Chronology December 16, 1961-March 15, 1962

Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Spring, 1962), pp. 184-214
Published by: Middle East Institute
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 CHRONOLOGY
December 16, 1961-March 15, 1962
General
1961
Dec. 16: A group of 34 Afro-Asiannations tabled a
draft resolution in the UN General Assembly's
Political Committeecalling on Franceand the Al-
gerian ProvisionalGovernmentto resume negotia-
tions with a view to implementingAlgeria's "right
to self-determinationand independence."
Dec. 19: The Afro-Asianresolution on Algeria was
approvedby a vote of 61 in favor to none against,
with 34 abstentionsand 9 delegations absent, it
was reportedin the UN.
Dec. 29: From the headquartersof the UN Econo-
nomic Commissionfor Africa in Addis Ababacame
a report that a new proposalfor creatingan Afri-
can Development Bank has been drawn up and
will be consideredby the Commissionat its next
sessionin February1962.
1962
Jan. 5: A 3-man Pakistani oil delegation, led by
H. H. Zuberi, Secretaryto the Ministry of Fuel,
Power and Natural Resources,left Karachifor a
3-week tour of the Middle East and Italy. Zuberi
said that the mission intendedto establishcontacts
and study the situation in the Middle East petro-
leum industry. In Italy it will sieek further aid
for Pakistan'soil industry.
Jan. 10: The Islamic Congress, which opened in
Jerusalemon January4, ended its conference. A
number of resolutionswere passed, including one
that the Palestine question was "an Islamic cause
which concerns every Muslim and is foremost
among all Islamic issues." The congress urged
Arab governmentsto end their radio campaigns
against each other and assertedAlgeria's right to
full independence,including the Sahara.
Jan. 17: The EuropeanConsultativeAssembly,meet-
ing in Strasbourg,was reported to have unani-
mously approved a resolution protesting against
the detentionand trial in Cairo of 4 Frenchdiplo-
mats. In Geneva, the InternationalCommissionof
Jurists announcedthat it had not decided to send
an observerto the trial becauseit had receivedno
184
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assurancefrom the Egyptian governmentthat he
would be grantedfull facilities.
Ian. 19: The UAR joined Libya,Tunisia and Moroc-
co in boycottingthe African Congress, scheduled
for the 25th of January,becausethe AlgerianPro-
visional Governmentwas not invited, it was re-
ported.
Jan. 23: King Hlasanof Moroccoannouncedthe crea-
tion of a Moroccan-Algeriancommission at the
ministeriallevel to set up a structurefor a "United
ArabMaghrib."
-Jan. 24: The headquartersof the Middle East Asso-
ciation (M.E.A.) was formallyopenedby the Brit-
ish Foreign Secretary,Lord Home, in the presence
of Arab ambassadorsin Londonand leading busi-
nessmenand bankers. The M.E.A. was formed in
July 1960 by 48 British companies,with interests
in the Middle East,with the objectof providingan
informal meeting place for their representatives
with businessmenand government officials from
the Middle East.
Jan. 25: The Moroccan and Algerian Provisional
GovernmentMinisters of Informationannounced
the appointmentof 7 ministerswho will form the
United Arab Maghrib commission. The members
are: Karim Bi1qasim,Lakhdaribn Tubal and Mu-
hammadYazid, of Algeria; Amad Ridd Gadira,
'Abd al-Karimal-Khatib,'Alal al-Fasi and Mawlay
Ahmadal-'Alawi,of Morocco.
Feb. 1: Military experts from Ghana, Guinea, Mali,
Morocco, the UAR and the Algerian Provisional
Government(Casablancapowers) met in Marra-
kesh to complete plans for a joint African high
command,it was reported. Their work will be
submittedfor approvalby the heads of state at a
meeting to be held in Casablancaon February26.
Feb. 7: The AustralianInformationBureau in Lon-
don said that Indonesia had replaced the Middle
East as the main supplier of oil for Australia's
refineries.
Feb. 8: The Ford Foundationannouncedan increase
of nearly 2/3 in its annual assistanceto less de-
veloped countries, including grants for develop-
ments in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon,the UAR and Tur-
key.
Feb. 17: At the invitation of the Jordaniangovern-
ment, Arab League secretary general 'Abd al-
 CHRONOLOGY
Khiliq lIassiunahwas reported to have discussed
in Amman possible ways of joint Arab action
against Israel's proposed diversion of the Jordan
River.
Feb. 19: The UN EconomicCommissionfor Africa
began a conferencein Addis Ababa. Thirty-three
membercountries,except South Africa, attended.
Feb. 23: 'Abd al-Khaliq H{assiinaharrivedin Beirut
and began talks with the governmentafter similar
discussionsin Ammanand Damascuson the Jordan
River question.
Feb. 26: The ArabLeagueCouncilmet to explorethe
possibilityof holding an emergencymeeting of the
Arab Defense Council on the Jordan River ques-
tion, it was reportedin Cairo. All members,ex-
cept Iraq, were present.
Afar. 3: Syria asked the SecurityCouncil to circulate
a letter complainingthat Israel's plan to channel
the waters of Lake Tiberiaswas a threat to peace.
Afar. 4: After a meeting with Walter Weber, West
German Ambassador in Cairo, 'Abd al-Khaliq
Hassainahsaid he had drawn to Weber's attention
a recommendation by the Arab LeagueCouncillast
August that member states should make efforts
through diplomaticchannelsto preventIsrael from
joining the EuropeanCommonMarket.
A spokesmanfor the Arab League disclosed in
Cairo that the League's Economic Council will
meet in Cairo on March 24 to discuss the estab-
lishment of an Arab common market, ratification
of an Arab economic unity agreement and the
strengtheningof Arab trade exchanges.'
Mar. 8: A conference,allegedly jointly sponsoredby
Yugoslavia and the UAR, to consider problems
raised by the EuropeanCommon Market will be
held this summer. It was believed the nonaligned
countrieswill attend.
Mar. 10: Jordanian Prime Minister Wasfi al-Tall
suggested that the Arab League Council meeting
to be held in Riyadhon March 31, should be rep-
resented by heads of state rather than by their
foreign ministersas intendedearlier.
Mar. 11: The first Congress of the Arab Medical
Union ended today after deciding "in principle"
to form an Arab health organizationsimilar to the
WHO.
Mar. 12: Rose al-Ytisif said that President Nasir
would address himself to the Arab peoples only
and challenged other rulers to do the same. The
statementwas made in referenceto the proposed
Arab League Council meeting.
Mar. 13: Syria was reported to have warned Euro-
pean CommonMarketmembersagainstthe "serious
consequences"of Israel's admissioninto the com-
munity.
Mar. 14: 'Abd al-KhaliqIHassuinah said that members
of the European Common Market have received
individual warnings from Arab states against the
contemplatedadmissionof Israel.
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185
Mar. 15: The ArabLeague'sIsraelboycottconference,
attended by all Arab states, except Iraq, was
opened in Khartum.
Aden
1962
Jan. lo: The Arab Federationof PetroleumWorkers
has given ?1,000 sterlingfor the relief of 11 mem-
bers of the BP RefineryWorkers'Union jailed for
6 weeks on December30, 1961 for taking part in
an illegal strike, it was announcedin Aden. The
case was reportedto have been referredto the ILO.
Anwar Salamah,presidentof the Confederationof
Arab Trade Unions, who had come to Aden to
collect more information,condemnedthe industrial
relationsordinance,under which the men had been
sentenced,as "imperialisticlegislation designed to
suppressthe Arab working class in Aden."
Jan. 11: It was announcedin the Official Gazette
that GovernorSir CharlesJohnstonhas appointed
a commissionof inquiryto investigateAden muni-
cipalityaffairs,following public criticismand press
allegations of "malpracticesand corruption." The
commissionwill be headedby JusticeE. G. Bland-
ford. The Local Government Minister, Hasan
'Ali Bayami, urged counsellorsand the public to
cooperatewith the commission.
Jan. 25: Pan American International,the Standard
Indiana subsidiarywhich recentlywon an oil con-
cession in Hadhramaut,was reportedto be prepar-
ing to start exploration drilling operationsin its
concessionarea. Under its agreementwith the 2
Hadhramisultanates,Pan Americanis obligatedto
commenceexplorationdrilling within 6 months of
the signing of the agreement.
The Mahri Sultan of Qishn and Socotrawas re-
ported to be preparingto pay an official visit to
Aden. It was believed in Mukallahthat the visit
may be related to the Sultan'sclaim (reportedon
December 14, 1961) to the Thamud, Sanau and
Habarut areas, where Pan American has an oil
concession. It will be recalledthat the Qu'aytiand
Kathiri sultanateshad agreed in September1959
that the Qu'aytis were to have 2/3 of the profits
from any oil which may be discoveredin those
areas and the other third for the Kathirls.
Jan. 28: Nine tribal chiefs sentencedto death by the
special tribunalset up in Mukallahlast December
were released on bail, it was reported in Aden.
The chiefs, with 2 others also sentencedto death,
were accusedof complicityin the Bedouinuprising
of July and August last year.
Feb. 19: The commissionset up last monthto inquire
into alleged municipal malpracticesbegan its 3rd
week of inquirywhen it heard 20 more witnesses.
At earlier hearingsit was reportedto have learned
that the Presidentof the MunicipalCouncil,Hasan
186 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Isma'il Khan, allegedly offered bribesto obtainhis
election.
Feb. 28: The British Colonial Secretary,answering
questionsin the House of Commons,said the presi-
dent of the Aden RefineryWorkers'Union and the
secretaryof the Technical and General Workers'
Union were imprisonedon December30, for incit-
ing strikes. Askedwhy the Aden Ministryof Labor
had assisted in the establishmentof a staff trade
union in opposition to the registeredGeneral and
Port Workers' Union, he said the Registrar of
TradeUnions had given him a certificatein accord-
ance with the law.
Mar. 10: The deputy secretarygeneral of the Aden
Trades Union Congresssaid that "tensionin Aden
could easily lead to a general strike." He disclosed
that the 5,000-strongArmed Forces Local Union
serving British armedforces was "on the verge of
a strike" and that the position in the Port Work-
ers' Union, handling 500 ships a month, "hadbeen
aggravated."
Mar. 14: Most boys, who went on a strike on Feb-
ruary 3 in sympathywith the girls who struck 3
days earlier,went back to school, stronglyguarded
by police. The girls' strike, protestingalleged dis-
criminationby a ScottishheadmistressagainstArab
girls in selecting pupils for higher education
abroad.continued.
Afghanistan
(See also, Pakistan)
1961
Dec. 17: It was reportedthat after a religious lead-
ers' jirga in Paiwarvillage a resolutionwas passed
demanding Pakistan to release Mullah Ashraf
Khan, alleged to have been arrestedby Pakistani
authoritiesfor "speecheson religious themes."
1962
Jan. 16: The new Iranianambassadorto Afghanistan,
MohammedZolfaqari, presentedhis credentialsto
the King.
Jan. 18: The governmentannouncedthe appointment
of MohammedShuaybMeskinyaras Ambassadorto
the People'sRepublicof China.
Jan. 24: The appointmentof John M. Steeves as US
Ambassador to Afghanistan was announced in
Washington.
Jan. 29: Afghan authoritiesremoveda barrieracross
the KhyberPass temporarilyto permitthe entryof
US aid goods into Afghanistan. The border will
be open for 8 weeks, under an agreementnego-
tiated by Henry A. Byroade, US Ambassadorto
Afghanistan.
Iran and Afghanistan signed a transit trade
agreement,which provides for a discount in rail-
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way freight rates for goods crossingIran, valid for
5 years, renewableautomaticallyunless 6 months
notice is given by either side.
Feb. 2: It was reported that a Soviet-Afghantrade
and paymentsagreementfor 1962 and anotherfor
Afghan imports of consumergoods in the period
1962-66 have been signed in Kabul.
Algeria
(See also, General,Lebanon,Morocco,Saudi Arabia,
Syria)
1961
Dec. 16: The Frenchmilitarysecuritychief of west-
ern Algeria, Lt. Col. Pierre Ranson,was killed in
Oran, allegedly by membersof the OAS.
Dec. 19: In Paris, it was reportedthat the French
government, the Paris police and thousands of
demonstratorscollided in street fights with right-
wing terrorists,in which more than 130 persons
were wounded.
The UN GeneralAssembly'sPolitical Committee
called on France and the Algerian nationaliststo
resumetalks to settle the war.
Dec. 26: The police in Algiers reportedthat at least
40 persons were injured and 31 killed in 3 days
of bombingsand killings by the OAS.
Dec. 27: The OAS declaredin Algiers that it would
consider any agreement between President de
Gaulle and the Algerian rebels null and void.
In Algiers and in Oran, 17 personswere killed
and 41 injured as Muslim and Europeanterror-
ists continued their attacks, it was reported in
Algiers.
Dec. 29: In a radio-televisionyear-end broadcast,
Presidentde Gaulle held out "qualifiedhopes for
an agreementon an independentAlgeria,"but, "in
any case,"he said, "the bulk of the FrenchArmyin
Algeriawill be broughthome in 1962."
At least 3 persons,including2 inhabitantsof the
Jewish quarter,were killed in Oran, minutes after
Presidentde Gaulle endedhis speech,when soldiers
firedinto a crowdof demonstrators for "FrenchAl-
geria." In Algiers, a plastic bombexplodedduring
the speech. The toll attributedto "two terrorisms"
-European and Muslim-was 18 dead, 29 injured.
Dec. 30: It was reported that violence "increased
sharply"in Algeria,following Presidentde Gaulle's
speech. At least 15 persons were killed and 21
injuredin riots and terroristattacksin Algiers and
Oran alone. Incomplete reports indicated that
"bloodshed"had also occurredin other cities.
Dec. 31: Europeansin Algiers demonstratedfor a
"FrenchAlgeria,"and some Muslims replied with
shouts of "AlgerianAlgeria." The Delegate Gen-
eral, Jean Morin, did not deliver the traditional
New Year's message, and cafes and restaurantsin
 CHRONOLOGY
Algiers and Oran were'.closed long before the
midnight curfew.
1962
Jan. 1: Three plastic bombs were exploded in Paris
near Champs-Elys&es. No one was hurt.
Jan. 2: Frenchauthoritiesin Algiers searcheda water-
front district as part of a hunt for the huge arms
cachesin Algerian cities, it was reported.
PremierYuisifibn Khida left Tunis for Rabatto
prepare for a meeting of the nationalist leaders
there next week-end.
jan.3: At least 41 personswere killed and 78 injured
in violence in Algeriancities, it was reported.
Jlat. 4: Roaul Salan reportedlyproclaimeda general
'mobilization" against an accord between France
and the Algerian nationalists. Meanwhileviolence
continued in the Algerian cities. At least 15
persons were killed, 12 of whom were Muslims.
In Rabat, Premier ibn Khida declaredthat the
purposeof his visit to Moroccowas to informKing
Hasan and his governmentof "the present condi-
tions of combat"in Algeria.
Jan. 5: It was reportedin Algiers that the OAS is
training "shocktroops for seizing key positions in
another uprising in Algeria." Violence continued
resulting in the following casualties: Algiers, 9
dead, 24 injured; Oran, 3 dead; Constantine,2
dead. In the Kerata mountainsnear Bougie, 18
Frenchsoldierswere killed in a rebel ambush,and
7 soldiers wounded.
Jan. 6: The secret talks between Franceand the Al-
gerian nationalistswere reportedto have run into
a new split allegedly owing to disagreementover
the statusof the Europeanminorityin the proposed
independentstate.
The ministersof the Algerian ProvisionalGov-
ernmentbegan a series of talks in Rabatwith King
Hasan and high Moroccanofficials to establish a
common policy for peace or a pursuit of war in
Algeria, it was reportedthere.
Jan. 7: The big Algerian cities were reinforcedwith
Frenchtroopsin an emergencymove to quell possi-
ble large-scaledisordersor an attempt at a coup
d'itat, in view of the OAS proclamationof a 2-hour
general strike tomorrowmorning.
PremierYfisif ibn Khida presidedover a major
policy meeting of his 6 ministers-in-exileat Mo-
hammedia.
Jan. 8: Algiers and Oran were reported"paralyzed"
by a 2-hour general strike staged by the OAS. No
imiajor disturbancesoccurred.
Jan. 9: Presidentde Gaulle was reportedto be deter-
mined to reach a peace accord with the Algerian
rebelsby February15.
Jan. 10: At the close of a 4-day meeting in Moham-
media, the ProvisionalGovernmentdecided on an
"all-out offensive"against the OAS. A communi-
qu6 disdosed that there had been progressin the
secret taXkswith the Frenchgovernment.
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187
Jan. 11: After a meeting of the prefects of the 13
departmentsof Algeria, presidedby Delegate Gen-
eral Jean Morin, the prefects asked the army for
reinforcementsin the cities of Algeria.
Jan. 12: Broadcastsof the OAS in Algiers ordered
Europeansand Muslims to store food "for two
months."
Jan. 15: At least 36 personsdied in communalclashes
and terrorismin Algeria's large cities, it was re-
ported. Close to 100 personswere injured.
Jan. 16: The French Minister for Algerian Affairs.
Louis Joxe, was reportedto have indicatedthat the
chances for an early cease-firein Algeria "were
improving."
Jan. 18: The nationalistCabinet,meeting in Rabat,
was reported to have canceled plans for travel
abroadin order to make an immediatedecisionon
Frenchproposalsfor a cease-fireand self-determina-
tion. A Frenchresponseto an Algerian note sent
last week was, in Algerian opinion, expected to
show whether an accord on the problemsof the
status of the Europeanminorityin an independent
Algeria and the organizationof a governmentfor
the transitionalperiod could be reached.
Jan. 19: The OAS in Algiers orderedall civilians to
cooperatewith it in a general "mobilization."An-
other directiveremindedresidentsthat anyonewho
departedfrom Algerian territory"without authori-
zation from the section commanderof the Secret
Army Organization" would be regarded as a
deserterand punishedaccordingly.
A spokesman for the French government ex-
pressed "concern and puzzlement"over the Al-
gerian move, reportedabove. He said, "I do not
believe the ProvisionalGovernmentcan be await-
ing any answeron any capitalpoint on which they
do not know in detail the Frenchposition."
Jan. 20: More terrorismwas reportedin Algeria. The
death toll was 29, 23 of whom were Muslims.
Jan. 21: It was learned that bus drivers in Algiers
had staged a strike 4 days ago demandingmilitary
protection. To date no settlementwas reached.
In all of Algeria, at least 18 persons,13 of them
Muslims,were killed today, it was reported.
Jan. 22: A bomb exploded at the French Foreign
Ministry, killing one man and injuring 13. The
OAS was blamed.
Jan. 23: The OAS urged Europeansin Algiers, Oran
and Bone to demonstratetomorrow against the
regime of President de Gaulle. All available
governmentforces were alerted to stand by from
dawn tomorrowto quell possible disorders.
Early this morning, an explosion damagedthe
liner Djebel Darah, on which a police unit com-
posed of Algerian-bornEuropeans was to have
sailed from Bone to France. The departurewas
canceled.
Jan. 25: It was reportedin Algiers that crowds of
Europeanrightists demonstratedagainst President
de Gaulle in Algiers and in Oran. At least 14
persons,including 8 Europeans,were killed.
188 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
In Paris, Premier Michel Debre told the French
people that the "full weight" of the government
would be thrown into the battle against the vio-
lence in France and in Algeria.
Jan. 27: Five Muslims and 5 Europeans were re-
ported slain in Algiers and Oran. The victims in-
cluded Emile Contant, Mayor of Alma, a town east
of Algiers.
Jan. 28: Church authorities cautioned Roman Cath-
olics in Algeria "to be wary of propaganda" of the
OAS, it was reported. The Archbishop of Algiers,
Rev. Leon-Etienne Duval, urged congregations to
pray for an end of violence. Meanwhile, in the big
cities, violence continued. Sixteen persons were
killed.
Jan. 29: A government secret service center in Algiers
was blown up, killing 18 persons and wounding 9.
lJa. 30: All units of the French army in Algeria were
reported to have been alerted for "a possible
emergency" within the next few days. The order
was given in anticipation of reports that an early
cease-fire accord between Paris and the rebels was
forthcoming.
Jan. 31: Four banks and 2 payroll messengers in
Algiers were robbed. The police said the robbers
were operating for the OAS. A similar robbery
occurred in an Oran post office. The 7 hold-ups
netted the equivalent of $130,000.
In Paris, a leader of the OAS, Philippe Castille,
was captured. Among other terrorist activities, he
was accused of having organized the "blue night"
of January 17-18 when 17 plastic bombs exploded
in the metropolitan area between 10 P.M. and 1
A.M.
In Rabat, Premier Yuisif ibn Khida warned the
OAS that their acts of violence threatened to com-
promise the future position of Europeans in
Algeria.
Feb. 1: A bomb explosion destroyed the center of a
state radio communications network in Algiers and
cut off administrative units in Algiers from Paris
and from one another. There were no injuries but
damage was reported extensive.
Feb. 2: Oran was "almost completely" cut off from
the outside world, it was reported, as violence
there continued. Railroad and port workers have
been on strike for several days; stoppages in the
post offices have slowed down mail service; a fuel
shortage paralyzed surface traffic and affected com-
mercial aviation; and the communications crisis
made it difficult to reach Oran by telephone or
telegraph.
Feb. 3: European settlers started a 2-week private
plebiscite for a "French Algeria" allegedly to "im-
press on metropolitan France" that the more than
1,000,000 Europeans in Algeria are united in their
determination to remain French.
Feb. 4: On the eve of President de Gaulle's address
to the nation on the Algerian problem, French
troops in Algeria's large cities were ordered to
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stand by for possible disorders. Meanwhile,a tele-
vision station was damaged in Constantineby a
bomb explosion. The OAS urged the public to
stay indoorsduringthe broadcast.
Scatteredincidents in Algeria caused the death
of 16 persons.
Feb. 5: Presidentde Gaulle told the nation that there
is hope for the settlement of the Algerian prob-
lem "very soon" on the basis of Algerian inde-
pendencein cooperationwith France.He reaffirmed
his decision to quell the terrorist activities in
Algeria and indicatedhe would assume dictatoria1
powers once again if necessary. Meanwhile, in
Tunis, Algerian nationalistcircleswere reportedto
have greeted the speech with "undisguisedenthu-
siasm." In Algeria, there were rightist demonstra-
tions. In Oran, the television station was blacked
out by the kidnappingof its directorand 4 otber
technicians;Europeandistrictsin Algiers and Oran
were desertedduring the speech,but soon after its
conclusion automobiles raced out through the
empty streets sounding their horns in the familiar
3 short and 2 long signals standingfor "Al-ge-rie
Fran-~aise."Europeansappearedon the balconies
and in open windows beatingpots and pans.
It was reportedin Paris that a "veryimportant'
networkin Franceof the OAS had been uncovered.
Seven personswere arrested,and documentsfound
in the apartmentthey occupied indicatedthat the
men were part of a clandestinemilitaryand civilian
networkextendingthroughoutFrance.
Feb. 6: About 40 uniformedOAS men were captured
by the Frencharmynear Jemmapes,about 50 miles
from Bbne. Meanwhile, 23 persons, 15 of whom
were Europeans,were killed in violencein Algerian
cities, it was reported.
Feb. 8: In Paris, thousands of leftists reportedly
demonstratedagainst the GAS, and fought the
police who tried to put the situationin order. No
sooner had the demonstrationbeen controlledthan
the OAS retaliated with several bomb attacks in
the city and one in the suburbs. Eight persons
were killed, and a hundredwere reportedhurt.
Feb. 10: Four ministers of the ProvisionalGovern-
ment left Tunis for Italy and Switzerlandto meet
with four French ministers who left Paris today
for the meeting.
Feb. 11: The FrenchSocialistpartyreaffirmedits de-
cision to hold nation-wide demonstrationsto-
morrow against the OAS, despite a government
warning that it would enforce the ban on such
manifestations.
In Algiers, 3,000 Frenchsoldiers and policemen
carried out a house-to-housesearch for terrorists
and weaponsin the Casbah.
The day's violence in Algeria took 19 lives, 15
of them Muslim. Yesterday'stoll was 9 persons
killed, 6 of whom were Europeans.
Feb. 13: France'sorganizedworkers laid aside their
tools and joined in a funeral march in homageto
 CHRONOLOGY
the 8 persons killed in last week's left-wing demon-
strations. In every town in France, of any impor-
tance, tens of thousands of persons reportedly
gathered at monuments to the war dead to share in
the Paris demonstration.
In Algiers, the European sections of the city
were almost paralyzed as Europeans heeded another
OAS order for a general strike.
Feb. 14: Thirty-three persons were killed and 86
wounded in Algerian violence today, it was re-
ported. Total casualties since January 1 were in-
creased to 826 dead and 1,483 wounded.
Feb. 16: It was reported in Tunis that the National
Council of the Algerian Revolution will begin a
debate tomorrow in Tripoli, Libya, on whether to
end the 7-year-old Algerian war. It was presumed
that the secret negotiations between French and
Algerian representatives had achieved "preliminary
success.
Feb. 18: Sa'id Muhammadi, Minister of State in the
Algerian Provisional Government, returned from
Tripoli, confirming reports that the "peace" meet-
ing of the National Council had been postponed at
least for several days. His return coincided with
reports that the secret French-Algerian negotiations
ended tonight.
Two French air force planes, piloted by rightist
sympathizers, reportedly turned from a routine
flight in Algeria to carry out a rocket attack on a
camp of the Algerian rebel army near Oujda,
Morocco. An announcement in Rabat said that at
least 5 persons were killed and 30 injured.
Week-end violence in Algeria brought death to at
least 47 persons and nearly 100 injured. Most of
the victims were Muslims.
Feb. 19: Representatives of France and of the Al-
gerian Provisional Government were reported to
have agreed on the terms for ending the war in
Algeria. Both teams left the secret conference site
to report to their governments on the agreement.
In Algeria, the OAS carried out several attacks.
At least 26 persons died in the day's violence, in-
cluding 14 Muslims.
Feb. 20: The Algerian Provisional Government met
and gave "full approval to peace accords nego-
tiated with the French" by its 4 representatives.
On February 22, the National Council will meet
for ratification of the agreement.
Feb. 21: The French government approved the ac-
cords for Algerian peace that were reached with
the Algerians two days ago.
Feb. 22: The National Council met for 9 hours in
Tripoli. Delegates declined comment and indi-
cated that another meeting would be held to-
morrow.
Army tanks patrolled Algiers as terrorists
stepped up their attacks and struck in the crowded
streets of the city. About 40 scattered incidents
were reported resulting in 18 deaths, including 10
Muslinms,and more than 30 injuries.
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189
Feb. 23: President de Gaulle held meetings with his
principal military commanders in France in antici-
pation of a "possible showdown" with right-wing
subversive elements, it was reported in Paris.
The National Council held its second meeting in
Tripoli.
Feb. 24: At least 25 persons, mostly Muslims, were
reported slain in Algiers in a 3-hour "terrorist out-
break."
Feb. 25: Europeanextremistsattackedan army bar-
racks on the outskirts of Algiers with bazookas,
causing a fire that could be seen for 10 miles, it
was reportedin Algiers. An undeterminednumber
of lives were feared lost.
The OAS, in leaflets, orderedthe populationto
stage a general strike when the ceasefireis pro-
claimed.
Feb. 26: Europeanterroristskilled 13 Muslims and
wounded a dozen in an hour and a half about 11
A.M. in the main streets of the Europeancenter
of Algiers, it was reported.
It was disclosedin Tunis that the NationalCoun-
cil meeting would continue through tomorrowin
view of the commenteach memberof the Council
had to give on the text of the agreement.
Feb. 27: Antoine Argoud, a former French colonel
who has turned against France, was reported to
have escaped from the Canary Islands, where he
had been held by Spain.
The Algerian National LiberationFront issued
orders to its Muslim followers to avoid reprisals
against Europeans in Oran once the cease-fire is
signed, it was reportedin Oran.
Feb. 28: The National Council, having ended its
deliberations of 6 days in Tripoli, ratified the plan
for a truce with France. The ministers of the
Provisional Government returned to Tunis.
Mar. 1: The Algerian nationalists met in Tunis to
study the problem posed by right-wing European
terrorismin Algiers and Oran, it was reportedin
Tunis.
During a short visit to Algeria, Ministerof Al-
gerian Affairs Louis Joxe told Frencharmyleaders
that the governmentexpectedtheir full supportin
implementinga cease-fireto end the Algerianwar.
Meanwhile, at Mers-el-Kebir,Europeanmobs ran
wild after a Europeanwoman and her 2 small
children were found killed with their throats cut.
In Oran, OAS commandosseized the equivalentof
$500,000 in 2 hold-upsin a post officeand a French
treasurybranch;in Algiers, 8 OAS operativeswere
arrested.
Mar. 2: Violence eruptedin the Casbahwhen Muslim
snipers fired at French troops from windows and
house-tops. At least 7 persons were killed, in-
cluding a FrenchMuslim soldier, in the exchange
that ensued.
Mar. 3: At least 25 more personswere killed in Al-
geria, as fighting continuedin Algiers, Oran, B6ne
and again in the Casbah.
190 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Mar. 4: Eleven Italian reporters left Algeria after
they had receiveddeath threatsfrom the OAS.
Mar. 5: An undeterminednumberof Muslimpolitical
prisonerswere slain in Oran tonight when Euro-
pean extremists raided the prison there, is was
reported.
Mar. 6: Two aides of the Chief of Staffof the French
army were wounded by machine-gunfire in an
attackin the easternParis suburbof Saint-Mande.
The gunmen were reportedto be OAS terrorists.
The daylight attackfollowed a night in which the
Paris and provincial police carried out numerous
raids on the homes of persons suspected of be-
longing to or being sympatheticto the OAS.
Mar. 7: Delegationsof Franceand the Algerianscon-
tinued their negotiationsin Evian-les-Bains.
Mar. 8: Frenchbombersand jet fighterstook part in
an artillery battle between French and Algerian
forces along the border between Algeria and
Tunisia, it was reportedin Algiers.
Mar. 9: At least 15 Muslims were killed by French
soldiers and armedEuropeancivilians in an Oran
suburb. The disorders started after 3 Muslim
terroristsreportedlyattackedand killed a European.
In other incidents throughout Algeria, 25 more
personswere killed.
Negotiations in Evian-les-Bainscontinued in
secrecy.
Two Moroccan ministers returned home after
having made arrangementsfor the liberation of
Muhammadibn Balla and 4 other Algerian rebel
ministers. The liberationof the 5 would take place
as soon as a cease-fireis signed, it was disclosed.
Mar. 10: An Algerianmemberof the FrenchNational
Assemblysaid that the OAS should participatein
the Algerian cease-firenegotiations,it was reported
in Algiers.
Three persons were killed and 47 injured in
Issy-les-Moulineauxwhen a small delivery truck
parkedin a busy street blew up just after 8 A.M.
The OAS was blamedfor it.
Mar. 11: Algeriansourcesin Rolle, Switzerland,indi-
cated that the peace negotiationswith the French
reached a "difficult"stage. They said that talks
were "stalling" at 2 points: the French military
withdrawal from Algeria after independenceand
the powers of a transitionalexecutivebody during
the interim period.
Mar. 12: French military intelligence allegedly re-
portedAlgerianrebel troop concentrations in south-
ern Morocco.
Oran's television transmitterwas stolen, it was
disclosed.
Mar. 13: It was reportedin Algiers that Frenchwar-
ships were patrollingoff the Algeriancoast, "ready
to intervene if needed" in an emergencyafter a
cease-firein the Algerianwar.
Mar. 14: It was learnedin Evian-les-Bainsthat pros-
pects for peace in Algeria were deadlockedon the
questionof how a cease-fireagreementshould affect
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the Muslim guerilla forces inside the country. The
2 delegations, after 8 days of conferring, were
reportedto be "still far apart"on the time table
for amnestyand release of the Algerian political
prisonersheld by the French.
Mar. 15: Three Europeansand 3 Muslimswere "ex-
ecuted" in Algiers by men which the police said
were OAS sympathizers.Three of the men were
educatorsfrom France,who had been participating
in a meeting of educatorsat a social servicecenter
in Algiers.
At Evian-les-Bains,it was reportedthat the nego-
tiators settled the question of the disposition of
nationalistguerillas inside Algeria when a cease-
fire is proclaimed.
Cyprus
1961
Dec. 18: The House of Representativespassed an
income tax bill, with no fixed limit to its validity,
defeatingthe motion by Turkishmembersthat the
effectivenessof the law should end at the end of
every year. The 30 Greek membersvoted for the
bill, and of the 14 Turkish members, 11 voted
against,3 abstained.
Dec. 19: An agreementwas signed between Cyprus
and the Polish "POL-Service"firm for the expan-
sion of the Famagustaport.
Dec. 21: The Cabinetapprovedan incometax affect-
ing foreignersand foreign firmsin Cyprus.
Dec. 22: Cyprussigned a reciprocaltrade agreement
with the Soviet Union, underwhich the 2 countries
will exchangegoods valued at $2,240,000 in 1962.
1962
Jan. 13: Glafkos Clerides,the presidentof the House
of Represenatives,headed a parliamentarydelega-
tion to Strasbourgto attendthe 13th parliamentary
conferenceof the Councilof Europe.
Jan. 17: Vladimir Velebit, executive secretaryof the
UN EconomicCommitteefor Europe, left Cyprus
for Geneva after a 4-day visit, during which he
talked with governmentofficialson the questionof
UN technicalaid to Cyprus.
Feb. 2: A trade and paymentsagreementwas signed
between Cyprusand Bulgaria,which provides for
an exchangeof goods worth ?400,000.
Feb. 7: Cyprus signed a bipartite trade agreement
with Czechoslovakia,which provides for an ex-
change of goods valued at ?500,000 for a period
of one year.
Feb. 24: The House of Representativesapproveda
bill extending the municipallaws until the end of
May. Halid Ali Riza, spokesmanof the Turkish
group, told the House that he hoped that this ex-
tension was the last as the Turkish community
 CHRONOLOGY 191

wanted to run its own municipalaffairs in accord- has been awarded a contract for constructinga
ance with the provisionsof the Constitution. factory,was signed by the Minister of Works and
Feb. 27: The House ratified the first development Communicationsand an engineer representingthe
budget in the sum of ?7,754,750 for use during Yugoslav company.
thle currentyear. Ethiopiawas reportedto have publicly indicated
Mar.1: The Council of Ministersdecided to inform that it will give materialaid to the nationalliber-
the IMF that the parity of the Cypruspound with ation movementsin Centraland South Africa.
gold and dollars equals that of the pound sterling. Feb. 9: The PAFMECAconferenceended its general
MAfr.8: Speakingat the 10th congressof the AKEL debate. Emperor Haila Sillasse received foreign
(Restorative Party of the Working People), the and domestic correspondentsat his palace and
party's secretary general, Ezekias Papaioannou, answeredquestions regardingthe PAFMECAcon-
stated that the aim of his party is "to establish a ferenceand Ethiopia'srole in the decisionsreached.
socialist-communistregime in Cyprus through Feb. 13: Ethiopian provincial policemen were re-
democraticmeans." ported to have arrested3 tribesmensuspectedof
Mar. 12: At the close of the 4-day AKEL congress, complicityin an attackon a Swiss canoeingexpedi-
it was announcedthat EzekiasPapaionnouwas re- tion January 22. Two in the 6-man party were
elected secretarygeneral. killed in the attack.
MLar.13: Following an announcementby the Cyprus Feb. 19: ChesterBowles, PresidentKennedy'sSpecial
Mines Corporationthat it had decided to extend Advisor,arrivedin Addis Ababdto attendthe con-
the 48-hour work week over Saturdayand Sunday ference of the UN Economic Commission for
also, about 700 miners refused to go to work, it Africa,which startedtoday. EmperorHaila Sillasse
was reportedin Nicosia. sent a messageto the delegates,who in turn sent
condolenceson the death of WayzaroItege Manan
on February14.
Ethiopia Feb. 23: A roof caved in on a hospital in Ethiopia
1961 that is administeredand staffedby Russianmedical
personnel,killing 2 Russiannurses and injuring a
Dec. 18: Haila Sillasse I University,the first Ethio- few patients, it was reportedin Addis Ababa.
pian university, received its charter during cere- Feb. 26: Ethiopiawas among 4 countriesthat invited
monies in Addis Ababa. Dr. Harold W. Bentley, the ECA conferenceto establisha proposedAfrican
an American, is acting president. The US is institute for economic and social development,to
contributing $10,000,000 to help establish the locatethe institutein their countries.
university. Mar. 1: The Emperor,at a ceremonyin Addis Ababa,
Dec. 26: The Foreign Ministry declaredthat efforts made grants of land from his private estates to a
were being made in the world press to discredit number of Ethiopian officers on their retirement
Ethiopiantroops in the Congo. It attributedsuch from the army. He also orderedthe constructionof
efforts to sourcesconcernedwith "the exploitation a school and medicaldispensaryfor veterans.
of rich mineralresourcesin Katanga." Mar. 12: A delegation headed by Foreign Minister
Ketema Yifrui left Addis Ababl for the Geneva
1962 disarmamentconference.
fan. 1: The Emperorlaid the cornerstoneof a handi-
craft school to be built in Bahir Dar with the help Iran
of the USSR.
