Law of Sines to find the length b.
FindManual
eSolutions the measure ofbythe
- Powered third angle.
Cognero Page 2

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
b = 7.9,
Practice TestB = 41°, A = 49°
- Chapter 12


each radian measure in degrees. 7.

5. 325°
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
405°

ANSWER: 8.

SOLUTION:
6. −175°

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
−150°

9. Determine whether ∆ABC, with A = 110°, a = 16,

and b = 21, has no solution, one solution, or two
solutions. Then solve the triangle, if possible. Round
measures of sides to the nearest tenth and measures
ANSWER: of angles to the nearest degree.

SOLUTION:
If is obtuse and , then there is no solution

7. Given . So, there is no
solution.

SOLUTION: ANSWER:
no solution

Find the exact value of each function. Write

angle measures in degrees.

ANSWER:
10. cos (−90°)
405°

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
0
no solution
Practice Test - Chapter 12

Find the exact value of each function. Write 11. sin 585°

angle measures in degrees.

10. cos (−90°) SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:


Since the angle 270° is a quadrant angle, the



ANSWER:

ANSWER:
0

12.
11. sin 585°

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:




The cotangent function is positive in quadrant III.


ANSWER: ANSWER:

12. 13.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:


ANSWER:

The cotangent function is positive in quadrant III.

14.

SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: TAN 2nd [COS ] 4 5 ) )
ANSWER: ENTER .7500000001

Therefore, .

13. ANSWER:

SOLUTION:
15.

SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 1 2 ) ) ENTER 60

ANSWER: Therefore,

.
ANSWER: ANSWER:

17. MULTIPLE CHOICE What angle has a tangent

15. and sine that are both negative?

A 65°
SOLUTION:
Use a calculator. B 120°

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 1 2 ) ) ENTER 60 C 120°

Therefore, D 310°

. SOLUTION:
In the fourth quadrant both the sine and the tangent

are negative. The angle 310° is lie in the third
ANSWER: quadrant. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
60°
ANSWER:
16. The terminal side of angle θ in standard position D
intersects the unit circle at point . Find 18. NAVIGATION Airplanes and ships measure
distance in nautical miles. The formula 1 nautical mile
cos θ and sin θ. = 6077 − 31 cos 2θ feet, where θ is the latitude in
degrees, can be used to find the approximate length
of a nautical mile at a certain latitude. Find the length
SOLUTION: of a nautical mile when the latitude is 120°.

SOLUTION:
Substitute for θ in the given equation and
evaluate.
Therefore, and .

ANSWER:

Therefore, the length of a nautical mile when the
latitude is is 6092.5 feet.

17. MULTIPLE CHOICE What angle has a tangent ANSWER:
and sine that are both negative?
6092.5 ft

A 65°

B 120° Find the amplitude and period of each function.
C 120°
19. y = 2 sin 3θ
D 310°
eSolutions
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Given a = 2 and b = 3.

19. y = 2 sin 3θ

SOLUTION:
Given a = 2 and b = 3. 20.

Amplitude:
SOLUTION:
Given a = and b = 2.

Period :
Amplitude:

Graph the function.

Period :

Graph the function.

ANSWER:
amplitude = 2; period = 120°

ANSWER:

20.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
Practice Test - Chapter 12 G

22. Determine whether ∆XYZ, with y = 15, z = 9, and X
= 105°, should be solved by beginning with the Law
of Sines or Law of Cosines. Then solve the triangle.
Round measures of sides to the nearest tenth and
measures of angles to the nearest degree.

SOLUTION:
Since the measure of two sides and the included
angle is given, Law of Cosines is used at the
beginning to solve the triangle.

Substitute 15 for y, 9 for z, and for X in
.

21. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the period of the
function y = 3 cot θ?

F 120°

G 180° Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle
measure.

H 360°

J 1080°

SOLUTION:
Given b = 1.

Period :


ANSWER:
Law of Cosines; Y ≈ 48°, x ≈ 19.4, Z ≈ 27°
ANSWER:

G
22. Determine whether ∆XYZ, with y = 15, z = 9, and X
= 105°, should be solved by beginning with the Law
of Sines or Law of Cosines. Then solve the triangle. 23. y = cos (θ + 180)
Round measures of sides to the nearest tenth and
measures of angles to the nearest degree. SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and h = –180°.
SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Amplitude: Page 8
Since the measure of two sides and the included
angle is given, Law of Cosines is used at the

beginning to solve the triangle.
23. y = cos (θ + 180)

SOLUTION:
Given a = 1, b = 1 and h = –180°.

Amplitude:
24.

SOLUTION:
Period:
Given a = , b = 1 and h = .

Amplitude:
Amplitude does not exist.
Phase shift:
Period:
Draw the graph of . Then shift the graph
to the left.

Phase shift:

Draw the graph of . Then shift the graph
units to the right.

ANSWER:
1, 360°, −180°

ANSWER:
does not exist, π,
24.

SOLUTION:
Period:
seconds, the period is 45 seconds.
ANSWER:
does not exist, π, 45 =
‫׀‬b‫= ׀‬
b=

h = a cos b(t − h ) + k
= 10 cos (t − 0) + 10
= 10 cos t + 10

25. WHEELS A water wheel has a diameter of 20 feet.

It makes one complete revolution in 45 seconds. Let
the height at the top of the wheel represent the height
at time 0. Write an equation for the height of point h
in the diagram below as a function of time t.

ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
ft.

As the midline lies halfway between the maximum
and the minimum values, the equation of the midline
is y = = 10.

Therefore the vertical shift k = 10.

Amplitude:

Period:
seconds, the period is 45 seconds.

45 =
‫׀‬b‫= ׀‬
b=

ANSWER:
Study Guide and Review - Chapter 12 true

State whether each sentence is true or false . If 4. A horizontal translation of a periodic function is
false , replace the underlined term to make a called a phase shift.
true sentence.

SOLUTION:
1. The Law of Cosines is used to solve a triangle when
two angles and any sides are known. True

SOLUTION: ANSWER:
It is a false sentence. true

The Law of Sines is used to solve a triangle when
two angles and any sides are known. 5. The inverse of the sine function is the cosecant
function.

ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
false, Law of Sines
It is a false sentence.

The inverse of the sine function is the arcsine
2. An angle on the coordinate plane is in standard function.
position if the vertex is at the origin and one ray is on
the positive x-axis.
ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
false, arcsine function
True

6. The cycle of the graph of a sine or cosine function
ANSWER: equals half the difference between the maximum and
true minimum values of the function.

3. Coterminal angles are angles in standard position that SOLUTION:
have the same terminal side. It is a false sentence.

The amplitude of the graph of a sine or cosine
SOLUTION:
function equals half the difference between the
True maximum and minimum values of the function.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
true false, amplitude

4. A horizontal translation of a periodic function is Solve ABC by using the given measurements.
called a phase shift. Round measures of sides to the nearest tenth
SOLUTION:
True

ANSWER:
true Manual - Powered by Cognero
eSolutions Page 1

5. The inverse of the sine function is the cosecant

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
a = 10.9; A = 65°; B = 25°
false,
Study amplitude
Guide and Review - Chapter 12

Solve ABC by using the given measurements. 8. a = 10, B = 55°

SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find the side lengths b and
c.

7. c = 12, b = 5

SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find the side length a. ANSWER:
A = 35°; c = 17.4; b = 14.3

9. B = 75°, b = 15

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
Use the Law of Sines to find the side lengths a and
a = 10.9; A = 65°; B = 25°
c.

8. a = 10, B = 55°

SOLUTION:

c. Manual - Powered by Cognero
eSolutions Page 2

ANSWER: ANSWER:
A = 35°; c
Study Guide and= 17.4; b = 14.3
Review - Chapter 12 A = 15°; a = 4.0; c = 15.5

9. B = 75°, b = 15 10. B = 45°, c = 16

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find the side lengths a and Use the Law of Sines to find the side lengths a and
c. b.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
A = 15°; a = 4.0; c = 15.5 a = 11.3; b = 11.3; A = 45°

10. B = 45°, c = 16 11. A = 35°, c = 22

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find the side lengths a and Use the Law of Sines to find the side lengths a and
b. b.


ANSWER: ANSWER:
a =Guide
Study 11.3; and
b = 11.3; A = 45°
Review - Chapter 12 B = 55°; a = 12.6; b = 18.0

11. A = 35°, c = 22
12. sin A = ,a=6

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Use the Law of Sines to find the side lengths a and
b.

c.

ANSWER:
B = 55°; a = 12.6; b = 18.0

12. sin A = ,a=6 ANSWER:

A = 42°; B = 48°; b = 6.7; c = 9.0

SOLUTION:
13. TRUCK The back of a moving truck is 3 feet off of
the ground. What length does a ramp off the back of
the truck need to be in order for the angle of
elevation of the ramp to be 20°?

SOLUTION:
Use the Law of Sines to find the side lengths b and Draw the diagram which represents the situation.
c.


Let x be the length of the ramp off.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
A = 42°; B = 48°; b
Study Guide and Review = 6.7; c = 9.0 12
- Chapter

13. TRUCK The back of a moving truck is 3 feet off of

the ground. What length does a ramp off the back of 15.
the truck need to be in order for the angle of
elevation of the ramp to be 20°?
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Draw the diagram which represents the situation.

ANSWER:
450°
Let x be the length of the ramp off.

Use the Law of Sines to find the length of x. 16. −3π

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
about 8.8 ft ANSWER:
−540°

each radian measure in degrees. 17. −315°

14. 215°
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:

Find one angle with positive measure and one

angle with negative measure coterminal with
each angle.
15.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 18. 265° Page 5

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
ANSWER: ANSWER:
Study Guide and Review - Chapter 12

Find one angle with positive measure and one 21. BICYCLE A bicycle tire makes 8 revolutions in one
angle with negative measure coterminal with minute. The tire has a radius of 15 inches. Find the
each angle. angle θ in radians through which the tire rotates in
one second.
18. 265°

SOLUTION:
Positive angle: 265° + 360° = 625°

Negative angle: 265° – 360° = –95°

SOLUTION:
ANSWER: One revolution makes 360°, so 8 revolutions make
625°, −95° 2880°(360° × 8).
For the rotation of 2880° it takes 60 seconds.

19. −65° Therefore, for one sec it makes or 48° angle

of rotation.
SOLUTION:
Positive angle: –65° + 360° = 295° Rewrite 48° in radians.

Negative angle: –65° – 360° = –425°

ANSWER:
295°, −425°

ANSWER:
20.

SOLUTION:
Positive angle: function.

22. cos 135°
Negative angle:
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
21. BICYCLE A bicycle tire makes 8 revolutions in one

minute. The tire has a radius of 15 inches. Find the The cosine function is negative in Quadrant II.
angle θ in radians through which the tire rotates in
one second.
ANSWER: ANSWER:

Find the exact value of each trigonometric 24. sin 2π
function.

22. cos 135° SOLUTION:
Since the angle 2π is a quadrant angle, the
coordinates of the point on its terminal side is (x, 0).
SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 135º lies in Quadrant II. Find the value of r.


ANSWER: ANSWER:
0

25.
23. tan 150°

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 150º lies in Quadrant II. Since the angle is a quadrant angle, the




ANSWER:

ANSWER:
eSolutions
24. sin 2πManual - Powered by Cognero Page 7
0

ANSWER: ANSWER:
0 Guide and Review - Chapter 12
Study 0


25. contains each point. Find the exact values of the

SOLUTION: 26. P(−4, 3)

Since the angle is a quadrant angle, the
SOLUTION:
Find the value of r
.


ANSWER:
0



26. P(−4, 3)

SOLUTION: ANSWER:
Find the value of r
.

trigonometric ratios. 27. P(5, 12)

SOLUTION:

Study

27. P(5, 12) 28. P(16, −12)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

Use x = 5, y = 12, and r = 13 to write the six Use x = 16, y = –12, and r = 20 to write the six

ANSWER:
ANSWER:

29. BALL A ball is thrown off the edge of a building at
28. P(16, −12) an angle of 70° and with an initial velocity of 5
meters per second. The equation that represents the
SOLUTION: horizontal distance of the ball x is x = v0(cos θ)t,
Find the value of r. where v0 is the initial velocity, θ is the angle at which
it is thrown, and t is the time in seconds. About how
far will the ball travel in 10 seconds?

SOLUTION:
Substitute 5 for v0, 70° for θ, and 10 for t in the given
Page 9
equation and solve for x.

Use x = 16, y = –12, and r = 20 to write the six
ANSWER:
Study Guide and Review - Chapter 12 about 17.1 meters

29. BALL A ball is thrown off the edge of a building at Determine whether each triangle has no
an angle of 70° and with an initial velocity of 5 solution, one solution, or two solutions. Then
meters per second. The equation that represents the solve each triangle. Round measures of sides to
horizontal distance of the ball x is x = v0(cos θ)t, the nearest tenth and measures of angles to the
nearest degree.
where v0 is the initial velocity, θ is the angle at which

it is thrown, and t is the time in seconds. About how 30. C = 118°, c = 10, a = 4
far will the ball travel in 10 seconds?

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Because is obtuse and c > a, one solution
Substitute 5 for v0, 70° for θ, and 10 for t in the given exists.
equation and solve for x.

ANSWER:
about 17.1 meters


solve each triangle. Round measures of sides to Use the Law of Sines to find b.
the nearest tenth and measures of angles to the
nearest degree.

30. C = 118°, c = 10, a = 4

SOLUTION:
Because is obtuse and c > a, one solution
exists.

ANSWER:

one solution; A ≈ 21°, B ≈ 41°, b ≈ 7.4

31. A = 25°, a = 15, c = 18

SOLUTION:
Since is acute and a < c, find h and compare it
to a.

Use the Law of Sines to find b.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
one solution; A ≈ 21°, B ≈ 41°, b ≈ 7.4 two solutions; First solution: C = 30°, B = 125°, b =
Study 29.1; second solution: C = 150°, B = 5°, b = 3.1

31. A = 25°, a = 15, c = 18 32. A = 70°, a = 5, c = 16

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Since is acute and a < c, find h and compare it Since is acute and a < c, find h and compare it
to a. to a.

Since 7.6 < 15 < 18 or h < a < c, there is two Since 5 < 15 or a < h, there is no solution.

ANSWER:
no solution

33. BOAT Kira and Mallory are standing on opposite

sides of a river. How far is Kira from the boat?
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.

ANSWER:
two solutions; First solution: C = 30°, B = 125°, b =
29.1; second solution: C = 150°, B = 5°, b = 3.1

32. A = 70°, a = 5, c = 16 SOLUTION:

Measure of angle at boat is 180º – (85º + 30º) or 65º.

SOLUTION: Let x be the distance between Kira and the boat.
Since is acute and a < c, find h and compare it
to a. Use the Law of Sines to find x.

Since 5 < 15 or a < h, there is no solution.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
no solution 98.9 ft

33. BOAT Kira and Mallory are standing on opposite Determine whether each triangle should be
sides of a river. How far is Kira from the boat? solved by beginning with the Law of Sines or

ANSWER: ANSWER:
noGuide
Study solutionand Review - Chapter 12 98.9 ft

33. BOAT Kira and Mallory are standing on opposite Determine whether each triangle should be
sides of a river. How far is Kira from the boat? solved by beginning with the Law of Sines or
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. Law of Cosines. Then solve each triangle.

34.

SOLUTION:
The triangle should be solved by beginning with the
SOLUTION:
Law of Cosines.
Measure of angle at boat is 180º – (85º + 30º) or 65º.

Find the measure of the largest angle .
Let x be the distance between Kira and the boat.


.

ANSWER:
98.9 ft


solved by beginning with the Law of Sines or
Law of Cosines. Then solve each triangle.

ANSWER:
Law of Cosines;

34.

SOLUTION:
The triangle should be solved by beginning with the 35.
Law of Cosines.
eSolutions Page 12
Find the measure of the largest angle . SOLUTION:


ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Law of Cosines;
Study Law of Sines;

36. C = 75°, a = 5, b = 7

SOLUTION:
35. Law of Cosines.

SOLUTION:

Law of Sines.

measure.


ANSWER:
Law of Cosines; A = 40°, B = 65°, c = 7.5

37. A = 42°, a = 9, b = 13

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
Law of Sines; Law of Sines.

36. C = 75°, a = 5, b = 7

SOLUTION:
Law of Cosines.

measure.

or

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
ANSWER: Law of Sines;
Law
Study of Cosines;
Guide A = 40°, B = 65°, c
and Review - Chapter 12= 7.5

37. A = 42°, a = 9, b = 13 38. b = 8.2, c = 15.4, A = 35°

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The triangle should be solved by beginning with the The triangle should be solved by beginning with the
Law of Sines. Law of Cosines.

measure.


or
ANSWER:
Law of Cosines;

ANSWER:
39. FARMING A farmer wants to fence a piece of his
Law of Sines; land. Two sides of the triangular field have lengths of
120 feet and 325 feet. The measure of the angle
between those sides is 70°. How much fencing will
the farmer need?
38. b = 8.2, c = 15.4, A = 35°

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: The triangle should be solved by the Law of Cosines.
Law of Cosines. Let x be the unknown side length.

measure.
The length of the fence is about 750.5 ft(120 ft + 325
ft + 305.5 ft).

ANSWER:
about 750.5 ft


ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Law
Study of Cosines;

39. FARMING A farmer wants to fence a piece of his 41. (cos 45°)(cos 210°)

land. Two sides of the triangular field have lengths of
120 feet and 325 feet. The measure of the angle
between those sides is 70°. How much fencing will SOLUTION:
the farmer need?

SOLUTION:
The triangle should be solved by the Law of Cosines.

Let x be the unknown side length.
ANSWER:

The length of the fence is about 750.5 ft(120 ft + 325 42.
ft + 305.5 ft).

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
about 750.5 ft


40. cos (−210°)

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:

ANSWER:
43.

SOLUTION:
41. (cos 45°)(cos 210°)

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
0

44. Determine the period of the function.

eSolutions Page 15

ANSWER:

ANSWER: ANSWER:
0 Guide and Review - Chapter 12
Study 15 seconds

44. Determine the period of the function. Find the amplitude, if it exists, and period of

46. y = 4 sin 2θ

SOLUTION:
Amplitude:

Period:
SOLUTION:

The pattern repeats at 6, 12 and so on. So, the period
of the function is 6. x-intercepts: (0,0)

ANSWER:
6

45. A wheel with a diameter of 18 inches completes 4

revolutions in 1 minute. What is the period of the
function that describes the height of one spot on the
outside edge of the wheel as a function of time?

