MAQUINARIA ELÉCTRICA II

ELEG 1009
UNIDAD 1.3 – MAQUINA DE INDUCCIÓN – CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE
AGENDA

• 1. Máquinas asíncronas o de inducción

• 1.1. Características constructivas y cálculo de arrollamientos
• 1.2. Campos magnéticos rotativos y fuerza electromotriz inducida
• 1.3. Circuito equivalente de la máquina polifásica de inducción
• 1.4. Cálculo de potencia, par y curvas normalizadas
• 1.5. Pruebas y diagrama de círculo para determinación de parámetros
• 1.6. Arranques y control de motores de inducción en sus diferentes modos de
operación
18/6/19 2
• Las diapositivas son tomadas
del libro Principles of electric
• Machines

• PC SEN.

18/6/19 3
1.3. CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE LA MÁQUINA
POLIFÁSICA DE INDUCCIÓN – MODOS DE OPERACIÓN
– ROTOR DETENIDO
• Let us consider a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine with the rotor
circuit left open- circuited.
• If the three-phase stator windings are connected to a three-phase supply, a
rotating magnetic field will be produced in the air gap.
• The field rotates at synchronous speed ns
• This rotating field induces voltages in both stator and rotor windings at the
same frequency f1. The magnitudes of these voltages

18/6/19 4
1.3. CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE LA MÁQUINA
POLIFÁSICA DE INDUCCIÓN – MODOS DE OPERACIÓN
– ROTOR DETENIDO

• The winding factors KW1 and KW2 for the stator and rotor windings are normally
the same. Thus,

18/6/19 5
 1.3. CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE LA MÁQUINA
POLIFÁSICA DE INDUCCIÓN – MODOS DE OPERACIÓN
–DESFASADOR
• Notice that the rotor can be held in such a position
that the axes of the corresponding phase windings in
the stator and the rotor make an angle β (Fig. 5.8a).
In such a case, the induced voltage in the rotor
winding will be phase-shifted from that of the stator
winding by the angle β (Figs. 5.8b and 5.8c). Thus, a
stationary wound-rotor induction machine can be used
as a phase shifter. By turning the rotor mechanically,
a phase shift range of 360 degrees can be achieved.

18/6/19 6
 1.3. CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE LA MÁQUINA
POLIFÁSICA DE INDUCCIÓN – MODOS DE OPERACIÓN
– REGULADOR DE INDUCCION
• The stationary polyphase induction machine can also be used as a source of variable
polyphase voltage if it is connected as an induction regulator.
• If the induced voltages E1 and E2 are of the same magnitude (i.e., identical stator and
rotor windings), the output voltage may be adjusted from zero to twice the supply
voltage.

18/6/19 7
 1.3. CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE LA MÁQUINA
POLIFÁSICA DE INDUCCIÓN – MODOS DE OPERACIÓN
– REGULADOR DE INDUCCION
• The induction regulator has the following advantages over a variable
autotransformer:
▪ A continuous stepless variation of the output voltage is possible.
▪ No sliding electrical connections are necessary.
However, the induction regulator suffers from the disadvantages of higher leakage
inductances, higher magnetizing current, and higher costs.

18/6/19 8
1.3. CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE LA MÁQUINA
POLIFÁSICA DE INDUCCIÓN – MODOS DE OPERACIÓN
– EN MOVIMIENTO
• If the stator windings are connected to a three-phase supply and the rotor
circuit is closed, the induced voltages in the rotor windings produce rotor
currents that interact with the air gap field to produce torque.
• The rotor, if free to do so, will then start rotating. According to Lenz’s law, the
rotor rotates in the direction of the rotating field such that the relative speed
between the rotating field and the rotor winding decreases.

18/6/19 9
1.3. CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE LA MÁQUINA
POLIFÁSICA DE INDUCCIÓN – MODOS DE OPERACIÓN
– EN MOVIMIENTO
• The rotor will eventually reach a steady-state speed n that is less than the
synchronous speed ns at which the stator rotating field rotates in the air gap.
It is obvious that at n = ns there will be no induced voltage and current in the
rotor circuit, and hence no torque.
• The difference between the rotor speed n and the synchronous speed ns of the
rotating field is called the slip s and is defined as

18/6/19 10
1.3. CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE LA MÁQUINA
POLIFÁSICA DE INDUCCIÓN – MODOS DE OPERACIÓN
– EN MOVIMIENTO
• If you were sitting on the rotor, you would find that the rotor was slipping
behind the rotating field by the slip RPM.

