Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROJECT REPORT
ON
SEVEN MONTH INTERNSHIP
AT
JHUNJHUNU ENGINEERS PVT. LTD., JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE CERTIFICATION
Submitted by:
SHIVAM BANCHHOR
ADITYA DEWANGAN
Submitted to:
JHUNJHUNU ENGINEERS PVT. LTD., JAIPUR,
RAJASTHAN, INDIA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank JEPL Group of Companies, Jaipur, Rajasthan for giving us this
invaluable opportunity to learn so much practical knowledge, which would have impossible
to learn through only looking at images from textbooks. We have gained Invaluable insights
into how consultancy and construction of any road is handled and how any difficulty that
comes in between is tackled. Apart from technical knowledge, we have gained insights into
construction management, efficient work force management and lots of another thing.
We are deeply indebted to our training in-charge at site Mr. Yaqub Ali whose help,
stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped us at all the time at the training site and
for writing this Minor Project Report. In addition, we are thankful to Mr. Sanjeev Tyagi,
Mr. Sharif Khan and all other members of Company for helping us understand the process
of consulting and construction of the project.
Our faculties, colleagues from the Civil Engineering Department supported us in our project
work. We want to thank them for all their help, support, interest and valuable hints.
Especially, we would like to give my special thanks to our parents whose patient love enabled
us to complete this work. And at last but not the least We would like to thank God for the
successful completion of our project.
B. TECH (2016-20)
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
OP JINDAL UNIVERSITY, RAIGARH
PREFACE
This Report is intended to give the whole information about the Minor Project Report on
“Consultancy Services for carrying out detailed feasibility study for Six laning of
Existing Four lane Jetpur - Gondal - Rajkot Section from Km. 117.60 to Km. 185.00
on National Highway No. 27 in the state of Gujarat” (Live Project Assigned) and the
processes that we have undergone during the execution of the project. We have taken special
care to present the report in a coherent, simple and straightforward manner.
Although extreme care has been taken during the preparation and proof reading of this report,
still some errors and mistakes might inadvertently creep in. We owe an apology to our guide
and faculty members, and will be grateful if the same are pointed out along with suggestions
for the improvement of the report.
Topic Page
ABSTRACT
COMPANY’S PROFILE
01. Request For Proposal (RFP)
02. Stages of Project
03. Inception Report (IR)
04. Quality Assurance Plan (QAP)
05. IRC-SP: 99-2013
06. IRC-SP: 73-2015
07. IRC-37-2012
08. IRC-SP:84-2014
09. IRC-SP:87-2013
10. IRC-58-2011
11. IRC-SP:62-2014
12. IRC-SP:69-2011
13. Alignment (Horizontal & Vertical)
14. Feasibility Report
15. Inventory of Road
16. Land Acquisition & PMIS (Project Monitoring Information System)
17. Tendering and Documentation
18. Design of Typical Cross Section
19. Google Earth Pro
20. About NHAI & MoRTH
CONCLUSION
Certificate, LOR and Feedback Form
References
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
We (Aditya Dewangan & Shivam Banchhor) worked for Six months in the company Jhunjhunu
Engineers Private Limited. This company is basically a consultant company which deals with
Highway/Expressways/Roads projects of NHAI, State PWDs and MORTH across the country.
All the work before the actual construction of a Road is done by our company. During our
Internship we tried to learn the various works of our company like Preparation of Inception
Report and QAP Report, Stages of Project, Request for Proposal, Study of IRCs, Feasibility
Study, Alignment (Horizontal & Vertical), Land Acquisition & PMIS (Project Monitoring
Information System), Tendering and Documentation, Design of Typical Cross Section and
Google Earth Pro. The Basic material which we used to study was various types of IRCs like
IRC-SP:87-2013, IRC-58-2011, IRC-SP:62-2014, IRC-SP:69-2011.
3. BASIC MATERIAL
The Basic material which we used was through various Indian Road Congress (IRC) Codes
such as IRC-SP: 99 2013, IRC-SP: 73-2015 Manual of Specifications & Standards for Two
Laning Of Highways with paved Shoulder, IRC-37-2012 Guidelines for the design of flexible
pavements, IRC-SP:84-2014 Manual of Specifications & Standards for Four Laning Of
Highways, IRC-SP:87-2013 Manual of Specifications & Standards for Six Laning of highways
through Public Partnerships.
