Department of Civil

Engineering

Railway Engineering

(CIVL 0014)

Individual Coursework (Task 1&2)

TASK1:

STEEL SLEEPER

Submitted By:Hanifa Salim Albusaidi

ID:13F11088

Session: A

Submitted To: Dr. Hussin A.M Yahia

FALL 2017

1
 Contents

Page No.

1.0 Introduction………………………………………................................4-6
1.1 History of Company…………………………………………...4
1.2 Task plan……………………………………………………….4
1.3 Product overview……………………………............................4-6

2.0Main body………………………………………………………………..7-18

2.1Product Description ……………………………………………7

2.2 Design steps……………………………………………..............8
2.3 Technical specification…………………………………………9-10
2.4 Using and installing method…………………………………...10-11
2.5 Machinery with is needed to implement………………………11-13
2.6 Operation and Maintenance aspects……………………………13-14
2.7 Product illustration with sufficient and adequate pictures….......14-16
2.8 Cost of products…………………………………………………16-17
2.9 Condition0and place of using………………………………......17
2.10 advantages0and disadvantages od using product…………...17-18
2.10.1 Advantages of product………………………………17-18
2.10.2 Disadvantages of product…………………………….18

3.0Conclusion………………………………………………………………..19

4.0References………………………………………………………………..20-21

List of figures

Fig1: Steel sleeper in manufacture…………………………………………….5

Fig2: Steel sleeper in Africa……………………………………………………6

Fig3: Steel sleeper before 25 years…………………………………………….6

Fig4: Steel sleeper in storage…………………………………………………..7

2
Fig5: Steel sleeper cross section for design……………………………………9

Fig6: Maintenance operation…………………………………………………..11

Fig7: Design by the ballast wagons for rail existing system………………….11

Fig8: The CPG500 long rail track-layer for continuous operation…………..12

Fig9: Design for spot tamping and the dual head tamping machine…………12

Fig10: Lifting machine ……………………………………………………….13

Fig11: Steel sleeper maintenance aspects…………………………………….14

Fig12: Clip elastic fastening in steel sleeper……………………………………15

Fig13: steel sleeper in the ballast………………………………………………..15

Fig14: Steel sleeper cross section with dimension………………………………16

Fig15: Cross section for Steel sleeper with dimension……………………….....16

List of tables:

Table1: Steel0sleepers specifications…………………………………………….10

3
TASK1: STEEL SLEEPER

1.0 Introduction:

1.1Unique steel sleeper Company (USSC) started0its operations0in 19930from Gulbarga, 0a

historic0and commercially0important city0in the0state of Karnataka0by trading0in
agricultural0products, mainly Pulses,which0are an0important part0of the0daily diet in0India.
From0then onwards the0Group activities0were diversified to0include:

Cement0Spun Pipes, PCC0and RCC Poles0and Steel0Sleepers, Health-care. The main

activity, however, is0related to the0Indian Railways.
This0partnership with the0Indian Railways is0continuing for more0than three0decades.
Over0the years 1Unique steel sleeper Company (USSC) played0its part0in tiding0over
the transition0from Wooden0Sleepers to Concrete0Sleepers and now to0Composite
Sleepers.Each0phase0adding0another0milestone0in0its0quest0for0exploring0new0possi
bilities0and making innovative0products.

1.2 The0task will be0done by achieve0nine main0objectives: Product0description, design

steps, technical0specification, using0and installing0method, machinery0with is0needed to
implement, operation0and Maintenance0aspects, product0illustration with0sufficient and
adequate0pictures, cost0of products0and condition and0place of0using.In each0part will
provide0pictures and insert0some tables. Th0 task will conclude0by0getting the0main
findings.

1.3In0UK and Australia0railway sleeper is0a rectangular support0the rails in0the railway
track. Perpendicular0to the0rails, and connecting0the loads transferred0to the0track ballast
and0natural soil0and held upright0bars and0keep them space0for proper0measurement.
Historically, suffered0steel ties of0poor design0and afford to0increase the0weights and the
tightness0of the movement0of traffic over0their normally0long service life. Used
in0specialty situations0the Steel ties0also, such as the0Hejaz Railway in0the Arabian

4
Peninsula, which0had an ongoing0big problem with0Bedouins who would0steal wooden ties.
In0Modern Steel0ties we are0utilized in all0sectors of0the worldwide railroad0systems
including0heavy-haul.

The0Steel ties is0formed from pressed0steel.So ends0of the tie0are shaped if0increases to
lateral0resistance of the tie. Welded0the fastening0system accommodate to the upper0surface
of the0tie. Ties0are use0on secondary or0lower-speed lines0the UK where0they have
economical0to install0cause to ability0on the existing0ballast bed. The0steel ties0are better
more0than the0concrete and0timber because0able to0stack in compact0bundles. We0can
installed onto0existing ballast0the Steel0ties, but0unlike timber0and concrete ties0which
need full0depth of new0ballast. The0Steel ties0are recyclable and0need0up to060% less
ballast0than concrete0ties and0up to 40% les0 than wood0ties.(1)

Figure 1: steel sleeper in manufacture

5
The0steel sleepers0require less0ballast than traditional0concrete0sleepers; to lead0reduced
the track0construction and0costs. Also0can are0recyclable. Steel0sleepers have benefits0are:

 -Saving0the time and0cost and to0reduced ballast0requirement.

