IES VIRREY MORCILLO.

VILLARROBLEDO (ALBACETE)
UNIT 9. GEOMETRY

UNIT 9.
GEOMETRY

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UNIT 9. GEOMETRY

INDEX

1. BASIC TERMS.
2. SYMBOL IN GEOMETRY.
3. LOCUS.
3.1. PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR.
3.2. ANGLE BISECTOR.
4. ANGLES.
4.1. MEASURING ANGLES.
4.2. NAMES OF ANGLES.
4.3. PARALLEL LINES AND PAIRS OF ANGLES.
4.4. SUPPLEMENTARY AND COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES.
5. POLYGONS.
5.1. PROPERTIES OF REGULAR POLYGONS.
5.2. DEFINITIONS: CIRCUMCIRCLE, INCIRCLE, RADIUS AND
APOTHEM.
5.3. NAMES OF POLYGONS.
5.4. THE CIRCLE.
6. PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM.
7. PERIMETER.
8. AREA OF PLANE SHAPES.
9. AREAS AND VOLUMES OF 3D-SHAPES.
10. EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS.
11. SELF EVALUATION.

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1. BASIC TERMS.
The great mathematician Euclid concluded that the point, the straight line and the
plane were three basic elements of the Geometry and defined them of the following
way:
A point is one of the basic terms in Geometry. We say that a point is a “dot” on a
piece of paper. We identify this point with a number or letter. A point has no length or
width.
A line is a “straight” line that we draw with a ruler on a piece of paper, a line
extends forever in both directions.
A plane is a flat surface with no thickness.

LOOK UP INFORMATION ON EUCLID.

Other important concepts are the following ones:
A ray is a “straight” line that begins at a certain point and extends forever in one
direction. The point where the ray begins is known as its endpoint.

A line segment is a portion of a “straight” line. A line segment does not extend
forever, but has two distinct endpoints. We write the name of a line segment with
endpoints A and B as AB.

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The term intersect is used when lines, ray lines or segments share a common
point. The point they share is called the point of intersection.

Examples: In the diagram below, line AB and line GH intersect at point D, line 2
intersects the circle at point P:

Two lines in the same plane which never intersect are called parallel lines. We
say that two line segments are parallel if the lines that they lie on are parallel.
Example: Lines 1 and 2 below are parallel.

Two rays with the same endpoint form an angle. The point where the rays
intersect is called the vertex of the angle. The two rays are called the sides of the angle.
Some examples of angles are:

We can name the angle below as B or even b, but it is better to name it as ABC or
as CBA. Note how the vertex point is always given in the middle.

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2. SYMBOL IN GEOMETRY.
Symbols save time and space when writing. Here are the most common
geometrical symbols:
Symbol Meaning Example In Words
ABC has 3 Triangle ABC has three equal
Triangle
equal sides sides
The angle formed by ABC is 45
Angle ABC is 45°
degrees.
The line AB is perpendicular to
Perpendicular AB CD
line CD
Parallel EF GH The line EF is parallel to line GH
360° makes a
Degrees
full circle
Right Angle
is 90° A right angle is 90 degrees
(90°)
Line Segment
AB The line between A and B
“AB”
The infinite line that includes A
Line “AB”
and B
The line that starts at A, goes
Ray “AB”
through B and continues on

3. LOCUS.
Locus is the set of all points that share a property. This usually results in a curve
or surface.

Example: A circumference is “the locus of points on a plane that are a certain

distance from a central point”.

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Other example: An ellipse is the locus of points whose distance
from two fixed points add up to a constant.

3.1. PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR.

Perpendicular bisector is the locus of points which move so that it is an equal
distance from two points, A and B.

Line bisector is a line which cuts a line segment into two equal parts at 90°.
How does it construct?
Steps:
 Place the compass at one end of line.
 Adjust the compass to slightly longer than half the line length
 Draw arcs above and below the line.
 Keeping the same compass width, draw arcs from other end of line.
 Place ruler where the arcs cross, and draw the line.

Look: http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/construct-linebisect.html

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3.2. ANGLE BISECTOR.
The angle bisector is the locus of all such points which are equidistant from both
sides of the angle.

To construct the angle bisector we follow these steps:

Look: http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/construct-anglebisect.html

4. ANGLES.

The parts of an angle are:

Parts of an Angle
The corner point of an angle is called the vertex.
And the two straight sides are called arms.
The angle is the amount of turn between each arm.

4.1. MEASURING ANGLES.

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To measure angles the degrees are used. We use a little circle ° following the
number to mean degrees. For example 90° means 90 degrees.
In the figure, we can see One Degree. This is how large 1 Degree is.

To measure angles we can use the full circle.

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We often measure degrees using a protractor. The normal protractor measures 0°
to 180°.

4.2. NAMES OF ANGLES.

Type of angle Description

Acute angle An angle that is less than 90°.
Right angle An angle that is 90° exactly.
Obtuse angle An angle that is greater than 90° but less than 180°.
Straight An angle that is 180° exactly.
angle
Reflex angle An angle that is greater than 180° and less than 360º.

Full rotation An angle that is 360º exactly.

Observe:

BE CAREFUL HOW YOU MEASURE

This is an obtuse angle. And this is a reflex angle.

But the lines are the same ... so when naming the angles make sure
that you know which angle is being asked for!

4.3. PARALLEL LINES AND PAIRS OF ANGLES.

Lines are parallel if they are always the same distance apart and will never meet.

The red line is parallel to the blue line in both these cases:

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When parallel lines get crossed by another line (which is called a transversal), you
can see that many angles are the same, as in this example:

These angles can be made into pairs of angles which have special names.
Some of those special pairs of angles can be used to test if lines really are
parallel:

If Any Pair Of ... Example:

Corresponding angles are equal, or a=e
Alternate interior angles are equal, or c=f
Alternate exterior angles are equal, or b=g
Consecutive interior angles add up to 180° d + f = 180°
... then the lines are parallel

Examples:

These lines are parallel, because a

pair of corresponding angles are
equal.

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These lines are not parallel,

because a pair of consecutive
interior angles do not add up
to 180° (81° + 101° =182°)

These lines are parallel, because a

pair of alternate interior angles
are equal.

4.4. SUPPLEMENTARY AND COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES.

Two angles are supplementary if they add up to 180 degrees (a straight angle).

Example:

These two angles (140° and 40°)

are Supplementary Angles, because
they add up to 180°.

But the angles don't have to be together.

These two are supplementary because
60° + 120° = 180°

Two angles are complementary if they add up to 90 degrees (a right angle).

Example:

These two angles (40° and 50°) are Complementary

Angles, because they add up to 90°.
Notice that together they make a right angle.

   

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But the angles don't have to be together. These two

are complementary because:
27° + 63° = 90°

5. POLYGONS.
Polygon comes from Greek. Poly- means “many” and -gon means “angle”.
Polygons are 2-dimensional shapes. They are made of straight lines, and the shape
is "closed" (all the lines connect up).

Polygon Not a Polygon Not a Polygon

(straight sides) (has a curve) (open, not closed)
If all angles are equal and all sides are equal, then it is regular, otherwise it is
irregular.

Regular Irregular

5.1. PROPERTIES OF REGULAR POLYGONS.

The Exterior Angle is the angle between any side of a shape,

and a line extended from the next side.

All the Exterior Angles of a polygon add up to 360°. So, each exterior angle must

360º
be (where n is the number of sides)
n
360
Exterior Angle =
n
Example: What is the exterior angle of a regular
octagon?
An octagon has 8 sides, so:
Exterior angle = 360°/n = 360°/8 = 45°

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The Interior Angle and Exterior Angle are

measured from the same line, so they add up
to 180°.

Interior Angle = 180° - Exterior Angle

360º
We know the Exterior angle = , so:
n
360
Interior Angle = 180−
n

Which can be rearranged like this:

360 n ∙180 2 ∙180 (n−2) ∙180
Interior Angle = 180− = − = . Then:
n n n n
(n−2)∙ 180
Interior Angle =
n

Example: What is the interior angle of a regular octagon?

A regular octagon has 8 sides,
so:
Exterior Angle = 360° / 8 =
45°
Interior Angle = 180° - 45° =
135°
Or we could use:
Interior Angle = (n-2) ×
180° / n
= (8-2) × 180° / 8 = 6 × 180° / 8 =
135°

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(Not all polygons have those properties, but triangles and regular polygons do).

5.2. DEFINITIONS: CIRCUMCIRCLE, INCIRCLE, RADIUS AND

APOTHEM.
The "outside" circle is called a circumcircle, and it connects all vertices (corner
points) of the polygon.
The "inside" circle is called an incircle and it just touches each side of the
polygon at its midpoint.
The radius of the circumcircle is also the radius of the polygon.
The radius of the incircle is the apothem of the polygon.

5.3. NAMES OF POLYGONS.

 A triangle is a polygon that it has three sides and three angles. The three
angles always add to 180°. Observe:

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There are three special names given to triangles that tell how many sides (or
angles) are equal: Equilateral triangle, isosceles triangle and scalene triangle.
Equilateral Triangle
Three equal sides.
Three equal angles, always 60°.

Isosceles Triangle
Two equal sides.
Two equal angles.

Scalene Triangle
No equal sides.
No equal angles.

Triangles can also have names that tell you what type of angle is inside:

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Acute Triangle
All angles are less than 90°.

Right Triangle
Has a right angle (90°).

Obtuse Triangle
Has an angle more than 90°.

 Quadrilateral just means “four sides” (quad means four, lateral means side).
So, quadrilateral is a polygon of four sides. There are special types of quadrilateral:

There are special types of quadrilateral:

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are
parallel. Squares, rectangles and rhombuses are parallelograms. Other parallelograms
are called non-parallelogram.
 A rectangle is a parallelogram that has equal opposite sides and four right
angles.

 A square is a parallelogram that has four right angles and four equal sides.

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 A rhombus is a parallelogram that has four equal sides and equal opposite
angles. The two diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.

 A rhomboid is a parallelogram that has opposite sides that are parallel and
equal.

A non-parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides

aren’t parallel.
 A trapezium is a quadrilateral with two parallel sides and two non-
parallel sides. There are three types:
 Right trapezium has two right angles.
 Isosceles trapezium has two of its non-parallel sides equal in length.
 Scalene trapezium doesn’t have equal sides or angles.

 The kite.

Other polygons: Pentagon (5 sides), hexagon (6 sides), heptagon (7 sides),

octagon (8 sides), nonagon (9 sides), decagon (10 sides), hendecagon (11 sides),
dodecagon (12 sides).

5.4. THE CIRCLE.

Circle is a closed curved line whose points are all the same distance from a fixed
point called the center. The circumference is the length around a circle, that is to say, it
is the perimeter of the circle. It is exactly Pi (the symbol is π) times the diameter.

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The radius is the distance from the center to the edge.

The diameter starts at one side of the circle, goes through the center and ends on
the other side. So the diameter is twice the radius.

Lines
A line that goes from one point to another on the
circle's circumference is called a chord.
If that line passes through the center it is called a
diameter.
If a line “just touches” the circle as it passes it is
called a tangent. And a part of the circumference is
called an arc.

Slices
There are two main “slices” of a circle
The “pizza” slice is called a sector.
And the slice made by a chord is called a
segment.

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6. PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM.

Definition: The longest side of a right triangle is called the “hypotenuse” and
another sides are called “cathetus”or “legs”.

Pythagoras’ Theorem says: In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is

the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
So:

The square of the hypotenuse (a²) is equal to plus

the square of cathetus (b² + c2).
So: a2 = b2 + c2

Proof of theorem. (HOMEWORK)

 Example 1: Solve this triangle.

 
a2 + b2 = c2
52 + 122 = c2
25 + 144 = c2
169 = c2
c = √169 = 13
 Example 2: Solve this triangle.
 
a2 + b2 = c2
92 + b2 = 152
81 + b2 = 225
Take 81 from both sides:
b2 = 144 à b = √144 = 12

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7. PERIMETER.

Perimeter is the distance around a two-dimensional shape.

Example 1: The perimeter of this rectangle is 7+3+7+3 = 20

In a circumference:

Length of Circumference = π . Diameter

Example: You walk around a circle which has a diameter of 100 m, how far have
you walked?

Distance walked = Circumference =100 π m =

= 314.16 m

Also note that the Diameter is twice the Radius: Diameter = 2 × Radius

And so this is also true:

Circumference = 2 . π . Radius

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8. AREA OF PLANE SHAPES.

FIGURE FIGURE
AREA AREA
SQUARE PARELLELOGRAM

A = a2 A=B·h

RECTANGLE TRAPEZIUM

A=B·h (B+b) ∙h
A=
2
RHOMBUS CIRCLE
D∙ d
A=
2

A = π . R2
REGULAR CIRCULAR
POLYGON CROWN

A= A = π . (R2 – r2)

Perimeter ∙ Apothem
2
TRIANGLE CIRCULAR
SECTOR

π ∙ R2 ∙ n
A=
360
B∙h
A=
2

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9. AREAS AND VOLUMES OF 3D-SHAPES.

Total surface area is lateral area plus area of the base

Volume is area of the base by the height.

FIGURE TOTAL SURFACE AREA VOLUME

CUBE AL = 4a2
AB =a2
AT = AL + 2AB = =4a2 +2a2 = 6a2 V = a3

CUBOID AL = 2bc + 2ac

AB = ab
AT = AL + 2AB = 2bc + 2ac + 2ab V = abc

PRISM AL = PerimeterBase.h
Perimeter . apothem
AB =
2 P.a
V= ∙h
AT = AL + 2AB = PerimeterBase.( h + a) 2

PYRAMID
AL = Area of the triangles
AT = AL + AB AB ∙ h
V=
3

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CYLINDER
AL = 2πRh
AB = πR2 V = πR2h
AT = AL + 2AB = 2πRh + 2πR2
SPHERE
4 π R3
V=
A = 4πR2 3

10. EXERCICES AND PROBLEMS.

1. In the following triangles, we know the length of its sides. Say if they are right
triangles:

a) 3 cm, 4 cm y 5 cm (Yes)

b) 4 cm, 6 cm y 8 cm (No)

c) 12 cm, 16 cm y 20 cm (Yes)

2. Find length of the unknown side for each of the following right triangles. If the
result is not exact, express it as a decimal number (round to hundredth):

Sol: 85 cm Sol: 25 m

Sol: 19.3 dm Sol: 16.7 m

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3. The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle measure 50 cm and the height
perpendicular to its uneven side is 38 cm. Find the length of its base. Sol: 65 cm
4. We know that one diagonal of a rhombus is 80 cm and the length of its sides is 62
cm. Calculate the length of the other diagonal. Sol: 94.74 cm
5. Calculate the length of the sides of a rhombus with known diagonals of d = 48 cm
and d’= 20 cm. Sol: 26 cm

6. Find the length of the unknown sides of the trapezium.

a) c)
Sol: 48 cm Sol: 5 cm

b) d)

Sol: 20 cm Sol: 17 cm
7. A box of chocolate has a triangular prism form. The base has form of an
equilateral triangle whose side is 10 cm. The height of the box is 25 cm.
Calculate the lateral area, the total surface area and the volume of the box. Sol:
AL = 750 cm2, AB = 43.3 cm2, AT = 836.6 cm2, V = 1082.5 cm3
8. We need to build a box with a lid whose base is rectangular and which measures
2 cm wide by 30 cm long and has a height of 10 cm. How much cardboard do
we need? Calculate the volume of the box. Sol: We need 760 cm 2 of cardboard.
The volume of the box is 600 cm3.

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9. Unfold a hexahedron (cube) whose edge is 3 cm long. Calculate its area and its
volume. Sol: A = 54 cm2, V = 27 cm3.
10. Calculate the total surface area and the volume of the following prism:

Sol: A = 475.2 cm2, V = 748.8 cm3

11. What is the surface area and volume of the cuboid (rectangular prism)?
Calculate the sides, the area and the volume in cm. Sol: A = 184 in2, V = 160 in3
The sides are 20.32 cm, 12.7 cm, 10.16 cm.

12. Find the surface area and the volume of a right, regular pyramid with a hexagon
at the base, if the base edge has length 6 cm and the side edge has length 12 cm.
Sol: A = 302.76 cm2, V = 324.17 cm3
13. Find the surface area and the volume of this square prism. Sol: A=336 u2, V=396
u3

14. What is the total surface area and the volume of a cylinder with a height of 15
cm and a base perimeter of 50.27 cm? Sol: A =1156.17 cm2, V= 3015.9 cm3
15. Calculate the total surface area and the volume of the following figure:
Sol: A =51.84 cm2, V=28.28 cm3

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16. Calculate the lateral surface area, the total surface area and the volume of a cone
whose height is 4 cm long and the radius of the base is 3 cm long.
Sol: A=75.39 cm2, V=37.69 cm3
17. Calculate the total surface area and volume of a sphere inscribed in a cylinder of
2 m height. Sol: A=12.57 m2, V=4.19 m3
18. Find the total surface area and volume of this cone. Sol: A=126.29 cm 2,
V=93.86 cm3