• The frequency f2 of the induced voltage and current in the rotor circuit will
correspond to this slip rpm, because this is the relative speed between the
rotating field and the rotor winding.

18/6/19 11
1.3. CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE LA MÁQUINA
POLIFÁSICA DE INDUCCIÓN – MODOS DE OPERACIÓN
– EN MOVIMIENTO
• This rotor circuit frequency f2 is also called slip frequency. The voltage
induced in the rotor circuit at slip s is

• where E2 is the induced voltage in the rotor circuit at standstill—that is, at the
stator frequency f1.
18/6/19 12
1.3. CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE LA MÁQUINA
POLIFÁSICA DE INDUCCIÓN – MODOS DE OPERACIÓN
– EN MOVIMIENTO
• The induced currents in the three-phase rotor windings also produce a rotating
field. Its speed (rpm) n2 with respect to the rotor is

18/6/19 13
O puede verse como el concepto de velocidad relativa, ns-n que es igual a sns
1.3. CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE LA MÁQUINA
POLIFÁSICA DE INDUCCIÓN – MODOS DE OPERACIÓN
– EN MOVIMIENTO
• Both the stator field and the induced rotor field rotate in the air gap at the
same synchronous speed ns. The stator magnetic field and the rotor magnetic
field are therefore stationary with respect to each other. The interaction
between these two fields can be considered to produce the torque. As the
magnetic fields tend to align, the stator magnetic field can be visualized as
dragging the rotor magnetic field.

18/6/19 14
EJEMPLO

• EXAMPLE 5.1
• A 3φ, 460 V, 100 hp, 60 Hz, four-pole induction machine delivers rated
output power at a slip of 0.05. Determine the
• (a) Synchronous speed and motor speed.
• (b) Speed of the rotating air gap field.
• (c) Frequency of the rotor circuit.

18/6/19 15
EJEMPLO
• EXAMPLE 5.1
• A 3φ, 460 V, 100 hp, 60 Hz, four-pole induction machine delivers rated
output power at a slip of 0.05. Determine the
• d) Slip rpm.
• (e) Speed of the rotor field relative to the
• (i) rotor structure.
• (ii) stator structure.
• (iii) stator rotating field.
• (f) Rotor induced voltage at the operating speed, if the stator-to-rotor turns
ratio is 1:0.5. 18/6/19 16
MAQUINA DE INDUCCIÓN - MODOS DE
OPERACIÓN – MOTOR – GENERADOR – FRENO

18/6/19 17
CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE

• The preceding sections have provided an appreciation of the physical

behavior of the induction machine. We now proceed to develop an equivalent
circuit model that can be used to study and predict the performance of the
induction machine with reasonable accuracy. In this section, a steady-state
per-phase equivalent circuit will be derived.

18/6/19 18
 DEVANADO ESTATÓRICO

• The stator winding can be represented as shown in Fig. 5.13a, where

• V1 = per-phase terminal voltage
R1=per-phase stator winding resistance
L1 = per-phase stator leakage inductance
• E1=per-phase induced voltage in the stator winding
• Lm = per-phase stator magnetizing inductance
• Rc =per-phase stator core loss resistance
18/6/19 19
DEVANADO ESTATÓRICO

• Note that there is no difference in form between this equivalent circuit and
that of the trans- former primary winding.
• The difference lies only in the magnitude of the parameters.
• For example, the excitation current Iφ is considerably larger in the induction
machine because of the air gap.

18/6/19 20
DEVANADO ESTATÓRICO

• In induction machines it is as high as 30 to 50 percent of the rated current,

depending on the motor size, whereas it is only 1 to 5 percent in transformers.
• Moreover, the leakage reactance X1 is larger because of the air gap, and
also because the stator and rotor windings are distributed along the
periphery of the air gap rather than concentrated on a core, as in the
transformer.

