Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ECONOMY
စပ ရ
CONTENTS
Chapter 9 Pages
Economy
Key Terms 12
Questions 13
Example Answer 14
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CHAPTER (9)
ECONOMY
စပ ရ
In Myanmar, 70% of the country’s population lives in rural areas depending on farmland.
Agriculture sector is responsible for much of the income and employment in the country. The
agriculture sector accounts for over 38 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and provides
employment to about 65 percent of the labour force.
မနမ ငငတငရ သ လဦ ရ၏ ၇၀% သည က လက ဒသတင နထင က ပ လယယ
စကပ ရ ပမ မခ န ကသည။ တင ပည၏ ဝင ငအ မ ကအ မ က စကပ ရက မ ရရ ပ
ပညတင အသ တငထတလပမ၏ ၃၈% က က စကပ ရက မ ရရသည။ လပသ အငအ ၏
၆၅%ခနကလည လယယ က တင အလပခနထ ငခသည။
Rice is the most important agricultural commodity of Myanmar. Other main crops
include beans, sesame, groundnuts, pulses and sugarcane. Rice production is self-sufficiency for
its population and surplus has been exported to the other countries. Pulses Crops such as, Black
gram, Green gram, Pigeon Pea, Chick Pea and etc are good foreign income sources for
Myanmar. Myanmar is the world’s second largest exporter of beans and pulses after Canada. The
government promoted expansion of arable land, double cropping, and the development of large-
scale “agribusinesses”.
ဆနစပ သည မနမ ငင၏အ ရ ပ သ စကပ ထကကနတစခ ဖစ ပ အ ခ သ သ မ မ ပ၊
မ၊ မပ၊ က အစရသညတ ဖစသည။ ဆနစပ စကပ ထတလပမသည ပညတင စ သ ရန ဖလသည ပင
ပလ သ စပ မ က ငင ခ တင ပညမ သ တငပ ရ င ခ ခသည။ အခ ငင ခ ဝင ငရရ သ
သ မ မ ပစမ ၊ ပစ င၊ ကလ ပ စသညတ ဖစပ သည။ ကမ ပ တင က နဒ ငင ပ လ င
ဒတယ က ကပသ တငပ င သ ငင ဖစပ သည။ အစ ရသည စကပ ရ လပငန က က ယက ယ ပန ပန
ဖ ဖ တ တက စရန င သ အထက စဆတ စရန စကပ မမ ကခ ထငခသည။
After 1988, Myanmar adopted a market oriented economy and farmers were allowed
freedom of choice on crop cultivation and production. Under the new economic system, the
government distributed land among the landless, improved irrigation facilities, and increased the
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floor price of paddy that the government procures from the farmers. The rice liberalization policy
was adopted. The Myanmar Agricultural Development Bank (MADB) provides limited seasonal
crop production loans to rice farmers.
၁၉၈၈ခ စ န ကပင မနမ ငငတင ဈ ကကစ ပ ရ စနစက ခ မတက ငသ ခ ပ
လယသမ မ အ သ စကပ ထတလပရ တင မမ က က စသကရ သ က စကပ င စရနအတက
ခင ပ ပ ခသည။ MADB ဘဏမလည ရ သအလကသ မ က စကပ င စရန လယသမ မ က
ခ ငမ ထတ ခ ပ ခသည။
Since 2011, the Myanmar government undertook some relaxation on the export tax for
agricultural products and tax exemption on the import of agricultural inputs and machineries in
order to support agricultural development. The government is providing credit for more
investment of farmers in crop production. Myanmar has launched a new agriculture development
strategy (ADS).
၂၀၁၁ ခ စကတည ကစ၍ အစ ရသည လယယ ပကနမ အတက အခန က ကခမက
လ ခ ပ ခပ စကပ ရ ဖ ဖ တ တကမအတက ပညပမတငသင သ စကပစည မ အတက
အခနကင လတခငမ ကလည ပ ခသည။ မနမ ငငသည စကပ ရ ဖ ဖ တ တကမအတက
မဝ ဒသစမ က ခ မတ ပ စတင ဆ ငရကခသည။
The government has been implemented to strengthen farming production, enhance food
security, increase exports and improve living standards of the rural population. The government
is reforming the laws and policy governing the country’s agriculture sector to meet the set targets
under the economic plan. In the early 21th century, Myanmar faces an increasingly serious food
security problem due to deforestation (causing floods and soil erosion), degradation of soils
(partly because of double cropping and lack of fertilizers), and a chronically inefficient
distribution system. Climate change also has had an impact on agricultural productivity. In
contrast to the abundant past, malnutrition in both urban and rural areas is now widespread,
especially among children.