 -Lightweight0design as a0result of ease0handling .
 Decrease0in0maintenance.
 Recyclability0of steel due0to environmental0benefits.

When0the steel sleeper was0were over 70 years0old laid to0the steel Sleepers they0replaced.
They0are particularly0beneficial to heavy0equipment where0the track access0was poor0in to
the0mountain.

In0the Africa0was a0steel sleeper most0easily because0local labour0and sleepers are0more

tolerant0by the poor0track condition, provide0additional cushioning0with the0ballast within
sleeper0track. The concrete0and timber sleepers0last little as015 years in0some African
climate, and0it0is more difficult0to manufacture0because needs0to control0the water content
and0temperature of0the mixing, but0steel sleepers0are more good to0use easily transported
and0installed, that0result to help, development0and sustainability of0African railways.

2.0Main body:

6
2.1 Product Description

The improve0track in stability0and quality by0reduce0wet spots. There0are reduced in0wet

spots by0using steel0sleepers with0studies for0demonstrate benefits0in0more track0more
quality0and stability0leads to contact0surface of0steel sleepers is0high in the0ballast layer
and 0drier keep. Accumulate0the fines0under the0concrete sleepers and0maybe become
water0and degradation of0ballast are0accelerated. The0steel sleepers0have provided a0great
stability0under the0move vehicles0and track.
The Product0is Steel0sleepers from Tata0Steel, high quality, engineered0and used across0the
world. They0choosing steel sleepers0mean your0project benefits0from quicker0and lower
cost0installation. Tata Steel0Europe Limited is0registered in England, and0the seals in
United0Kingdom and0France.
Through0studies in the0United States have0shown that people0who sleep in0the steel
available0to them the0biggest ability0of stability in0moving vehicles, and0has shown in0the
United0Kingdom Experience0with the track0who sleep in0the steel less0likely to follow0the
buckles. Once0installed sleepers0and steel does0not rot Resistance0to insect0attack. This
type0stronger and has0greater resistance0who sleep in0the steel to survive0well in0the
tropical wet0climates where0the wood begins0decay rapidly. The0steel sleeper have0the
capability0and0recycled0reused0and0steel0because0to0endless.They0can0achieve0high0con
struction levels0able its must0be matched especially0for bridge or, stations0and tunnel work.
They need0by less ballast0so can be0used, where the0clients where0need to achieve
construction0lower. Solved has0problems for level0overhaul on tunnel, and0over the
underpasses0and must be0has the0accommodated a0platform restrictions. Can0be designed
the0steel sleepers to0suit the0most of the0required specifications0and are designed0to
overcome0all major engineering0challenges.

2.2 Design steps

7
Steel0sleepers are0high quality and0products design. In0the designed steel0sleepers by0using
BS 500:2000 are0for unlimited tonnage0and topically0for 50 year of0life. By the0design and
tested0of steel0sleepers are0to load level0between 20 to 30% higher0than the0required.
Some0countries, which0consist of harsh0environment like0Africa that0steel has0survived
well0in corrosive and0the environments0steel, can be0protected by coat. Sleepers0are also
now0speeds are 100mi/h (160 km/h) or0less.

They0can make designed0of the sleepers0for condition of0specific:

 Situations0in track.

 Sleepers0the guard0rail .

 Double0gauge sleepers.

 Bearers0for crossing0and switches.

In0South Australia the0manufactured of0sleepers for tight0curve steel are0either “M” or “W”
rolled0section0at the Steel0works. Sleeper0tight curves0Steel Sleeper0Sections
available0of0thicknesses0from06.5mm0to014mm0and0used0the0materials0by0steel0sleeper
s0are0mild with0grad 95% characteristic0yield and0strength 250Mpa. Pressed0sleepers and
they0have hollows0bottom underside0and end0which it is0spaded. The ballast0allows being
effectively0to sleeper0trough0by angle 25 * giving0in both high0lateral holding0ability to
stack0for the easy0hand0or transport the0track.

8
Steel0sleepers are0400-600 Mpa. By0made from0low carbon steel0of tensile0strength .The
yield0strength is0near 50% of0the ultimate0strength .

2.3 Technical specification

 The0characteristics steel0sleepers0following.

 Lightweight0design and0easy manual.

 Stackable0and benefits0environment for0reducing.

 Ability0to life0recycles

 Can0be repaired.

 Is0resistant to0fungus.

 Long0of 50 years and0also0non-flammable.

 It0depends on the0ballast path.

 Due0to increased0deflection and0vibration leads0to increased0convergence of0ballast.

Table1: Steel0sleepers of both0UIC865 Series0Steel Sleepers0and BS-500 Series0Steel

Sleepers, with0specifications.

9
2.4 Using and installing method

The0uses of steel0sleepers are widely0in all states of0Australia. The0result of steel0sleepers

for0installation01 in 30and 1 in04 fixed0patterns for0low tonnage and0low traffic0lines.
Steel0sleepers used in0Queensland and0Western Australia0account for0over 65%, also0have
a proved0successful for0the high axle0loads when0be installed in0an in-face0pattern.

