Introduction

In psychology of learning, it is relatively changing behavior by experience things that

individual have learned. For example, Morgan has learned to feel upset about himself when
he saw Lex is more knowledgeable than him and Morgan attend to hide himself in his room
whenever he feels sad. He is also learned to feel depressed when he feels guilty and find
spaces to be alone for a while. As Morgan’s behavior shows learning of his new behaviors
that deliberate to your environment. As the result of experience, you can change your
behavior to be a better person in the future.

In this world, learning is not only at school but it is important to study about thoughts,
memories, and other mental subjective. In addition, it is also important to study animal
behaviors because it sheds light on human beings. As an example, for animal behaviors are
eating, walking, blinking and flying. This is the way how the animal’s behavior acts.
Classical conditioning

A Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov in 1849-1936 was a genius scientist who
investigate the role of saliva in digestion by using dogs as his experimental subjects.

Classical conditioning is creating a connection between stimulus and neutral. The classical
conditioning pairing a previously neutral stimulus such as the sound of a bell. However,
unconditioned stimulus is the taste of food. This unconditioned stimulus will triggers
salivating as a response to the food known as the unconditioned response. After connecting
neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus, the sound of the bell will start to call up
salivating as a response. The sound of the bell is now known as the conditioned stimulus and
salivating in response to the bell is known as the conditioned response.

For example, if you own a dog and know the behaviour of the dog. Your dog will start
to get excited when you show food while shaking the bell, even before giving food to the
dog. In language, your pet has learned to anticipate food in association with a signal that is
the sound of bell.

Not just that, classical conditioning is used to describe a method of learning, it is also
explain how many behaviours form that can impact your health. Consider how a bad habit
might form. Even though you have been working out and eating healthy foods. Meanwhile,
you at night time gorging keeps tripping up your dieting efforts and developed the habit of
heading to the kitchen for a snack every time a commercial comes on while you are watching
your favourite movie. While commercial breaks are neutral stimulus. In the meantime, you’re
having a delicious snack are unconditioned stimulus has turned the commercials into a
conditioned stimulus. (The Difference Between the Classical and Operant Conditioning,
2022)
Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning deals with behaviours that are caused automatically by some
stimulus. However, stimulus doesn't produce a new behaviour but rather cause an existing
behaviour to happen. This includes reflexive behaviour. More importantly, reflex is a
relatively simple, unlearned behaviour, governed by the nervous system, that occurs
automatically when the appropriate stimulus is presented. In general, classical conditioning
process of learning an association between two stimuli and involves pairing a neutral
stimulus.

Additionally, Classical conditioning is a procedure of learning whereby a

conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus in order
to produce a behavioural response known as a conditioned response. The conditioned
response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. The unconditioned
stimulus is usually a biologically significant stimulus such as food or pain that causes an
unconditioned response from the start. The conditioned stimulus is usually neutral and
produces no particular response at first, but after conditioning it elicits the conditioned
response.

Extinction is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned

stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus. When presented with the
conditioned stimulus alone, the individual showing a weaker response, and finally no
response. In classical-conditioning terms, there is a gradual weakening and disappearance of
the conditioned response. Similarly, impulsive recovery refers to the return of a previously
extinguished conditioned response following a rest period. (Classical Conditioning |
Boundless Psychology, 2022)
Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments

for behaviour. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behaviour and
a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behaviour. The History of Operant
conditioning. It was first described by behaviourist B.F. Skinner, which is referred to as
Skinnerian conditioning. He suggested, we should look only at the external, observable
causes of human behaviour. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any ‘active behaviour
that operates upon the environment to generate consequences.’ Skinner’s theory explained
how we acquire the range of learned behaviours we exhibit every day. Skinner distinguished
between two different types of behaviours which is respondent behaviours are those
automatically and reflexively, such as pulling your hand back from a hot stove or jerking
your leg when the doctor taps on your knee.

The others are operant behaviours, on the other hand, are those under our conscious
control. The consequences of these actions that then influence whether or not they occur
again the future. Our actions on the environment and the consequences of that action make up
an important part of the learning process. Reinforcement in operant conditioning explains
learning as a process in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences.
When a stimulus or an event follows an operant and increases the likelihood of the operant
being repeated. There are two kinds reinforces.

Positive reinforces are favourable events or outcomes that are presented after the
behaviour. In positive reinforcement situations, a response or behaviour is strengthened by
the
addition of praise or a direct award. For example, if you do a good job at work and your
manager gives you a bonus, that bonus is a positive reinforces.

Negative reinforces involve the removal of an unfavourable events or outcomes after

the display of a behaviour. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of
something considered unpleasant. For example, if your child starts to scream in the middle of
a restaurant, but stops once you hand them a treat, your action led to the removal of the
unpleasant condition, negatively reinforcing your behaviours.

These two learned responses are known as Escape Learning and Avoidance Learning.
Punishment is defined as the opposite of reinforcement since it is designed to weaken or
eliminate a response rather than increase it. There are many problems with using punishment
such as punished behaviour is not forgotten, it’s suppressed-behaviour returns when
punishment is no longer present. Causes increased aggression-shows that aggression in a way
to cope with problems. Creates fear that can generalize to undesirable behaviour for example
fear of school. Does not necessarily guide toward desired behaviour-reinforcement tells you
what to do, punishment only tells you what not to do.

Operant conditioning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviours, from the
process of learning, to addiction and language acquisition. However, operant conditioning
fails to take into account the role of inherited and cognitive factors in learning, and thus is an
incomplete explanation of the learning process in humans and animals. For example, the use
of animal research in operant conditioning studies also raise the issue of extrapolation. Some
psychologist argue we cannot generalize from studies on animals to humans as their anatomy
and psychology is different from humans, and they cannot think about their experiences and
invoke reason, patience, memory or self-comfort.
Observational Learning
Conclusion

The conclusion is we learned that human have a different of mind and behaviour.
From what we know from classical conditioning is can create a new behaviour through the
process of association. Operant conditioning theory they can be used to change behaviour.
Observational learning is a part of our everyday life and is key to learning the life skills
required to become a mature adult.
Reference

Verywell Mind. 2022. The Difference Between the Classical and Operant Conditioning.
[online] Available at: <https://www.verywellmind.com/classical-vs-operant-conditioning-
2794861> [Accessed 27 January 2022].

Courses.lumenlearning.com. 2022. Classical Conditioning | Boundless Psychology. [online]

Available at: <https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/classical-
conditioning/> [Accessed 27 January 2022].

Verywell Mind. 2022. What Is Operant Conditioning and How Does It Work?. [online]
Available at: <https://www.verywellmind.com/operant-conditioning-a2-2794863> [Accessed
26 January 2022].

McLeod, S. A. (2018, January, 21). Skinner - operant conditioning. Simply Psychology.

www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html