အစ ရသည လယယ စကပ ရ ဖ ဖ တ တက စရန အဖကဖကမ အ က ငအထည ဖ
ဆ ငရကခသည။ အစ ရသည စပ ရ စမကန မ ခ မတ ပ လယယ က တင အ ထ ၍
ဆ ငရကခသည။ ၂၁ ရ စ အ စ ပင တင မနမ ငင၌ ရ က ခင ၊ မ ပ ခင စ သ သဘ ဝ
ဘ အ ရ ယမ င က တ ခရသည။ ရ သဥတ ပ င လမမ က င လယယ ထကကန ထတလပ ငမ
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The country initiated a market-oriented economic system after 1988 and private wood-
based industries consequently started to grow after 1990. The Ministry of Environmental
Conservation and Forestry is a ministry responsible for the country’s forestry and logging
sectors. Four governmental institutions under the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and
Forestry participate in forestry sector activities. The Forest Department is responsible for the
protection, conservation and sustainable management of forests.
၁၉၈၈ ခ စ န ကပင တင မနမ ငင၌ ဈ ကကစ ပ ရ စနစက စတငခ ပ ၁၉၉၀ ခ စ
န ကပင တင ပဂလကပင သစစက မ စတင ပ ပ ကခသည။ သဘ ဝပတဝန က င ထန သမ ရ င
သစ တ ဝန က ဌ နသည တင ပည၏ သစ တ လပငန င သစထတလပမ အခန က က တ ဝနယ
ဆ ငရကရသည။ သဘ ဝပတဝန က င ထန သမ ရ င သစ တ ဝန က ဌ န အ ကရ အစ ရအဖ အစည
၄ ခသည သစ တ က ဆငရ လပငန မ တင ပ ဝင ဆ ငရကရသည။ သစ တ ဌ နသည
သစ တ မ မ ပ န တ စရန က ကယ ခင ၊ ထန သမ စ င ရ က ခင စသညတက တ ဝနယ
ဆ ငရကရသည။
The most significant attraction of forests for the service sector is tourism development
through ecotourism. Myanmar has vast potential for ecotourism promotion, encompassing dense
forests, various types of flora and fauna, snowcapped mountains, long sandy beaches, etc. Fifteen
ecotourism sites are prescribed by the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry in
Myanmar. Popa, Natmataung, Moeyingyi, Kandawgyi and Yangon Zoological Garden are
included in the major ecotourism sites of ASEAN member countries. Although the forests are
owned and regulated by the state, Myanmar’s forests face threats from unsustainable land use, a
lack of clear land-use policies, forest encroachment, deforestation, wildlife poaching, a lack of
trained staff and inadequate material resources. The demand for fuel wood and charcoal for
cooking is rising with the growth in population, resulting in indiscriminate cutting of trees for
fuel wood in forest areas adjacent to villages and towns. In addition, illegal logging of valuable
trees in some areas is worsening deforestation and environmental degradation. Forest genetic
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resources play a major role in socio-economic development and forest product exports are an
important source of foreign exchange.