18/6/19 21
CIRCUITO ROTÓRICO
• The rotor equivalent circuit at slip s is shown in Fig. 5.13b, where
• E2 = per-phase induced voltage in rotor at standstill (i.e., at stator frequency
f1)
• R2 = per-phase rotor circuit resistance
L2 = per-phase rotor leakage inductance

18/6/19 22
CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE REFERIDO AL ESTATOR

18/6/19 23
FORMULAS DERIVADAS DEL CIRCUITO
EQUIVALENTE

18/6/19 24
• Equation 5.44 indicates that of the total power input to the rotor (i.e., power
crossing the air gap, Pag), a fraction s is dissipated in the resistance of the
rotor circuit (known as rotor copper loss), and the fraction 1−s is converted
into mechanical power. Therefore, for efficient operation of the induction
machine, it should operate at a low slip so that more of the air gap power is
converted into mechanical power. Part of the mechanical power will be lost to
overcome the windage and friction. The remainder of the mechanical power
will be available as output shaft power.

18/6/19 25
EJEMPLO

• EXAMPLE 5.2
• A 3φ, 15 hp, 460 V, four-pole, 60 Hz, 1728 rpm induction motor delivers full
output power to a load connected to its shaft. The windage and friction loss of
the motor is 750 W. Determine the
• (a) Mechanical power developed.
• (b) Air gap power.
• (c) Rotor copper loss.
18/6/19 26
CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE APROXIMADO

18/6/19 27
IEEE-RECOMMENDED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

18/6/19 28
CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE THEVENIN

18/6/19 29
 PRÓXIMA CLASE
• Resolver los problemas

18/6/19 30
NO-LOAD TEST, BLOCKED-ROTOR TEST,
AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

• The parameters of the equivalent circuit, Rc, Xm, R1, X1, X2, and R2, can be
determined from the results of a no-load test, a blocked-rotor test, and
measurement of the dc resistance of the stator winding.
• The no-load test on an induction machine, like the open-circuit test on a
transformer, gives information about exciting current and rotational losses.
• This test is performed by applying balanced polyphase voltages to the stator
windings at the rated frequency.
18/6/19 31
NO-LOAD TEST, BLOCKED-ROTOR TEST,
AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

• The rotor is kept uncoupled from any mechanical load. The small power loss in
the machine at no load is due to the core loss and the friction and windage
loss. The total rotational loss at the rated voltage and frequency under load is
usually considered to be constant and equal to its value at no load.

18/6/19 32
• The blocked-rotor test on an induction machine, like the short-circuit test on a
trans- former, gives information about leakage impedances. In this test the
rotor is blocked so that the motor cannot rotate, and balanced polyphase
voltages are applied to the stator terminals.
• The blocked-rotor test should be performed under the same conditions of
rotor current and frequency that will prevail in the normal operating
conditions.

18/6/19 33
• For example, if the performance characteristics in the normal running condition
(i.e., low-slip region) are required, the blocked-rotor test should be performed
at a reduced voltage and rated current.
• The frequency also should be reduced because the rotor effective resistance
and leakage inductance at the reduced frequency (corresponding to lower
values of slip) may differ appreciably from their values at the rated
frequency.

18/6/19 34
• The IEEE recommends a frequency of 25 percent of the rated frequency for
the blocked- rotor test. The leakage reactances at the rated frequency can
then be obtained by considering that the reactance is proportional to
frequency. However, for normal motors of less than 20-hp rating, the effects
of frequency are negligible, and the blocked-rotor test can be performed
directly at the rated frequency.

18/6/19 35
EJERCICIO

18/6/19 36
18/6/19 37
RELACIONES DE POTENCIA Y PAR MOTOR.-
EQUILIBRIO DE POTENCIA
$
𝑟#
𝐸#$ = 𝐼#$ ⋅ + 𝑗 ⋅ 𝐼#$ ⋅ 𝑥#$
𝑠
∗
• Multiplico ambos lados por: 𝑚. ⋅ 𝐼#$

∗ # # 𝑟#$
𝑚. ⋅ 𝐸#$ ⋅ 𝐼#$ − 𝑚. ⋅ 𝑗 ⋅ 𝐼#$ ⋅ 𝑥#$ = 𝑚. ⋅ 𝐼#$ ⋅
2
Potencia compleja Potencia reactiva de Potencia activa del rotor ó
Potencia total del los flujos de dispersión 𝑃23456789:3;6:96
Secundario (activa del secundario
y reactiva)

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 38

 Porque la tensión y corriente
# 𝑟#$ En el rotor son inducidas por
𝑃23456789:3;6:96 = 𝑚. ⋅ 𝐼#$ ⋅ [𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠]
𝑠 El flujo giratorio