Steel0can be0put0to sleep on0list ballast and 0he scarified0because steel0sleeper0light can be
installed0by machine and0manual. Then0fastening system0already in the0place be0supplied
with0a ready by0immediate clipping-up, And0can typical0track renewal0by use0the0steel
sleepers0by follow0the0proceed.

 The0depth of ballast0between 0200mm to0150mm.

 By0spacing can0required lay0sleepers.
 Can0be using0machine for0Clip up .
 The0joint0weld .
 For0Test sleeper0circuit integrity.
 At020 MPH0open track .
 The0stress temperature0of 27°C.
 Opened0track at line0speed .

10
 After0six weeks0of running0at line.

2.5 Machinery with is needed to implement

11
12
2.6 Operation and Maintenance aspects

The0rail high-quality0iron is produced0by refining processes0to make steel0precisely control

by0the highly skilled0operators0refurbishment0of steel0sleeper. From0through the0industry
is0controlled0chemistry0carefully added0amount of alloyed0lement and0it ensures0control
over0process of0removing oxidation0by high levels0of cleanliness0steel. The use0of modern
technology0to achieve0process steel bloom0is0rolled into0final profile, the0computer-
controlled0of the cooling0and0heating processes0used a new0roll design0and technology
with0modern0process0for0passing0ensure0the0consistent0dimension0product.

In0many area0of sleepers include0track for an0extended period0and can be0refurbished The
simples0process doing0in railway0workshop.So, can be improvement0by include welding0in
of base0plated shoulders0and correction of0holes0re-establishment, joining sleeper the
section0by welding.

Steel0sleeper requirements0have0many for0successful maintenance0of the0steel sleeper can

be used0in (nsw)railways0have in cross0section a trough0shaped with0different0the
properties from0concrete and timber0sleeper.These important0differences of the0settlement
for steel0sleepers have0interspersed and0not share with0the same amount0of loads as0the
adjacent0timber sleepers. There0are two types of0maintenance

13
 A- Preventative0maintenance.

B- Corrective0maintenance.

Undertaken0Track patrol0on line of carry0and passenger services0in least two0times weeks

and0detailed walking0examination in03 months. Timber0sleeper’s inspection0in year, and
every0two years for0concrete0sleepers. The0inspection for0steel sleeper0are0facilitated by
the0provision of check0the0holes 20 mm, and can0be locate for0each side of0rail0seat.

2.7 Product illustration with sufficient and adequate pictures

The0rail profile has030kg/m a base0and width0of 108mm, for0installation of0new the rolled
in0rail network in0its will be provide0a distinct advantage0by reducing on going
maintenance.

14
15
2.8 Cost of products

The0save significant0made when there0newalthe0tracks with0steel sleepers. And0reduced in

ballast0quantity, so0leads to reduced0logistics cost, both0for imported ballast0and for0spoil
disposal. The0cost of steel sleepers0for South0American Market, Rail0supporting0steel
sleepers0US $20 - 60 / Cubic0Meter (8), Benefits0cost of Installation0by using steel sleepers:

 Faster, Low0in cost0installation with0use light0equipment

For0lightweight and0stackable can0be use The0steel sleepers0and it can0be manually

handled0use on site0or move in0bundles by0forklift any0time and0easy. Steel0sleepers need
less0depth.

 For0steel sleeper 0its replaced0and removed0without excavated0old ballast

Can0be laid and0control0of the ballast bed0and improve0for long term0drainage.

 Steel0sleeper Lower in maintenance0cost

Maintenance0costs over life0time more 500years, because0reduction in wet0spots by0used

steel0so the steel0sleepers are higher0in the0ballast layer0and can be0remaindrier.

 Steel0sleepers have0more stability0under the0move0vehicles.

In0the UK and the0USA with steel0sleepers are less0susceptible to0track.

 More0robust

Steel0sleepers in installed0do not0rot and0are resistant0to insect attack0and can be0surviving

well in0wet tropical0climates.

 Recycled0can be0reused

Can be0recycled and can0be reused.

16
2.9 Condition0and place of using (weather, max/min temperature, working restrictions)

Tata0steel sleeper0will be0using in Oman0and the product is0characterized by0strongly

resistant0the topography, high0temperature and0hot weather in0Oman .The Product0add
material0to movement0by expansion0and contraction0and double coat0to resistant0the
corrosion.

2.10 advantages0and disadvantages od using steel rail sleeper:

2.10.1 Advantages of steel rail sleepers:

 Longer0ifespan (30-40 years).

 Ensure0the smooth0of railway0transportation.
 Easy0to maintain0gauge.
 Lesser0damage during0handling and0transport.
 Not0susceptible to0fire hazards or0vermin attack.
 Have0good scrap0value.

2.10.2 Disadvantages0of steel rail0sleepers

 Corrosion0prone.
 Unsuitable0for track0circuiting areas.
 Develops0cracks at0rail seats.
 Gauge0change is not0possible.
 Light0weight (80kg) and0not suitable for0fast track.