Jhunjhunu Engineers Group of Companies is a youth & dynamic leading consulting company
in the civil engineering & consultancy services offering integrated planning, architecture,
engineering and project management services for transportation and infrastructure development.
The company was incorporated in the Year 2012, in the state of Rajasthan, with Head office and
design hub at Jaipur and is also operational at Jodhpur, Mumbai, Rajkot & Kuchchh.
JEPL have a wide potential of delivering and ensemble of services and constitutes a dexterous
team of civil engineering, structural designers, transportation engineers, environment & social
experts, architects, urban planners, financial experts and specialty services provides, who plan and
implement innovative and cost-effective solutions for a variety of engineering and project
management challenges by;
The Team
• Sanjeev Tyagi (Director)
• Yaqub Ali (Director)
• Devesh Singh (Bridge & Structure Engineer)
• Ratan Lal Jajoo (Retired Add. Chief Engineer)
• Dr. Pratap Singh (Retired XEN)
• Balvir Singh (Retired XEN)
• Om Prakash Bhatia (Retired XEN)
• R C Gupta (Retired XEN)
• D K Srivastava (Highway Engineer)
• Virendra Yadav (Pavement Expert); M. Tech in Transportation Engineering
• R. K. Tripathi (Senior Surveyor / QS & Documentation Expert)
• Reepak Gupta (Pavement Design & Road Safety Expert); B. Tech in Civil
Engineering
Projects & Experience
Incorporated in 2012, JEPL has initiated a number of Projects at different levels in various fields.
A request for proposal is a document that solicits proposal, often made through a bidding process,
by an agency or company interested in procurement of a commodity, service, or valuable asset, to
potential suppliers to submit business proposals.
• Annexures
• Data Sheet
• Appendix
• Supplement
• Enclosure
• Terms Of References
Annexures
Something that is attached, such as a document to a report.
Data Sheet
A datasheet is a document that summarizes the performance and other technical characteristics of
a construction product, material or component according to specific regulatory, market or client
specific requirements that have been incorporated in the template’s mechanism.
Appendix
Attachment that is invariably critical to the validity of the agreement.
Terms Of References
Terms of reference define the purpose and structures of a project, committee, meeting,
negotiation, or any similar collection of people who have agreed to work together to accomplish
a shared goal. It mainly consists of ROW (Right Of Way) and Land related aspects, Engineering
surveys and Investigations, Traffic Demands Estimates, Detailed Design of Road and Pavements,
Bridges, Structures, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, etc.
Stages of Project (Read and Study)
This checklist is providing guidance to evaluation managers, evaluation focal points, and
evaluation consultants. Not all evaluations require inception reports, but for complex and high-
budget projects, it ensures that the evaluator understands the Terms Of Reference (TOR). The
inception report is a means of ensuring mutual understanding of the consultant’s plan of action and
timeline for conducting the evaluation. It also provides additional guarantee of adherence to, and
interpretation of the TOR.
The Inception Report has been structured into thirteen chapters as follows –
Chapter 1. Introduction
A Quality Assurance Plan (QAP) is a document, constructed by the project team, meant to ensure
the final products are of the utmost quality. A Quality Assurance Plan (QAP) contains a set of
documented activities meant to ensure that customers are satisfied with the goods or services a
company provides. There are four steps of the quality assurance process: Plan, Do, Check, and
Act. The Quality Assurance Plan (QAP) should define objectives, roles and responsibilities,
coordinate with other plans, and define tasks and the schedule.
The Quality Assurance Plan has been structured into eleven chapters and data formats as follows
-
Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION
NOTE: - We both have made together the final Inception Report (IR) and
Quality Assurance Plan (QAP) for the Jetpur – Gondal – Rajkot Project.