Calor en el arrollamiento del rotor 𝑃4C23D9237ECF3::6GG3E3 del rotor

Pérdidas por efecto Joule
Pérdidas eléctricas

#
𝑃CGé2;:923F = 𝑚. ⋅ 𝐼#$ ⋅ 𝑟#$ = 𝑚# ⋅ 𝐼## ⋅ 𝑟# [𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠]
• Por tanto las pérdidas eléctricas:
# 𝑟#$ # # 1−𝑠
𝑃4C23D9237ECF3::6GG3E3 = 𝑃289: − 𝑃C = 𝑚. ⋅ 𝐼#$ ⋅ − 𝑚. ⋅ 𝐼#$ ⋅ 𝑟#$ = 𝑚. ⋅ 𝐼#$ ⋅ 𝑟#$ ⋅
𝑠 𝑠
FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 39
 𝑃C = 𝑠 ⋅ 𝑃289:

𝑃47ECF3::6GG3E3 = 1 − 𝑠 ⋅ 𝑃289:

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 40

 PAR

• Esto es: el par motor desarrollado del motor polifásico de inducción es

directamente proporcional a la potencia del campo giratorio.
UVWXY \3;96F Uf`V \3;96F
𝑇= Z[ Y]^X]_`[ 𝑇4C2 = Zf Y]^X]_`[ = [𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 ⋅ 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜]
[`Wa_^b[ [`Wa_^b[

7.04 7.04
𝑇CD;:CK9C::6 = ⋅ 𝑃289: [𝑙𝑏 − 𝑝𝑖𝑒] 𝑇ECF3::6GG3E6 = ⋅ 𝑃4ECF [𝑙𝑏 − 𝑝𝑖𝑒]
𝑛F 𝑛

𝑛 = 1 − s ⋅ ne
FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 41
𝑟𝑎𝑑 30
𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 𝜔 ⋅
𝑠 𝜋
 $
7.04 # 𝑟#
𝑇ECF = ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅ 𝐼#$ ⋅ [𝑙𝑏 − 𝑝𝑖𝑒] Pmdes
𝑛F 𝑠
7.04 $#
1−𝑠 $
𝑇ECF = ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅ 𝐼# ⋅ ⋅ 𝑟# [𝑙𝑏 − 𝑝𝑖𝑒]
1 − 𝑠 ⋅ 𝑛F 𝑠
$
7.04 # #𝑟 n 𝑉.
𝑇ECF = ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅ 𝐼#$ ⋅ 𝐼#$ =
𝑛F 𝑠 #
# 𝑟#$
𝑟. + 𝑠 + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #

7.04 𝑉.# 𝑟#$

𝑇ECF = ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅ $ #
⋅ [𝑙𝑏 − 𝑝𝑖𝑒]
𝑛F 𝑟# 𝑠
𝑟.# + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 𝑠 42
PAR MÁXIMO

• Dado que el par varia con el deslizamiento, si se desea obtener el valor

máximo de par, se debe derivar la función con respecto al deslizamiento,
𝑑𝑇ECF 𝑥 𝑡 𝑥$ ⋅ 𝑦 − 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦$
=0 𝐷; =
𝑦(𝑡) 𝑦#
𝑑𝑠
𝑟#$
𝑑𝑇ECF 7.04 #
𝑑 𝑠
= ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅ 𝑉. ⋅ #
𝑑𝑠 𝑛F 𝑑𝑠 𝑟 $

FERNANDO VACA, MSC.

𝑟.# + 𝑠# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
43
 PAR MÁXIMO 𝑟#$
𝑑𝑇ECF 7.04 𝑑 𝑠
= ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅ 𝑉.# ⋅ #
𝑑𝑠 𝑛F 𝑑𝑠 𝑟#$
𝑟. + 𝑠 + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #

# #
𝑑 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 𝑑 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$
⋅ 𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # − 𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # ⋅
𝑑𝑇ECF 7.04 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
= ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅ 𝑉.# ⋅ # =0
𝑑𝑠 𝑛F 𝑟#$
#
𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
𝑠

# #
𝑑𝑇ECF 𝑑 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 𝑑 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$
= ⋅ 𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # − 𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # ⋅ =0
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 44

 PAR MÁXIMO
# #
𝑑𝑇ECF 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 𝑑 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$
=− #⋅ 𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
− 𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
⋅ =0
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