19. Find the total surface area and the volume of a spherical balloon with radius 2.5
feet. Sol: A=78.54 feet2, V=65.45 feet3
20. Calculate the total surface area and the volume of a cone whose slant height is
14 cm long and the radius of the base is 7 cm long. Sol: A=461.82 cm 2,
V=621.92 cm3
21. Calculate the total surface area and the volume of the following figure. Sol:
A=150.8 cm2, V=75.41cm3

22. How many litres contain:

a) 20 dm3 Sol: 20 litres
b) 6 m3 Sol: 6000 litres
c) 7.49 m3 Sol: 7490 litres
d) 178.82 cm3 Sol: 0.17882 litres
23. Find the total surface area and the volume of this triangular prism, with:
a = 10 cm, b = 3 cm, c = 2.8 cm and d = 2.8 cm. Sol: A=93.08 cm2, V=35.4 cm3

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24. Find the volume of this rectangular pyramid, with base = 10 cm by 9 cm;
height = 25 cm. Sol: V= 750 cm3

25. Calculate the total surface area and the volume of a cone. The perpendicular
height is 15 cm long and the radius is 8 cm long. Sol: A=628.32 cm 2,
V=1005.3 cm3
26. Calculate the total surface area and the volume of a sphere whose radius is 8 cm
long. Sol: A = 804.25 cm2, V = 2144.66 cm3
27. A thin cylindrical tube is 2 metres long and has a diameter of 4.6 cm. Calculate
its total surface area and its volume. Sol: A = 62.14 cm2, V = 33.25 cm3
28. A cylindrical container holds 8.5 litres of liquid when full. The height of the
container is 24 cm. Calculate the radius of its base. Sol: r = 10.62 cm
29. A cone has a volume of 200 cm3. The radius of the base is 4 cm. Calculate the
perpendicular height of the cone. Sol: h = 3.98 cm
30. The diagram shows a wooden block that has a hole drilled in it. The diameter of
the hole is 2 cm. Calculate the total surface area and the volume of this solid.
Sol: A = 199.43 cm2, V = 125.15 cm3

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31. A concrete beam is to rest on two concrete pillars. The beam is a cuboid with
sides of lengths 0.5 m, 3 m and 0.4 m. The pillars have diameter 0.4 m and
height 2 m. Calculate the total surface area and the volume of concrete needed to
make the beam and the pillars. Round your answer to level of accuracy. Sol: A =
11.08 m2, V = 1.1 m3

32. The diagram shows an igloo which consists of a

hemispherical shell of outside radius 2 m and inside
radius 1.8 m. What is the volume of the walls of the igloo? Sol: V = 4.55 m3

11. SELF EVALUATION.

1. Calculate the length of the sides of a rhombus with known diagonals of

d = 48 cm and d’= 20 cm. Sol: 26 cm
2. If all six angles in a hexagon are the same, how many degrees is each angle? Sol:
120º

3. Mary Jane is taking a cylindrical can of punch to the church picnic. If the
diameter is 6 inches and the can stands 10 inches tall, what is the total cubic
inches of the can? Sol: V = 282.74 in. What is the total surface area? Sol: A =
245.04 in2

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4. The length of the circumference in this hemisphere is 8π cm. What is its
volume? Sol: V = 134.04 cm3. What is the total surface area? Sol: A = 100.53
cm2

5. Calculate the total surface area and the volume of the following figure:

Sol: A = 25.13 cm2 , V = 5.93 cm3

6. Calculate the total surface area and the volume of the following figure:

Sol: A = 28.28 cm2, V = 8.38 cm3

7. Calculate the total surface area and the volume of a hexagonal regular prism
with a height of 6 cm. The side of the base is 3 cm long. Sol: A = 154.8 cm 2,
V = 140.4 cm3
8. How tall is a cylinder with a radius of 21 m and a volume of 9166π m3?
9. A cylindrical aluminium can contains 330 ml of cola.
a) If the can's diameter is 6 cm what is the can's height?
b) If the can's height was 10 cm what would the can's diameter have to be?
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c) Which of these two cans uses the least aluminium?
10. A right triangle with sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm is rotated the side of 3 cm to
form a cone. What is the volumen of the cone?

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