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Advanced Power Electronics PDF
Advanced Power Electronics PDF
Disha Mehtani
Lecture
Deptt. of Electrical and Electronics
Biyani Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur
2
Published by :
Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges
Edition : 2013
Price :
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mistake or omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of
that neither the publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of
any kind arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.
Preface
I am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the
students. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in
understanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory
and adopts the “Teach Yourself” style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The
language of book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections,
omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the
readers for which the author shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay
Biyani, Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main
concept provider and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this
Endeavour. They played an active role in coordinating the various stages of this
Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work.
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Author
Syllabus
Syllabus:
6EX4 ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS
Unit 1
Ac voltage controllers
Q1. Give introduction about ac voltage controllers. Explain principle of on- off
control.
Ans:
If a thyristor switch is connected between ac supply and load, the power can
be controlled by varying the rms value of ac voltage applied to the load and
this type of power circuit is known as ac voltage controller. The most
application of ac voltage controllers are:
I. Industrial heating
II. On-load transformer tap changing
III. Light controls
IV. Speed control of induction motors
V. AC magnet controls
For power transfer, two types of control are normally used:
1. On-off control
2. Phase angle control
In on-off control, thyristor switches connect the load to the ac source for a few
cycles of the input voltage and then disconnected for a few cycles.
In phase control, thyristor switches connect the load to the ac source for a portion
of each cycle.
1/ 2
n 2
2 2
Vo rms 2V sin
s t d ( t)
2 ( n m) 0
n
Vo rms Vs Vs k
m n
Note that k is called the duty cycle, and the power factor and output
voltage vary with the square root of k.
Due to the presence of diode D1, the control range is limited. The rms output
voltage can only be varied between 70.7 to 100%. The output voltage and
input current are asymmetrical and contain a dc component.
This circuit is a single-phase half-wave controller and is suitable only for low
power resistive loads, such as heating and lighting. Since the power flow is
controlled during the positive half-cycle of input voltage, this type of
controller is also known as unidirectional controller.
The rms value of the output voltage is found from:
1 2
Vo { [ 2Vs2 sin 2 t d ( t ) 2Vs2 sin 2 t d ( t )]}1 / 2
2
1 sin 2 1 / 2
Vo Vs [ (2 )]
2 2
1 2
Vdc [ 2 Vs sin t d ( t ) 2 Vs sin t d ( t )]
2
2 Vs
Vo (cos 1)
2
1/ 2
1 sin 2
Vo 6 Vs ( )
6 4 8
The switches S1 and S2 are turned off several times during the positive and
negative half-cycles. S'1 and S'2 provide the freewheeling paths for the load
current.
Unit 2
Inverters
Single phase half bridge inverter consists of two choppers and two diodes.
Transistors switched on and off alternately. Need to isolate the gate signal for
Q1 (upper device).Each provides opposite polarity of Vs/2 across the load.
When Q1 on, Q2 off, vo = Vs/2
When Q1 off, Q2 on, vo = -Vs/2
The rms output voltage is: V0=VS/2.
The principle of single-phase inverter operation can be explained with
the following figure.
The gating signals of the single phase inverters should be 120 degrees with
respect to each other. The transformer primaries are isolated from each other,
while the secondary’s may be connected in wye or delta.
ii. Multiple-Pulse-Width-Modulation
iii. Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation
iv. Modified-Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation
Single-Pulse-Width-Modulation
One Pulse per Half-Cycle Pulse Width Controls the Output Voltage
Compare the Reference Signal with the Carrier. Frequency of the Reference
Signal determines the frequency of the Output Voltage. Modulation Index =
M = Ar/Ac
Gate Signals and Output
Multiple-Pulse-Width-Modulation
Compare the Reference Signal with the Carrier. Frequency of the Reference
Signal determines the Output Voltage Frequency. Frequency of the Carrier
determines the number of pulses per half-cycle. Modulation Index controls
the Output Voltage.
Unit 3
Cycloconverters
(e.g. IGBTs, instead of thyristors) between positive and negative limits at high
frequency to generate carrier-frequency modulated output.
Each phase group functions as a dual converter but the firing angle of each
group is modulated sinusoidally with 2 /3 phase angle shift -> 3 balanced
voltage at the motor terminal. An inter-group reactor (IGR) is connected to
each phase to restrict circulating current.
An output phase wave is achieved by sinusoidal modulation of the thyristor
firing angles.
A variable voltage, variable frequency motor drive signal can be achieved by
adjusting the modulation depth and output frequency of the converter.
A 3 to 3 cycloconverter can be implemented using 18 thyristors as shown
below:
where V0 is the rms output voltage and 0 is the output angular frequency.
We can also write:
Unit 4
Dc power supplies
Waveform Summary:
Forward Converter:
It Includes a “reset” winding to return energy and secondary “dot” so that D2
forward biased when Q1 is ON – no energy stored in the primary. It Operates
in continuous mode.
Waveform summary
Mode 1 Operation:
When Q1 is ON, D1 is conducting and the energy will transferred to the load.
Mode 2 Operation:
When Both the transistors are OFF and D1 continues to conduct due to
current in L1 .
Mode 3 Operation:
When Q2 ON, D2 is conducting and energy will transferred to the load.
Mode 4 Operation:
When Both the transistors are OFF and D2 continues to conduct due to
current in L1.
Waveform Summary
Mode 3 Operation:
When Q2,Q3 are ON, Q1,Q4 OFF and D2 is conducting then energy will
transferred to the load.
Mode 4 Operation:
When all transistors are OFF and D2 continues to conduct due to current in L1
.
Waveform Summary
Unit 5
Ac Power Supplies
Configuration 1:
Load normally supplied by Main Supply.
Operating Modes:
• Normal condition
When Main supply applied to the load and rectifier keeps batteries charged
• Main supply failure
The Inverter supplies power to the load and when interruption is over, main
supply is applied to the load.
Configuration 2
Inverter supplies power to the load:
Operating Modes:
• Normal condition
• Resonant
• Bidirectional
Bibliography
4. Ashfaq Ahmed, Power Electronics For Technology, Prentice Hall PTR, 1999
Web site:
6. Google.com
7. Wikipedia.com
8. Power electronics.com
9. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=-
WqvjxMXClAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=on
epage&q&f=false
10. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=chOFQgAACAAJ&source=gbs_similarboo
ks