17
3.0 Conclusions:

Rails0constituted great0importance to0of the world0in order to0move from location to

another0and serve all0categories and0can also0transport goods0and foods and0bears biggest
weights. The0railway it depends0on the types0designed to0endure the0weights and types0of
places0appropriate to0the nature. The0study in report0the railway specially0for steel sleeper,
and0a0discussion0Product0Description,Design0steps,Technical0specification,using,0Mainte
nance0and cost. The0design for0steel sleeper increase0the weights and0normally0long
service0life. The steel0sleeper more0than wood0for using0because in0the Arabian0Peninsula
people0who would0steal wooden0ties. The Steel0ties can recyclable0and need less0ballast
than0concrete and0wood. The Steel0sleepers0have0provided a0great stability0under the
move0vehicles and0track because0improve in0stability and quality0by reduce wet0spots.
The0steel0sleepers are0very high0quality also for050 year sof life. Good0using steel0sleeper
in0harsh environment0well in0corrosive. The0manufactured can be0available the0thickness
from06.5mm to 14m0 and used0strength 250 Mpa. The0Queensland and0Western Australia
used0steel sleepers’ account0for over 65%, and0successful for high0axle loads when0can be
installed. Machinery0steel sleeper include0track lifting car, Ballast0wagons, long rail0track-
layer0and spot tamping0for operation. Steel0sleeper have two0types for0maintenance,
Preventative 0nd Corrective0maintenance. Cost0high quality railway0steel sleepers0on

18
sale0US $10 - 20 / Piecein0Ali Baba website .The steel0sleepers can be0saving time
and0cost because ease0of handling and0to reduce of0maintenance with0recyclability.

4.0 References:

 Tatasteeleurope.com. (2017). Hidden | Tata Steel in Europe. [online] Available at:

https://www.tatasteeleurope.com/en/news/news/hidden/long-products-europe-sold
[Accessed 1 Dec 2017].
 Pavlus, J. (2015). How to Be a Better Sleeper. Scientific American Mind, 26(3),
pp.11-11. 3.Cop
 3-COLE, W. (1894). NOTE ON STEEL SLEEPERS. Minutes of the Proceedings of
the Institution of Civil Engineers, 117(1894), pp.312-314.

 Extranet.artc.com.au. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at:
https://extranet.artc.com.au/docs/eng/track-civil/procedures/sf/eta-02-03.pdf
[Accessed 6 Dec. 2017].
 Higgins, A. (1998). Scheduling of railway track maintenance activities and
crews. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 49(10), pp.1026-1033.

19
 Unitedindsupply.com. (2017). Rail Steel - International Standards - United Industrial.
[online] Available at: http://www.unitedindsupply.com/rail-steel-international-
standards.html [Accessed 8 Dec. 2017].

 Alibaba.com. (2017). Buy Steel Sleepers For South American Market, Rail

supportingSteel Sleepers , Railway fasteners supplier Steel Sleepers in China on
Alibaba.com. [online] Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Steel-
Sleepers-For-South-American-Market_60233836606.html?
spm=a2700.7724838.0.0.ZwhPbp [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017].
 9-Brownlee, C. (2006). Sleeper Finding. Science News, 169(15), p.229.
 10-Railroadfastenings.com. (2017). Three Types of Rail Sleepers And Their Own
Features. [online] Available at: http://www.railroadfastenings.com/blog/comparison-
of-three-types-of-railway-sleepers.html [Accessed 12 Dec. 2017].
 11-Britishsteel.co.uk. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available
at: http://britishsteel.co.uk/media/40546/steel-sleepers-data-sheet.pdf [Accessed 13
Dec. 2017].

20
Department of Civil

Railway Engineering

(CIVL 0014)

Individual Coursework (Task 1&2)

TASK2:

TRANPORTATION IN OMAN

21
 Submitted By:Hanifa Salim Albusaidi

ID:13F11088

Session: A

Submitted To: Dr. Hussin A.M Yahia

FALL 2017

Contents

Page No.

1.0 Introduction………………………………………................................24-26
1.1 Transportation in general………………………………………24-25
1.2 Transportation in Oman………………………………………..25-26

2.0Main body………………………………………………………………..27-38

2.1Public transportation in Oman……………………………………27-33

2.2 The effect of Transportation on Oman Economy…….…..............34-36

22
 2.3 Rail project in Oman……………………………………..………37-38
3.0 Conclusion………………………………………………………………..39
4.0 References………………………………………………………………...40-41

List of tables:

Table1:Airport0names0scheduled0service0on0commercial0airlines ………….31-33

Table2:Road0Accidents0and0Fatalities0in0Oman …………………………….35

Table3: Use of Public Transport currently ………………………………….….35

Table4: Use of Public Transport in the past …………………………………….36

Table5: Public transportation service used …………………………………………….36

1.0Introduction:

1.1 Transportation in general:

The0first means0of transport in human0history were0people's feet. After0somebody

had0invented0a0wheel,a0lot of0various0types of0vehicles0were developed. At present0there
are0a lot of0means of0transport which0help people0to move0from one to0another place,
to0get to0very distant0places in0a very0short time, to0overcome seas0and oceans0and
even0fly to the0stars, to0transport hug0 amounts of0goods.

People0travel in0order to0reach places0that are0close or0far away, they0travel for fun0or
from0necessity. Travelling0takes0up more0time in0our lives than0most of0us imagine.
An0everyday form0of travelling0may be going0shopping, commuting0to school, to0work or

23
visiting0friends. There0are two0ways of0travelling: one is using0own means0of
transport0and the other0is to rely0on the public0transportation services. People0and
goods0can be transported0by0land, by0air or0by0water.

Water Transport:

The0main fact0that speaks for0water transport0are the relatively0small0costs. That0is

why0rivers, seas, and0oceans are0continuously being0filled with0new cargo and
passenger0vessels. Huge0tankers full0of goods0cruise the0seas. Fishing0boats and
ships0help fishers0at their0work. Ferries, ocean0liners and0other steamboats0take quite0a
long0period0of time0to carry to0the place0of destination, though.The advantage0is that0one
can0take almost0as much0luggage as0one0likes.

Going by Air :

Unlike0sea0travel,going0by0air0consumes0huge0sums0of0money0but0is0thefastest
way0of0travelling.An0air0ticket0ensures0us0a0comfortable0seat0on0the0plane0which0can0
fly0us0to0any0place0in0the0world0within0a0few0hours.At0the0airport0go0through0thepass
port0control0and0security0check,have0our0luggage(which0has0a0limited0weight,of0cours)
checked0and0then0wait0untilthe plane0is ready0or take-off.

Travelling By Land :

Motor Road Vehicles

Land0offers the0greatest variety0of means of0transport. There0are motor0road vehicles0and

bicycles0on the one0hand and rail0on the0other. Personal0vehicles (a coupe, a0saloon,
a0convertible car, ...), motorcycles0and lorries0are the0most common.There0are also0other
means0of transport on0four0wheels-buses0and trolleybuses.Of0rail vehicles, which0are
almost0exclusively0designed0for0public0use,could0mention0trains,trams0and0the0undergro
und.

1.2 Transportation in Oman:

The0Omani0transportation0system,as0with0virtually0all0the0sultanate's0physical0infrastruc
ture,was0a0post019700development.It0includes0anexpanding0highway0network,two0moder

24
n0deep0water0ports,an0oil0port0at0Mina0alFahl0and0two0international0airports0facilitatin
g0international,intraregional0and0domestic0service.By019920there0were06,0000kilometers
of paved0roads0and020,000 kilometers of0gravel or0earthen roads, in0a contrast to01970,
when0there0was0one ten-kilometer0paved highway0and limited coastal0and air0traffic. 

The0sultanate's0modern0transportation0system0links0all0significant0populated0places0with
in0Oman0and0gives0easy0access0to0many0international0destinations. A four-lane0highway
runs0west0from0Muscat0along0the0Gulf0of0Oman0to0Dubai0in0the0UAE.A0second0majo
r0paved highway0in the0interior connects locations0from just0east of Al Ain0in the0UAE to
Salalah0in0Oman's0south0coast.Good0land0connections0link00man0only0with0the0UAE,h
owever.No0roads0extend0across0theSaudi0or0Yemeni0borders.The0sultanate's0principal0ai
rport,As0Sib0International0Airport, has0regularly scheduled flights0to numerous0cities
worldwide0and also to0five domestic destinations. Muscat's0natural harbor0has long0been
a0haven for0ships, and0its port facilities0are among0the best in0the easter0 part of
the0Arabian Peninsula. 

With0the0major0infrastructure0in0place0by0the0mid01980s,there0was0a0shift0from0constr
uction0to0maintenance0and0improvement0of0the0existing0network.Until019840ministry0b
udgets reflected0a marginal outlay0for maintenance0as a result0of the0relatively new0paved
road0system.However,starting0in01984,maintenance0of0paved0roads0became0important,an
d0a0program0of0bituminous surface0treatment and0regraveling was0begun. The0emphasis
in0the0early01990s0has0been0on0maintaining0and0upgrading0the0present0highway0infrast
ructure,but the0government continues0to allocate substantial0resources to the0development
plan0for0the0Muscat0metropolitan0area,where0severe0urban0traffic0problems0are0being0a
ddressed0by0the0construction0of0interchanges0and0expansion0of0some0highways to0two-
lane systems. 

Further0expansion of0the existing transportation0system includes0enlarging both As0Sib

International0Airport and0the port, Mina Qaboos, near0Muscat. Mina0Qaboos is0expected to
be0inadequate to0accommodate the0projected increase in0cargo traffic0by the0year 2000.
An0expansion0project0is0designed0to0increase0port0capacity0from01.60million0tons0to02.
60million0tons.The0project0involves0converting0two0berths0to0container0berths,building0
a0new0berth0for0the0Royal0Yacht0Squadron,creating0a0storage0area,and0building0a0sea0
wall.The0expansion0is0partially0funded0by0the0Kuwait0Fund0for0Arab0Economic0Devel

25
opment.The0possibility0of0a0port0at0Suhar,0to0be0usedas0a0transshipment0site0for0destin
ations0farther0up0the0gulf,is0under0consideration. 

26
 

1.0 Main Body:

2.1Public Transportation in Oman:

2.1.1 Ports:

The0government has0set programs0from the0enhancement and0development of0Omani ports0as

the0following:
SQ port:
In0the implementation0of HM0Sultan Qaboos0directives in0transforming SQ0port into0a
tourism0port, all the0commercial0activities were0transferred to Sohar0industrial port0in
31st of0August 2014 where0it was0followed0by an evacuation0of0empty containers0for 4
months 0for enabling SQ0port to be0used for0tourism activities0in 1/1/2015.
Based0on0these0circumstances,the0ministry0conducted0a0number0of0steps0for0implementing0SQ
tourism0port development0plan as the0following:
-Recently0the initial0visualization and0the general0development0scheme for0harat Al-Shamal
Mattrah0were finished0in coordination0with the0concerned authorities0where recommendation
must0be implemented0by Muscat municipality.
- The0consultancy services0for designing0of developing0fishermen wharf0in SQ port0in
3rd Quarter0of 2015 .The0scope of work0includes0designing , manufacturing0and import 0extra
floating0quays  for0fishing , tourism0Dhow  and parking0lots for fish0market.
 
SQ0port up0until the0end of0September,2015 has0received (1130) vessels  0among them0are (66)
tourism0vessels. The0tourism count0reached (122,480)0tourist compared0to (54,977) tourists,
through0the same0period of0last year0and the0imports are (828,427)0tons in current
year0compared0to (6,478,114) tons0through the same0period last0year.
Salalah0port:
The ministry0currently is0implementing the0construction of0liquid jetty and0another0for
general0cargo, in0order to serve0the industries0in Salalah free0zone as0well the0local trade0and
merchants0as well0people of Dhofar0governorate.It0 contributed in0providing job
opportunities0and it already 0completed0by0the 3rd quarter0of 2015.
In0a continuation0of the development0steps 0which the0ministry seeks0to complete,the
ministry0floated  the0tender of0the consultancy0services for0the northern0water breaker0and the
design0of the0extending of0the current0water breaker0as well0government0authorities berths
,container0berths has0ended.It will0aim to0increase the0capacity0of the0port  from (5)
millions0container  to0more than (7) millions 0annually. A0number of0consultancy studies0are
being carried out  which are related to the security requirements of the port0as well
27
the0rehabilitation of0general cargo0bay in the0port.
The0number of0vessels handled0at Salalah0port until0the end0of September02015 were (1,661)
2.1.2 Traveling by Bus within Muscat:

The0National Transportation0Company (Mwasalat) operates public0transportation0buses

within the0capital. The timing0and routes of0these buses0can be seen0on Mwasalat’s
website. This0service is0relatively new0and we do0not have details0about their0prices or
the0method0of payment, but0the buses are0brand new0and the service0appears to0be
reliable.

The0National Transportation0Company also0operates daily0inter-city buses0that can

take0you from0Muscat to0any other0major city0in0Oman, including0Salalah.. Tickets
for0these buses0could be0purchased in advance from0the main0bus station in0Ruwi. One of
the0major stops0to find0buses from0Mwasalat0or other0bus0operators is0the large car
park0next to Burj0Al Sahwah roun0 about.

It0is worth0noting that0there are0also independent0mini-bus0operators all0around0the

country0that operate0within cities0and between0them. These0are small0white mini-buses
that0have a ‘Taxi” 0light on0top. Unlike0the0Mwasalat buses, these have0no timetable
and0only drive0along the0highway in0a straight0line. Understanding by the highway,
will0simply0hail the mini-bus0and it0will stop0to pick0up. If0not sure0if the bus0will go as
far as 0need, should0let the driver0know of0destination0and he0will tell0if he0is going
to0drive all0the way0there or0not.  Get0off the0bus by either0speaking directly0to the0driver
or0knocking on0the ceiling0of the0bus0to indicate that0want to0get out.
Payment0is0made0when0exit0the0bus.The0advantage0of0using0these0buses0in0compariso
n to0the formal0Mwasalat buses0is that0can take0them from0any spot on0the highway0and
not from0a bus stop.

2.1.3Airports

Oman0is spending0billions of dollars0to improve its0airport infrastructure0as part of

an0effort0to0boost0its0economy,and0the0tourism0sector0in0particular.Muscat0International
0Airport, which0handled 6.8 million0international0passengers in 2012, is0currently being
expanded. A0new passenger0terminal,runway, and control0tower opened in 2014 and0are

28
planned0to0increase0the0airport’s0passenger0capacity0to0120million0by02014.Future0exte
nsion0phases0are0planned0to0expand0capacity0to0480million0passengers(which0is0still0fa
r0less0than0Dubai0International0Airport,for0example,which0handled0more0than0660millio
n0passengersin02013).Salalah0airport,in0the0governorate0of0Dhofar,is0also0being0expande
d and0will see0its capacity0row to0one million0passengers a0year. In0addition,
regional0airports are0planned for0Sohar and0Duqm (under construction) and Ras al-
Hadd0and (supporting the tourism sector).

While0the outlook0looks promising, Oman0faces the huge0challenge (apart from0its

challenging0terrain)of0securing0the0resources0and0skills0needed0to0execute0these0pr
ojects, while0so many other0major projects are under way in0Oman and0elsewhere0in
the Gulf.

Table1: Airport names scheduled service on commercial airlines.

City served ICAO IATA Airport name

 Civil airports

Adam OOAD AOM Adam Airport

Butabul OOBB Butabul Airport

Buraimi OOBR RMB Buraimi Airport

Dibba Al-Baya BYB Dibba Airport

Duqm OODQ JNJ Duqm Jaaluni Airport

Fahud OOFD Fahud Airport

Qarn Al Alam OOGB Qarn Alam Airport

29
City served ICAO IATA Airport name

Haima OOHA Haima Airport

Ibra OOIA Ibra Airport

Ibri OOII Ibri Airport

Khasab OOKB KHS Khasab Airport / Khasab Air Base

Lekhwair OOLK LKW Lekhwair Airport

Marmul OONR OMM Marmul Airport

Mukhaizna OOMK UKH Mukhaizna Airport

Muscat OOMS MCT Muscat International Airport

Nizwa OONZ Nizwa Airport (closed)

Ras al Hadd Ras Al Hadd Airport

Rustaq OORQ Rustaq Airport

Saiq OOSQ Saiq Airport

Salalah OOSA SLL Salalah Airport

Sohar OOSH OHS Sohar Airport

Sur OOSR SUH Sur Airport

30
 City served ICAO IATA Airport name

Yibal OOYB Yibal Airport

 Military
airports

Nizwa OOFQ Firq Air Base (closed)

Izki OOIZ Izki Air Base

Manston OO42 Manston Air Base

Masirah OOMA MSH RAFO Masirah

Thumrait OOTH TTH RAFO Thumrait

2.2 The effect of Transportation on Oman Economy:

Efficient0transport0is0a0critical0component0of0economic0development,globally0and0natio
nally.Transport0availability affects0global development0patterns and0can be0a boost0or a
barrier0to economic0growth within0individual nations. Transportation investments0link
factors0of0production0together0in0a0web0of0relationships0between0producers0and0consu
mers0to0create0a0more0efficient0division0of0production,leverage0geographical0comparati
ve advantage, and0provide the0means to0expand economies0of scale0and scope.
Transport’s0contribution0to0economic0development0includes0the0following:

 Network0effects:linking0more0locations0exponentially0increases0the0value0and0eff
ectiveness0of0transport.
 Performance0improvements:reducing0cost0and0time0for0existing0passenger0and0fr
eight0movements0increase0transport’s contribution0to economic0growth.

31
 Reliability:improves0timeperformance0and0reduces0loss0and0damage,thus0reducing
0economic drag.
 Market0size:access0to0wider0markets0adds0to0economies0of0scale0in0production,
0distribution, and 0onsumption, thereby0increasing economic0growth.
 Productivity:transport0increases0productivity0gained0from0access0to0a0larger0and0
morediverse0base0of0inputs0such0as0raw0materials,parts,energy,labor0and
broader0markets for0more diverse0outputs.

Transport0has0affected0economic0development0from0the0beginning0of0human0civilizatio
n. Economic0development0focused0on0the confluence0of transport systems — early0cities
grew0up on0natural bays0and ports, on rivers0and lakes0where transport0was0available..
Geographic0characteristics0such0as0proximity0to0oceans,seas,waterways,plains,mountains0
and0the0location0of0oases0defined0early0transport0systems(e.g.,the0“Silk0Road”went
from0oasis to oasis and0city to city, where0there were0no reliable0water or0road0routes. 

Frequency Percent

Yes 59 32.8

No 118 65.6

Table2:Road Accidents and Fatalities in Oman (2001-2007)

32
 Frequency Percent

Yes 121 67.2

No 43 23.9
2007 2006 2005 2003 2001

Total Population 2,743,000 2,577,000 2,509,000 2,416,000 2,341,000

Road Accidents 8,816 9,869 9,247 9,460 10,197

Fatalities 650 550 548 490 428

Fatalities/1,00,00 23.7 21.3 21.8 20.3 18.3

0

Table3:Use of Public Transport currently

Table4:Use of Public Transport in the past

Table5: Public transportation service used

33
 Frequency Percent
2.3Rail0project in0Oman:
  Shared Taxis 46 25.6
Oman0rail project0is considered0to be0a0main portion of0the GCC rail0network where Oman0Rail
Company0is0committed
Bus in0implementing
37 the0project and0completing0the
20.6 links0by the0end0of 2018 
which0is a0mutual0GCC commitment0between the0member states0and the0Sultanate goes0on
Train accordingly.
fulfilling0it 81 45

The0rail0project0adopted0a0vision0for0enabling0the0logistic0sector0to0be0a0substantial0asset0for0the
Other 6 3.3
Omani0economy and0enable0the Sultanate0to play0a crucial0role in0trade0flow between the0west
and0the0east.In0light0of0this0vision,all0the0care0went0toward0giving
priority 0to0the0project0implementation,to0connect0the0commercial0growth0engines0together00and
work0on supporting0this0approach.The0project0will0be0supported0with0basically,0the0enhancement0of
ports0competitiveness as0well enable0them to0attract more 0direct navigational routes, a0number
of0containers and0redirect a0portion0from the0reload into0the sea0then across land0where lastly0goes
as0export to0the neighboring0countries0by rail or0to the0economic ,free and0industrial0zones
for0transformative0industries then0backing up0the0revenues .
The0project will0enable the0other vital0sectors in0playing0their0assigned0roles, where0in the lead0is
mining0sector0where0the0project0will0contribute0in0creating0a0hike0in0mining0sector,
specifically0the0increase0of0quantity0of0excavate0minerals050folds0more0that0the0current

34
quantity.The0project0will0reduce0the0cost0of0transport0to0more0than0the0half,plus0its
enhancement0of0the0transformative0industries0opportunities0which0in0itself0will0increase0revenues0t
o 30folds.
The project0will contribute0effectively in0fully grown0SME and0private sector0which will0have
the0ability to0back up0the Oman0Economy 0as well0enable0these companies0in providing0their
services0abroad which0in itself0will enhance0the economic0benefits for the Sultanate0through
direct0financial revenues.It0will also0curate00multiple0job opportunities, direct0and indirect0ones, on
rail0and logistics0sectors.
The0project will0also support0the industrials0sector through0establishing0assembly factories
and0workshops and0services companies0in partnership0with the0private0sector, in0order0to have
an0effective0asset for0the Omani0economy0which will0enable the0sustainability of0these companies,
factories0and workshops0for upcoming0contracts. It0also will0provide0jobs, supporting and0sub
industries0for these0workshops, factories0and companies0in order0to make the0sultanate a0hub for0these
industries0in0the0region0as0will0enable0exporting0which0will0enhance0both0the0industrial
and0logistics0sectors.Within0the0scope0of0enhancing0both,a0new0mechanism0was0included to
insure0the0commitment0of 0Companies0to0their0placed0programs 0in0the0tender0document 0and
to 0increasing0the0success0opportunities 0of0this0approach ,an0engagement0occurred0with0the
manufacturers0and services0suppliers 0inside and0outside the0Sultanate  which0are (260) genre of
manufacturing0and services 0as well establishing0an interactive0website on0the internet with
marketing0it locally0and globally 0aiming to register0the companies0and reaching0a certified
suppliers0list.

35
2.0 Conclusion:

At0the end, public0transportation0offers many0benefits,it can0cut down on0the number0of

road0accidents0and deaths. In the0last five0years, an average0of 5,210 accidents0per
year0occurred on0an annual basis, causing0an average0road fatality0of 450. It0also play0a
role0in0ease0the0amount0of0fuel0consumed0locally,reduce0maintenance0of0the0highway
s0and0the government0will save0money on0the construction0of new 0oads.

It0offers0economic0benefits,too,besides0reducing0chronic0congestion.It0may0have0a0lar
gecapitallayout0to build, but0the long-term0advantage includes0the creation of0jobs and0a
boost to0local business0during the0construction period. It0will save time0for office0goers
and0reduce0stress0as0they0have0to0spend0lesser0time0on0the0road.It0will
also0provide0community0revitalization0and0growth0in0remote0areas0in0the0capital.
An0excellent public0transportation0system will0bring those areas0closer and0make
them0easily accessible, helpin0 boost0trade.

36
3.0 References:
 IABSE Symposium 2003 Structures for high-speed railway tranportation.
(2003). Beton- und Stahlbetonbau, 98(7), pp.A23-A23.

 Belwal, R. and Belwal, S. (2010). Public Transportation Services in Oman: A

Study of Public Perceptions. Journal of Public Transportation, 13(4), pp.1-21

 Motc.gov.om. (2017). Ministry of Transport and Communications. [online]

Available at: http://www.motc.gov.om/DefaultEn.aspx?
pageID=PDVQh9PO1UlE6d5gAghskA%3D
%3D&typeID=lJHlc66Pfg47VVok1eTw%2Fw%3D%3D [Accessed 29 Nov.
2017].

 OmanTripper. (2017). Transportation in Oman. [online] Available at:

http://www.omantripper.com/transportation-in-oman/ [Accessed 2 Dec. 2017].

 Fanack.com. (2017). Economy of Oman. [online] Available at:

https://fanack.com/oman/economy/ [Accessed 3 Dec. 2017].

37
  Ppiaf.org. (2017). Railway Reform: Toolkit For Improving Rail Sector
Performance. [online] Available at:
https://ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/documents/toolkits/railways_toolkit/ch1_1_3
.html [Accessed 5 Dec. 2017].

 Belwal, R. and Belwal, S. (2010). Public Transportation Services in Oman: A

Study of Public Perceptions. Journal of Public Transportation, 13(4), pp.1-21

 Belwal, R. (2013). People’s Perception of Public Transport Services in

Oman. Jurnal Teknologi, 65(3).

 Times of Oman. (2017). Oman transport: Public network only solution to traffic

jams in Muscat. [online] Available at: http://timesofoman.com/article/93798
[Accessed 6 Dec. 2017].

  Le, T. and Trinh, T. (2016). Encouraging Public Transport Use to Reduce Traffic
Congestion and Air Pollutant: A Case Study of Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam. Procedia Engineering, 142, pp.236-243.

38