SOLUTION:
Period:
Since the wheel completes 4 revolutions in 1 minute,
the time taken to make one revolution is or 15
seconds. So, the period is 15 seconds.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
amplitude: 4, period: 180°
15 seconds

Find the amplitude, if it exists, and period of


46. y = 4 sin 2θ

SOLUTION:
Amplitude:

Period:
47.
x-intercepts: (0,0)

SOLUTION:
Amplitude:
Study

48. y = 3 csc θ
47.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Amplitude: not defined
Amplitude:
Period:
Period:
The vertical asymptotes occur at the points where
. So, the asymptotes are

x-intercepts: Sketch and use
it to graph .

ANSWER:
amplitude: not defined, period: 360°

ANSWER:
amplitude: 1, period: 720°

49. y = 3 sec θ

SOLUTION:
Amplitude: not defined
48. y = 3 csc θ

Period:
SOLUTION:
Page 17
. So, the asymptotes are at
Period:

49. y = 3 sec θ 50. y = tan 2θ

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Amplitude: not defined Amplitude: not defined

Period: Period:

The vertical asymptotes occur at the points where The vertical asymptotes occur at the points where
. So, the asymptotes are at . So, the asymptotes are at
Sketch and use it Sketch and use it
to graph . to graph .

ANSWER: ANSWER:
amplitude: not defined, period: 360° amplitude: not defined, period: 90°

50. y = tan 2θ 51.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Period:
Period:


. So, the asymptotes are at
The vertical asymptotes occur at the points
Sketch and use it

52. When Lauren jumps on a trampoline it vibrates with

51. a frequency of 10 hertz. Let the amplitude equal 5
feet. Write a sine equation to represent the vibration
of the trampoline y as a function of time t.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

The amplitude of the function is 5.
Period:
Since the period is the reciprocal of the frequency,
the period of the function is .

The vertical asymptotes occur at the points
where . So, the asymptotes are at θ = Period =
360º and θ = 720º. Sketch and use it to
graph .

Substitute 5 for a, for b and t for θ in the
general equation for the sine function.

ANSWER:
y = 5 sin 20 πt

ANSWER: State the vertical shift, amplitude, period, and
amplitude: not defined, period: 720° phase shift of each function. Then graph the
function.

53. y = 3 sin [2 (θ − 90°) ] + 1

SOLUTION:
Given a =3, b = 2, h = 90°, k = 1.

Amplitude:

Period:
52. When Lauren jumps on a trampoline it vibrates with
a frequency
eSolutions of 10 hertz.
Manual - Powered Let the
by Cogneroamplitude equal 5 Page 19
feet. Write a sine equation to represent the vibration
of the trampoline y as a function of time t.
Amplitude:
SOLUTION:
Study Guide and Review - Chapter 12 Given a = , b = 2, h = 30°, k = –3.

Period:
Amplitude: undefined

Period:

Phase shift:
Since , phase shift is 90° right.
Vertical shift: , one unit up
Phase shift:
Midline: Since , phase shift is 30° right.
Vertical shift: , 3 units down
using the midline as reference. Midline:

ANSWER:
vertical shift: up 1 amplitude: 3 period: 180° phase
shift: 90° right

ANSWER:
vertical shift: down 3, amplitude: undefined ,period:
90° , phase shift: 30° right

54.

SOLUTION:
Given a = , b = 2, h = 30°, k = –3.

Amplitude: undefined 55. Page 20

Period:
ANSWER:
vertical shift: up 2, amplitude: not defined, period:
Study Guide and Review - Chapter 12 , phase shift: right

55.

SOLUTION:
Given a = 2, b = 3, h = , k = 2.

Amplitude: Not defined

Period:
56.
SOLUTION:
Phase shift:
Given a = ,b = ,h= , k = –1.
Since , phase shift is units right.
Vertical shift: , 2 units up Amplitude:

Midline:

Period:
Then shift the graph units to the right.

Phase shift:
Since , phase shift is units left
Vertical shift: , one unit down

Midline:

ANSWER:
vertical shift: up 2, amplitude: not defined, period:
, phase shift: right Then shift the graph units to the left.


Study Guide
Then shiftand
the Review
graph - units to the left.
Chapter 12

Phase shift:
Vertical shift: , 2 units up

Midline:

ANSWER: Then shift the graph to the right.

vertical shift: down 1; amplitude: ; period: ;
phase shift: left

ANSWER:
vertical shift: up 2; amplitude: ; period: 1080°;

phase shift: 90° right

57.

SOLUTION:
Given a = ,b = , h = 90°, k = 2.

Amplitude:

58. The graph approximates the height y of a rope that

two people are twirling as a function of time t in
seconds. Write an equation for the function.

Period:

Phase shift:

ANSWER:
Study Guide and Review - Chapter 12 y = 4 sin 360t + 4

58. The graph approximates the height y of a rope that Evaluate each inverse trigonometric function.

two people are twirling as a function of time t in Write angle measures in degrees and radians.
seconds. Write an equation for the function.
59. Sin
−1
(1)

SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 1 ) ENTER 90

Therefore, .

SOLUTION:
The graph goes from 0 to 8, so the amplitude is 4. ANSWER:
The midline is at y = 4, so the vertical shift is 4.
90°,
At θ = 0, y = 4, so y = 1 at θ = 0 when there is no
amplitude. Therefore, this is a sine curve.

The period is from t = 0 to t = 1.
60. Arctan (0)

SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

-1
The equation is y = 4 sin 360t + 4.

Therefore, .
ANSWER:
y = 4 sin 360t + 4
ANSWER:
0°, 0
Evaluate each inverse trigonometric function.
Write angle measures in degrees and radians.

−1 61.
59. Sin (1)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Use a calculator. Use a calculator.

-1 -1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 1 ) ENTER 90 Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 2nd 3 ) 2 )
ENTER 60
Therefore, .
Therefore, .
ANSWER:
90°, ANSWER:
60°,

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
45°,
0°, 0

−1
61. 63. Tan 1

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Use a calculator.
Use a calculator.
-1
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 2nd 3 ) 2 )
ENTER 60 Therefore, .

Therefore, .
ANSWER:

45°,
ANSWER:

60°,
64. Arccos 0

SOLUTION:
62. Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 0 ) ENTER 90
SOLUTION:

Use a calculator.
Therefore, .
-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] 2nd 2 ) 2 )
ENTER 45
ANSWER:
Therefore, . 90°,

65. RAMPS A bicycle ramp is 5 feet tall and 10 feet
ANSWER: long, as shown below. Write an inverse trigonometric
function that can be used to find θ, the angle the
45°,
ramp makes with the ground. Then find the angle.

−1
63. Tan 1

SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

-1 SOLUTION:
hypotenuse are known, use the sine function.
Therefore, .

ANSWER:
ANSWER: ANSWER:
90°,

65. RAMPS A bicycle ramp is 5 feet tall and 10 feet Evaluate each inverse trigonometric function.
long, as shown below. Write an inverse trigonometric Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
function that can be used to find θ, the angle the
ramp makes with the ground. Then find the angle.
66.

SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

-1
ENTER 2.828427125
SOLUTION:

hypotenuse are known, use the sine function. Therefore, .

ANSWER:
2.83

Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] 5 10 ) ENTER 30 67.

Therefore, .
So, the angle of the ramp that makes with the ground SOLUTION:
is . Use a calculator.

-1
ANSWER: Keystrokes: SIN 2nd [SIN ] (–) 2nd 2 )
2 ) ) ENTER –0.7071067812

Therefore, .
Evaluate each inverse trigonometric function.
Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.

ANSWER:
66. −0.71

SOLUTION: 68.
Use a calculator.

-1 SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.
ENTER 2.828427125

-1
Keystrokes: SIN 2nd [TAN ] 0 ) )
Therefore, . ENTER 0

Therefore, .

