- Behaviourism is the idea that behaviour is acquired through conditioning.

It is an approach to
psychology based on the belief that all human actions and responses can be explained in terms of
reflexes

- Reflex is an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought.
Meaning involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.

- A stimulus is something that causes a physiological response.

- It is something that causes or encourages growth, activity, or reaction

- The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity.

Behaviorists believe that if teachers provide positive reinforcement, or rewards, whenever students

perform a desired behavior, they will learn to perform the behavior on their own. The same concept
applies to punishments.

Operant conditioning is one of the fundamental concepts in behavioural psychology. 

B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential American psychologists. He developed the theory of
operant conditioning –The idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, reinforcements or
punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again. It is a method of
learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Where in an individual makes an
association between a particular behavior and a consequence.

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Constructivism is a learning theory found in psychology which explains how people might acquire
knowledge and learn. It therefore has direct application to education. The theory suggests that humans
construct knowledge and meaning from their experiences.

Piaget's theory of constructivism argues that people produce knowledge and form meaning based upon
their experiences. Piaget's theory covered learning theories, teaching methods, and education reform. ...
Accommodation, on the other hand, is reframing the world and new experiences into the mental capacity
already present.
Positive reinforcement is an additional stimulus that encourages certain behavior.
This is a type of operant conditioning.

For example, parents use positive reinforcement when they a child for completing
their chores with a piece of candy. The child starts associating chores with candy, and
as a result, they complete their chores more reliably and enthusiastically in the hopes
of earning more candy.

An example of negative reinforcement is an overprotective parent, who perhaps

without realizing it, pays less attention to their teenager’s activities or whereabouts
when they receive good grades. The teenager begins to associate academic success
with the parent’s looser grip and continues to study hard so as to enjoy their
freedom.

In Ivan Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the smell of food was the unconditioned stimulus.
The dogs in his experiment would smell the food, and then naturally begin to salivate in
response. This response requires no learning, and it simply happens automatically.

Some more examples of the unconditioned stimulus include:

 A feather tickling your nose causes you to sneeze. The feather tickling your nose is the
unconditioned stimulus.
 Cutting up an onion makes your eyes water. The onion is the unconditioned stimulus.
 Pollen from grass and flowers cause you to sneeze. The pollen is the unconditioned
stimulus.
 Your cat running to it's bowl whenever it smells food. The scent of food is the
unconditioned stimulus.