သစ တ က ၏ ထ ခ သ ဆ ဆ ငမမ သည မနမ ခရ သ လပငန က တ တက စခသည။
သစ တ ထထပ ခင ၊ ဆ င မ ဖ လမ န သ တ ငတန မ ရ ခင ၊ သ သ ငကမ ခမ
ရ ခင စသညတသည ခရ သ လပငန တ တက စရန ကမ သ စမ ရညမ ဖစသည။ သဘ ဝ
ပတဝန က ငထန သမ ရ ငသစ တ ဝန က ဌ နသည မနမ ငင၌ ခရ သ လပငန င ပတသက သ
ဝန က ငဆကစပမက လလ ငရန နရ ၁၅ ခက သတမတ ပ ခသည။ ပပ ၊ နတမ တ င၊ မ ယင က ၊
ကန တ က င တရစ နဥယ အစရသညတသည အ ဆယ အသင ဝင ငငမ ၏ ခရ သ လပငန င
ပတသက သ ဝန က ငဆကစပမက လလ ငရန အဓက နရ အ ဖစ ပ ဝငသည။ အစ ရမ သစ တ
စည မ စည ကမ မ ထတ ပန၍ ထန သမ ခ သ လည မနမ သစ တ သည ဘ အ ရ ယ အမ မ င
ရငဆင က တ ခရသည။ လဦ ရတ ပ ခင ငအတ လအပခ ကမ လည မငမ လ ခသည။ သစ တ
ဧရယ အန အန ရ မ ရ မ သည လ ငစ ရရရနအတက သစမ က ဖတ တ ကခသည။ ၎င ပင
တရ မဝင သစခတထင ခင မ က င သစ တ ပ န တ ခင င သဘ ဝပတဝန က ငဆငရ ဝန က င
ဆကစပမမ ကလည ပမဆ ဝ စသည။ သစ တ သယဇ တပစည မ သည လမစ ပ တ တက ရ တင
အ ရပ သ အခန က မ ပ ဝငခ ပ သစ တ ထကကနမ ကလည ပညပသတငပရ တငလည
ငင ခ ဝင ငမ ရရခသည။
In determining future trends in the Myanmar forestry sector, demographic changes,
economic transition, environmental issues and future energy demand are believed to be major
factors of influence. An important task of forests in Myanmar is safeguarding the ecology. For
example, Myanmar mangroves play both economically and ecologically vital roles. The
economic importance of Myanmar mangroves includes fisheries, fuel wood provision, charcoal
production, construction materials and medicine, while ecological importance includes shoreline
stabilization, protection from wind and storms, coastal ecosystem stability, habitats for creatures
and biodiversity protection.
မနမ သစ တ က သည အန ဂတတင ဆကလကအ ရ ပ င စရန ပညသလထ၏
လအပခ ကမ က ဖညဆည ပ ခင ၊ စ ပ ရက က အဓကထ ရနလအပ ခင ၊ သဘ ဝ ပတဝန က ငက
ထန သမ ရနလအပ ခင အစရသညတ ဖစသည။ မနမ သစ တ ၏ အဓကတ ဝနမ ဂဟစနစက
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enables travelers to experience local culture while simultaneously empowering the communities
they visit to preserve their natural and cultural heritage.
ပအဝ ဒသ င ကခ င ပညနယရ အင တ က ကနတ၌ သဘ ဝပတဝန က ငထန သမ ရ မ
တ တကခသည။ လထအ ခ ပ ခရ သ လပငန သည ဒသတင အပငမ ၊ တ င တရစ နမ ၊
ဒသတင နထငသမ ၏ ရ ယ က မ၊ က ကယယ ကညမတက ဖ ထတ ငသည။ ကမ လည
ခရ သ မ လညပတ ခင ဖင သဘ ဝ ငယ က မ အ မအ စမ ထန သမ ထ သ ဒသဆငရ
ယ က မမ က သရ ငသည။
The term eco-tourism was coined in 1985 by Michael Romeril. Since then there have
emerged several definitions of eco-tourism. The three key elements of eco-tourism are nature-
based destination, learning-focused interaction between the tourists and the natural attraction,
and environmental, social-cultural sustainability. There are no universally agreed-upon indicators
for sustainability; there is no way of establishing with certainty that a particular tourism product
meets this criterion. In 1990, eco-tourism was defined by Megan Empler Wood, the co-founder
of the International Ecotourism Society. She described eco-tourism as, responsible travel to
natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people.
Sustainable management of the natural environment is necessary to develop eco-tourism in
resource-rich areas.
၁၉၈၅ ခ စတင Michael Romeril က eco-tourism ဟ သ ဝ ဟ ရက တထငခသည။ ထ န က
eco-tourism အဓပ ယအသ သ ပ ပ ကလ ခသည။ eco-tourism တင သဘ ဝက အ ခခ သ
ခရ သ လ ခင ၊ ကမ လညခရ သ မ က သဘ ဝမ ဖငဆ ဆ င ခင ၊ သဘ ဝပတဝန က င င
ယ က မ ထန သမ ခင တ ပ ဝငသည။ ၁၉၉၀ ပည စတင Megan Epler Wood က eco-tourism က
အဓပ ယဖငဆ ပနသည။ ၎င က eco-tourism မ သဘ ဝပတဝန က င ထန သမ စ င ရ က ပ
ဒသတင န ပညသမ က ဖ ဖ တ တက စသည သဘ ဝရင မစ ဒသမ သ ခရ သ လ ခင ဟ
ဖ ပခသည။ ဒသတင အရင အ မစ သယဇ တကယဝမ ဖင eco-tourism ဖ ဖ ရနအတက
သဘ ဝပတဝန က င ထန သမ ထ ငရန လအပသည။
Eco-tourism is typically defined as travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and
cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Historical, biological and cultural conservation,
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preservation, sustainable developments are some of the fields closely related to eco-tourism.
Many professionals have been involved in formulating and developing eco-tourism policies.
They come from the fields of Geographic Information Systems, Wildlife Management, Wildlife
Photography, Marine Biology and Oceanography, National and State Park Management,
Environmental Sciences, Women in Development, Historians and Archaeologists, etc.
eco-tourism သည ဒသရင အပငမ ၊ တရစ နမ င ယ က မအ မအ စမ ဖင
အဓကဆ ဆ င ငသည နရ ဒသမ သ ခရ သ ခင ကဆလသည။ သမင ၊ ဇဝ ဗဒ င ယ က မတက
ထန သမ စ င ရ က သ နယပယအခ သည eco-tourism င န ကပစ ဆက ယမရသည။
ပည ရငအမ အ ပ သည eco-tourism မဝ ဒမ ဖ ထတရ တင ပ ဝငခ ကသည။ ၎င တမ ပထဝဆငရ
သတင အခ ကအလကနည ပည ၊ တ င တရ စ န ထန သမ မ၊ တ င တရစ နဓ တပပည ၊ အ ဝ ဗဒ၊
အမ သ ဥယ စမအပခ ပမ၊ သဘ ဝပတဝန က င သပပည ၊ အမ သမ ရ ရ ဖ ဖ တ တကမ၊
သမင ပည ရင င ရ ဟ င သ တသနပည ရင စသညနယပယမ မ ဖစသည။
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar has experienced oil exploration since the first
hand-dug wells were drilled in the Central Myanmar Basin around 900 BC. In 1886 the British
colonial Rangoon Oil Company, registered in Scotland, was organized, which later became the
foundation of the storied Burma Oil Company (BOC). This company drilled the first cable tool
wells in 1889 in Yenangyaung, which resulted in the “discovery” of the Yenangyaung Oil Field.
As the Japanese were invading, seeking a source of oil, British troops destroyed all producing
wells. After the end of WWII, BOC enjoyed an exclusive monopoly on exploration.
ပည ထ ငစသမတ မနမ ငငသည BC ၉၀ဝ ကတည မစ၍ မနမ ငငအလယပင တင ရနက
လကယကတင မ ဖင တ ဖ ခ ကသည။ ၁၈၈၆ ခ စတင ဗတသ ရနကမဏက ဖ စည တည ထ ငခ ပ
န ကပင တင BOC ကမဏ ဖစလ ခသည။ ထကမဏသည ၁၈၈၉ ခ စတင ရန ခ င ဒသ၌ ရနတင က
တ ရခသည။ ဒတယကမ စစ ပ ဆ သ အခ BOC ကမဏသည ရနတ ဖ ထတလပ ခင လပငန မ
ပ တင လကဝ က အပခ ယလယ ငခသည။
With the nationalization of the oil industry in 1963, the Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise
(MOGE) assumed all operations. In1988, the government opened oil and gas exploration to
foreign oil companies, and Unocal. Many other companies explored the country during this first
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foreign involvement, but only Shell tested any significant petroleum. In 1992, TOTAL acquired
a previously-discovered 3DA in gas field in offshore Burma in the Irrawaddy Delta, later called
Yadana Gas Field. TOTAL was joined by Unocal Corporation as a partner. This gas field
continues to produce today, with well over 5 TCF of recoverable reserves. Texaco, Premier Oil
and Nippon Oil discovered the Yetagun Gas field in 1992, and it began production in 2000. In
2000 Daewoo International acquired exploration acreage in Western Myanmar offshore where
they discovered nearly 5 TCF of gas in the Shwe Project.