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
−55.0°
−0.71

68. 70. Sin θ = 0.8

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: SIN 2nd [TAN ] 0 ) )
ENTER 0 Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] . 8 ) ENTER
Therefore, .
53.13010235

0
ANSWER:
Solve each equation. Round to the nearest 53.1°
tenth if necessary.

71. Cos θ = 0.41
69. Tan θ = −1.43

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Use a calculator.
Use a calculator.

-1
-1 Keystrokes: 2nd [COS ] . 4 1 ) ENTER
Keystrokes: 2nd [TAN ] (–) 1 . 4 3 ) ENTER
65.7951652
-55.03487923

Therefore, .
Therefore, .

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
65.8°
−55.0°

70. Sin θ = 0.8

SOLUTION:

Use a calculator.

-1
Keystrokes: 2nd [SIN ] . 8 ) ENTER
53.13010235

Therefore, .

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12-1 Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles

Find the values of the six trigonometric

The trigonometric ratios are:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

12-1 Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles

Use a trigonometric function to find the value of

Use a trigonometric function to find the value of

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 3

Find the value of x. Round to the nearest tenth. ANSWER:

11. CCSS SENSE-MAKING Christian found two

11. CCSS SENSE-MAKING Christian found two 12. LADDERS The recommended angle of elevation

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 6

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

In a right triangle, are acute. Find 18.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 9

, Functions in Right Triangles

Use a trigonometric function to find each value

ANSWER: 27. PARASAILING Refer to the beginning of the

27. PARASAILING Refer to the beginning of the 28. CCSS MODELING Devon wants to build a rope

28. CCSS MODELING Devon wants to build a rope

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 13

Use trigonometric functions to find the values

35. SQUIRRELS Adult flying squirrels can make 37.

Solve each equation

In ∆ABC , is a right angle. Use the given 52. a = 8, c = 17

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 19

and the hypotenuse of an acute triangle are positive,

55. CCSS ARGUMENTS Determine whether the

True; and the values of the opposite side ANSWER:

hypotenuse is the same, the length of the side

58. EXTENDED RESPONSE Your school needs 5 59. SHORT RESPONSE As a fundraiser, the

Which matrix could be multiplied by to find x

66. POLLS A polling company wants to estimate how Find each product. Include the appropriate

Find each product. Include the appropriate ANSWER:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

Rewrite each degree measure in radians and

8. 225° 10. CCSS REASONING A tennis player’s swing

Draw an angle with the given measure in 12. 160°

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 6

17. GYMNASTICS A gymnast on the uneven bars 18. FOOD The lid on a jar of pasta sauce is turned

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 20. 95° Page 7

21. 205° Rewrite each degree measure in radians and

28. −50° 31. SKATEBOARDING The skateboard ramp at the

31. SKATEBOARDING The skateboard ramp at the 32. RIVERBOATS The paddlewheel of a riverboat

Find the length of each arc. Round to the

SOLUTION: c. Substitute for r and for θ in the formula

42. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Consider A

Rewrite each degree measure in radians and

48. CCSS CRITIQUE Tarshia and Alan are writing an 49. CHALLENGE A line makes an angle of

50. REASONING Express of a revolution in

SOLUTION: 51. OPEN ENDED Draw and label an acute angle in

51. OPEN ENDED Draw and label an acute angle in 52. REASONING Justify the formula for the length of

multiply the number of radians by .

multiply the number of radians by .

53. WRITING IN MATH Use a circle with radius r 54. SHORT RESPONSE If (x + 6)(x + 8) − (x − 7)(x

multiply the number of radians by .

57. SAT/ACT The first term of a sequence is −6, and

57. SAT/ACT The first term of a sequence is −6, and Find the values of the six trigonometric

Identify the null and alternative hypotheses for

Identify the null and alternative hypotheses for 63. MANUFACTURING The sizes of CDs made by

64. FINANCIAL LITERACY If the rate of inflation 66. a = 8, b = 17

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the SOLUTION: