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Chapter (6)
MYANMAR IN THE POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD
လတလပ ပ ခတ မနမ ငင
CONTENTS
Chapter 6 Page
Myanmar in the Post-Independence Period
Key Terms 19
Questions 20
Example Answer 20
2
Chapter (6)
Myanmar in the Post-Independence Period
လတလပ ပ ခတ မနမ ငင
The Communist Party split into two main groups, the Red Flag and the White Flag in
1946. However they went underground in 1948.
ကန မ နစပ တသည အလနကန မ နစပ တ င အလ ဖ ကန မ နစပ တဟ၍ စဖ ကသ သည။
၎င တသည ၁၉၄၈ခ စတင တ ခသ ခသည။
The PVO (People Volunteer Organization) split into the White Band PVO and Yellow
Band PVO. The Yellow Band PVO accepted the 15 points programmes of Prime Minister, U
Nu and the White Band PVO went underground in June 1948.
ပဗအ( ပညသရ ဘ အဖ )သညလည ရ ဘ ဖ င ရ ဘ ဝ ဟ၍ စဖ ကသ ခသည။ ရ ဘ ဝ
တက ဦ ၏ မ(၁၅)ခ ကက လကခခ ပ ၊ ရ ဘ ဖ တက လကမခဘ ၁၉၄၈ ခ စ ဇနလတင တ ခသ ခ
သည။
There was also disagreement within the Karen Central Organization (KCO) in 1947.
Mahn Ba Khine and Mahn Win Maung formed the Kayin Youth Organization (KYO) and
joined hands with the AFPFL. Saw Ba U Gyi and the majority of Kayins formed the Kayin
3
National Union (KNU). The KNU resigned from the AFPFL and boycotted the Constituent
Assembly. When the PVO went underground, the KNDO insurrection began.
၁၉၄၇ ခ စတင ကရငဗဟအစည အ ( ကစအ)အတင ၌လည သ ဘ ထ ကလမမ ရလ ခ
သည။ မန ဘခင င မန ဝင မ ငတ တည ထ ငဖ စည ထ သ ကရငလငယမ အစည အ
( ကဝငအ)သည ဖဆပလအစ ရ င ပ ပ င ခသည။ စ ဘဦ က ငကရငလမ အမ စ တည ထ င
ထ သ ကရငအမ သ အစည အ ( ကအငနယ)သည ဖဆပလအစ ရမ ခထက၍ ဖ စည ပအ ခခ
ဥပ ဒ ရ ဆ ရ ညလ ခက စတငသပတ မ ကခသည။ ရ ဘ ဖ တ တ ခခ နတင ကရငအမ သ
က ကယ ရ အဖ ( ကအငနဒအ)သညလည စတငသပနထခသည။
The Mon National Deference Organization (MNDO) rebelled in the Taninthayi
Division. Pao nationals and Mujahid also rebelled. The Shan and Karens in particular rose
against the central authorities. On 1 August 1958, amnesty was announced by the
Government to invite insurgents to come into light. Insurgents and criminals enjoyed the
concessions given by the amnesty.
တနသ ရတင တင မနအမ သ က ကယ ရ အဖ ခ ပ(အမအနဒအ)အဖ သပနထခ ကသည။
ပအဝအမ သ င မဂ ဟစတသညလည ဆပ သ င က န ခ ကသည။ ရမ လမ င ကရငလမ တသည
ဗဟမ အပခ ပ ရ စနစက ဆနက င တ လနခ ကသည။ ၁၉၅၈ ခ စ ဩဂတလ (၁)ရက နတင အစ ရမ
လတ ငမ ခ မ သ ခငအမနက ကည ပ ၊ လကနကကင သ င က န သမ အ အစ ရမ လတ ငမ
ခ မ သ ခငအမနက ကည ခ ပ ၊ လကနကကင သ င က န သမ အ အလင ဝင ရ ကလ ရန
ဖတ ခ ခသည။ အ ထ ထလတ ငမ ခ မ သ ခင ပ ခင က င လကနကကင သ င က န သမ င
ပစဒဏက ခ နရသမ အတက သကသ မရ စခသည။
During the ensuing year, the Kuomintang forces under General Li Mi invaded
Myanmar and occupied Kyu Kok. Myanmar reported this invasion to the United Nations
Organization. Myanmar Army drove out the KMT from the soil of Myanmar.
န ကတစ စထမ ဘ ဗလခ ပလမ ဦ ဆ ငသည ကမငတနတပမ သည မနမ ငငက
က က ဝင ရ ကခ ပ ၊ က ကတ ဒသက သမ ပကခသည။ မနမ အစ ရက ယင က က မက
ကလသမဂသ တင က ခသည။ မနမ တပမ တ သည ကမငတနတပမ က မနမ မ ပမ
မ င ထတ ငခသည။
During 1948-58, Myanmar had parliamentary government. General elections were
held in 1947, 1952-1953, 1956 and 1960 and all became victories for the AFPFL. Since
1958, there had been disagreements within the AFPFL. It split into two factions, the Clean
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AFPFL led by U Nu and the Stable AFPFL led by U Ba Swe and U Kyaw Nyein. Myanmar
seemed again to be veering toward civil war.
၁၉၄၈-၁၉၅၈ ခ စအတင မနမ ငငက ပ လမနအစ ရ အပခ ပခသည။ ၁၉၄၇၊ ၁၉၅၂၊ ၁၉၅၃၊
၁၉၅၆ င ၁၉၆၀ ခ စအတင ကင ပ သ အ ထ ထ ရ က ကပမ တငလည ဖဆပလ
အ ငရရခသည။ ၁၉၅၈ခ စမစ၍ ဖဆပလအစ ရအတင သ ဘ ထ ကလမမ ရလ ခသည။ ဦ
ဦ ဆ င သ သနရင ဖဆပလ င ဦ ဘ ဆ၊ ဦ က ငမ တ ဦ ဆ င သ တည မဖဆပလဟ၍
စ ခမ ကခသည။ မနမ ငငအတင ပညတင စစ ဖစ ပ မည အရပအ ယ ငမ ပ ပ ကလ ခ လ
သည။
U Nu therefore urged General Ne Win to assume the Prime Minister-ship to solve
these problems and hold free and fair election within six months.
ယင ပဿန မ ဖရင ရန င ခ ကလအတင လတလပ၍ တရ မ တ သ ရ က ကပ
က င ပ ပ ရနအတက ဗလခ ပ က နဝင အ ဝန က ခ ပ ရ ထ ထမ ဆ ငရန ဦ က တကတန ခသည။
The situation of the country became worse. Violence, bloodshed civil war, foreign
intervention and the disintegration of the country were in prospect. The Parliament therefore
appointed General Ne Win as head of the Caretaker Government on 28 October 1958 and
entrusted him with the task of holding fair and free parliamentary elections within six
months.
တင ပည၏ အ ခအ န ပမဆ ရ လ ခသည။ ငငအတင အ ကမ ဖကမမ ၊ သ ထက
သယမမ ၊ ပညတင ပညပစကဖကမမ က င ပည ထ ငစ က ပ ကမညအလ အလ မ င ရငဆင
နခရသည။ ၁၉၅၈ ခ စ အ ကတဘ လ (၂၈)ရက နတင ပ လမနမ ဗလခ ပ က နဝင ဦ ဆ ငသည
အမ စ ငအစ ရက ဖ စည ပ ခ ပ ၊ (၆)လအတင လတလပ၍ တရ မ တ သ ပ လမန ရ က ကပ
က င ပ င ရ တ ဝနက ပ အပခသည။
Caretaker Government initially appeared to be interested in building state capacity.
General Ne Win ordered the arrest of many politicians and took a hard line toward insurgents
in the countryside. During its tenure of office, the Caretaker Government brought about the
end of feudal rule in the Shan and Kayah States and concluded an agreement delimiting the
boundary between Myanmar and China.
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တ လန ရ က ငစ (၁၉၆၂-၁၉၇၄)
The period from 1962-1974 is the period of direct military rule under the
Revolutionary Council (R.C). In 1962 General Ne Win staged military coup and overthrown
the civil government. After the military coup, the military established Revolutionary council
which composed entirely of military officials loyal to him. This coup in 1962 marked the end
of constitutional democracy and the beginning of direct military rule in Myanmar. The
Revolutionary Council announced a new national ideology called The Burmese Way to
Socialism to guide the country on 30 April 1962.
The Revolutionary Council formed the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) as a
cadre party on 4 July 1962 and announced its philosophical document The System of
Correlation between Man and His Environment in January 1963. At the beginning of the
formation of BSPP, membership was allowed for only military personnel, but in 1970 party
membership was opened to all. Those who accepted the Socialist principles were invited to
apply for the party membership.
The state took over control of the media, and private newspapers were also closed
down. All books and magazines were subject to censorship of the Press Scrutiny Board
(PSB). In line with its socialist economic principles, the Revolutionary Council nationalized
many economic enterprises and started the First Four Year Economic Plan in 1971.
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The BSPP, developing from a nucleus party to a people’s party held its First Congress
from 28 June to 11 July 1971. The Congress decided on the drafting of a state constitution
and a commission was appointed to make the new constitution in September 1971. The
constitution which was drafted and submitted to a popular referendum was adopted on 3
January 1974 and the new constitution came into force.
Elections were held under new constitution and the Revolutionary Council handed
over power to the BSPP Government on 2 March 1974. The Revolutionary Council was
dissolved and military rule came to an end. This year marked the end of direct military rule
and the beginning of constitutional dictatorship phase in Myanmar.
During the period from 1962-1974, the country was transformed into a socialist one-
party state under the leadership of General Ne Win.
၁၉၆၂ ခ စမ ၁၉၇၄ ခ စအတင က လသည ငင တ က ဗလခ ပ က နဝင ဦ ဆ ငသည
တစခတည သ တစပ တဆရယလစစနစဆသ ပ င လ စခ သ က လ ဖစသည။
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The second phase of military rule in Myanmar began in March 1974. The
Revolutionary Council which ruled the country directly since 1962 was dissolved in 1974.
The Constitution of 1974 designated the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) as the
leading party.
၁၉၇၄ ခ စ မတလတင မနမ ငင၏ ဒတယအ ကမ စစအပခ ပ ရ က စတငခသည။ ၁၉၆၂
ခ စကတည က ငင တ က အပခ ပခ သ တ လန ရ က ငစသည ၁၉၇၄ခ စတင ဖ ကသမ ခသည။
၁၉၇၄ ခ စ ဖ စည ပအ ခခဥပ ဒသည မနမ ဆရယလစလမ စ ပ တက ဦ ဆ ငပ တအ ဖစ ထငရ
လ စခသည။
Under the guidance of the BSPP, the unicameral Pyithu Hluttaw was elected on
universal suffrage and it was the Supreme State Organ. The BSPP was organized on the
principle of democratic centralism. It held regular Party Congress in 1971, 1973, 1977, 1981
and 1985 and a number of extraordinary congresses. It was supported by two classes of
organizations, the Peasants Asiayon and Workers Asiayon as well as by the Lanzin Youth
Organizing Committee.
မနမ ဆရယလစလမ စ ပ တ၏ ဦ ဆ ငမ ဖင အရယ ရ ကသတင မ ပ ငသညစနစအရ
လတ တ စရပပ ဝင သ ပညသလတ တ က ရ က ကတင မ က ငခ ပ ၊ ယင လတ တ သည
ငင တ ၏အ မငဆ အဖ အစည ဖစခသည။ မနမ ဆရယလစလမ စ ပ တသည ဗဟမ ခ ပကင သ
ဒမကရကတစမဝ ဒ ငအညဖ စည ခသည။ မနမ ဆရယလစလမ စ ပ တသည ၁၉၇၁၊ ၁၉၇၃၊ ၁၉၇၇၊
၁၉၈၁၊ ၁၉၈၅ ခ စတတင ပမနညလ ခမ က င ပခ ပ ၊ အ ရ ပ ညလ ခတစခကလည က င ပခသည။
ယင ပ တက အ ခခလတန စ စရပ ဖစ သ တ ငသလယသမ အစည အ ၊ အလပသမ
အစည အ တအ ပင လမ စ လငယစည ရ က မတ ဝငမ ကလည ထ ကခခ ကသည။
The BSPP Government in 1973 started to implement the 20 Years Economic Plan
whose guidelines were adopted by the 2nd Party Congress in October 1973 and which looked
to the doubling of per capita GNP, the transformation of Myanmar from an agricultural
country to an agro-based industrial country and the all full realization of socialist relations of
production by 1974.
မနမ ဆရယလစလမ စ ပ တအစ ရသည ၁၉၇၃ ခ စ အ ကတဘ လတင အ စ(၂၀) စ ပ ရ
စမကန ကခ မတလက ပ ၊ ၁၉၇၃ခ စ ဒတယအ ကမ ပ တညလ ခက အတည ပ က ၊ ငင တ ၏
10
The Armed Forces took the responsibility of government on 18 September 1988 and
formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) with Chief of Staff General
(Later Senior General) Saw Maung as Chairman in 1989. General Saw Maung assured that
the sole aim of his military intervention was to restore law and order, to improve the
economic condition of the people and organize multiparty elections. Senior General Saw
Maung retired on 23 April 1992 and was succeeded by General ThanShwe (Later Senior
General). SLORC gave priority to the restoration of Law and Order, the improvement of
communications and the uplift of people’s livelihood.
SLORC declared its intention of creating a multi-party democratic State. The SLORC
held free and fair elections on 27 May 1990 as an attempt at political stabilization and the
NLD led by Daw Aung San Su Kyi won a landslide victory. However, the government did
not implement the results of the election and set up Constitutional Convention.
In July, the SLORC issued its Announcement No. 1/90. SLORC convened a National
Convention on 6 January 1993 to draw up the guidelines for the drafting of a new
constitution.
It moved away from the centrally planned economy of the BSPP period and marched
towards a market oriented economy. It also promoted tourism industry and designated 1996
as Visit Myanmar Year.
SLORC took initiatives to end the insurgency which had troubled the country since
independence and concluded cease-fire agreements with most of the armed ethnic groups.
Under SLORC, Myanmar participated in the activities of the United Nations and its
agencies and also cultivated friendly relations with all countries, especially the neighboring
countries. It also took an active part in regional affairs and joined the Association of South-
East Asian Nations on 23 July 1997.
On 15 November 1997 SLORC was reorganized as the State Peace and Development
Council (SPDC) in order to carry out its task of making Myanmar a modern, developed
nation.
In 2000, the SPDC announced that it would begin talks with the political opposition
led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, who had been released once from house arrest in 1995.
These talks were followed by the release of many political prisoners and some increase in
political freedoms for Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD. On May 6, 2002, Daw Aung
San Suu Kyi was allowed to leave her home and subsequently traveled widely throughout the
country.
The potential for further democratic advancement emerged when Gen. Khin Nyunt
was appointed as the prime minister in 2003. He promised to usher the country toward a new
constitution and free elections, but his rule was cut short by allegations of corruption. In late
2004, he too was placed under house arrest.
In the wake of this unrest, the National Convention was finally approved a draft of a
new constitution in early 2008. The Myanmar constitutional Referendum of 2008 was held on
10 May 2008 for the creation of a discipline-flourishing democracy. As part of the
referendum process, the name of the country was changed from the Union of Myanmar to
the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. The new constitution was ratified in late May 2008.
The 2008 constitution and subsequent political reforms brought a degree of decentralization
from the union level to state/ regional level.
Before the 2010 election, the military government urged the NLD to register as a
political party in accordance with the new Political Parties Registration Law (No. 2/2010).
But the party refused to do so. As a result, there were some threats to the existence of the
NLD from the government. The NLD refused to join the 2010 election as Daw Aung San
Suu Kyi was under house arrest. The 2010 elections were designed to prolong SPDC rule
and legitimize the entrenchment of the military in domestic politics.
The military government held a general election in 2010 without the participation of
the NLD, and the USDP won a landslide victory. In order to form a new democratic
government the SLORC was dissolved on 30 March 2011 and a new government was formed
with the retired General Thein Sein as president of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
Since the 2010 election, the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct
the country towards liberal democracy, a mixed economy and reconciliation. The reforms
includes the release of prodemocracy leader, Aung San Su Kyi from house arrest, the
establishment of the National Human Rights Commission, the granting of general amnesties
for more than 200 political prisoners , new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes,
a relaxation of press censorship, and the regulation of currency practices. Hundreds of
political prisoners were released. Myanmar underwent a series of political reforms from
2011 onwards.
The NLD led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi participated in the by-election held on 1
April 2012. The NLD won a majority of the seats up to grabs. Its three main challenges are
to reform the rule of law, to amend the constitution and to build national reconciliation. The
2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to
monitor the voting process in Myanmar. Members of the political parties have been asking
their leaders to promote transparency and accountably.
General elections were held on 8 November 2015. These were the first openly
contested elections held in Myanmar since 1990. The results gave the National League for
Democracy a landslide victory with majority of seats in both chambers of the national
parliament.
The new parliament was convened on 1 February 2016. On 15 March 2016, U Htin
Kyaw was elected as the first non-military president since 1962. On 6 April 2016, Aung San
Suu Kyi assumed the newly-created position of State Counselor, which secured her the role
of defacto state leader under the 2008 constitution.
The various ethnic groups agree that only political negotiations on self-determination,
federalism and ethnic equality can resolve the ethnic conflicts in Myanmar. The NLD
government’s peace process revolves around “The Union Peace Conference”( 21th Century
Panglong Conference). U Htin Kyaw resigned on 21 March 2018, U Win Myint was elected
as the 10th President of Myanmar by the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw on 28 March 2018.
Key Terms
1. amnesty - လတ ငမ ခ မ သ ခင
2. anarchy - မင မစ က
3. designated - သတမတခသည။
4. deteriorate - ယယင ပ ကစ သည။
5. disorder - မ ငမသက ခင
6. enterprise - လပငန
7. entrust - ယ ကည၍အပ သည။
8. implementing - အ က ငအထည ဖ ဆ ငရက ခင
9. insurgency - သ င ကန သ
10. momentum - အရနအဟန
11. multi-colour - ရ ငစသပန သ င က န မ
12. nucleus party - အ မ တပ တ
13. referendum - ပညလ က တဆ ခယပ
14. unicameral - တစခတည သ
20
Questions
Example Answer
AFPFL led by U Nu and the Stable AFPFL led by U Ba Swe and U Kyaw Nyein. Myanmar
seemed again to be veering toward civil war. U Nu therefore urged General Ne Win to
assume the Prime Minister-ship to solve these problems and hold free and fair election within
six months.