၁၉၆၃ ခ စတင ရနတ ဖ ထတလပ ခင လပငန မ က ပညသပငသမ ယ ပ န က မနမ ရန င
သဘ ဝဓ တ င လပငန (MOGE)မ တ ဝနယ ဆ ငရကခသည။ ၁၉၈၈ ခ စတင အစ ရသည Unocal င
ငင ခ ကမဏမ က ရန င သဘ ဝဓ တ င တ ဖ ခင က ခင ပ ခသည။ ၁၉၉၂ ခ စတင TOTAL
ကမဏသည ရတန သဘ ဝဓ တ င လပငန မ 3DA သဘ ဝဓ တ င က အ စ ဆ ရရခသည။ TOTAL
ကမဏ င Unocal ကမဏတ အက တ ပ ပ င လပကငခ ပ သဘ ဝဓ တ င မ ကထတ ငခသည။ ၁၉၉၂
ခ စတင Texaco, Premier Oil င Nippon Oil ကမဏမ သည ရတခနသဘ ဝဓ တ င
တ ဖ ခင လပငန က စတငခ ပ ၂၀ဝ၀ ခ စတင စတငထတလပ ငခသည။ ၂၀ဝ၀ ခ စတင Daewoo
ကမဏ၏ ရစမကန မ သဘ ဝ ဓ တ င 5 TCF က တ ဖ ရရခသည။
In 2012, Myanmar has taken active steps to reform its foreign investment laws and has
held a number of successful international bid rounds for onshore and offshore oil and gas blocks.
Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) carry out the vast majority of oil exploration and
production. Private operators carried out projects under production sharing contracts.
၂၀၁၂ ခ စတင မနမ ငင၏ ရင မပ မဥပ ဒက ပနလည ပငဆငခ ပ ကန တင ပင င
ကမ လန ရန င သဘ ဝဓ တ င တ ဖ ရန လလဆပမ က င ပခသည။ MOGE သည ရန င
သဘ ဝဓ တ င တ ဖ ထတလပ ခင လပငန မ က က ယ ပနစ ဆ ငရကခသည။ ပဂလက
လပငန ရငမ ငလည အက တပ ပ င ဆ ငရကခသည။
In 2013, the government created a National Energy Management Committee and an
Energy Development Committee to strengthen coordination and planning among the energy
sector’s institutions. It comprises MOGE, the ministry of Energy and the 10 other government
institutions involved in energy development and aims to streamline the country’s national energy
policy. The government is keen to attract foreign investment and issue production-sharing
contracts (PSCs).
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အက တပ ပ င လပကင ဆ ငရကခသည။
Myanmar has several oil and gas related laws, all largely based on British Law Codes of
pre-independence Indian Acts. Companies in the oil and gas sector are subject to a 25 per cent
tax on profits under the Income Tax Law. The 2012 Foreign Investment Law was repealed by the
2016 Myanmar Investment Law. Rules for the 2016 Myanmar Investment Law were published in
2017. The tax holiday period under the 2016 Myanmar Investment Law was uncertain. Myanmar
Investment Commission (MIC) Notification No. 10/2017 defines less developed regions,
moderate developed regions and developed regions, and tax holiday periods are specified
accordingly.