# #
𝑑𝑇ECF 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 𝑑 𝑟#
$
𝑟#
$
𝑟#$
=− #⋅ 𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
− 𝑟.# + 2 ⋅ 𝑟. ⋅ + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
⋅ =0
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

# #
𝑑𝑇ECF 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 𝑑 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$
=− #⋅ 𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
− 2 ⋅ 𝑟. ⋅ + ⋅ =0
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

# #
𝑑𝑇ECF 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$
=− #⋅ 𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
− 2 ⋅ 𝑟. ⋅ − # − 2 ⋅ r ⋅ = 0
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 45

 PAR MÁXIMO
# #
𝑑𝑇ECF 1 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 1
= #⋅ 𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
+ 2 ⋅ 𝑟. ⋅ − − 2 ⋅ # ⋅ # = 0 Divido para -r2’
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

# #
𝑑𝑇ECF 𝑟#$ 𝑟#
$
𝑟#
$
Divido para 1/s^2
= 𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # − 2 ⋅ 𝑟. ⋅ − 2 ⋅ # = 0
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

# #
𝑑𝑇ECF 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 𝑟$ 𝑟$
#−2⋅𝑟 ⋅ #−2⋅ # =0 El deslizamiento
= 𝑟. + 2 ⋅ 𝑟. ⋅ + # + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$
#
.
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠# con el cual se produce
el par máximo, depende
#
𝑑𝑇ECF 𝑟$
#− # =0 de la resistencia rotórica
= 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$
𝑑𝑠 𝑠#
# #
𝑑𝑇ECF 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$ 𝑟#$
= # = 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # → = 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # → 𝑠t4áv = ±
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 46
 PAR MÁXIMO
7.04 𝑉.# 𝑟#$
𝑇4áv = ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅ # ⋅ [𝑙𝑏 − 𝑝𝑖𝑒]
𝑛F 𝑟#$ 𝑠t43v
𝑟. + + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
𝑠t43v
7.04 𝑉.#
𝑇4áv = ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅ # ⋅ 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
𝑛F
𝑟. + 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #

7.04 𝑉.# ⋅ 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #

𝑇4áv = ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅
𝑛F 𝑟.# + 2 ⋅ 𝑟. ⋅ 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # + 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #

7.04 𝑉.# ⋅ 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #

𝑇4áv = ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅
𝑛F 2 ⋅ 𝑟.# + 2 ⋅ 𝑟. ⋅ 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # + 2 ⋅ 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 47

 PAR MÁXIMO COMO MOTOR Y COMO
GENERADOR (S<0)
7.04 𝑉.# ⋅ 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
𝑇4áv = ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅
𝑛F 2 ⋅ 𝑟. ⋅ 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # + (𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # )#
3000
Par r2
Par 2r2
Par 3r2
Par 4r2

7.04 𝑉.#
2000

𝑇4áv = ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅ Motor
𝑛F 2 ⋅ 𝑟. + 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ #
1000

Par Electromagnetico Nm
0

-1000

7.04 𝑉.#
𝑇4áv = ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅ Generador
𝑛F
-2000

2⋅ 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # − 𝑟.
-3000
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Deslizamiento s

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 48

 TEOREMA DE MÁXIMA TRANSFERENCIA DE
POTENCIA APLICADO
• El par será máximo cuando la potencia entregada a r2’/s sea máxima.
• Aplicando el teorema de máxima transferencia de potencia tenemos que será
máxima cuando,
𝜕𝑃23456789:3;6:96
# 𝑟#$ =0
𝑃23456789:3;6:96 = ⋅ 𝐼#$ ⋅ [𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠] 𝜕𝑠
𝑠

𝑉;K 𝑟#$ #
𝐼#$ = = 𝑟;K + 𝑥;K + 𝑥#$ #
𝑠
#
𝑟#$
𝑟;K + + 𝑥;K + 𝑥#$ #
𝑠
𝒓$𝟐
𝒔𝒎á𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂 =
FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 49
𝒓𝟐𝒕𝒉 + 𝒙𝒕𝒉 + 𝒙$𝟐 𝟐
POTENCIA MÁXIMA
#
𝑚. ⋅ 𝑉;K
𝑃;:3DFˆC:CD293 4áv943 =
#
2 ⋅ 𝑟;K + 𝑟;K + 𝑥;K + 𝑥#$ #

7.04 𝑉.# No depende de la

𝑇4áv = ⋅ 𝑚. ⋅ resistencia del circuito
𝑛F 2 ⋅ 𝑟. + 𝑟.# + 𝑥. + 𝑥#$ # rotórico, y si en cambio
de la reactancia.