Ethiopia and Iran raised their diplomaticrepre- (See also, Afghanistan)
sentationto embassylevel, it was reported. 1961
Jan. 24: EmperorHaila Sillasse met with President
'Abbuidof the Sudan during a brief stopover in Dec. 20: An Iraniancourt announceda sentenceof 3
Khartum. The Emperorwas on his way to Lagos 1?2years'imprisonmentfor Gen. RouhollahNavisi,
to attend the conferenceof African heads of state former director of Iran's state-owned fisheries.
there. Five officials,agents and dealerswho servedunder
Feb. 1: Delegates from east and central African him, drew terms of 6 months to 31/2 years in
political parties were reported to have arrived in prison. The 6 defendantswere chargedwith mis-
Addis Ababi to attend the Pan-AfricanFreedom use of state funds, and fraudulent sale of fish,
Nfovement-PAFMECA-conference due to open seafoodproductsand caviar.
tomorrow. Ethiopia is representedby a 10-man Dec. 30: A High AdministrativeCouncilwas formed,
delegation, headed by Acting Foreign Minister attachedto the office of the Prime Minister,with
Ketema Yifrui. the responsibilityof reviewing the administrative
Feb. 7: Under the 1960 Soviet loan to Ethiopia to machineryof the government,all laws relating to
financeconstructionof factories, an agreementbe- the civil service and to consider improvedmeans
tween Ethiopia and a Yugoslav company,which of trainingfor governmentemployees.

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192 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
1962
Jan. 2: As discussions continued on the draft pro-
posals for the third 5-year plan, which will cover
the period September 1962 to March 1968, Prime
Minister Amini told the press that the World Bank
supported "the principles underlying the third de-
velopment plan." The aim of the plan is to in-
crease national income by 5 per cent annually and
it will cost a total of 348 billion rials, of which
158 billion will be required for private industry
and 190 billion for public industry.
Jan. 8: Iranian authorities were reported to be seek-
ing through diplomatic channels the release of
Iranian passengers aboard a Sabena airliner which
landed at Erivan, Soviet Armenia.
Jan. 9: Abol Hasan Ebtehaj, former director of Iran's
7-year development plan, filed a 2nd protest
against his continued detention without formal in-
dictment. He was arrested last November on
charges of having exceeded his authority and
having wasted funds.
A revised land reform bill was approved by the
Cabinet. Finance Minister Abdul Husain Behnia,
did not agree that such a law was necessary, and
offered his resignation to the Shah. Under the new
proposal, the Minister of Agriculture disclosed
that each landlord can hold only one village. The
rest will be sold to landless peasants on long-term
instalments and the landlord will be "equitably"
compensated by the government. The bill was sent
to the Shah, who was on holiday in a Caspian
coast resort, for his signature.
Jan. 15: The Shah signed the land reform bill and
ordered its enforcement, it was reported in Tehran.
Jan. 21: Security forces put down a demonstration by
supporters of former Premier Mohammed
Mossadegh, arresting 300 students in a 3-hour
clash at Tehran University, it was reported in
Tehran.
At the UN, 2 dozen Iranian students attending
US colleges picketed to protest "the suppression of
student demonstrations in Iran."
Jan. 22: Premier Ali Amini's government warned that
it would take "all necessary measures" to prevent
"chaos and unrest instigated by opponents of the
government's land reform plans." The National
Front, which organized yesterday's demonstrations,
urged "honorable patriots" to unite to fight the
government. It also urged students and workers
to join a national strike tomorrow to attain "our
patriotic national ends."
Jan. 23: An 18-year-old secondary school student was
shot and killed during clashes between anti-
government demonstrators and security forces.
Secondary school students gathered in various parts
of Tehran and shouted anti-government slogans.
The police arrested "scores" of them and herded
them to jail in army trucks. Three daily news-
papers were suspended for "inciting unrest and
student demonstrations." Later the Cabinet met
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with the dean and faculties of Tehran University.
The university has been closed by the government
and the dean and faculties have resigned.
Jan. 25: A spokesman for Premier Amini disclosed in
Tehran that Iran will protest to the Soviet Union
against alleged "interference in our internal affairs"
and the fomenting of anti-government riots and
demonstrations aimed at sabotaging Iran's land
reform plans. He added that the government had
evidence that 2 of the persons arrested had received
direct orders from the Soviet embassy to stir up
riots.
Jan. 29: It was disclosed that the World Bank will
send a special mission to Iran at the request of
the government to review the proposed Third
Development Plan. The mission will arrive in
Tehran on February 1 and will stay in Iran for
6 weeks.
Jan. 30: Abol Hasan Ebtehaj, in answer to charges
made by the Minister of Justice at a news confer-
ence last week, charged the Minister with violating
Iranian law and revealing charges against him be-
fore an indictment was issued. He denied the
charges of having mishandled governmient funds.
Feb. 9: Chester Bowles, President Kennedy's special
representative, arrived in Tehran by air for a 3-day
visit. He will confer with Premier Amini "on
problems of mutual concern," it was reported.
Feb. 10: The Cabinet approved the setting up of an
autonomous organization for the development of
Maragheh and one of its first duties will be to
supervise the spending of 25 m. rials which the
Agricultural Bank has set aside for development
in the region. Responsibility will gradually be
handed over to the cooperatives.
Feb. 15: Premier Ali Amini announced that he would
leave February 21 for a 2-week tour of West
Germany, Belgium, Britain and France to discuss
possibilities of Iran's joining the European Corm-
mon Market or receiving tariff advantages similar
to those granted to Turkey and Greece.
Mar. 2: It was reported that at the close of Premier
Amini's visit to West Germany a joint communi-
qut was issued which indicated that the West
German government has agreed to advance DM
200 million to Iran to provide capital for the
Third Development Plan projects.
Mar'. 4: A basement fireworks store exploded in
Tehran, killing 19 persons and injuring 17.
Mar. 6: Premier Ali Amini arrived in London. He
had visited Paris, Bonn, and Brussels. He dis-
closed in Paris yesterday that he was counting on
European and American help to meet an expected
$800 million deficit in carrying out the 5-vear
economic plan.
Mar. 13: The Shah handed land deeds to 20 peasants
representing 250 families in 7 villages in Azer-
baijan, it was reported in Tabriz.
Mar. 14: Ayatollah Sayed Abolghassem Kashani,
Iranian religious and political leader and once a
 CHRONOLOGY
powerful supporterof formnerPremierMohammed
Mossadegh,died in Tehran.
Iraq
(See also, General, Kuwayt, Libya,
Saudi Arabia, Syria)
1961
Dec. 17: In a speech broadcastby Baghdad radio,
General Qasim renewed Iraq's claim to Kuwayt.
Dec. 20: Radio telephone serviceswith Poland, Bul-
garia, and the Balearic and CanaryIslands were
reportedto have been opened.
Dec. 25: It was reported that Iraq has decided to
establish diplomaticrelationswith Malaya.
Iraq has asked West Germanyfor new negotia-
tions aimed at strengtheningtrade relations, al-
Akhbar disclosed.
Dec. 27: The Director-Generalof Customs, Si'adi
al-Dabiini, disclosed that 2 British-madelaunches
for combatingsmuggling, bought by Iraq for ID
35,000 each, have arrivedat Basrah.
Dec. 30: It was announcedin Baghdadthat 3 Iraqi
companies have been authorized by the govern-
ment to set up assemblyplants in Iraq in coopera-
tion with internationalfirms.
1962
kn. 2: It was reported in Tehran that about 800
Kurdish tribesmen,armedwith bazookasand mor-
tars, are fighting government forces in northern
Iraq.
The Association of Medical Professions an-
nounced that membersof the medical professions
in Arab countriesmay practicein Iraq.
Jan. 6: General 'Abd al-KarimQasim revealed that
the governmenthad receivednotes from the British
and US governmentsurging it to resume negotia-
tions with the oil companiesin Iraq and agree to
arbitration.
Jan. 9: United States, British, West German,Paki-
stani and Danish firms are among those affected
by a notification of the Gazette requiring them
either to give up their commercialagencies or to
form companiesin which Iraqishold at least 51 per
cent of the capital. This gives effect to a law
promulagatedin January1960 and affects 26 firms
holding 410 agencies.
Jan. 10: It was announcedthat Fatiqal-$iif, sentenrced
to 15 years' imprisonment for attempting to assassi-
nate General Qasim in 1959, had surrenderedto
the Iraqi authorities as a result of the amnesty
granted by the Prime Minister in November last
year.
Jan. 12: General Qasim denied reports of a cease-fire
arranged with Kurdish rebels. Three days earlier
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193
there had been reports in Beirut that negotiations
had takenplace.
Jan. 14: It was announcedthat the Algerian Pro-
visional Governmentwill receiveID 1 million from
the government,the 2nd installmentof a subsidyof
ID 2 million for the Algerian fight for independ-
ence.
Jan. 16: In an addressto the 4th conferenceof Iraqi
engineers in Baghdad, General Qasim called for
the surrenderof Kurdswho have joined the revolt
in northernIraq.
Jan. 22: The Ministryof Commercehas completedthe
draftingof its importprogramfor the currentyear,
taking into considerationthe protectionof national
industry,the Ministryannounced.
Jan. 24: The Iraqi Academyannouncedthe comple-
tion of an Arabic glossary of terms for the oil
industry, railroad transportand engineering, irri-
gation, general industry,maritimenavigation,elec-
tronics, space science, and education.
Jan. 27: The acting military governor, 'Ali Ghalib
'Aziz, orderedthe immediatereleaseof 299 Kurds
detainedin connectionwith the attemptedinsurrec-
tion led by Mustafa al-Barazanilast September.
Jan. 28: The Ministerof Interior,AhmadMuhammad
Yahya, was reportedto have formed a 4-man dis-
ciplinary committeeto investigate charges against
officialsin local administrationin Mosul province.
The incidentsthat had made a disciplinarycommit-
tee were not disclosed.
Feb. 2: 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wattarlwas appointedDi-
rector General of the GovernmentOil Refineries
Administration(GORA). He will also retain his
formerpost of Director General of Oil Affairs in
an acting capacity.
Feb. 6: Oil Minister MuhammadSalman and the
Soviet embassy'sEconomicCounsellorin Baghdad
reviewed a contractfor the sale to Iraq of an ID
600,000 Soviet drilling rig. The contractalso pro-
vides for the trainingof Iraqisin the use of the rig
by Soviettechnicians.
It was announcedthat diplomaticrelationswill
be establishedwith Brazil.
MahmudFahmiDarwish, scientistand historian,
died after having been ill for some time from
paralysis,it was reportedin Baghdad.
Feb. 9: General Qasim made a 5-hour aerial recon-
naissance tour of southern Iraq, the Ministry of
Defense disclosed.
Feb. 19: A 7-man Japanese delegation arrived in
Baghdadon a week'svisit "to bolsterIraqi-Japanese
trade." This is the first Japanese delegation to
come to Baghdadsince Iraq recentlybeganto press
Japan to increaseits negligible importsfrom Iraq.
Feb. 20: The Oil Ministryhas decidedto recommis-
sion its 60,000-tonbitumenplant at Qayyarah,idle
since 1958, Oil Minister MubammadSalman an-
nounced. It will be fed with heavy oil from the
nearbyQayyarahfield.
Feb. 25: Constructionwas completedof the 60-km.
194 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

naturalgas pipeline linking the Rumaylahoilfield Dec. 20: Israel and Hungary signed a commercial
to Basrah. agreementcalling for a trade exchangeof $3,570,-
Feb. 28: Iraq and the Soviet Union signed a cultural 000 worth of goods.
agreementwhich will provide at least 470 Soviet Dec. 22: Premier David Ben-Gurion returned to
scholarshipsfor Iraqis to study in Russia. Five Israel from a 2-weekstate visit to Burma. None of
Soviet studentswill come to Iraq to learn Arabic the membersof the National Religious Front was
and teachers of Arabic and Russian will be ex- at the airportto greet him. This was attributedto
changed. their claim that the Premier had spent "half his
Mar. 1: A 13-manmilitarydelegationfrom Iraqbegan time there in an attemptat Buddhisticmeditation,"
talks with Syrianmilitary leaders in Damascuson an act which Rabbi Menaghem Porush of the
strengtheningmilitarycooperation. Agudat Israel party said was "a desecrationof the
Mar. 2: The Cabinet appointed 'AbdalIlh al-Qassar name of Israel."
DirectorGeneralof Oil Affairs in Iraq. Dec. 25: A fire, reportedto have been caused by a
Mar. 6: In a speech to the Arab Medical Conference short circuit, destroyed the 113-year-old Greek
in Baghdad, General Qasim said that Iraq has OrthodoxChurchof St. Michael in Jaffa.
'powerful forces ready to strike at the core of Dec. 26: It was revealedthat social and culturalrela-
imperialismand take it by surprise." tions between Israel and West Germanyare to be
Mar. 7: In an addressto mark the Feast of Bayram, regulated by an interministerialcommittee ap-
General Qasim announced an "unconditional pointed by the Cabinet. The decision was taken
amnesty"for the Kurdish rebels and called them following political controversies in Israel that
to "volunteerto fight the war againstimperialism." stemmedfrom certaincontacts,includingan official
Mar. 9: It was announcedthat an allocationof ID visit to West Germanyby a delegation of Israeli
350,000 has been made by the governmentfor new teachers.
embassybuildings. Adolf Eichmannrefused an offer of a special
Mar. 13: The Iraqi News Agency announced that IPC Christmas service in his death cell at Ramlah
and its associatedcompanieshave agreedto supply Prison.
the governmentwith all geological and petroleum Dec. 28: Argentine courts were reported to have
engineeringdata relatingto their expropriatedcon- asked Israel to permit Adolf Eichmannto make a
cession areas, in accordancewith Article V of the formal statementon how he was kidnappedand
Iraqioil law issued last December. smuggledout of Argentina.
Mar. 14: GeneralQasim and SyrianPresidentNizim Dec. 29: Robert Servatiusasked the SupremeCourt
al-Qudsi met on the borderbetween their 2 coun- to allow him anothermonthto preparethe grounds
tries. for submission of Eichmann'sappeal against his
An IPC spokesmanin London declaredthat the conviction and death sentence. The deadline is
decision to hand over the explorationdata relating December30.
to the expropriatedconcessionareasof IPC did not Dec. 31: PremierBen-Gurionsaid that he was "un-
signify that the companieshad acceptedthe Iraqi pleasantly surprised"by a statement by Premier
seizure of these areas under Law No. 80 of 1961. U Nu of Burma, supportingthe rights of Arabs
in Palestine. U Nu's statementwas issued jointly
with President Nas.ir at the close of their talks
Israel in Cairolast week.
(See also, General,Morocco,Palestine Problem)
1962
1961
Jan. 7: The Cabinetordereda ministerialcommittee
Dec. 16: Israel is holding up the release of Adolf to propose the easing of a military rule that re-
Eichmann'sprison memoirs, his assistant defense stricts the movement of Arabs in "vulnerable'
counsel said. These are the memoirs in which border areas.
Eichmann"promisedto voice full repentance." AharonCohen,"anexperton the Middle Eastfor
Dec. 17: A notice of appeal against the judgment the Mapamparty,"was found guilty in the District
and death sentenceimposedon Eichmannwas filed Court of Haifa of having transmittedsecurity in-
in the JerusalemDistrict Courtof Dieter Wechten- formationto an agent of a foreign power. Security
bruch, Eichmann'sassistantdefense counsel. forces in Tel Aviv prohibitedthe identificationof
It was reportedthat constructionof a sanctuary the country.
to house some of the Dead Sea scrolls has been Jan. 8: Postal services throughoutIsrael were para.
startedin Jerusalem. lyzed this morning by a 4-hour strike of about
Dec. 19: SenatorKenneth B. Keating, Republicanof 2,800 postal employees, who demandedwage in-
New York, arrived in Tel Aviv from Rome for creases.
a 2-dayvisit to Israel, during which he will confer Jan. 9: Aharon Cohen was sentencedto 5 years in
with governmentofficials. prison.

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 CHRONOLOGY
The Knesset approved limitations on Israel's
relationswith West Germany. Among the restric-
tions were: the establishmentof branchesof any
German companies or institutions in Israel was
prohibited,except in connectionwith philanthropic
activities;youthswill be discouragedfrom studying
in West Germany,unless the professionis vital to
the interest of Israel; exchange of professional
entertainerswill be prohibited; and public insti-
tutions invited to send representativesto West
Germanyor wishing to invite Germansto Israel
must apply to the governmentfor "guidance."
Jan. 11: Israel's engineers, architects, agronomists
and chemists struck for higher wages and status,
it was reported in Tel Aviv. They resumed a
strike that broke out December 19 but was sus-
pendedthe same day for furthernegotiations.They
contended that wage increases to technical and
administrativeworkers since 1958 have reduced
their differentialsby 161/2per cent.
The parties to a divorce case (reported last
October) reacheda settlementout of court thereby
averting a showdown between religious and civil
authoritiesof Israel.
Ian. 13: In an addressto the 1962 PlanningConfer-
ence of the Israel Bond Organizationat the Com-
modore Hotel in New York, Finance Minister
Levi Eshkol said that his nation's primaryneeds
for this year were industrialization,the settlement
of new development areas and housing for
immigrants. Israel's developmentbudget, he said,
had been set at $420,000,000.
Minister of Educationand Culture Abba Eban
said that the limits that Israel had imposedon her
relations with West Germanywere "an inevitable
aftermath"of the trial of Adolf Eichmann.
Jan. 14: Dr. Israel Beer was convicted of having
spied for a communistpower. He was sentencedto
10 years'imprisonment.
Jan. 17: PremierBen-Guriondeclaredin the Knesset
that the governmentwould take all legal steps to
maintainthe vital servicesin Israel that were being
jeopardizedby the engineer'sstrike. He called on
the strikers "to go back to work at the earliest
possible moment."
Jan. 19: The Soviet Union chargedthat Israeli diplo-
mats in Moscow were using synagoguesto spread
Zionist literature and to collect espionage infor-
mation, it was reported. An article in Trud
identified one of the diplomats,Joshua Pratt, the
embassy'sFirst Secretary,and published a list of
names of persons who have complainedto Soviet
authoritiesafter having been allegedly approached
by Pratt.
Jan. 20: Foreign Minister Golda Meir, in Tokyo on
an unofficial visit, described the Russian charges
as "ridiculousand absolutelyunfounded."
A spokesmanfor the ForeignMinistrydismissed
as "fabrications"the Soviet charges, it was re-
ported in Jerusalem.
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195
Jan. 21: RepresentativeHerbertZelenko,Democratof
Manhattan,said in Washingtonthat he had asked
the US delegationat the UN to introducea resolu-
tion condemning Russia for the "persecutionof
Jews."
Jan. 23: More than 5,000 membersof the Association
of ProfessionalOrganizations,which includeshigh
school and university teachers, biologists, micro-
biologists and chemists, and some pharmacists,
walked off their jobs in Israel in a one-dayshow
of solidaritywith the EngineersUnion, which has
been on strikesince January11.
Jan. 24: Israel refused asylum to Mervyn Lee Gold
of Cleveland,who is wanted by the police in the
US in connectionwith the use of stolen Canadian
bonds as collateral.
Jan. 25: At the opening of the golden jubilee cele-
brations of the Hadassah in Jerusalem, Premier
Ben-Gurion asserted that "Israel is the basis of
the whole existence of the Jewish communities
everywhere,especially in the United States."
Jan. 28: Adolf Eichmannwas given until February
6 to file his appeal against his conviction.
Jan. 30: The Supreme Court ruled that a woman
marriedto one man may legally be recognizedas
the common law wife of a 2nd man. The court
ruled that a certainMrs. Ruth Pesslerwas entitled
to state benefitsas the result of the death of the
man with whom she had lived for 10 years,despite
the fact she had neverdivorcedher firsthusband.
Feb. 1: Isador Lubin and Dewey D. Stone of the
Jewish Agency for Israel, Inc. were reported in
New York to have called on AmericanJews to
increasetheir financialaid to help handle the in-
creasedinflux of immigrantsinto Israel.
Feb. 4: The Cabinetapprovedthe proposalto relax
military governmentin border areas, it was an-
nouncedin Jerusalem.
A delegationfrom Italy, France,West Germany,
Belgium, and the Netherlandsarrivedin Israel to
study the possibilitiesof an accordbetween Israel
and the EuropeanCommonMarket.
Feb. 7: Two membersof Israel's Citrus Marketing
Board left for the Soviet Union to explore the
possibilitiesof reviving trade betweenthe 2 coun-
tries. Accordingto an Israelibroadcastthe Israelis
will offer to trade their citrus for Soviet crudeoil.
Feb. 9: The governmentinvokedemergencypowersto
order4 strikingengineersto connecta new turbine
in Haifa to the nationalpower system.
Feb. 10: The rate of exchangeof the Israeli pound
has been devalued by 2/3, from LI 1.80 to LI 3
per US dollar and from LI 5.035 to LI 8.4 per
pound sterling, it was announced. The measure
was said to be part of a numberof measuresin-
tendedto adjustthe country'seconomyto the situa-
tion createdby developmentsin the EuropeanCom-
mon Market.
The National Committee for Labor Israel an-
nounced the establishmentof a $2,500,000 Hista-
196 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
drut ScholarshipFund to aid vocational trainees,
graduatestudents and researchscientists in Israel.
The money will be raised through cash gifts to
the Israel HistadrutCampaignand long-termcom-
mitmentsthroughthe AmericanHistadrutDevelop-
ment Foundation.
Feb. 12: The EngineersUnion yielded to government
pressure and ended its month-longstrike, it was
reported. They acceptedthe 7 per cent increasethat
had been offeredoriginallyand also agreedto work
on their annualholidaysto makeup for their strike
absence.
Feb. 18: Nine personswere arraignedin Israelicourts
as the police made a new effort to find a boy who
has been hidden from his parents by religious
zealots for 2 years.
Feb. 19: It was announcedthat Adolf Eichmann's
appeal against his convicition and death sentence
will be heard by the SupremeCourt in Jerusalem
on March 22.
The government's motion for approving the
devaluationof the currencyand the introductionof
other steps towards the liberalization of the
economysurvived 3 motions of no confidenceby a
final vote of 66 to 43.
Feb. 20: Five motions to abolish military rule in
Arab populatedareasof Israelwere defeatedin the
Knesset,all by a marginof 4 votes.
The post officein Tel Aviv introduceda "get-it-
yourself"mail service as a strike for highlerwages
by 140 mailmenenteredits fourthday.
Feb. 21: Israeli importersyielded to governmentde-
mands that they remove imports that have been
clogging ports since the devaluationof the Israeli
pound. It was agreedthat importerswould recog-
nize in principle their obligation to pay the sur-
charge the government imposed at the time of
devaluationon all stock of imports.
Feb. 22: The post office strike spread to other parts
of Israel,it was reportedin Jerusalem.
Organized labor gave notice that it might de-
mand increases in cost-of-living allowances next
month if pricesrise as a result of the government's
new economicpolicy.
Feb. 25: The Israel Bond Organizationopened its
1962 campaignfor $66,500,000with initial sales of
$18,150,000 worth of Israeli bonds. Today's sales
brought to $551,647,200 the total Israeli bonds
sold since the first issue was offeredin May 1951.
Feb. 27: The governmentpresenteda budget,amount-
ing to ?I 2,357,000,000or $785,666,666at the new
official rate of exchange, which provides for in-
creasedexpendituresfor defense and for a project
to divert the watersof the JordanRiver.
Feb. 28: FinanceMinisterLevi Eshkolflew to Europe
to press for associationswith the CommonMarket.
It was reportedthat Israel wants an arrangement
based on a customsunion or a free trade area that
will permither goods to enter the CommonMarket
region without prejudicialtariffs.
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The 5-manpanel of judges who will hear Eich-
mann'sappeal was named. Besides ItzhakOlshan,
president of the court, they are Shimon Agranat,
Moshe Silberg,Yoel Sussmanand Alfred Witkon.
Defense counsel Robert Servatius asked the
SupremeCourt to accept in evidence a death-cell
manuscriptin which Eichmanndescribeshis "inner
feelings" about Nazi atrocitiesagainst the Jews, it
was learnedin Jerusalem.
Mar. 10: It was reportedin Jerusalemthat the govern-
ment would widen its restrictionson the domestic
press and on representativesof the foreign press.
Under a draft anti-defamation law, which it offered
in the Knesset last week, a newspapercould be
closed if it was found guilty of publishing2 libel-
ous statementsin the courseof 2 years,and foreign
residentsof Israel found guilty of publishingsimi-
lar statements abroad would be held criminally
liable in Israel.
Mar. 12: Israel publishedofficially2 regulationsthat
might bear on Eichmann'sappeal if he loses it.
One regulationprovides for suppressinganything
Eichmannwrites and enables the Commissionerof
Prisonsto appointan executioner-a job originally
assigned to the warden of the prison. The other
authorizesthe wardento impoundany "suspicious"
letter, manuscriptor notes written by the prisoner.
Mar. 13: The defense brief appealingthe court judg-
ment on Adolf Eichmannand the death sentence,
submittedby RobertServatiuson February15, was
disclosedby Justice Olshan.
Mar. 15: The Foreign Press Association'sexecutive
board in Israel adopteda resolutionregardingthe
proposedlibel law saying "the passageof this law
would renderimpossiblefair and realisticreporting
from Israel."
Jordan
(See also, General,Lebanon,PalestineProblem)
1961
Dec. 18: The TourismDepartmentdisclosedthat the
country'searningsfrom tourismthis year amounted
to JD4,500,000, comparedto about JD3 million
last year.
It was announcedthat an undergroundlake, with
a capacityof 80 million cubic metersof water,has
been discoveredat Ain al-Fashkain the Jerusalem
area. It was statedthe lake could meet the require-
ments of the population of Jerusalemfor many
years.
King Ijusayn, who is on a privatevisit to Eng-
land, called on Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.
Dec. 21: The Arab Potash Companysaid 700,000
sharesat 5 dinarseach would be offeredfor public
subscription. Company sources said commercial
productionof potash from the Dead Sea would
begin in 1964.
 CHRONOLOGY
1962
Jan. 1: The Ministryof Financereceived$3,950,000
from the US governmentas the 9th paymentof
Americanaid to Jordan for the currentfiscal year.
The JordanianPhosphateCompanydisclosedthat
it has received enough orders to cover its total
productionfor 1962.
Carsusing otherthanpetrol for fuel were banned
as importsinto Jordaneffectivetoday.The Minister
of Economy said the measure was taken as the
numberof cars in question had recentlyincreased
and the oil refinerywas unableto meet the demand
for heavy fuel oil.
Jan. 6: An aviationengineeringexpert,HenryMazan,
began studies connectedwith the constructionof a
large airport near the Dead Sea to be called the
JerusalemInternationalAirport.
Jan. 7: Nine leading world economistswere reported
to have accepted an invitation from the Prime
Ministerand Chairmanof the DevelopmentBoard,
Bahjatal-Talhfini,to a meetingin Ammanto study
the 5-year plan. The meeting will begin on Jan-
uary 25.
Jan. 10: The chief Jordaniandelegate to the UN,
Fawzi al-Mulki,died on his 52nd birthday,in New
York.
Jan. 16: ArborDay was celebratedin Jordan.Govern-
ment officeswere closed.
Jan. 17: Khalid al-Adasani,Kuwayti Ambassadorto
Jordan, presentedhis credentialsto King IHusayn.
Jan. 20: An official Pakistani delegation arrived in
Ammanfrom Jiddah on a 3-day visit for talks at
the Ministryof Economyand to studythe industrial
and economicdevelopmentof Jordan.
Jan. 27: PremierBahjatal-Talhianiresignedand King
Hlusaynsoon afterwardswore in a new govern-
ment, with Wasfi al-Tall as Premier. The members
of the Cabinetare:
Wasfi al-Tall: Premnierand Defense
IbrahimKattin: Education
Hazim Nusaybah: Foreign Affairs
Daiad Abui Ghazili: Communications
'Izz al-din Mufti: Finance
Muhammad Ismd'il: Public Works
'Abd al-WahhabMajaMi: Economy
Hann! Khalaf: Justice
Kamal Dajini: Interior
Subhi Amin Amr: Health
Khalil Salim: Social Affairs and Minister of State
in the Premier's Ofice
Qasim al-RimawI: Agriculture, Development and
Reconstruction.
Jan. 28: Bahjat Tabbara,70-year-oldmemberof the
House of Notables, died. He was formerlydirec-
tor of public security.
Jan. 30: A son, named 'Abdallah,was born to Muna
al-Husaynand King Husayn and given the title of
CrownPrince.
Feb. 3: 'Abd al-Mun'im al-Rifait, former head of
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197
Jordan's permanent delegation to the UN, was
reportedto have been reappointedto his old post.
Feb. 6: The House of Representativesapprovedan
amnestybill presentedby the governmentto mark
the birth of the CrownPrince. The bill will affect
all crimescommittedbeforeJanuary31, exceptthat
of communistsubversion. Death sentenceswill be
commutedto life imprisonment,life imprisonment
to 15 yearsand the rest to half the sentence.
HusaynFakhrial-Khilidi, a formerPrimeMinis
ter, died at al-Salthospital. He was 65.
Feb. 10: A Syrianrequestfor the opening of a con-
sulate-generalwas reportedto have been approved
by the government.
Feb. 13: A Royal Commission on Education was
formedto review all plans and reportsalreadypre-
pared on the prospects of higher education and
make recommendationson the creation of a Jor-
danianuniversityor universitycolleges.
Feb. 14: A decreeabrogatingan earlierone (February
5, 1961) under which certain productsmight be
importedfrom the US only was issued.
The governmentorderedreductionsin the prices
of butanegas and all liquid fuels producedby the
AmmanPetroleumRefinery,it was reported.
Feb. 15: The House of Notables passed a bill giving
the governmentfreedomto dismissor transfercivil
scrvants. The dismissalof seniorofficials,however,
must have the King's ratification.
The Minister of Communications,Da'uid Abiu
Ghazali, left for Frankfurtto conclude an agree-
ment underwhich West Germanywill lend Jordan
JD 1,350,000 to develop the port of Aqaba.
Feb. 20: It was officiallyannouncedthat Britainwill
give ?75,000 sterling this year towardsthe cost of
implementingwater projectsin Jordan.
Feb. 22: The exchangeof ambassadorswith Cyprus
was approvedin a royal edict issued today.
The Cabinethas agreed to abolish airport dues
for incomingpassengersand to charge 500 fils for
departing passengers, effective March 1, it was
announced.
Feb. 24: Gen. MuhammadSa'adi,Chief of Army In
telligence, died in Ammanof a heart attackat the
age of 65.
Russel McClore,the new directorof the USOM
in Jordan, arrived to take over the post from
Norman Burns.
Feb. 27: The Cabinet dissolved the Amman City
Council and appointed a temporary committee
headedby Bashir al-Shariki,a senior officialat the
Ministry of Justice. The committeewill operate
for the rest of the term, at the end of which elec-
tions will be held.
AIr. 1: A checkfor $4 million was receivedfrom the
US by the FinanceMinistry as the final payment
of financialaid to the JordanianTreasuryfor the
financialyear 1961/1962. The total paymentfor
the yearamountedto $39,000,000.
198 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Mar. 3: Agreementwas reachedin principlefor a $3 between Pakistan and India over Jammu and
million-loanfrom the World Bank for 5-yearplan Kashmir,it was reportedat the UN.
projects, it was reported. While no other details Jan. 16: The Indian representativeto the UN, in a
were disclosed,it was learnedthat the loan will be letter to the President of the Security Council,
repayablein 30 yearsat less than 2 per cent interest. urged that the Pakistanirequestfor a meeting not
The Communications Minister, Da'fid Abui be entertained.
GhazMll,returnedfrom West Germanyafter sign- Jan. 23: It was announcedin Washingtonthat Presi-
ing an agreementfor a JD 1,350,000 loan from the dent Kennedy had suggested, in letters to Prime
port of Aqaba. The loan carries3 per cent interest MinisterNehru and PresidentAyubKhan,that they
and is repayableover the next 20 years. ask Eugene R. Black, of the IBRD, to serve as
Mar. 5: About 100 Jordanianssentencedfor various mediatorin the Kashmirdispute.
crimes were released or freed from house arrest It was reported in Karachi that Pakistan has
restrictionsduring the last 2 days, it was reported. acceptedthe US offer of its good officesfor a nego-
The action was taken in accordancewith the Gen- tiated settlementof the Kashmirdisputewith India.
eral Amnesty Law issued to commemorateCrown Jan. 24: It was reportedin Washington that India
Prince 'Abdallih's birth and also to markthe feast cannot consider negotiating with Pakistan until
Bayram. afterthe Indianparliamentary electionsin the latter
Mar. 10: The Ministryof Economysigned a contract part of February.
with the BritishEconomistintelligenceunit to study Jan. 26: Prime Minister Nehru indicatedthat there
the potentialitiesof British marketsfor Jordanian was "little hope" for an early settlement of the
fruits and vegetables. Kashmir dispute. He reiteratedhis invitation to
Mar. 11: The Ministryof Agricultureannouncedthat PresidentAyub Khan to visit India so that thev
Jordanhas been invadedby desertlocusts. A swarm could discuss "outstandingmatters."
of yellow flying locusts have settled in the Jafr Jan. 29: Pakistanrenewedits requestfor an immediate
area, South Jordan. meeting of the Security Council to discuss the
Mar. 13: The governmentsigned an agreementwith Kashmirproblem.
Tapline, effectiveas of last November,underwhich Jan. 30: In a letter delivered to PresidentKennedy,
the companywill pay a minimum of $4,013,000 Prime MinisterNehru reportedlyrejectedthe offer
annually in royalties for allowing the company's of the good officesof EugeneR. Black to settle the
pipeline to cross Jordan. The agreementalso en- Kashmirissue.
titles Jordanto charge$19.16 for everybarrelabove Jan. 31: PrimeMinisterNehru and Defense Minister
450,000 barrels a day pumped through the pipe- Krishna Menon indicated that they did not feel
line, and Jordan will receive $10 million back Pakistanhad any "substantialreason"for reviving
paymentas soon as the agreementis ratified. the Kashmirquestion in the UN SecurityCouncil,
Mar. 15: ForeignMinisterHazimNusaybahconferred it was reportedin New Delhi.
with the KuwaytiAmbassador,Khalid Adasani,on President Ayub Khan said in Karachi that a
financing economic development projects with meeting with Prime Minister Nehru would be
Kuwayti capital, it was reportedin Amman. "fruitless"since Mr. Nehru had no intention of
settling the Kashmirdispute.
Feb. 1: The SecurityCouncilmet on the questionof
Kashmirand receiveda promisefromIndia that she
Kashmir would not use force against Pakistanover the dis-
(See also, Pakistan) puted area.
Feb. 18: MuhammadZafrullahKhan arrivedin Ka-
1961 rachi for consultationson Pakistan'snext move in
the SecurityCouncil debate on the Kashmirissue.
Dec. 23: The AdvisoryCouncil of the Azad govern- Feb. 25: In a meeting in Sukkur, President Ayub
ment called upon the Presidentto make a formal Khan said that he was preparedto visit India for
requestto the UN to give recognitionto his govern- direct talks with Prime MinisterNehru "provided
ment. these talks could help the outstandingproblems"
Dec. 29: In New Delhi, SheikAbdullah,the "Lionof betweenthe 2 countries.
Kashmir,"was formallychargedof plottingto over-
throw the Kashmirgovernment,in a trial that is
nearly 4 years old. He pleadednot guilty. In Jan-
uary 1958 he was released from prison, then re- Kuwayt
arrested3 monthslater as a securityrisk. (See also, Iraq, Jordan,Libya)
1962 1961
Jan. 12: MuhammadZafrullaKhan askedthe Security Dec. 17: Kuwaytinformedthe Arab Leaguethat Iraq
Council to consider further action in the dispute had seized 10 Kuwaytiships off the port of Basrah

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 CHRONOLOGY
and had issued a decree freezing all Kuwayti de-
posits in Iraqibanks,the Middle EastNews Agency
reported.
Shaykh Jabir al-Ahmad Al Sabah, head of the
Departmentof Finance and Economy,announced
in a radio broadcastthat the governmenthad de-
cided to establish a fund for financingeconomic
developmentprojectsin the Arab states. A decree
to this effect was forthcoming,he said.
Dec. 23: GeneralQasim said Iraqwould reactivateits
forces to "liberateKuwayt,"it was r.eported.
Dec. 26: Britain put 200 servicemenon a 12-hour
alert, it was learned, "because of recent Iraqi
statementsover Kuwayt."
Dec. 28: Iraq drew the attentionof the UN Security
Council to British "provocativemeasures in the
Middle East."
Dec. 29: Kuwayt protested to the SecurityCouncil
against Iraq's "continuedpressure and concentra-
tration of military forces," it was reported.
Dec. 30: The first election to the Assemblybegan in
Kuwayt. Seventy-four candidates were reported
contesting20 seats to the Assemblythat will give
Kuwayt its first Constitution. Later that evening,
Kuwayt radio announcedthe final results of the
voting. The names did not include any memberof
the ruling Sabahfamily.
Dec. 31: A governmentcorporationcalled "The Ku-
wayt Fund for the Developmentof ArabEconomy"
was establishedby a law issued in Kuwayt today.
The corporation'scapitalof 50 million dinars (?50
m.) will be used to provideloans for economicde-
velopmentin Arab countriesat conditionsstill to
be specified by a basic law to be drafted by the
Ministryof Financeand Economy.
1962
Jan. 1: The StateDepartmentin Washingtonissued a
report which affirmedAmerican support of the
shaykhdom.It said that any threatto Kuwayt'sin-
dependenceposed a threatto the peace of the Arab
world, and addedthat the US regardedKuwaytas a
sovereign,independentstate.
Jan. 3: The armed forces of Kuwayt opened large-
scale 10-day maneuversto test the state's defenses
against invasion.
Jan. 6: It was announcedthat 3 Jordaniansoldiers
serving in a medical unit with the Arab League
forcesin Kuwaytwere capturedby Iraqiauthorities
when they strayedover the Iraqi-Kuwaytborder.
jan. 8: The Ruler of Kuwayt, Shaykh'Abdallahal-
Salim Al Sabah issued a law setting forth the
constitutional system which will prevail for the
provisional period of one year during which the
newly elected ConstituentAssemblywill draw up
the frameworkof parliamentary government.
Jan. 17: The Ruler of Kuwayt appointed the first
Cabinet. The membersare:
Shaykh Jabir al-Ahmad al-JabirAl Sabah: Fi-
nanceand Economy
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199
ShaykhJiibiral-'Ali al-SalimAl Sabah: Electric
Power and Water Supply
Ijamiid ibn Zayid al-Khalid:Justice
Shaykh Khalid 'Abdallah al-Salim Al Sabah:
Customsand Ports
ShaykhSalim al-'Ali al-SalimAl Sabab: Public
Works
Shaykh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah:
Guidanceand Information
Shaykh Sa'd 'Abdallah al-Salim Al Sabah: In-
terior
ShaykhSabahal-SalimAl Sabah:ForeignAffairs
'Abd al-'Aziz Hamadal-Saqr:Health
Shaykh 'Abdallahal-JabirAl Sabah: Education
ShaykhMubarakal-HamadAl Sabah: Waqfs
Shaykh Hamad Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah:
Defense
ShaykhMubarak'Abdallahal-AhmadAl Sabah:
Posts, Telegraphsand Telephones
MuhammadYusuf al-Nisf: Labor and Social
Affairs.
Under the terms of the interim constitution,these
ministerswill become membersof the Constituent
Assembly.
Jan. 18: It was announcedin Kuwayt that Shaykh
'Abdallah al-Salim Al Sabah had ordered 5,000
Kuwayti dinarsto be paid to the IslamicCongress
in Jerusalem.
Jan. 20: The Ruler of Kuwayt formally opened the
ConstituentAssembly.
Feb. 1: Shaykh'Abdallahal-SalimAl Sabahleft for
Bombayon a privatevisit, it was announced.
Kuwayt'snew internationalairportwas officially
opened.
Feb. 12: A decree was issued dividing Kuwayt ad-
ministrativelyinto 3 governorates-Kuwayt (capi-
tal), Lahuliand Ahmadi. Anotherdecreeappointed
ShaykhJabir 'Abdallahal-JabirAl SabahGovernor
of Ahmadi, ShaykhNasir ibn Sabah al-Salim Al
Sabah Governor of Lahuli and Shaykh Nawwif
Ahmadal-JabirAl SabahGovernorof Kuwayt.The
governors will be responsibleto the Minister of
the Interior.
Mar. 5: A shipment of 105,708 barrelsof propane
and 80,030 barrelsof butane-the largest cargo of
LPG ever shipped-has left Kuwayt on board the
Japanese LPG tanker, BridgestoneMaru, it was
reported. The tanker is scheduledto make eight
trips a year from the Middle East to Japan.
Mar. 12: Shaykh'Abdallahal-SalimAl Sabahreturned
to Kuwaytfrom a privatevisit to India.
Lebanon
(See also, General, Sudan)
1961
Dec. 21: Trafficat Beirutairportwas slowed down by
200 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
heavy storms accompaniedby torrential rains, it
was reported. Floods reached Palestine refugee
campson the outskirtsof Beirut,but there were no
casualties.
Dec. 28: Foreign Minister Philip Taqla told the
ParliamentaryForeign Affairs Committeethat the
governmentwas carrying out "intensive negotia-
tions" with the UAR over Lebanese property
sequestratedin Egypt.
Dec. 31: An attemptedcoup, which took place at
dawn today, was put down by army and security
forces, it was reported. The governmentstated it
was the work of the PPS (SyrianNational Party).
Five men were killed and an unspecifiednumber
wounded.
1962
Jan.1: The governmentdissolvedthe PPS, it was re-
ported.
Jan. 2: The Lebanese army announcedthat it had
shelled part of the village of Deek al-Mehdi,where
insurgents were still holding out. Almost all
leaders of the PPS were under arrest, but the 2
captainswho led the attemptwere still at large.
Jan. 3: Lebanesesecurityforcescompletedthe occupa-
tion of Deek al-Mehdi. About 400 more persons
were arrestedin the last 24 hours, over and above
the 1,195 that had alreadybeen arrested. Most of
them were membersor followers of the PPS.
Jan. 7: Securitymeasureswere taken by the authori-
ties. Palestinianrefugees were forbiddento leave
their camps. After the abortivecoup, only foreign-
ers were allowed to cross Lebaneseborders. As
more arrestswere mademanyothers,who had been
arrested on suspicion or failure to present their
identity cards,were releasedfor lack of evidence.
Jan. 11: Shawki Khayrallah, one of the two officers
who led the attemptedcoup, was arrestedin Beirut.
Jan. 13: Former President Camille Sham'uinand 5
other personswere reportedto have been forbidden
to leave the country.
Jan. 17: The Cabinetapproveda bill giving the gov-
ernment the right to grant, refuse, repeal or re-
strict political asylum, it was reported. The bill
stipulatesthat political refugees should not under-
take any activitieswhich might prejudiceLebanon's
relations with the refugee's country and provides
for deportingany refugeewho violates the rules.
Jan. 18: Security forces were deployed around the
Jordanianembassyto preventwantedpersonsfrom
taking refuge there.
Jan. 20: The other leader of the coup, Fu'ad 'Awad,
was captured.
Jan. 21: A communiquewas issued announcingthe
arrestof 70 personssuspectedof being membersof
the PPS or of having taken part in the revolt.
Eighteen of those arrestedwere non-Lebanese.
Jan. 22: Authoritiesannouncedthe arrestof 84 people,
including a man accused of spreading rumors
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"liable to disturb the peace," and 6 accused of
sending threateningletters to people helping the
securityforces.
Jan. 29: The Chamberof Deputies approvedthe state
budgetfor 1962 totalling?L 408,970,000 compared
with ?L 309,069,295in 1961.
Jan. 30: ForeignMinisterPhilip Taqla left for Paris
to preside over a conferenceof Lebaneseambassa-
dors to Europeand North America.
Feb. 3: After a 34-day country-widehunt, security
forces arrestedthe former president of the PPS,
'Asad al-Ashkar,it was reportedin Beirut.
Feb. 5: A culturalagreementwas signed with Tunisia
for the improvementof cultural relations,the ex-
change of students and the equation of diplomas.
A Lebanese-Tunisiancommittee was formed to
implementthe agreement.
Feb. 6: Minister of Justice Fu'ad Butrus disclosed
that a total of 27 had been killed duringand since
the attemptedcoup. Of these 19 were non-Lebanese,
2 were Lebanesemembersof the PPS and 6 were
members of the security forces. He further dis-
closed that up to the morning of February 4
6,435 people had been arrested and questioned;
about 2,400 were detainedfor furtherinvestigation
and 103 warrantswere out for the arrestof people
still at large.
It was announcedthat all formermembersof the
PPS must reportto police or gendarmeriepots for
special permits. A communique explained this
measure would give the Directorate-Generalof
Internal SecurityForces records of both Lebanese
and non-Lebanesepartymembers.
Feb. 7: ForeignMinister Philip Taqla returnedfrom
Paris. The 3-dayconference,attendedby 20 envoys,
it was reported,reviewedthe Lebanesesituationand
discussed measuresto improve Lebanon'sinterna-
tional economic and political relations as well as
relations with Lebaneseemigrantsoverseas.
Feb. 13: All 16 Beirut deputiesmet to discuss"major
problems"in the capitalresultingfrom the growth
of the population.
Feb. 15: ForeignMinister Philip Taqla told the Par-
liamentaryForeign Affairs Committeethat investi-
gation into the attemptedcoup had not so far con-
firmed any foreign country'sassociationwith the
plot. Some Lebanesenewspapers,soon after the
attempt, had published reports that foreign coun-
tries took part in the conspiracy. Upon the de-
mands of some committeemembers,Philip Taqli
promised to seek government action against the
newspapers.
Feb. 19: Securitymeasures,taken after the coup of
December31, were "considerablyrelaxed"particu-
larly outside governmentdepartments,it was re-
ported.
Security forces found 10 anti-aircraftand anti-
tank guns in a cave in the Biqa' area. A statement
said the guns belongedto the PPS, it was reported
in Beirut.
 CHRONOLOGY
Feb. 21: The Cabinetrejecteda proposalintroduced
by Pierre Jumayyil, president of the Phalangist
Party, to proclaimLebanona neutral state on the
lines of Switzerlandand Austria.
Feb. 27: The Union of Newspaper Owners of Leb-
anon, generally known as the Press Syndicate,de-
nounced a bill introduced by the Ministry of
Interiorrequiringnewspapersto state the sourceof
their revenuesand imposingcontrolon the sources,
it was reportedin Beirut.
Feb. 28: The Cabinet approveda draft law which
stipulates that Lebanese nationality can be with-
drawn from naturalized Lebanese who commit
crimesagainstthe securityof the state or belong to
a political party which had encroachedupon the
securityof the state.
Mar. 1: An Algerian living in Lebanonwas charged
with spying for an unnamed power and trading
arms. The man, Ahmad al-Saghir, was arrested
last year. The indictmentalso accused5 journalists
of giving classifiedsecretsto Saghir.
The Ministryof Economyorderedthe Greekship
Pericles to leave Beirut without unloading 10,000
tons of Australian wheat because it was on the
blacklistof the Arab boycottof Israel.
Mar. 2: The first LebaneseConfederationof Trade
Unions was foundedin Beirut. Three formertrade
union federations,the Federationof United Trade
Unions, the Federation of the League of Trade
Unions and the Federationof Northern Lebanon
Trade Unions, have merged. There is a total
membershipof 50 trade unions. Negotiations had
been going on since the decreeof 1958 enablingthe
3 federationsto form a confederation. A fourth
federation, the IndependentFederationof Trade
Unions, did not join in the application to the
governmentfor permissionand it did not take part
in the ensuing negotiations.
Mar. 12: Nine men were killed and 9 woundedin an
armed clash in the mountain area of Hermel be-
tween 2 tribes in revengefor a 10-year-oldmurder,
an official communiquestated.
Mar. 14: Accordingto informationreceivedby officials
in Beirut from the Lebanese embassy in Cairo,
UAR governmentleaders have tentativelyaccepted
in principle the paymentof compensationto Leb-
anese owners of sequestratedpropertyin the UAR.
Morocco
(See also, General,Algeria)
1961
Dec. 16: Al-Tahrir, organ of the left-wing opposi-
tion, and al-'Alam, the conservativeparty news-
paper, published their opposition to the govern-
ment's policy of permitting passports to Jewish
citizens, it was reportedin Rabat.
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201
Dec. 18: The governmentannounceda wage increase
for 75,000 state employees at the lowest income
level. An equivalentof $6 million was set aside
from the budget for the purposeto take effect on
January1.
Dec. 19: The departureof MoroccanJews was re-
portedto have come to a halt after political parties
attackedthe governmentpolicy. Twenty thousand
more Jews who have receivedpassportsand were
expected to leave by the end of January,will be
affected.
Dec. 21: King Ijasan appointedAhmad Balafrej as
Foreign Minister. The post had been vacant since
June.
Dec. 26: Grocers, tobacconists, barmen and bus
drivers stopped work in Rabat to protest against
the government'sdismissalof 34 civil servantswho
went on strike the previous week for higher pay.
Most returnedto work after a few hours, it was
reported.
Dec. 27: The governmentdismissed 65 more civil
servantswho had joined the strike.
Dec. 28: A Moroccanmilitarydelegationleft Moscow
after a fortnight'svisit to the Soviet Union.
1962
Jan. 2: It was reportedin Rabatthat the Moroccan
Ambassadorin Washington and the embassyper-
sonnel there sent a message to the Moroccan
Federationof Labor expressing "stupefactionover
the arbitrarymeasures" taken against the civil
servantswho were dismissed,and demandedtheir
"immediaterehiring."
King H{asanand PremierU Nu of Burma "re-
joice at the liberationof formerPortuguesecolonies
in India and demand that colonialism be ended
immediately,"according to a joint communique
issued in Rabat after the 48-hour visit of the
Premier.
Jan. 3: Al-Tahrir expressedconcernover the forth-
comingvisit to Moroccoof AmintoreFanfani,the
Italian Premier, fearing the possibility of con-
cluding a Mediterraneanmilitary pact, similar to
what was proposedin 1956 when Ahmad Balafrej
was Foreign Minister.
Jan. 6: Morocco recalled Dr. Mahdi ibn 'Abbud,
Ambassadorto the US, on chargesthat he supported
a strike last week by personnel of the Moroccan
ForeignMinistry. 'All Benjelloun,Cabinetdirector
of the Minister of Justice, was designatedto re-
place him.
Jan. 8: The ItalianPrimeMinister,AmintoreFanfani,
and Antonio Segni, the ForeignMinister,arrivedin
Rabaton a 4-day officialvisit to Moroccoas guests
of King Hasan.
Jan. 9: It was announcedthat a new runwayfor jets
was completedin Fez.
Jan. 11: The Minister of the Economyannouncedin
Rabatthat the government"is countingheavily on
202 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
the United States" to finance 49 per cent of this
year'sdevelopmentbudget.
A delegationleft for Moscow by way of Paris to
negotiate the renewal of the trade agreementbe-
tween Moroccoand the USSR.
Talks opened at the Foreign Ministry between
Moroccan and Czechoslovakdelegations for the
conclusionof an economicand technicalcooperation
agreementand renewal of the trade pact between
the two countries,it was reportedin Rabat.
Jan. 17: Tass reportedthata Soviet-Moroccan protocol
on goods exchange in 1962 was signed at the
Soviet Ministryof ForeignTrade.
Jan. 19: Anastas I. Mikoyan arrivedin Rabat for a
3-dayvisit as guest of King Ijasan.
Jan. 22: Representativesof the UAR and Morocco
signed an agreementfor the exchangeof radio pro-
grams and correspondents.
Ja;t. 23: Marin Ivanoff, the first BulgarianAmbassa-
dor to Morocco,arrivedin Rabat.
Jan. 25: The sale of Tunisiannewspapersin Morocco
was prohibited, officials in Rabat reported. The
local presswas warnednot to publishexcerptsfrom
the Tunisian press that carried"unjustattackson
Morocco."
Jan. 26: Moroccantroop reinforcementsmoved to the
Algerian borderwith ordersto use "everymeans"
to preventviolations of Moroccanterritoryby the
Frencharmyin Algeria,it was reportedin Rabat.
Jan. 29: Italy will contributeequipmentand technical
aid towards the establishmentof Morocco'stele-
vision network, under an agreement signed in
Rabat.
Jan. 30: It was announced that King IHasanhas
acceptedan invitation by PresidentAyub Khan to
visit Pakistan.
Feb. 1: King IHasanand Algerian PremierYuisifibn
Khida announcedthat they had set up a permanent
commissionto "furtherthe aim of a United Arab
Maghrib."
Feb. 5: Four hundredand fifty MoroccanJews sailed
from Casablancafor Marseilles, it was reported.
More than 2 weeks ago, 250 others left, also by
boat.
Feb. 8: The French ship Lyauteysailed from Casa-
blanca with about 300 MoroccanJews aboard,it
vas reported. The opposition National Union of
PopularForceschargedthe governmentwith taking
'aggressiveaction" against the Arabs of Palestine
in "furnishing~migresto Israel."
Feb. 9: It was announcedin Rabatthat Moroccowill
import 200,000 tons of wheat under the US Food-
for-Peaceprogram. The USOM will turn over to
Moroccothe equivalentof about $8,500,000 or 60
per cent of the cost of the wheat.
Feb. 11: Albania and Moroccowere reportedto have
agreed to establishdiplomaticrelations.
Feb. 13: France and Morocco signed an agreement
for joint agriculturalresearch.
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Feb. 19: Morocco protested to France against an
attack by French planes on an Algerian base at
Oujda, which the French alleged was carriedout
by "traitors."
Feb. 20: It was announcedin Rabatthat Moroccoand
Rumaniawill exchangeambassadors.
Mar. 2: King Sa'i:dof Saudi Arabiaarrivedin Rabat
for the festivitiesin conjunctionwith the firstanni-
versaryof the reign of King Hasan.
The Minister for Islamic Affairs declaredthat
MoroccanJews had the same right to travelabroad
as did Muslim citizens.
Mar. 3: In a speech from the throne, on the first
anniversaryof his reign, King Hlasan,pledged that
Moroccowould adhereto the principlesof democ-
racy, social justice, a balancedeconomy and non-
alignment.
Mar. 13: It was disclosed that MuhammadKhatib,
former Governorof Tangier, has been appointed
first MoroccanAmbassadorto Cuba, and 'Abd al-
Latif Filali, former Director of Royal Protocol,
has been appointed Ambassadorto the Benelux
countries.
Mar. 14: MarshalRodionMalinovsky,Soviet Defense
Minister, flew to Rabat to begin a "semi-official"
visit, it was reportedin Rabat.
Libya
1961
Dec. 22: In accordancewith the provisions of the
Libyan PetroleumLaw, Oasis relinquished25 per
cent of its 24,399 sq. km. ConcessionNo. 59. It
retains18,235 sq. kms. of the concessionin which it
has already discovered 3 oilfields with a total of
11 producers.
Dec. 26: In a speech on the 10th anniversaryof in-
dependence,King Idris askedhis people to keep on
working for the country'sprosperityand advance-
ment and to redouble their efforts to strengthen
Libya'sindependence.Delegates from 20 countries
were present,with all of the Arab states,exceptthe
UAR, represented.An invitationsent to Cairowas
not accepted.
1962
Jan. 9: It was reportedthat Kuwayt has offered to
participatein the establishmentof an oil refinery
in Libya.
Jan. 11: King Idris appointed a new Cyrenaican
Executive Council, headed by Hashim 'Abbar. A
royal decree also dissolved the CyrenaicanLegisla-
tive Council.
Jan. 12: Dr. Nadim al-Pachachi,the former Iraqi
Ministerof Economywho is currentlyadvisingthe
Libyangovernmenton oil affairs,left Baghdadfor
a 2-monthtrip to Libya.
 CHRONOLOGY
Jan. 20: The National Oil Companyof Libya,formed
early this year, has invited the Libyan public to
subscribe34 per cent of the company'scapital, 17
per cent of which is alreadyin the handsof Libyan
businessmen.The remaining49 per cent is held by
5 foreign oil companies.
Jan. 21: Esso StandardLibya was reportedto have
announcedthat the West Germanfirm of Phoenix-
RheinrohrAG of Dusseldorfhas been awardedthe
contract to supply steel pipe for the projected
110-mile,36-inchpipelinewhich will carry500,000
barrelsof sea water daily from Port Brega to the Dec. 26: It was announcedthat a group of American
Zelten field in Cyrenaica.
Deutsche Erdoel/Wintershallhas announcedits
decisionto relinquish21,341 sq. kms. of its 39,892
sq. km.-Concession No. 77 in north Fezzan
(granted on August 14, 1958), with effect from
March 31, 1962.
Jan. 28: A decreewas issued acceptingthe resignation Dec. 28: The Ruler of Malayaarrivedin Dacca on a
of 2 Ministers,Sulaymanal-Jirbi, ForeignAffairs,
and Fu'adal-Ka'bazi,PetroleumAffairs.They were Dec. 31: The Foreign Minister said that "whatever
succeededby Wanis Kaddafiand Nfiri ibn Gharsah,
respectively.
Feb. 5: Only a few of the 19 oil companiesoperating
in Libya were reportedto have agreed to convert
their concessions to the new Petroleum Law by
the January15 deadline. Esso, BP and Gulf agreed
to convert to the stiffer terms of the new law,
publishedin July 1961, but on one condition:that
the new law, along with its regulations,be ratified
by the Parliament. Caltex, Shell, Mobil, Pan
Americanand CFP made no move to convertbefore
the deadline, thus losing a 5-year extension of
existing concessions.
Feb. 11: The PetroleumCommissionannouncedthat
there will be no further announcementsregarding
available concessionareas until Parliamentratifies
the 2 decreesissued in July and November 1961,
amendingthe LibyanPetroleumLaw.
Feb. 16: Khalifa 'Abd al-Qadir,a formermemberof
Parliamentfrom Cyrenaica,was appointed Chair-
man of the LibyanPetroleumCommission,follow-
ing the resignationof Muhammadal-Sayfat,Chair-
man since July 28, 1960.
Feb. 20: PremierMuhammad'Uthmandeclaredopen
the Tripoli InternationalFair-the first of its kind
in Libya since independence. It will remainopen Jan. 25: Pakistan's request for $945 million in
for a month. Twenty-two countries were repre-
sented.
Mar. 11: It was announcedin Benghazithat the gov-
ernmenthas decidedto concludeeconomicand trade
agreementswith the SovietUnion.
Pakistan
(See also, Afghanistan, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco)
1961
Dec. 20: Pakistanand Burmawere reportedto have
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203
agreed to consider whether it would be in their
mutual interest to maintainthe present fluctuating
boundaryin the Naaf river section or adopt a fixed
one with adequatesafeguardsto ensure the right
of navigationby both sides.
Dec. 22: An investmentagreementby the International
Finance Corporation(IFC) and the Pakistan In-
dustrialCreditand InvestmentCorporationLimited
(PICIC) for $4 million and $3 million respectively
with Ismail CementIndustriesLimited (ISMAIL)
was signed.
companieshas receivedapprovalfor a $136,500,000
steel mill projectin Pakistan. Seventyper cent of
the financingis expectedto come from loans, the
other 30 per cent from the sale of stock. The gov-
ernmentwill supply the equivalentof $40 million
of the total cost of the project.
14-dayvisit to Pakistan.
explanationIndia might give of its action in Goa,
the fact remains that it acted in direct violation
of the UN Charter."
1962
Jan. 3: Ambassadorto the US Aziz Ahmed conveyed
to Secretaryof State Dean Rusk the "fearsfelt by
his governmentas a resultof India'suse of forcein
Goa, Damao and Diu," it was reportedin Wash-
ington.
Jan. 11: Health authoritiesin Karachiforbade un-
vaccinatedpersonsto enter or leave Karachiin an
attemptto prevent the spread of a smallpox out-
break. Twenty-fivenew cases were reportedin the
last 24 hours, and 214 persons have died in the
last monthfrom the disease.
Jan. 20: PresidentAyub Khan announcedin Rawal-
pindi that he would use Americanarms supplied
under the US Mutual SecurityAct in the event of
any threatto Pakistan. He said he did not care if
"somepeople"got angry.
Jan. 23: Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess
Michiko of Japan arrived in Karachi on a 7-day
visit to Pakistan.
credits for the first 2 years of her 5-yeardevelop-
ment programhas been granted,it was announced
in Washington. The consortium,made up of the
US, Britain,France,West Germany,Japan,Canada
and the World Bank, which has pledged various
sums in support of the developmentprogram,is
the same group that has been assistingIndia.
Jan. 27: Pakistanwas reportedto be consideringa
requestby Portugalfor permissionto bring Portu-
guese nationalsnow being held in Goa to Karachi
by sea and then to fly them to Portugal.
Jan. 29: President Ayub Khan announced that
Pakistan would soon return to a parliamentary
204 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
system of governmentwhich he abolished more
than 3 years ago. He said a new constitution
would be adopted.
In Washington, it was announced that 3 US
loans totaling $79,600,000 for Pakistan's 2nd
5-yeardevelopmentplan have been granted.
Jan. 30: Abdul Qadir, formerlyManagingDirector
of the National Bank of Pakistan,was sworn in
as Ministerof Finance.
Former Prime Minister Huseyn ShaheedSuhra-
wardy was arrested. The governmentdeclaredthe
arrest was made because he "was acting and has
acted in a mannerprejudicialto the securityand
defense of Pakistan." The arrestwas made under
the Security of Pakistan Act, whereby a person
who is detained is not charged,not tried and not
told the reason for the detention.
Feb. 2: The governmentannouncedits approvalof
the appointmentof Walter P. McConaughyas US
Ambassadorto Pakistan.
Feb. 6: It was reported in Dacca that more than
2,000 university students rioted and called for an
end to martiallaw in Pakistan. The law has been
in effect since 1958.
Feb. 7: A "largenumber"of membersof the Awami
League, the former ruling party, were reportedto
have been arrestedin Dacca. The arrestedpolitical
leaders included Abdul Mansur Ahmad, formerly 1961
second in command to Huseyn Shaheed Suhra-
wardy. PresidentAyubKhan,who left Daccatoday Dec. 19: The Political Committeeof the UN Gen-
for Karachi after a 7-day visit, had warned the
people against "irresponsibleaction." Officials in
Dacca said that the university students had been
'unruly" since February1 when President Ayub
Khan called a "high-level" conference in Dacca
to "review conditions in the country."
Feb. 8: Official reports reaching Rawalpindi said that
128 persons were arrested yesterday in Dacca, for
"having defied a ban on public meetings, proces-
sions and demonstrations and for having attacked
policemen." Mujibur Rehman, general secretary of
the Awami League, and several other members
of the league, including 5 communists, were
arrested.
Feb. 11: The economic committee of the Cabinet
approved a Rs. 14.4 million plan for the improve-
ment of Pakistan Western Railways.
Feb. 12: Counsel for Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
presented a petition demanding the release of his
client, in the West Pakistan High Court.
Feb. 13: It was officially reported in Dacca that up
to 43 persons had been arrested outside Dacca since
February 11. This would bring the total number of
arrests in the province close to 400 as a result of
the demonstrations there. Of those arrested earlier,
about 100 have been released.
Feb. 18: "Basic democrats," returning to Rawalpindi
from the conference in Dacca which coincided with
the demonstrations there, said that an "unspecified
Western power" helped instigate the student
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demonstrationswith the "sole aim" of undermining
the regime of President Ayub Khan, it was re-
ported in Rawalpindi.
Feb. 23: A trade agreementwas signed in Karachi
between Pakistanand Bulgaria.
Mar. 1: PresidentAyub Khan announcedPakistan's
new Constitution in a nationwide broadcast. It
providesfor freedomof expressionand association;
an independentjudiciary;indirect election of the
President and the central and provincial legis-
latures; a 2-term limit on the President'sterm of
office.
Mar. 3: ChesterBowles, PresidentKennedy'sspecial
advisor on Asian affairs, had a 90-minute talk
with PresidentAyub Khan in Karachi,on Pakis-
tan's dispute with India over Kashmir and the
situation between Afghanistanand Pakistan.
Mar. 10: It was reportedthat Americanand Pakistani
scientistswould cooperatein a rocket programto
measure atmosphericwinds and weather disturb-
ances over Pakistan.
Palestine Problem
(See also, General, Israel, Lebanon, UAR)
eral Assembly decided to recommend the re-
establishmentof the Palestine Conciliation Com-
mission, which ceased to operate in 1952, with 5
membersinsteadof 3.
Dec. 20: The GeneralAssemblyapprovedan appeal
to the Palestine Conciliation Committee, com-
posed of France, Turkey and the US, to renew
its efforts to solve the problem of Palestine
refugees. The resolution, sponsored by the US,
noted "with deep regret that repatriation or
compensationof the refugeeshad not been effected;
that no substantialprogresshas been made in the
programendorsedfor the reintegrationof refugees
either by repatriationor resettlementand that,
therefore, the situation of the refugees continues
to be a matter of serious concern. The General
Assembly asked the Commissionto intensify its
efforts for the implementationof repatriationor
compensationof refugees and urged Arab host
governments and Israel to cooperate; asked for
the completionof the identificationand evaluation
of Arab refugee property in Palestine by Sep-
tember1, 1962; and requestedthe Secretary-General
to provide additionalstaff. It also drew attention
to the "precarious"state of UNRWA financesand
urged nmoregovernmentsto contributeand those
contributingto give more.
Dec. 21: The UNRWA office in Beirut announced
that it had received $100,000 from the Saudi
Arabian government as its share of the 1961
btidget.
 CHRONOLOGY
Dec. 31: Thirty-fourPalestaniansfrom several Arab
countriesarrived in Baghdadto join the Reserve
OfficersCollege. After their graduationthey will
join the "PalestineLiberationArmy"which Gen-
eral QRsiminitiatedin 1960.
1962
lan. 17: The director of UNRWA, John Davis,
arrived in Damascus from Beirut and discussed
with President Qudsi and Premier Ma'riif al-
Dawalibi developments in the UN's debate on
refugees. There are about 116,000 refugees regis- Mar. 8: Two Israeli policemen were reported to
tered with UNRWA in Syria, of whom about
95,000 receive rations, including 19,500 living in
camps.
Jan. 24: The Arab League's Palestine Committee
approvedan agendafor a series of talks, included
in which were Israeli attempts to divert the
Jordan River, Ethiopia'srecognitionof Israel and
coordinationof the Arab states policy concerning
"foreign exporters having hostile Zionist activi-
ties."
lan. 31: The Palestine Committeeat the end of a
week's session adopted "importantsecret recom-
mendationsconcerningPalestine and the member
states' policy against Israel," according to Sa'id
Nawfal, the assistantsecretary-general.The recom-
mendationswould be submitted to the League's
council which is next scheduledto meet in Riyadh
in May.
In Geneva, the UN High Commissionerfor
Refugees, Felix Schnyder,announcedthe appoint-
ment of Prince Sadr al-din, brother of the Agha
Khan, as Deputy UN High Commissionerfor
Refugees.
Feb. 10. The UNWRA announcedthat 3 young
Palestine Arab refugees will train as television
and radio mechanicsat Kalandia,in Jordan,with
funds made availableby a gift of medicalsupplies
from a US manufacturer.The shipmentwill save
the UNRWA some $1,562, freeing an equivalent
sum for vocationaltrainingscholarships.
Feb. 12: The Iraqi press "violently attacked" a
projected tour of Arab countries by Joseph E.
Johnson, a US representativeof the UN Palestine
ConciliationCommission.
General von Horn called on Wasfi al-Tall, the
JordanianPrime Minister, to discuss the situation
on the armisticelines. It was reportedthat earlier
Syrianauthoritieshad informedGeneralvon Horn
that any attempt by Israel to divert the Jordan
would be repulsed by force.
Feb. 15: Twentyyoung Palestinianrefugeesfrom the
Gaza Strip will receive vocationaltraining in the
trade of their choice with a donation of $10,000
from Aramco,it was announcedby UNRWA.
Feb. 16: Israeli soldiers killed an Arab "infiltrator"
from Egyptianterritoryin a desertencounter,army
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205
headquartersin Tel Aviv announced. Another
Arab was capturedat noon in the western Negev,
the reportsaid.
Feb. 26: Four Palestinians,living near Gaza, were
charged by an Egyptian court with spying for
Israel by collecting and passing on secret military
information, the prosecutor'soffice announced.
Mar. 5: Israeli securityforces were reportedto have
arrested7 Arab residentsof Galilee on suspicion
of complicity in an attemptedsabotage of water
installations forming part of Israel's project to
divert the Jordan River, it was reported in Tel
Aviv.
have been seriously wounded in an exchange of
gunfirebetweenan Israeli police launchand Syrian
positions on the Sea of Galilee. Both Israel and
Syria lodged complaints with the UN Mixed
Armistice Commission, which has opened an
investigation.
Persian Gulf
1961
Dec. 16: Bahrayn's142,000 islandersbegan two days
of celebrationsmarking the accession of Shaykh
'Isa ibn Sulman al-Khallfa, who succeeded his
fatherlast November2.
Dec. 21: Shaykh 'Isa opened a new ?300,000 air
terminal building and a bridge linking the main
islandwith the one on which the airportof Bahrayn
is built.
1962
Jan. 9: The British Secretaryof State for War, John
Profumo,inspectedarmyand RAF installationsand
facilities in Bahrayn. Laterthe Secretarymet with
Sir William Luce, Political Resident in Bahrayn.
Jan. 23: The Financial Times reported that Qatar
PetroleumCompanyhas formallyrelinquishedover
1,400 sq. miles, or slightly over 1/3 of the original
concession.Under an agreement,which was reached
last December, the companyretains the right to
supply both the Dukhan oilfield and the Umm
Sa'id oil terminalon the west coastwith freshwater
from wells at Sinnah, which lies within the re-
linquishedarea.
It was reportedfrom Aden that ShaykhShakhbiit
ibn SultRn,the Rulerof Abu Dhabi, has contracted
a British firm to make a complete land survey of
the shaykhdomand draw up plans for future con-
structionprojects-ports, airports,town planning,
etc.
Feb. 25: The BahraynPetroleumCompany(Bapco)
spudded in an explorationwell on Hawar Island,
just off the west coast of Qatar.
Mar. 5: Talib ibn 'All, brotherof the Imamof Oman,
206 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

told al-Thawrahin Baghdad that the Imam and Jan. 16: The Directorate General of Broadcasting,
other Omani leaders may seek diplomatic recog-
nition for a separatestate of Oman. He has been
in Baghdadsince February25 "for talks with Iraqi
officials,"it was reported.
SaudiArabia
(See also, Morocco,PalestineProblem,UAR)
1961
Dec. 16: Defense MinisterMuhammadibn Sa'iidleft
for a 10-dayvisit to Pakistan.
Dec. 17: Doctors at the Peter Bent BrighamHospital Jan. 21: According to reports from Jiddah, Saudi
in Boston removeda cataractfrom the right eye of
King Sa'iud,a week after a similaroperationon the
left eye, it was reportedin Boston.
Dec. 24: Assistant Secretaryof State Phillips Talbot
called on King Sa'uidand deliveredPresidentKen-
nedy'sregards,it was reported.
Dec. 26: Physiciansremovedthe bandagesfrom King
Sa'ud's eyes and announcedthat both operations
had been successful.
Dec. 29: It was disclosed that President Kennedy
invited King Sa'ad to visit Washington after his
dischargefrom the hospital.
Dec. 31: A minorabdominaloperationwas performed
on King Sa'ud at Peter Bent BrighamHospital in Jan. 24: King Sa'ud left Boston for a period of con-
Boston.
1962
Jan 5: King Sa'iid was dischargedfrom Peter Bent
Brigham Hospital. The King moved into the
Sheraton-PlazaHotel in Boston for a period of
recuperation.
Jan. 9: The Saudi Ambassadorto the US, 'Abdallah
al-Khayyal,met with US Secretaryof State Dean
Rusk to discuss King Sa'iid's invitation to visit
Washington.
The Council of Ministersissued a decision allo-
cating 400 million riyals for various development
projects in accordancewith the recommendations by UAR authorities. Furthermore,Saudi nationals
of the SupremePlanning Board.
Jan. 10: Discussions between the Saudi embassy in
Cairoand the UAR Ministeryof Interiorwere held Jan. 27: King Sa'fidmet with PresidentKennedyin
to clarify Saudi Arabia'srequest for a change in
procedurefor the paymentof fees and chargesby
Egyptianpilgrims. Formerlyfees were paid by the
pilgrims to the UAR authoritiesfor transferto the
Saudi Arabian government through the Central
Bank of the UAR. The new procedurewill have
pilgrims pay fees and charges directly to guides'
agents in Saudi riyals or in sterling-basedcurrency. Jan. 28: The Director of Passportsand Nationality
Service fees and port dues are to be paid through
maritimeor airline companies.
Press and Publicationsissued a statementin answer
to UAR charges that Saudi authorities were at-
temptingto bar Egyptiansfrom the pilgrimageby
changing financial arrangements. The statement
explainedthat the changemerelybroughttreatment
of Egyptian pilgrims in line with treatmentof
pilgrims from other Islamic countries, that the
privilegesgrantedto Egyptiansin time of financial
need were not a right, and that the UAR still
owed Saudi individuals and firms approximately
?2 million sterlingfor 1961 pilgrimageobligations.
Jan. 17: The MonetaryAgency in Jiddah announced
that it plans to withdraw pilgrim receipts from
circulation, replacing them with new banknotes.
Currencymay be exchangedat the Agency'shead-
quartersor at branchoffices.
publishers threatened to make Egyptian printers
working in Saudi Arabia pay large indemnitiesif
they left their jobs before their contractsexpired.
Printerswalked out in protest against Saudi press
attackson socialism and the UAR.
Jan. 23: The Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral
Resourcesissued a statementon cancellationof the
secret agreementbetween Kamal Adham and the
Arabian Oil Company,Ltd. The statement said
that the Ministry instructedthe companyto add
to the government'srevenuethe shareof 2 per cent
of the company'snet profitspaid to KamalAdham
underthe cancelledagreement.
valescencein Palm Beach, Florida.
Jan. 25: In answerto UAR claims that the Egyptian
printerswere refusedpermissionto leave the coun-
try by Saudi authorities,the DirectorateGeneral
of Broadcasting,Press and Publicationsannounced
that the printers would be allowed to leave the
countryas soon as they came to an understanding
on settlementof their contractualobligationswith
their employers and as soon as they paid their
debts.
Jan. 26: Shaykh'AbdallIhal-Khayr,Ministerof State
for the Affairs of Broadcasting,Press and Publica-
tions, announcedthat Saudi nationalsin the UAR
were being prevented from leaving the country
arrivingat Cairo airporton their way throughthe
UAR were not being allowed to depart.
Palm Beach. The President paid a 14-minute
call on the King.
Crown Prince Faysal received Shaykh 'Abd al-
Hamid al-Sayigh,head of the Islamic Delegation
to Saudi Arabia from Jordan, who informed the
Crown Prince of matters taken up at the Islamic
Conferencein Jerusalem,it was reported.
Affairs announcedthat exit visas had been granted
to 35 Egyptianprinters.

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 CHRONOLOGY
Feb. 4: 'Abd al-Hadi Tahir, Director General of
Petroleum and Mineral Resources, met with
MuhammadSalman, the Iraqi Oil Minister, in
Baghdad. 'Abd al-Hadi Tahir headed a Saudi
delegation to Iraq for discussions on petroleum
affairs.
Feb. 5: King Sa'fid sent a Ramadanmessage from
America,on the first day of the month-longfast,
saying that he hoped to be home for the 'Id
celebrations.
Egyptianprintersin Riyadhwalked off the job,
reportedlyon orders from the Egyptian embassy.
Press owners replaced the Egyptians with Saudi
printers.
Feb. 11: CrownPrinceAmir Fay?alreceivedPhillips
Talbot, Assistant Secretaryof State for Near East-
ern and South Asian Affairs, US Ambassador
ParkerT. Hart and Col. Wilson of the American
Military Mission at Dhahran Airfield.
Feb. 13: President Kennedy and King Sa'fid con-
ferred for about 2 hours in Washington. In a
communiqueissued after the meeting they declared
that they discussed Saudi Arabian-American rela-
tions and other internationalproblems.
Feb. 14: At a press conference in Washington,
PresidentKennedy disclosed that the US expected
its arrangementsfor the use of the Dhahran air
base to lapse in April 1962.
Feb. 15: An official British spokesmanwas reported 1961
in London to have answereda ConservativeMP's
question on resuming diplomatic relations with Dec. 28: IbrThimal-din Pala, presidentof the Somali
Saudi Arabiaby saying that the Britishgovernment
has made clear on many occasionsthat it welcomes
the resumption of relations, which were severed
by the Saudi governmentin November 1956.
King Satid arrived in Madrid for a one-day
official visit with General Franco.
Feb. 19: Amir Faysal ibn Turki, the Minister of
Interior, announcedthat a drive to collect funds
for Algerian nationalistswould begin on February
21.
Feb. 20: Hasan MuhammadHasan, the UN resident
representativein Riyadh, announcedthat the UN
had approved a joint project with Saudi Arabia
to establish an experimentalfarm and agricultural
center in Qatif oasis. The UN appropriatedSR 1962
2,786,400 for the project and this amountwill be
matchedby the Saudi government.
Feb. 22: It was announcedthat King Safid would
attend the celebrationsto be held in Moroccofor
the first anniversaryof King Iasan's accessionto
the throne.
Feb. 24: Klng Sa'ud attended a reception in his
honor given by the military governor of Granada
in Spain. The King donated $5,000 to Granada
University.
Mar. 7: King Sa'ud arrivedin Jiddah from Morocco
where he attendedKing IHasan'sfirst anniversary. to discuss with the British government in London
Air. 15: A new Cabinet has been formed under
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207
King Sa'ud, it was officiallyannouncedin Riyadh.
The membersare:
Crown Prince Faysal ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz: Deputy
Prime Ministerand ForeignMinister.
Prince Musa'id ibn 'Abd al-Rahman:Finance
and National Economy
Prince Faysal ibn Turki ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz:
Interior
Prince Muhammadibn Sa'ud: National Defense
and Aviation
Ahmad ibn Zayn: Commerceand Industry
Ahmad Zaki Yamani: Petrol-eumand Mineral
Resources
Muhammadal-Mursalal-Zuhaybi: Communica-
tions
Muhammadal-Hamadal-Sabili: Labor and So-
cial Affairs
Shaykh Hasan ibn 'Abdallah ibn al-Shaykh:
Education
'Abd al-Rahmanibn al-Shaykh:Agriculture
Dr. HamidKharasuni:Health
Husayn 'Arab: Pilgrimageand Waqfs.
Somalia
CooperativeCommunity,and Hamid Muhammad
'UthmanPalma arrivedin Accra, Ghana for talks
with officialsof the GhanaTrade Union Congress
and the GhanaNationalCooperativeCouncil. They
will be in Ghana for about a month.
Dec. 29: The governmentof Ghanaawarded39 schol-
arships to Somali students now in Ghana to take
coursesin mechanicsand automatictelephoneoper-
ation, together with industrialtraining techniques,
at various institutionsthere. These are the first of
a group of 60 under one of the programsagreed
upon by President'AbdallIh 'Uthman,who visited
Ghanain August.
Jan. 12: It was announcedthat the GoverningCoun-
cil of the UN SpecialFund has approveda sum of
$594,300 for Somaliato conductan iron ore survey
with a view to discoveringthe potentialof the Bur
Region and completing data to the point where
investmentcapitalmight be attracted.
Feb. 28: It was reported that demonstrationswere
held throughoutSomaliain supportof the demands
of the Northern FrontierDistrict (NFD) Somalis
to be under Somali administrationratherthan un-
der Kenya. A SomaliNFD delegationis
its demand
to separate.
 208 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Mar. 1: Another public demonstration,participated tum. No decisionwas made and the purchasewill
by sultins, elders, schoolboysand women,was held not be considereduntil Sudan has completed its
in Somalia in support of NFD demands,it was own dams, the Roseiresand the Khashmal-Girba.
reportedin Mogadishu. Feb. 3: The Councilof Ministersconsidereda memo-
randumof the Minister of Financeand Economics
concerning "Sudan's Foreign Exchange Reserves,
Investment Policy," as embodied in a note sub-
Sudan mitted by the Governorof the Bank of Sudan,and
resolvedthat the Sudanbe declaredan independent
1961 monetaryarea and confirmedthe principlesunder-
lying the investmentpolicy outlined therein.
Dec. 26: President IbrThim'Abbiid announcedthe Feb. 7: It was announcedthat the foreign currency
formationof a national committeeto investigatea balances abroad and foreign investmentswill be
plan intended to lead to a permanentConstitution handled directlyby the Bank of Sudan instead of
for the Sudan. The committeewill studythe return throughthe Bank of Englandas it was before the
to elections for local councils with a partiallyap- separationfrom the sterlingarea.
pointed membership. Later, a national committee Feb. 15: President Tito of Yugoslavia arrived in
will draw up the Constitution. Khartumfrom the UAR for a 3-day informalvisit
to the Sudan. He and his wife were met at the
1962 airportby President'Abbuid.
Feb. 23: The Minister of Health, Dr. Muhammad
Jan. 1: The Sudan celebratedthe 6th anniversary of Ahmad 'All, died in a hospital in Khartumafter a
its independence. heartattack. He had been in officesince November
Jan. 2: A 7-manPakistanitradedelegationarrivedin 1958.
Khartum for talks on increasing trade between Mar. 5: It was announcedthat President'Abbfidwill
Sudan and Pakistan. begin an officialvisit to West Germanyon April 11.
Jan. 3: The governmentordered a Soviet Ilyushin Mar. 12: Reportsfrom Khartumsaid that the Minister
plane on a flight from Cairo to the Congo to re- of Education,ZiyadahArbib, has acceptedan invi-
main in Khartum because it did not have flight tation to visit Britainearlynext monthafter attend-
permission. The aircraftwas said to be carrying ing the forthcomingUNESCO conferencein Paris
medical supplies to the Congo. for ministersof education.
Jan. 6: As of today there remained96,220 bales of
Sudanesecotton unsold from the 1961-62 crop of
379,070 bales of the Gezira and other government
estates. In addition,therewere 11,481 bales unsold
from the 1959-60 season. Syria
Jan. 17: It was disclosed in Khartumthat Hamza (See also, General,Iraq, PalestineProblem,
Mirghani, Under Secretary in the Finance and Tunisia, UAR)
Economic Ministries, had been appointed to the
board of directorsof the IBRD. 1961
Jan. 20: The first trade agreementbetween Sudan
and Lebanon,under negotiationfor severalmonths, Dec. 16: Damascusand Aleppo universitiesreopened
was signed. It provides for Lebanon to import for the 1961-1962academicyear.
cattle from the Sudanin exchangefor shipmentsof Dec. 18: Floods resultingfrom heavyrainscut in half
fruit and other agriculturalproducts. the town of Banias on the coast in Lattakiagover-
Jan. 24: Two of the 16 Sudanesepolitical leaders, norate,it was reported.
arrested for "rumor-mongering"last July, have The Ministry of AgrarianReform was reported
been released,the Police Commissionannounced. to have decided to place 270,548 dunums of the
The Sudan announcedits decision not to attend Ghab project scheme at the disposal of 10002
the conferenceof African heads of state in Lagos. families to exploit for their own benefit for one
Jan. 28: All detainees in military custody in Juba year.
Prison were removed to Khartum and released. Dec. 22: PresidentNazim al-Qudsi signed a decree
Among those releasedwere 2 formerPrimeMinis- naming the cabinet membersof the new era. The
ters, 'Abdallih Khalil and Ismaitlal-Azhariand 10 membersare:
of their former ministerial colleagues, who were Ma'riifal-Dawalibi:Premierand ForeignMini -
arrestedlast July after signing a telegramto the ter
government of President 'Abbuid,which it con- Jalal al-Sayyid:Deputy Premierand Agriculture
sidered unacceptable. RashadBarmada:Defense and Education
Jan. 30: The Minister of Agricultureand Irrigation AhmadQanbar:Interior
announcedthat the UAR has asked the Sudan to Muhammadal-Shawwaf:Public IWorks
buy the Jebel Aulia Dam, 35 miles south of Khar- 'Abd al-Rahmanal-Hunaydi:Industry

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 CHRONOLOGY
Mustafaal-Zarqa:Justiceand Waqfs
'Adn5nal-Quwwatli:Economy
Fu'ad al-'Adil: Culture,National Guidanceand
Information
Mahmadal-'Azm:Minister of State in chargeof
the Ministryof Health and Public Relief
Naiam al-Suyuif:Planning
Ahmad 'All Kamil: Communications
Suhayl al-Khiri: Municipaland Village Affairs
Bakri al-Qabbani:AgrarianReform
Rashidal-Daqr:Financeand Supply
Muhammad 'Abdin: Social Affairs and Labor
Dec. 23: Dr. Ma'mimn al-Kuzbarl,Speakerof the Con-
stituent Assembly, sent a telegram to the Inter-
national ParliamentaryUnion seeking the resump-
tion of Syria's membershipafter the election of
the new parliament.
Dec. 24: The militaryprosecutor,Lt. Col. Narl al-din
Dassuki, disclosed that a total of 240 chargeshad
alreadybeen filed against former UAR Vice-Presi-
dent 'Abd al-Hamidal-Sarraj.
Dec. 27: A ForeignMinistrysourcedisclosedthat the
Yugoslav governmentappointedits consul-general
in Damascus,CelimirMigobic, as charged'affaires.
1962
i-n. 2: Faris al-Khuri, lawyer and former Prime
Minister,died in Damascusat the age of 84.
The Cabinetissued decrees appointingmembers
of the Syriandelegationto the ArabLeague.
Jan. 3: A 3-memberIraqi delegation,headed by the
directorof Iraqi Airways, Nasir al-Janabi,arrived
in Damascus to conclude 3 air agreementswith
SyrianAirways.
Jan. 8: Premier Ma'ruifal-Dawalibi submitted his
government'spolicy in a statementto the Constitu-
ent Assembly,in which he emphasizedthe impor-
tance of non-alignment.
Syrian authoritieshanded over to the Lebanese
security forces several members of the dissolved
PPS who had escapedinto Syria.
Jan. 10: An economic and technical committeewas
formed to work out recommendationsfor the im-
provementof the economic and financialsituation
in the country and to reconsider the economic
development plan. It consists of 8 members,
headed by Ilusni al-Sawwaf, Governor of the
CentralBank of Syria.
Jan. 15: PrimeMinisterMa'ruifal-Dawalibi'sgovern-
ment won a vote of confidenceafter a 2-daydebate
on the government'sstated policy.
Jan. 16: The Councilof Ministersformeda committee
to recommendamendmentsto the Agrarian Re-
form Law. After its first meeting,committeechair-
man Jalal al-Sayyidsaid the body was free to con-
sult any person in its task and would try not to
prejudicethe acquiredgains of farmers. It would
formulateits recommendations in a bill to be sub-
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209
mitted to the Council of Ministersbefore going to
the ConstitutentAssembly.
Jan. 18: Dr. Rudolf Fitcherpresentedhis credentials
to the President as West German Ambassador.
Later, Paul Juel Jensen, the Danish Ambassador,
presentedhis credentials.
Jan. 20: The Minister of Economy,'Adnan al-Quw-
watli, dissolved administrativecouncls of all pro-
vincial chambersof commerceand announcedthat
new councils would be elected on a democratic
basis.
Jan. 21: The Higher Military State SecurityCourt
resumedthe trial of 43 men, including 9 still at
large, belongingto the ArmenianTashnakpartyon
chargesof spying for Israel.
Jan. 25: All 72 people detainedunderthe emergency
law during the former regime were reported to
have been releasedafter considerationof their cases
by a specialcommittee.
Jan. 31: PremierMl'rfif al-Dawalibisaid in Damas-
cus that the obstaclesin the way of an agreement
with the Tapline Companyhad finally been ironed
out. The agreementwould raise Syria's receipts
in return for the passage of the company'soil
pipelines acrossSyrianterritory.
Feb. 3: It was announcedthat Lebanonhas agreedto
replace India in looking after Syrian interests in
France.
Feb. 4: A Syrian delegation left for Cairo for talks
aimed at settling certain financial, economic and
administrativequestions. The talks will be under
Arab Leaguesupervision.
Feb. 6: The Prime Minister told the Constituent
Assemblythat a delegationwould leave on March1
for Bonn to sign a protocol of an agreementcon-
cluded by the UAR with West Germanylast July
(before the breakawayof Syria) to finance the
projecteddam on the Euphrates. West Germany
had agreedto give a DM 500 million loan for the
project.
Feb. 9: The Presidentof the Administrationof Major
Projects,'Abd al-BasitKhatib,announcedthat work
will begin soon on 12 silos to be built throughout
the countryover the next 4 years.
Feb. 11: The former ambassadorto Peking, $alah
Tarazi, arrivedin Damascusto take up a post at
the ForeignMinistry. He was succeededby Ibrahim
al-Kh0ri.
Feb. 12: It was officiallyreportedthat the Maritime
Transport Organization,in cooperationwith the
Ministryof Economy,has drawn up a 5-yearplan
to build a fleet of liners, freightersand oil tankers.
Feb. 13: The Ministryof Supplywarnedtradersthat
those who "play with prices of essentialcommodi-
ties" would be punished. Prices of essentialgoods
have risen recently,it was learned. The Ministry
also ordered a ban on the export of fruit and
vegetables except by special permit for the same
reason.
210 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Feb. 14: The government canceled nationalization
laws left over from the period when Syria was part
of the UAR. Parliament, however, imposed some
government control over big business and retained
"far-reaching" workers' benefits. The measure
affects 32 industrial enterprises in the following
ways: Concerns with capital of ?S2,500,000 became
joint stock companies and must offer 60 per cent
of their shares to the public; individual share-
holders may own not more than 7 per cent of the
total shares of companies whose capital does not
exceed ?S 5 million; employees will receive 25
per cent of net profits and they will have 2 repre-
sentatives on boards of directors, which shall not
number more than 7.
Feb. 15: The Minister of Economy, 'Adnan al-Quw-
watli, told a press conference that in seeking loans
the government would not confine itself to any
particular country. The government, faced with a
deficit of ?S 61 million, is trying to solve the
problem.
Feb. 17: Sequestration of British, French and Belgian
property and assets in the UAR is no longer ap-
plicable in Syria, it was announced.
Feb. 18: The Constituent Assembly approved a bill
amending the agrarian reform law of September 27,
1958. The law provides that all rights gained by
peasants under the 1958 law shall be maintained
and that title deeds shall be issued for ownership
of land distributed under the previous law.
Feb. 25: Under an agreement signed in Damascus
between Syria and Tapline, the oil transit dues,
originally fixed at ?S 4 million a year, will be
calculated on a mile-tonnage basis.
Feb. 26: The Confederation of Trade Unions issued a
statement saying that the Ministry of Labor and
Social Affairs will reconsider the social security
law, in favor of workers demands to decrease social
security deductions from their pay from the present
7 per cent to 5 per cent.
Feb. 27: Shares of joint stock companies, which have
been subject to nationalization since last July,
can, from March 3, be freely bought, sold, trans-
ferred or mortgaged, the Ministry of Economy an-
nounced.
Feb. 28: The extraordinary session of Parliament,
which began on January 1, was declared ended, and
the beginning of the ordinary session, due to last
until the middle of May, was ordered.
Mar. 1: Parliament ratified the economic cooperation
agreement signed with Saudi Arabia on November
16, 1961, which provides for the free exchange of
livestock and agricultural and industrial products.
Mar. 3: The government was reported to have ad-
vised the UN Security Council that it considers
Israel's plan for diverting water from the Sea of
Galilee to the Negev "a threat to peace and secur-
ity."
The Minister of Economy, 'Adnan al-Quwwatli,
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announced that Syria will remove foreign exchange
controls.
Mar. 4: At a press conference in Damascus, Prime
Minister Ma'ri1f al-Dawalibi disclosed that Syria
has obtained a $16 million-loan from West Ger-
many to finance her imports, and other loans are
being negotiated with the US and the World Bank
for $8 million and $6 million, respectively. All of
them are short-term loans.
Mar. 10: At an emergency Cabinet meeting, Rashad
Barmada, Minister of Defense and Education, re-
ported that his talks in Moscow dealt with con-
firmation of agreements previously concluded with
the Soviet Union and the conclusion of a series or
new economic and cultural accords to step up
cooperation between the two countries.
Mar. 14: The Governor of the Central Bank of Syria
handed to Muhammad al-Ghasiri, representative of
the Algerian Provisional Government in Damascus,
a check for ?S 813,403-the total of contributions
collected during Algerian week, frozen during the
union with the UAR.
Tunisia
(See also, General, Morocco)
1961
Dec. 27: Talks between Tunisian and French repre-
sentatives on Bizerta and other outstanding issues
were resumed in Rome.
1962
Jan. 4: President Bourguiba said that "a friendly solu-
tion" appeared to be in sight over the evacuation
of French troops from Tunisia, it was reported in
Tunis.
Jan. 5: It was announced in Paris and in Tunis that
ministerial talks will begin on January 10 between
France and Tunisia on the Bizerta problem. Bahi
Ladgham, Secretary of State in the office of Presi-
dent Bourguiba, and Sadduk Muqaddam, the
Foreign Minister, will meet with the French
Foreign Minister, Maurice Couve de Murville.
Jan. 20: Negotiations between France and Tunisia
were broken off in deadlock. Bahl Ladgham laid
the suspension to France's refusal to discuss a
starting date for the evacuation of the base. French
Foreign Ministry sources refused to comment on
the suspension.
Jan. 26: President Bourguiba said that Tunisia would
not give up her demand for complete evacuation bv
France of Bizerta. He was addressing representa-
tives of the Neo-Destour Party at Sousse.
Feb. 8: The government signed a trade agreement
with Poland calling for an exchange of goolcs
valued at the equivalent of $2,000,000 in 1962.
 CHRONOLOGY
Members of a crowd of about 2,000 people
chanted "evacuation" at a demonstration in Bizerta,
it was reported.
Meetings were held throughout Tunisia to mark
the 4th anniversary of the French bombing of the
village of Sakiet Sidi-Youssef.
Feb. 13: It was announced that Tunisia has released
7 Frenchmen detained during the Bizerta crisis. In
exchange, France has agreed to release 7 Tunisians
detained in France.
Feb. 14: Tayyib Salim was reported to have been
designated Tunisia's permanent delegate to the UN.
He had been previously designated to be ambassa-
dor to Moscow, but Foreign Ministry sources said
that this position would go to Fathli Zawhir, now
ambassador in Rome. Tayyib Salim will take over
Habib Bourguiba, Jr.'s post as temporary head of
the Tunisian delegation to the UN.
Feb. 16: The Cabinet held a meeting at which it
decided to increase state control over the country's
economy. Among the measures taken were: the
creation of one gas and electric company instead
of the present 7; the creation of 4 state offices to
deal with the search for minerals and the exploita-
tion of mineral wealth, centralization of the import
and export of textiles, improvement of cotton and
cereal production and the centralization of foreign
trade. The government will also encourage and
help cooperatives.
Feb. 17: Representatives of the US and Tunisia signed
an agreement for the US to sell 80,000 metric tons
of wheat and barley to Tunisia. The US will spend
$5,700,000 on the purchase and transport of the
cereals. Eighty-five per cent of the Tunisian dinars
acquired from the sale of the cereals will be loaned
to the government and the remaining 15 per cent
will be used for US expenditure in Tunisia.
President Bourguiba accepted an invitation to pay
a state visit to Sweden, it was announced.
Habib Chatty was appointed Tunisian ambassa-
dor to Britian.
Najat al-Husayni presented his credentials to
President Bourguiba as Syria's ambassador to
Tunisia.
Feb. 24: Tunisian policemen and the courts arrested
and tried butchers and grocers who have violated
price controls or refused to sell their stocks. The
violators were sentenced to prison terms as long as
5 years and fined up to 500 dinars.
Feb. 26: The Defense Ministry said that French planes
and artillery from Algeria bombarded a Tunisian
border village for 2 hours yesterday, killing a
woman and injuring another. In Paris, the
Premier's office denied the allegations, saying artil-
lery shots were fired in reply to mortar fire from
Tunisian territory.
Mar. 5: Tayyib Salim presented his credentials to
Acting Secretary General U Thant, it was reported
in New York.
Mar. 12: President Bourguiba said in Tunis that the
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211
government would take severe measures against
anyoneupsettingprice stability.
Mar. 14: Tunisia and Russiasigned a long-termtrade
and payments agreement superseding a protocol
concludedlast January.
Turkey
(See also, General, Palestine Problem)
1961
Dec. 22: It was reported that the Cabinet has ap-
proved an investmentprogramfor 1962 based on
proposalsby the StatePlanningOrganizationwhich
involves a total investment of about ?T 5,000
million, equivalent to the national income. No
details of the plan have yet been released.
In a speech to the Assembly,the FinanceMinis-
ter, $efik Inan, said that Turkey's foreign debt
at the end of 1961 amountedto the equivalentof
$1,407.7 million-including $116.5 million for new
debts incurred in 1961. Repayments and servicing
in 1962 would require $115,002,533 as follows:
$37 m. for the consolidated commercial debt, $53
m. for state debts, $22 m. in repayment of past
loans to finance imports and $3 m. for miscellane-
ous other debts and interest.
Dec. 25: Premier Ismet In6ni told Parliament that his
government would consider releasing imprisoned
leaders of the ousted regime of Premier Adnan
Menderes.
Dec. 27: A trade agreement with Czechoslovakia was
renewed by a protocol signed in Ankara, which
provides for exchanges of up to $25 million both
ways in 1962, it was reported.
1962
Jan. 5: The US government agreed to supply 300,000
tons of wheat to help relieve Turkey of a shortage
in eastern Anatolia. This brings to 1,000,000 tons
the total wheat supplies from the US since the last
harvest.
Jan. 6: An agreement for the exchange of up to $25
million worth of goods between Turkey and the
Soviet Union during 1962 was signed in Ankara.
Jan. 17: The US Rubber Co. announced that it will
set up a tire factory in Turkey, approved by the
Turkish authorities nearly a year ago. A new
company, the US Royal Lastik A.S., has been
formed with a Turkish participation of 40 per cent
to operate a plant with an ultimate capacity of
250,000 tires a year. The site chosen for the plant
is Adapazari,near Izmit in north-westAnatolia.
Feb. 3: Ex-President Celal Bayar was rushed to the
state civilian hospital in Kayseri. No details were
given.
212 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Feb. 7: Ali Ipar, a wealthyTurkishbusinessman,was
released from prison after serving 3/4 of a 2-year
sentencefor foreign exchangeirregularities.
Feb. 13: Former Minister of Justice Hiiseyin Avni
GdktUrkand former Minister of Labor Mumtaz
Tarhan,who is now Istanbulleader of the Justice
party, were arrestedon charges of misusing their
authoritywhile holding office under the Menderes
government. The only member of the Menderes
Cabinetnot arrestedis Arif Demir, formerMinister
of Communications.
Feb. 15: Celal Bayarwas reportedto be in a hospital
in Ankarasufferingfrom gallstonesand cystsin the
intestine.
Feb. 23: "Mutinous army troops" fought with the
rest of Turkey'sarmedforces in an effort to over-
throw the governmentof Ismet Inonu, it was re-
ported in Ankara. There were no casualties.
The Defense Minister said that Col. Talat
Aydemir,commanderof the AnkaraMilitaryAcad-
emy, was the ringleaderof the attemptedmilitary
revolt. The colonel tried to shoot himself when
the revolt failed.
The Ministry of Defense said that the officers
who attemptedthe military revolt have not been
arrested and would not be compelled to face a
court-martial. It was reported, however, that at
least 40 officerswere confinedto their homes,under
house arrest.
Feb. 25: Twenty of the officersinvolved in the at-
tempted coup were reportedto have been retired.
Four colonels were held under what Defense
Ministryofficialscalled "militarycustody."
Feb. 26: Nedim Okmen, Minister of Agriculturein
the Menderes regime, received a year in prison
sentence for misusing his authority. He had pre-
viously been sentencedto 10 years' hard labor for
violating the Constitutionand to 5 yearsfor illegal
land deals. Mustafa Saltkaya,a ForestryDepart-
ment officialtried with Okmen,was acquitted.
Feb. 28: The National Assemblyapprovedby a large
majorityvote a 1962 budget equivalentto $1,150,-
000,000. The budget is 15 per cent higher than
last year's.
Mar. 7: A tradeprotocolwas signed with Yugoslavia
for 1962. It provides for trade exchangesup to a
value of $15 million both ways, about 3 times their
value in 1961.
Mar. 13: Three delegatesfrom NATO-Edgar Faure,
Karl von Mangold and J. Fergusson-arrived in
Turkeyto resumethe talks begun last Octoberand
draw up tentativerecommendationson the subject
of Turkey'sfinancialneeds. The recommendations
will be submittedto the May meeting of NATO's
Council of ForeignMinisters.
Mar. 15: Selim Sarperresigned as ForeignMinister,
following a break with PremierIn6nii, it was re-
ported in Ankara. An aide of the Premier said
that the resignationhad been accepted.
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UnitedArabRepublic
(See also, General,Lebanon,Morocco,Palestine
Problem,Saudi Arabia,Sudan,Syria,Yemen)
1961
Dec. 16: All the companiesnationalizedby the de-
crees of July 20, 1961 and those publicly owned
beforethat datewere reportedto have beengrouped
into 38 new General Organizations,and these in
turn were placed under the supervisionof individ-
ual membersof the governmentwho will be re-
sponsibleto a SupremeCouncil for Public Organi-
zations. The Supreme Council consists of 13
Ministers and 5 Vice-Presidents,under the chair-
manshipof PresidentNasir.
One of Egypt'sforemostjudges,KamalLutfallah,
died after falling from the roof of his house in
Cairo. He had been due to preside over the State
SupremeSecurityCourt.
Dec. 20: 'Abd al-'Aziz Husayn handed to President
Nasir his credentialsas first Kuwayti Ambassador
to the UAR.
The UAR and the Cameroon signed a trade
agreementby which the UAR will import coffee,
cocoa, aluminumore and rubber. Cameroonwill
import textiles, cement,sugar and cannedfood.
Dec. 23: In a speech markingthe 5th anniversaryof
the withdrawalof British and Frenchforces after
the Suez war, President Nasir "attacked"King
Husaynof Jordan,King Sa'i:dof SaudiArabiaand
the Imamof Yemen, whom he describedas "agents
of imperialismand reaction." In the same speech
he announcedthat the UAR was reinforcing its
army by 3 additional divisions "to enable us to
rely upon ourselves."
In a radio address to the nation, President
Nasir said Egypt would nationalize all foreign-
owned land in his country.
The governmentannouncedthat it was banning
the entry of all Frenchnationalsinto the UAR.
Dec. 24: Talks began in Cairo between President
Nasir and the BurmesePrime Minister, U Nu.
Dec. 25: Al-Akhbar of Cairo said French people
living in the UAR would not have their residence
permits renewed.
Al-Masei reportedthat new militarynaval units
with "up to date, modern war equipment"had
arrivedfrom Czechoslovakiaand the Soviet Union
to join the UAR's fleet.
Dec. 26: The UAR announceda breakwith Yemen
by ending the "Union of Arab States."
FormerMinisterof Justiceand Ministerof State
Ahmad Husni died at the age of 65.
Dec. 27: Al-Ahr?zmreportedthat the governmenthas
orderedthe seizure of 3 schools belonging to the
Frenchgovernment'seducationalmission in Egypt.
Dec. 29: The French government announced it
would recall 126 Frenchcitizens who are teaching
in Egypt.
 CHRONOLOGY 2 13

Dec. 31: The UAR bannedthe circulationabroadof that would include diplomatic immunity for the
the Egyptianpound, it was reported. personnel.
Jan. 20: The prosecutionsaid that the Egyptian"ex-
ecutive" rather than the courts had the power to
1962 define the privileges and immunities enjoyed by
the Frenchofficials.
Jan. 3: A preparatorycommittee was reported to Jan. 21: The SupremeState SecurityCourt rejected
have recommendedto PresidentNasir that the elec- the defense contentionthat it was incompetentto
tion of a 1,500-memberNational Congressbe the try the French officials. It orderedthe trial to be
next step in establishinga governmentof "popular continued.
powers. Jan. 22: Twenty-eightforeigners"considereda menace
Jan. 4: The UAR has decided to waive its case to public security" were reported to have been
against Ahmad 'Abbiid, an Egyptian industrialist expelled from the UAR on ordersof the Minister
and shipowner,on chargeshe smuggled $600,000 of Interior,ZakariyaMuhyl al-din. No names or
in funds to Britain. nationalitieswere given.
Jan. 6: All foreign schools in the UAR will come A protocol on cotton exports to Czechoslovakia
under Egyptian supervisionfrom next September, during 1962 was signed, it was reported. No de-
it was reported. This measure will affect 204 tails were given.
schools, about 100 of them in Cairo, including Jan. 27: Jean-PaulBellivier, one of the French de-
those run by Germans, Italians, Americans and fendants, withdrew pre-trial confessions on the
French nuns and priests. groundthat they had been obtainedunder"physical
Jan. 10: Five more companiesand 29 more indi- and mentalduressand pretense."
viduals were reportedto have had their assets and PresidentNasir issued a decreeannouncingthat
propertysequestrated. elections to the National Congress of Popular
Jci. 15: The trial of 4 French officials opened in Powers will be held from February5 to 24. The
Cairo. The prosecutiondemandedpunishmenton voting will be by organizations,trade union, agri-
chargesof espionage. The defense asked the court cultural union, professional groups and women's
to dismiss the charges on the ground the officials assocations-at dates given in the decree.
had been arrested in violation of diplomatic Jan. 30: Civil and political rights were reportedto
immunity. Twelve defendants are charged with have been restoredto 292 persons in the UAR by
espionage, plotting the assassinationof President a 5-member ministerial committee considering
Nisir and smuggling large sums of Egyptiancur- appeals.
rencyout of the country. Feb. 1: Four warehousesand a transport,exportand
Marshal 'Abd al-Hakim 'Amir, Vice-President insurancecompanyhave been nationalizedby presi-
and Defense Minister, arrived in Jakartaon an dentialdecree,it was reported.
officialvisit to Indonesia.
Feb. 4: PresidentTito of Yugoslavia arrivedin the
Jan. 16: PresidentNasir issued a decree removing UAR for a privatevisit.
the political rights of persons who have been Henri Paul EdouardMouton, one of the French
placed in custody since the 1952 revolution. The officialson trial, told the courtthat he had madean
decree, which is effective for 10 years, affects alleged confession after having been "beatenwith
several thousands of people, including nearly all fists all over my body."
those who owned land during the regime of King
Fariiq. Feb. 5: A tradedelegation,headedby IHusaynKhalid
Hamdi, Under-Secretary of the Economy,left for a
Jan. 17: Egyptiandefense lawyers told the Supreme tour during which it will discuss trade relations
Court of State Securitythat it was "incompetent" with Ceylon, Malayaand CommunistChina.
to try the 4 Frenchofficialsfor espionage.
PresidentNasir issued a decreeformingthe Na- Feb. 6: The first list was publishedof those elected
tional Congress of Popular Powers, which will to the National Congressof Popular Forces from
draft a constitution. Together with 250 members the workers'sectionof the community.Therewere
of the preparatorycommittee,the Congresswill be 261 successfulcandidates,rangingfrom agricultural
representedby farmers,workers,tradeunions, "na- workers to industrialemployees.
tional capitalism,"governmentemployees,teachers, Feb. 8: The Middle East News Agency reportedtha;
studentsand women. Egypt would ask Britian to return rare fossils re-
Tan. 18: A defense lawyer chargedthat a document moved from the EgyptianMuseumin 1903.
proving diplomatic immunity of the French de- Feb. 9: It was reportedthat the Frenchgovernment
fendantswas missing from the dossierof the prose- has ordereda completesuspensionof economicre-
cution. The document,dated March 23, 1959, he lations with the UAR as a protestagainstthe trial
claimed,was from the Swiss Embassyto the UAR of 4 Frenchofficials.
Foreign Ministry asking approval for the French Feb. 10: The US and the UAR signed an agreement
PropertiesCommissionto come to Cairo on terms for 200,000 tons of wheat and 50,000 tons of soya

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214 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
bean oil from America. It was valued at $32 mil-
lion, which will be paid in Egyptian pounds.
Feb. 11: President Nasir and President Tito were
reported in Cairo to have agreed that the Common
Market posed the latest "imperialist" threat to the
independence of nonaligned countries.
A former Minister of Education, 'Ali Shamsi,
died at the age of 82.
Feb. 12: A US grant of $40 million in aid to the UAR
wras announced. It will be used for the construction
of 49 silos for Egyptian grain to be situated
throughout the country.
Feb. 14: Chester Bowles, President Kennedy's Special
Advisor on African, Asian and Latin American
Affairs, arrived in Cairo for a 5-day visit to the
UAR.
Feb. 15: The Greek government charged that the UAR
was evading issues raised by the exodus of the
Greek community in Egypt. About 40,000 Greeks
wNhosefamilies settled in Egypt early in the last
century have gone back to Greece, it was reported,
because of the nationalization measures in Egypt.
The Greek government has asked reimbursement of
Greek-owned property in Egypt valued at more
than $210 million.
Feb. 17: The government said it had uncovered a spy
ring, mainly of Greek origin.
Feb. 18: Major Salah Salim, one of the 12 army
officers who staged the Egyptian coup d'etat in
1952, died of a kidney ailment. He was 42 years
old.
Feb. 24: Elections to the National Congress of
Popular Forces ended.
Feb. 26: An indictment was issued accusing one
Egyptian and 14 Greeks living in Egypt of obtain-
ing information concerning the armed forces of the
UAR.
The "Union of Greeks of Egypt" said in Athens
that 297 more Greeks returned to Greece last week
from the UAR.
Feb. 27: 'Uthman Sa'd, head of the UAR trade mis-
sion in East Germany, died from a heart attack.
Feb. 28: The UAR and Yugoslavia signed an agree-
ment for setting up direct telephone and telegraphic
links between Cairo and Belgrade.
A hotel collapsed in Assiut, Upper Egypt, killing
at least 20 people, it was reported.
Ma'. 5: 'Abd al-Mun'im al-Qaysani, Minister of
Economy, arrived in Leipzig to visit the Spring
Trade Fair, at which Egypt is exhibiting.
Mar. 9: President Nasir proclaimed today a constitu-
tion for the Gaza Strip. A presidential decree de-
clared that Gaza is "an integral part of Palestine
lands and its people are part of the Arab nation."
Mar. 11: It was announced that the National Congress
of Popular Forces will assemble in Cairo early in
April to consider a new constitution for the UAR.
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Mar. 13: Dr. Mahmad Fawzi, the Foreign Minister,
left for the Genevadisarmamenttalks.
Mar. 14: The UAR and Bulgaria concludeda trade
and paymentsagreementfor 1962-65, which in the
first year will treble the trade betweenthem, Tass
reported.
Yemen
(See also, UAR)
1961
Dec. 26: Followingthe announcementof the termina-
tion of diplomaticrelationsbetweenthe UAR and
Yemen, the Imam cabled Cairo recalling Yemeni
Ministers on the Federal Council. He called the
CrownPrinceto meet him in Ta'iz.
Dec. 27: In a San't' radio broadcast,the Imam said
that his kingdomwould in no way allow herself to
be drawn "into a war of words with sister coun-
tries."
Dec. 31: The 144-mile long modern highway from
Hudaydahto San't' was open to motor traffic.
1962
Jan. 13: Ronald Bailey, British charge d'affairesin
Yemen, was stabbedin his flat in Ta'iz. He was
flown to a hospital in Aden for treatment.
Jan. 16: Ronald Bailey's assailant,Muhammad'All
Ahmad,was reportedto have been arrested.There
was no political motive in the stabbing.
Jan. 22: HasanIbrihimwas appointedForeignMinis-
ter in place of 'Abd al-RahmanAbuiTalib. Sayyid
Ibrahimwas formerlythe Imam'srepresentativeon
the UAR-YemenFederal Council-now dissolved.
Feb. 5: A Yemeni envoy, Ahmad Muhammadal-
Basha, arrivedin Cairo with a message for Presi-
dent Nasir from the CrownPrince. He said he was
in Cairo to "expresshis government'sdesire that
diplomaticrelations"betweenthe UAR and Yemen
"be restoredat the embassylevel."
Feb. 24: It was reportedthat RonaldBailey'sassailant,
Muhammad'All Ahmad, has committedsucide by
taking poison. Mr. Bailey was said to be "well on
the way to recovery."
Mar. 13: The Crown Prince was reported to have
orderedthe formationof a preparatorycommittee
of governmentofficials to draw up a system and
regulations in ministries and governmentdepart-
ments. All stateemployeeswill be governedby the
newvrules.
Mar. 14: The Crown Prince issued an order linking
the Public SecurityDepartmentwith the Ministry
of Defense.