IRC-SP:99-2013 (Read and Study)
MANUAL OF SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR
EXPRESSWAYS
Published by:
INDIAN ROAD CONGRESS
The origin of Indian Roads Congress (IRC) the apex body of road sector engineers and
professionals in the country can be traced back to the Road Development Committee set up
under the Chairmanship of Shri M.R. Jayakkar in 1927 by the then Government of India,
which recommended for periodical holding of road conferences to discuss the issues related
to road construction, maintenance & development. The first such Road Conference was held
in April 1930. Subsequently with the formalization of Road Fund, creation of a wider and
permanent organization in place of Periodical Road Conferences was felt and thus, the IRC
came into being. The IRC-SP: 99-2013 gives the standard of all the process of designing an
Expressway. It consists of the following:
Section - 01 General
Section - 02 Geometric Design and General Features
Section - 03 Grade Separators and Interchanges
Section - 04 Embankment and Cut Sections
Section - 05 Pavement Design
Section - 06 Design of Structures
Section - 07 Tunnels
Section - 08 Materials
Section - 09 Drainage
Section - 10 Traffic Control Devices, Road Safety Devices and Road Side Furniture
Section - 11 Traffic Management Systems
Section - 12 Toll Plazas
Section - 13 Project Facilities: Service Areas, Pick-Up Bus Stops, State Border Check Posts
Section - 14 Environmental and Social Aspects, Landscaping and Tree Plan
Section - 15 Lighting
IRC-SP:73-2015 (Read and Study)
The origin of Indian Roads Congress (IRC) the apex body of road sector engineers and
professionals in the country can be traced back to the Road Development Committee set up
under the Chairmanship of Shri M.R. Jayakkar in 1927 by the then Government of India,
which recommended for periodical holding of road conferences to discuss the issues related
to road construction, maintenance & development. The first such Road Conference was held
in April 1930. Subsequently with the formalization of Road Fund, creation of a wider and
permanent organization in place of Periodical Road Conferences was felt and thus, the IRC
came into being.
The IRC-SP: 73-2015 gives the standard of all the process of two laning of highways with
paved shoulders. It consists of the following:
Section - 1 General
Section - 2 Geometric Design And General Features
Section - 3 Intersections And Grade Separators
Section - 4 Road Embankment
Section - 5 Pavement Design
Section - 6 Road Side Drainage
Section - 7 Design Of Structures
Section - 8 Materials And Specifications For Structures
Section - 9 Traffic Control Devices And Road Safety Works
Section - 10 Toll Plazas
Section - 11 Landscaping And Tree Plantation
Section - 12 Project Facilities
Section - 13 Special Requirements For Hill Roads
Section - 14 Tunnels
IRC-37-2012 (Read and Study)
The IRC-37-2012 gives the standard of all the process of guidelines for the design of the
flexible pavements. It consists of the following:
1. Introduction
2. Scope of Guidelines
3. General
4. Traffic
5. Sub-grade
6. Principles of Pavement Design
7. Pavement Composition
8. Perpetual Pavement
9. Pavement Design Procedure
10. Pavement Design Catalogues
11. Internal Drainage in Pavement
12. Design in Frost Affected Areas
13. Summary of Design Procedure and use of IITPAVE software
Annexures
Annex-I: Consideration in Design of Bituminous Pavement
Annex-II: Worked out Examples Illustrating the Design Method
Annex-III: Equivalence of thickness of bituminous mixes of different moduli
Annex-IV: Preparation of Laboratory Test Specimens for CBR Test and Selection of Sub-
grade CBR
Annex-V: Drainage layer
Annex-VI: Recommendation for Bituminous Wearing Courses for Flexible Pavement
Annex-VII: Selection of Grade of Binders and Mixes for Bituminous Courses
Annex-VIII: Resilient Modulus of Granular Materials
Annex-IX: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Mix Design
Annex-X: Pavement Layers with Chemical Stabilized Materials
Annex-XI: Properties of Cementitious base and Sub-base
Annex-XII: Roads Constructed in India with Alternate Materials
IRC-SP:84-2014 (Read and Study)
The IRC-SP:84-2014 gives the standard of all the process of guidelines manual of
specifications & standards for four laning of highways through Public Private Partnership
(PPP). It consists of the following:
Section - 1 GENERAL
Section - 2 GEOMETRIC DESIGN AND GENERAL FEATURES
Section - 3 INTERSECTIONS AND GRADE SEPARATORS
Section - 4 EMBANKIVIENT8. CUT SECTIONS