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 50

CURVAS NORMALIZADAS PAR - DESLIZAMIENTO

• Para simplificar la expresión de par, muchas veces se usa una relación,

𝑇 𝑠 𝑥. + 𝑥#$
𝑦 𝑄=
𝑇4áv946 𝑠4áv946 𝑟.
𝑇 1 + 𝑄# + 1
=
𝑇4áv946 1 𝑠 𝑠
1 + ⋅ 𝑄# + 1 ⋅ ( + 4áv )
2 𝑠4áv 𝑠

• Haciendo una relación similar para 𝐼#$

#
𝐼#$ 1+ 𝑄# +1 + 𝑄#
=
𝐼#$ Šfá‹ 𝑠 #
1 + 4áv ⋅ 𝑄# + 1 + 𝑄#
FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 𝑠 51
CURVAS NORMALIZADAS PAR - DESLIZAMIENTO

• La mayoría de los motores de inducción tienen una relación X/R “Q” entre 3 y
7.
• Cuando r1 es igual a cero, Q tiende a infinito, luego: 𝑇 2
= 𝑠 𝑠4áv
𝑇 1 + 𝑄# + 1 𝑇4áv946 +
= 𝑠4áv 𝑠
𝑇4áv946 1 𝑠 𝑠
1 + ⋅ 𝑄# + 1 ⋅ ( + 4áv )
2 𝑠4áv 𝑠

# 𝐼#$ 2
1 + 𝑄# + 1 + 𝑄# =
𝐼#$ 𝐼#$ Šfá‹ 𝑠4áv #
= +1
𝐼#$ Šfá‹ 𝑠 # 𝑠
1 + 4áv ⋅ 𝑄# + 1 + 𝑄#
𝑠
FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 52
FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 53
FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 54
 TAREA 01 - PRÓXIMA
2500
Par r2
SEMANA:
Par 2r2
Par 3r2

•
Par 4r2
2000
Reproducir la curva mostrada en Matlab,
eligiendo los datos que usted considere
Par Electromagnetico Nm

1500
pertinentes
1000
• MAQUINA TIPO A
• MAQUINA TIPO B
500 • MAQUINA TIPO C
• MAQUINA TIPO D
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Deslizamiento s

TRABAJO AUTONOMO

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 55

 3000
Par r2
Par 2r2
Par 3r2
Par 4r2

𝑛 > 𝑛F
2000

1000
𝑛F − 𝑛
𝑠=
Par Electromagnetico Nm

0
𝑛F

-1000
𝑠<0
-2000

-3000
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Deslizamiento s

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 56

DIAGRAMA DE CIRCULO DEL MOTOR DE
INDUCCIÓN
• Ahora que se tiene el circuito equivalente del motor de inducción,
• Podemos recurrir de momento al circuito aproximado,

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 57

 DIAGRAMA DE CIRCULO DEL MOTOR DE
INDUCCIÓN
• Pero antes, realicemos unos pequeños análisis con la finalidad de entender de
forma fácil este tema a veces complicado llamado diagrama de circulo.

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 58

DIAGRAMA DE CIRCULO DEL MOTOR DE
INDUCCIÓN
• Ahora si lo aplicamos a un motor de inducción:

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 59

DIAGRAMA DE CIRCULO DEL MOTOR DE
INDUCCIÓN
• Descripción de las zonas o partes del circulo.
• Zona de deslizamiento negativo
• Zona de frenado
• Zona del lugar geométrico de la corriente

• Ejemplo con la corriente de magnetización, parte activa Ih+f.

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 60

ANÁLISIS
DEL
DIAGRAMA
DE CIRCULO

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 61

ANÁLISIS
DEL
DIAGRAMA
DE CIRCULO,
PARA
PUNTO G
DE
FUNCIONA
MIENTO

FERNANDO VACA, MSC. 62

REFERENCIAS

• [1] Sen, P. C. (2007). Principles of electric machines and power electronics. John
Wiley & Sons.

18/6/19 63