FORCES AND PRESSURE

FORCES AND PRESSURE tutorsopi.blogspot.com

C H E C K L I S T
3.1 Understanding pressure Definition and formula
Application
3.2 Pressure in the fluid Definition and formula
Application
3.3 Gas and atmospheric pressure Application
3.4 Pascal’s principle Definition
Formula
Application
3.5 Archimedes’ principle Definition
Formula
Application
3.6 Bernoulli's principle Definition
Formula
Application

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3.1 Understanding pressure

Pressure, P: Perpendicular force applied per unit area.
P = Pressure, Pa
𝐹
𝑃= F = Force, N
𝐴 A = Area, m2
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𝑃 ∝ 𝐴  P is inversely proportional to A (A ↑ P ↓)
Applications

3.2 Pressure in liquids

P = Pressure, Pa
h = Depth of the liquid, m
𝑃 = ℎ𝜌𝑔 ρ = Density, kgm-3
g = Gravitational acceleration (10 ms-2)

Characteristics of pressure in liquid (use formula to remember)

Does not depend on the Acting in all

Increases with depth Same level (height), same pressure
shape of the container directions (Pascal)

Applications of fluid pressure

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3.3 Gas and atmospheric pressure

Explaining pressure using the kinetic theory of gases
 Gas molecules move freely and randomly
 Gas molecules hit wall of container and change direction
(elastic collision) resulting in a change in momentum
 Change of momentum per time produce force
 Force per unit area produce pressure
Factors influencing the gas pressure
ρ↑P↑
1. Gas density
ρ↓P↓
T↑P↑
2. Temperature
T↓P↓
Applications of atmospheric pressure
Drinking straw Rubber sucker Siphon

 When the rubber is pressed, the air

 When straw is sucked, the air
is removed  Atmospheric pressure is higher than
velocity in straw is high
 There is low pressure inside rubber the pressure in the siphon
 The air pressure in the straw is
sucker (partial vacuum)  The atmospheric pressure acting on
lower than atmospheric pressure
 Atmospheric pressure is higher than liquid push the liquid down to a
 Air is pushed up into a straw by
pressure inside rubber lower container
atmospheric pressure
 Rubber sucker sticks on surface
Syringes Vacuum cleaner

 When the piston is pulled, the pressure in the syringe

decreases  Vacuum fan removes air from space inside dust bag
 The pressure in the syringe is lower than atmospheric  The pressure in the dust bag is lower than atmospheric
pressure pressure
 The atmospheric pressure at the surface force water into  Outside air is sucked into the dust bag together with dusts
the syringe

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Instruments to measure atmospheric pressure

Fortin barometer Mercury barometer Aneroid barometer

Instruments to measure gas pressure

Bourdon gauge Manometer

Principles related to pressure

Pascal Archimedes Bernoulli

𝐹1 𝐹2
= 𝑊𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝐹𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝜌𝑣𝑔 𝑣↑𝑃↓
𝐴1 𝐴2

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3.4 Pascal’s principle

The pressure exerted on an enclosed fluid will be transmitted equally throughout the liquid

𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2

F = Force exerted on the piston

A = Area of the piston

Example question
a. Compare the pressure of both sides of the piston.
b. Calculate the force F2,

Application of Pascal’s principle

Hydraulic jack Hydraulic brake

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3.5 Archimedes’ principle

An object when partially or completely submerged in a fluid is acted on by a buoyant force equal to the weight of fluid
displaced.
Volume of water Volume of
=
displaced submerged objects
Weight of water
= Buoyant force
displaced

𝐹 = 𝜌𝑣𝑔
F = Buoyant force, N
ρ = Density of the liquid, kgm-3
v = Volume of liquid displaced, m3
g = Gravitational acceleration, ms-2

Application of Archimedes’ principle

Dives (move downwards) Rises (move upwards)

 Ballast tank is filled with water  Water is removed from tank
 Weight greater than buoyant force  Weight less than buoyant force
(W> F) (W< F)
 Submarine dives downwards  Submarine moves upwards

Constant depth @ floats

 W=F
Downwards Upwards
 Temperature decrease, volume of  Temperature increase, volume
balloon decrease increase
 Volume of air displaced idecrease  Volume of air displaced increase
 Buoyant force decreases  Buoyant force increases
 W> F  W <F
Constant depth
 W=F
Plimsoll line
 In cooler or denser water, ship floats more.
 In warmer or less dense water, ship sinks more.
Goal: to ensure the ship is loaded within safety limit

In low-density liquid
 hydrometer sinks deeper
 give low readings

In high-density liquid
 hydrometer floats higher
 give high readings

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3.6 Bernoulli's principle

In a steady flow of a fluid, fluid pressure decreases as fluid velocity increases and vice versa.

Application of Bernoulli's principle

Insecticide sprayers

 The piston is pushed in, high air velocity on nozzle

 The air pressure in the nozzle is lower than atmospheric
pressure
 Atmospheric pressure acts on the surface of the
insecticide
 Insecticide moves up through the tube

Bunsen burner

 Gas flowing at high velocity, resulting in a lower pressure

inside than atmospheric pressure
 Air from outside is drawn in, mixed with gas
 Gas and air mixture enables the burning of gas

Plane wing (aerofoil)

 Air moves at higher velocity over the wing, resulting in

lower pressure
 Air moves slower under the wings, resulting in a higher
pressure
 Pressure below wing is higher than the pressure at the
top
 Resultant force acting upwards (lift)

Car spoiler (inverted aerofoil)

 Air moves at lower velocity over the wing, resulting in

higher pressure
 Air moves faster under the wings, resulting in a lower
pressure
 Pressure below wing is lower than the pressure at the
top
 Resultant force acting downwards