Section - 5 PAVEMENT DESIGN
Section - 6 HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
Section - 7 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Section - 8 MATERIALS
Section - 9 TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES, ROAD SAFETY DEVICES/ROAD
Section - 10 TOLL PLAZAS
Section - 11 LANDSCAPING AND TREE PLANTATION
Section - 12 PROJECT FACILITIES
Section - 13 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HILL ROADS
Section - 14 TUNNELS
IRC-SP:87-2013 (Read and Study)
The IRC-SP:87-2013 gives the standard of all the process of guidelines manual of
specifications & standards for six laning of highways through Public Private Partnership
(PPP). It consists of the following:
Section - 1 GENERAL
Section - 2 GEOMETRIC DESIGN AND GENERAL FEATURES
Section - 3 INTERSECTIONS AND GRADE SEPARATORS
Section - 4 EMBANKIVIENT8. CUT SECTIONS
Section - 5 PAVEMENT DESIGN
Section - 6 HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
Section - 7 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Section - 8 MATERIALS
Section - 9 TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES, ROAD SAFETY DEVICES/ROAD
Section - 10 TOLL PLAZAS
Section - 11 LANDSCAPING AND TREE PLANTATION
Section - 12 PROJECT FACILITIES
Section - 13 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HILL ROADS
Section - 14 TUNNELS
IRC:58-2011 (Read and Study)
GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF PLAIN JOINTED RIGID
PAVEMENTS FOR HIGHWAYS
Published by:
INDIAN ROAD CONGRESS
The origin of Indian Roads Congress (IRC) the apex body of road sector engineers and
professionals in the country can be traced back to the Road Development Committee set up
under the Chairmanship of Shri M.R. Jayakkar in 1927 by the then Government of India,
which recommended for periodical holding of road conferences to discuss the issues related
to road construction, maintenance & development. The first such Road Conference was held
in April 1930. Subsequently with the formalization of Road Fund, creation of a wider and
permanent organization in place of Periodical Road Conferences was felt and thus, the IRC
came into being.
The IRC:58-2011 gives the standard of all the process of guidelines for the design of plain
jointed rigid pavements for highways. It consists of the following:
1. Introduction
2. Scope
3. General
4. Concrete Pavement Type
5. Factors Governing Design
6. Design of Slab Thickness
7. Design of Joints
8. Tie Bars for Longitudinal Joints
9. Reinforcement In Cement Concrete Slab to Control Cracking
10. Widening of Concrete Pavements 4 Lane to 6 Lanes
11. List of References
Appendices
IRC-SP:62-2014 (Read and Study)
GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT
CONCRETE PAVEMENTS FOR LOW VOLUME ROADS
Published by:
INDIAN ROAD CONGRESS
The origin of Indian Roads Congress (IRC) the apex body of road sector engineers and
professionals in the country can be traced back to the Road Development Committee set up
under the Chairmanship of Shri M.R. Jayakkar in 1927 by the then Government of India,
which recommended for periodical holding of road conferences to discuss the issues related
to road construction, maintenance & development. The first such Road Conference was held
in April 1930. Subsequently with the formalization of Road Fund, creation of a wider and
permanent organization in place of Periodical Road Conferences was felt and thus, the IRC
came into being.
The IRC-SP:62-2014 gives the standard of all the process of guidelines for the design and
construction of cement concrete pavements for low volume roads. It consists of the
following:
1. Introduction
2. Scope
3. Factors Governing Design
4. Design of Slab Thickness
5. Joints
6. Materials
7. Construction
References
Appendices
IRC-SP:69-2011 (Read and Study)
GUIDELINES AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR EXPANSION JOINTS
Published by:
INDIAN ROAD CONGRESS
The origin of Indian Roads Congress (IRC) the apex body of road sector engineers and
professionals in the country can be traced back to the Road Development Committee set up
under the Chairmanship of Shri M.R. Jayakkar in 1927 by the then Government of India,
which recommended for periodical holding of road conferences to discuss the issues related
to road construction, maintenance & development. The first such Road Conference was held
in April 1930. Subsequently with the formalization of Road Fund, creation of a wider and
permanent organization in place of Periodical Road Conferences was felt and thus, the IRC
came into being.
The IRC-SP:69-2011 gives the standard of all the process of guidelines and specifications
for expansion joints. It consists of the following:
1. Introduction
2. Scope and Objective
3. Functions
4. Movements and Rotations
5. Basis For Selection Type of Joints
6. Special Types of Joints
7. Specifications- General and Material Requirements
8. Testing and Acceptance Standards
9. Installation
10. Inspection and Maintenance
11. Handling and Storage
12. Replacement of the Expansion Joints
13. References
Alignment
An Alignment is defined by a series of points, lines and curves. In order to build a road, you
need to know exactly where it is located on the earth. Each point has a given coordinate northing
and easting that defines its location on the earth. Each line has a bearing and distance. Each
curve has a radius and length and several points that have coordinates that describe exactly
where that curve is located on the earth. Each line and curve must connect exactly on a shared
point, or be coincident. Otherwise, you have an error in your alignment. The alignment is defined
by stationing, which refers to the distance horizontally between the defining points. The
beginning stationing of an alignment is defined by previous designs, or by the designer. The
designer tries to make the stationing different for each alignment so that it does not confuse the
builder.
Horizontal Alignment is one of the most important features influencing the efficiency and
safety of a highway. A poor design will result in lower speeds and resultant reduction in highway
performance in terms of safety and comfort. In addition, it may increase the cost of vehicle
operations and lower the highway capacity. Horizontal Alignment design involves the
understanding on the design aspects such as design speed and the effect of horizontal curve on
the vehicles. The horizontal curve design elements include design of super elevation, extra
widening at horizontal curves, design of transition curve, and set back distance.
The Vertical Alignment of a road consists of gradients (straight lines in a vertical plane) and
vertical curves. The vertical alignment is usually drawn as a profile, which is a graph with
elevation as vertical axis and the horizontal distance along the centerline of the road as the
horizontal axis. Just as a circular curve is used to connect horizontal straight stretches of road,
vertical curves connect two gradients. When these two curves meet, they form either convex or
concave. The former is called a summit curve, while the latter is called a valley curve.
Feasibility Report (Read, Study and Preparing)
A feasibility report is a document that assesses potential solutions to the business problem or
opportunity, and determines which of these are viable for further analysis. Feasibility Study is an
assessment of the practicality of a proposed project or system.
Introduction – Introduces the study and cites the objectives and scope of the services.
Executive Summary - Exhibits the various studies & investigations carried out, preliminary
proposals, cost estimates, conclusion, recommendations & summaries the projects in detail.
Project Description and Alignment Options – Gives Site appraisal & alignment
improvement options & important aspects of the project road.
Detailed Methodology – To meet the requirements of TOR the detailed methodology and
approach including scheduling of various sub-activities to be carried out for completion of various
stages of work for project preparation after due inspection of entire project stretch and collection
of necessary information.
Indicative Design Standards - Cites Design Standards for proposed to be adopted for
project road
Traffic Surveys & Analysis – Presents the current traffic scenario, growth rates & demand
estimates including, Axle Load surveys, O-D Survey, Turning Movement and Delay estimates
etc.
Environmental & Social Screening – Cities the preliminary environmental
screening, initial environment examination to decide the base parameters & socio-economic
profile of the project area and other related issues.
This is a comprehensive survey, which can be used to study the profile of the roads in the
area of study. Features like Road/pavement widths, Road/pavement types, street lighting,
luminosity, drain types, encroachments, presence of vendors/street furniture, bus/auto stops
etc. can be studied and detailed resulting in the most accurate and detailed profiling of the
existing conditions.
Diligent and experienced team of professionals carries out Road Surveys. These surveys are
done to determine the condition of the pavement sub layers and the location of dangerous
voids. We also generate utility mapping to map the position and depth of all the utilities.
NOTE: - We, along with our Managing Director Mr. Yaqub Ali have done the
complete process of Inventory at site for the Jetpur – Gondal – Rajkot Project.
Pictures of Inventory Enclosed:
Land Acquisition & PMIS
(Project Monitoring Information System) (Study and Site Work Done)
Jodhpur Bharatmala Greenfield Project (Amritsar- Jamnagar)
The expression Public Purpose is not to be strictly construed under Section 3(f) of Land
Acquisition Act, it is an inclusive definition of public purpose and from time to time the courts
have held different purposes to be Public Purpose. It is not possible to give an exact and all-
embracing definition of public purpose.
Land required by MoRTH for National Highway projects is acquired under the provisions
contained in Section 3 of the National Highways (NH) Act 1956. The Right to Fair Compensation
and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLARR) Act, 2013,
became applicable to the other related acts mentioned in the Fourth Schedule, including the NH
Act, 1956 w.e.f. 01.01.2015 in terms of Section 105(3) of the RFCTLARR Act of 2013.
Under Section 3A, the Central Government may declare its intention to acquire land (defined
under Section 3(b)). This notification will give a brief description of the land and shall cause the
substance of the notification to be published in two local newspapers, one of which is in vernacular
language.
Section 3B gives the person authorized by the Central Government, authority to conduct
inspection, survey, measurement etc.
Any person who is interested in the land may within 21 days from the date of publication of the
notification under Section 3A, submit his objections under Section 3C. These objections have
to be made to the competent authority in writing and shall state the grounds thereof. After giving
a proper opportunity of being heard, competent authority may either allow or disallow the
objections.
Under Section 3D, if no objections have been made, or the objections have been disallowed; the
competent authority may submit a report to the Central Government and on receipt of such report
the government shall declare by notification in the official gazette that the land should be acquired
under Section 3A. Where in respect of a land, a notification has been published under Section
3A but no declaration has been published within 1 year from the date of publication, the
notification shall cease to have any effect.
Section 3E has vested the power in the competent authority to issue a notice in writing,
directing the owner as well as any other person who may be in possession of the land to surrender
or deliver possession of the land to the competent authority or any other authorized person within
60 days. It also lays down the steps to be followed if the same is refused.
Section 3F gives the lawful person authorized by the Central Government, authority to enter and
perform other necessary acts upon the land for carrying out the building, maintenance,
management or operation of the national highway or a part thereof, or any other work connected
with it.
Section 3G and 3H lay down the procedure for the determination and the deposit of the amount
of compensation payable.
Section 3I gives the competent authority certain powers of a civil court and Section 3J states
that Land Acquisition Act, 1894 shall not apply to the acquisition under this Act.
NOTE: - We both have done the process by feeding the information of Land
Acquisition process (from 3(a) to 3D) to the final Government Digital Records
of Jodhpur Bharatmala Project through PMIS.
Tendering and Documentation (Read, Study and Prepare)
Tender usually refers to the process whereby governments invite bids for large projects that must
be submitted within a finite deadline. Tendering is the process of making an offer, bid or proposal,
or expressing interest in response to an invitation or request for tender. Organizations will seek
other businesses to respond to a particular need, such as the supply of goods and services, and will
select an offer or tender that meets their needs and provides the best value for money. Tender
request documents; also referred to as invitations to tender, Requests for Tender (RTF), Requests
for Proposal (RFP) etc. outline what is required, that is, what the requesting organization’s needs
are. These documents also outline the particular requirements, criteria, and instructions that are to
be followed. Future tenders are generally widely advertised to offer opportunities to a number of
suppliers, encourage competition and provide a greater pool of offers to select from.
The Documents which are included during the complete tender process are:
• Proof Of Eligibility
• Eligibility Forms
• Technical Proposal
• EMD (Earnest Money Deposit)
• Demand Draft
• Financial Proposal
• Self-Evaluation
In addition to Earth navigation, Google Earth provides a series of other tools through the desktop
application. Additional globes for the Moon and Mars are available, as well as a tool for viewing
the night sky. A flight simulator game is also included. Other features allow users to view photos
from various places uploaded to Panoramio, information provided by Wikipedia on some
locations, and Street View imagery. The web-based version of Google Earth also includes
Voyager, a feature that periodically adds in-program tours, often presented by scientists and
documentarians.
Google Earth has been viewed by some as a threat to privacy and national security, leading to the
program being banned in multiple countries. Some countries have requested that certain areas be
obscured in Google's satellite images, usually areas containing military facilities.
The NHAI has the mandate to implement the National Highways Development Project (NHDP).
The NHDP is under implementation in Phases. NHAI helps in implementing Special Accelerated
Road Development Programme for North Eastern Region (SARDP-NE); a project to upgrade
National Highways connecting state capitals to 2 lane or 4 lane in north eastern region.
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Road_Transport_and_Highways
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highways_Authority_of_India
3. https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/road-inventory-survey-3022500673.html
4. http://www.irc.nic.in/
5. https://www.michalsons.com/blog/of-appendices-annexures-and schedules/11774