မနမ ငငတင ရန င သဘ ဝဓ တ င လပငန ဆငရ ဥပ ဒမ စ ရခသည။ ဝင ငခန ဥပ ဒအရ
ရန ငသဘ ဝဓ တ င ကမဏမ သည တ ဖ ထတလပ ခင မ ရရ သ အက အ မတ၏ ၂၅%က
အခနစည ကပ ပ ဆ ငရသည။ ၂၀၁၆ မနမ ငငရင မပ မ ဥပ ဒအရ ၂၀၁၂ ငင ခ ရင မပ မ
ဥပ ဒက ပယဖ ကခသည။ ၂၀၁၇ ခ စတင မနမ ငငရင မ ပ မ ဥပ ဒက အတည ပ ပဌ န ခသည။
မနမ ရင မ ပ မ က မရင (MIC) ၏ က င စ အမတ ၁၀/၂၀၁၇ တင ဖ ဖ မနည သ ဒသ၊
အလယအလတဖ ဖ သ ဒသ င ဖ ဖ တ တက သ ဒသမ အတက အခနထမ ဆ င ခင အ သ ခ စ
သတမတ ပ ခသည။
Key Terms
agribusiness စ ကပ မ မ ရ လ ပငန
deforestation သစ တ ပန တ မ
malnutrition အ ဟ ရခ တ ခင
sustainable ထ နထ င သ
13
boost တ တက စသည။
uphold ထ နသ မ သည။
smokeless မခ မထ က သ
destination ရညမန ခ က
mainstream ခတ ရစ က င
conservation ထ နသ မ စ င ရ က ခင
preservation ရရညတညတ ခင
oceanography အဏဝ ဗဒ
offshore ကမ လ န နရ ဖစ သ
acreage ဧက ပ င မ စ
repealed ဖ ကသ မ ခ သည။
ပသ မခ သည။
Questions
Example Answer
1. Explain the vital role of the oil and gas industry in Myanmar.
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar has experienced oil exploration since the
first hand-dug wells were drilled in the Central Myanmar Basin around 900 BC. In 1886
the British colonial Rangoon Oil Company, registered in Scotland, was organized, which
later became the foundation of the storied Burma Oil Company (BOC). This company
drilled the first cable tool wells in 1889 in Yenangyaung, which resulted in the
“discovery” of the Yenangyaung Oil Field. As the Japanese were invading, seeking a
source of oil, British troops destroyed all producing wells. After the end of WWII, BOC
enjoyed an exclusive monopoly on exploration.
With the nationalization of the oil industry in 1963, the Myanmar Oil and Gas
Enterprise (MOGE) assumed all operations. In1988, the government opened oil and gas
exploration to foreign oil companies, and Unocal. Many other companies explored the
country during this first foreign involvement, but only Shell tested any significant
petroleum. In 1992, TOTAL acquired a previously-discovered 3DA in gas field in
offshore Burma in the Irrawaddy Delta, later called Yadana Gas Field. TOTAL was
joined by Unocal Corporation as a partner. This gas field continues to produce today,
with well over 5 TCF of recoverable reserves. Texaco, Premier Oil and Nippon Oil
discovered the Yetagun Gas field in 1992, and it began production in 2000. In 2000
Daewoo International acquired exploration acreage in Western Myanmar offshore where
they discovered nearly 5 TCF of gas in the Shwe Project.
In 2012, Myanmar has taken active steps to reform its foreign investment laws and
has held a number of successful international bid rounds for onshore and offshore oil and
gas blocks. Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) carry out the vast majority of oil
exploration and production. Private operators carried out projects under production
sharing contracts.
In 2013, the government created a National Energy Management Committee and
an Energy Development Committee to strengthen coordination and planning among the
15
energy sector’s institutions. It comprises MOGE, the ministry of Energy and the 10 other
government institutions involved in energy development and aims to streamline the
country’s national energy policy. The government is keen to attract foreign investment
and issue production-sharing contracts (PSCs).
Myanmar has several oil and gas related laws, all largely based on British Law
Codes of pre-independence Indian Acts. Companies in the oil and gas sector are subject
to a 25 per cent tax on profits under the Income Tax Law. The 2012 Foreign Investment
Law was repealed by the 2016 Myanmar Investment Law. Rules for the 2016 Myanmar
Investment Law were published in 2017. The tax holiday period under the 2016
Myanmar Investment Law was uncertain. Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC)
Notification No. 10/2017 defines less developed regions, moderate developed regions and
developed regions, and tax holiday periods are specified accordingly.