PHYSCI (1st Sem.
Midterms) - Most abundant element because of
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
Ptolemy’s Model of the Solar System
- Geocentric Model
“The earth was the center of the
universe”
Copernicus’ Model of the Solar System
- Heliocentric Theory
“The sun is the center of the
universe”
Galaxies
- Collection of billions of stars
BIG BANG Theory
- Explains the creation of the
formation of the universe
- From a singularity, it exploded and
created the universe
- 13 B yrs ago
EVIDENCES OF BIG BANG THEORY
1. Red Shift
- Shift in the expanding
wavelengths of lights toward
the red color
- Caused by the object that is
producing light moving away
from the observers of light
- Suggests that space is
expanding
“All galaxies are moving away from the
center of the universe”
2. Cosmic Background Radiation
- Longwave background
radiation coming from all
directions in the universe
- Radiation from the Big Bang
Hydrogen
its simplicity
- Formation of planets
More Evidences:
● Universe had a beginning
● Galaxies are moving far away from
us at speed proportional to their
distance
● Started hot
● Hydrogen & helium (light elements)
supports, condensed to form stars
● Explosion of space & time
UNIVERSE
- Space and everything in it
- All time, space, energy, matter
- Area of space/world that is similar to
but separate from the one we live in
HUBBLE’S LAW
- Continuously raising/expanding
spaces but the directions are still the
same
- Edwin Hubble’s
Cosmological Principles about the
Universe:
1. Homogenous
2. Isotopic
Implications:
1. Universe has no edge
2. Universe has no center
POLARITY BOND
IONIC - metal + non-metal
COVALENT - non-metal = non-mental
Electronegativity A - Electronegativity B =
Ionic (2.1 above)
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Polar ( Covalent 0.5-2.0),
Non-Polar Covalent (0-0.4)
MOLECULAR POLARITY
Polarity
- Unbalanced distribution
- Determines whether or not electrons
molecule are shared equally
Symmetry
- Determining the polarity of the
molecule
● H-Bonding
- Type of Dipole-Dipole
- Very strong
- Bond with H / Hydrogen
● London Forces
- Between non-polar molecules
Melting & Boiling Point
- Stronger forces means higher
melting and boiling point

Polar Viscosity
- Asymmetric - Measures how we substances flow
- 0.5-2.0 - Stronger imf means higher viscosity
- There is a net dipole moment
Surface Tension
Non-Polar - Toughness o the surface of a liquid
- Symmetric - Strong imf means stronger surface
- 0-0.4
- There is no dipole moment Vapor Pressure
- Small amount of gas found above
Dipole Moment liquids
- Papunta sa mas malaking - Stronger imf = lower pressure
electronegativity
Molecular Shapes
Molecular Geometry
- is a 3-dimensional shape that a
molecule occupies in space.

Intramolecular Forces
● Ionic
● Polar/Non-polar

Intermolecular Forces (IMF)

- Attraction between 2 molecules
- Lewis Structure
● Ion-Dipole
- Ionic dissolves in polar (metal & non-
metal) Lewis Structure
1. Total the valence electrons
● Dipole-Dipole 2. Find the central atom
- Between polar molecules 3. Distribute the total v.e

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 - Catalyst reduces the activation
REMEMBER: energy (binaba yung energy barrier
Non-Polar - no lone pair para ma overcome)
Polar - 2-3 lone pair - Increases the speed of reaction
Octet Rule - 8 = stable
FACTORS THAT AFFECT RATE OF Physical Change
REACTION - When a substance changes but no
new substance is formed
Events: - Solid particle are close together
1. Must collide - Liquids are far apart
2. Activation energy (overcome energy
barrier) Chemical Change
-energy to start a chemical reaction, - Or chemical reaction
no product is going to be produce if - Whenever a new substance is
no chemical reaction formed
3. Reactants & products - Irreversible process

Surface Area Chemical Reactions & Equations

- Naka-expose na part - Shorthand way of expressing
chemical reaction
Larger Surface area
- Faster reaction Reactants
- Mabilis mag dissolve - Starting materials
- Ex. salt, sugar - Raw materials

Smaller Surface area Products

- Slower reaction - New substance
- Result of chemical reaction
Effect of Concentration
- Higher concentration = faster Coefficient
reaction - No. before the symbol of an element
- Mas maraming acid particles the - No. of molecules
faster ang reaction - 2C, 3Cl

Gas Reactions Subscript

- Higher pressure = faster reaction - No. of atoms of the element
- Rate of reaction between gases is
increased by increased pressure Symbols:

Effect of Temperature + - separate reactant, “reacts with”

- Higher temp = faster reaction → - separates reactant from the
product
Effect of Catalyst (s) - solid state
(l) - liquid state

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 (g) - gas state Triangle above an arrow - heat is
(q) - aqueos applied

TABLE NEUTRAL ATOMS:

1 EXAMPLE

NAME OF SYMBOL ATOMIC # MASS PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

ELEMENT

NEON Ne 10 20 10 10 10

ATOMIC NO.
= PROTON
= ELECTRON

PROTON + NEUTRON = MASS

10 + 10 = 20

BALANCING

1. You start by keeping track of the number of atoms on both sides of the equation
2. Then you add coefficients to one or more of the elements and compounds to make the
number of atoms equal.

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ATOMIC MODELS

Definitions of Terms

Biomolecules - organic molecule, especially a macromolecule in living organisms.

Carbohydrates - organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues.

Function; fast source of energy
Monomer; monosaccharides

Lipids - compounds that are fatty acids

Function; insulation, source of long-term energy
Monomer; glycerol & fatty acids

Proteins - most abundant organic molecules in living systems

Function; of muscle development, immune system
Monomer; amino acids

Nucleic Acid - essential to all known forms of life. DNA or RNA

Function; coding of traits
Monomer; nucleotides
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

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-consists of only carbon © and hydrogen (H) and contain at least one carbon-carbon double
bond/triple bond

EXAMPLES:
a. Alkenes
-have one or more carbon-carbon double bond
b. Alkynes
-have one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds
c. Aromatic hydrocarbon
-hydrocarbon materials are heated to high temp.

Atomic Theory - matter is composed of discrete units called atoms.

Type of Catalyst
A. Heterogeneous catalyst
-use of catalyst in a different phase from the reactants
B. Homogeneous catalyst
-use of catalyst in the same phase as the reactants

Isotopes - two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons.

Type of Radioactive Energy

a. Alpha particles
b. Beta particles
c. Gamma rays

Theory in the Formation of Universe

Endothermic Energy - energy absorbed from surroundings.

Exothermic Energy - energy released through light or heat.

WATCH THIS > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIuXl7o6mAw&t=376s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQclmBeIKTc

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WATCH THIS > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNsVaUCzvLA