Chronology December 1, 1964-February 28, 1965

Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Spring, 1965), pp. 194-214
Published by: Middle East Institute
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 CHRONOLOGY
December 1, 1964-February 28, 1965

General Dec. 28: Five Middle East countries, except Iraq,

acceptedthe latest OPEC royaltiessuggestions.
1964
Dec. 1: The OPEC decided on new oil royaltiesand
1965
announcedan extraordinarymeeting to be held in Jan. 1: Jordan, the UAR, Syria, Iraq and Kuwayt
Geneva shortly. were reported to have initiated tariff and tax
Dec. 4: SudaneseForeign Minister Ahmad Mahjiib reductions as a step toward the creation of an
denied press reports that 12 aircraftof Ghanaian, Arab CommonMarket.
Algerian and UAR registry had passed through Jan. 12: Arab LeaguePremiersannouncedagreement
Khartum airport with supplies for the Congo on a policy against foreign countries that either
rebels. establishednew relations with Israel or "consoli-
Dec. 5: Tlere were reports in Cairo that, besides date Israel's aggressive military efforts," it was
arms, Algeria was sending militaryadvisorsto the reported. The Cairo press describedthe announce-
Congo. ment as a warning to West Germany,which has
Dec. 11: It was reported in Moscow that a secret allegedly consideredestablishingformal ties with
meeting of representativesof Arab communist Israel.
parties has hailed the UAR and Algeria as models Jan. 20: It was reported that West Germanyhas
of its proposal for collaborationof "all sincere begun, in cooperationwith other Europeancoun-
revolutionaries"in North Africa and the Middle tries, to deliver $80m. in modern arms to Israel.
East. The US State Departmenthad no commenton the
The Arab Economic Council has approved the report.
agreementfor an Arab oil tankercompany,it was Jan. 25: Al-Ahrim disclosedthat Walter Ulbrichtof
learned. It called on Boycott of Israel offices and East Germanyhas expresseda desire to visit Cairo.
Arab governmentsconcernedto take measuresto Jan. 26: FrankM. Begley, chief administrationofficer
prevent Iranian oil from reaching Israel. It to the UNICYP, died in Nicosia.
resolved to raise the capital of the proposed Jan. 27: MENA reportedthat Ulbricht has accepted
Organization for Arab Economic Development an invitation from PresidentJamal 'Abd al-Nasir
from LE 20m. to LE 25m. (the additional sum to visit Caironext month.
will be contributedby Kuwayt); to form an Arab Jan. 30: It was reported in Washington that the
bloc within the IMF and the World Bank, and US secretlygave permissionto West Germanyfor
to coordinatepolicies vis-a-vis GATT; to open a the transferof M-48 medium tanks to Israel (in-
permanent Arab League commercial office in cluded in the $80m. transaction)becausecontinued
Brussels to follow EEC developments;and to set Soviet arms shipments, particularlyto the UAR,
up an office and joint fund to coordinateeconomic could upset the militarybalance.
aid for African and Asian countries. Jan. 31: West German AmbassadorGeorg Federer
Dec. 22: Replyingto a question regardingthe Labor expressed "serious concern" at a meeting with
government'sattitude toward Israel, British Prime Nasir over Ulbricht'sforthcomingvisit. The UAR
Minister Harold Wilson said the Middle East had agreed on $78.4m. economic aid from East
should be establishedas a "non-nuclearzone" and Germany. Prior to this East Germanyhad pro-
there should be an internationalagreementto halt vided roughly $30m. in aid, comparedwith about
competitivearm shipmentsto the area. $400m. from Bonn.
Dec. 23: AI-Azharreligious leadersdeclinedan invi- Feb. 1: Federerwas called home. ChancellorLudwig
tation to attend the World Muslim Congressstart- Erhard summoned parliamentaryheads of the 3
ing December27 in Mogadishu,reportedlybecause partiesin an effort to form a united policy.
the Grand Shaykh, Hasan Ma'mfin,regarded the Feb. 3: The West GermanCabinet,in the presence
meeting as a challenge to his claim of supremacy of the UAR ambassador,reachedunanimousdeci-
throughoutIslam. sion on yet undisclosed measures. Action was
Dec. 27: CongolesePremierMoise Tshombecharged, deferreduntil Ulbricht'sarrivalin Cairo.
in a letter to the SecurityCouncil, that Algerian Feb. 5: Al-Abram charged in an editorial that the
and UAR officers were leading rebels in "north- West German secret arms deal with Israel was
eastern Congo," it was reported. worse than formal recognitionbecause it virtually
The World Muslim Congressopened. wrote off Nasir's proposedvisit to Bonn.

194

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 CHRONOLOGY 195

Feb. 8: It was announcedthat the second African-
Asian chiefs of state conference scheduled for
early next month in Algeria has been postponedto Feb. 26: The West German Embassyin Cairo re-
June 29.
Feb. 10: Erhardordereda temporaryhalt to the arms
deliveries to Israel, it was reported.
Feb. 11: Erhardexplained his action to Israel's rep- Feb. 27: The African-AsianSolidarityCouncil ended
resentative. No statementwas issued.
Feb. 12: The Israeli Opposition parties demanded
a debate in the Knesset on Israeli-West German
relations.
West Germany confirmedit had cut off ship-
ments of arms to Israel but denied reports that
it had promised Cairo not to recognize Israel.
It was reportedin Beirut that similar pressures,
as with Bonn, should be used againstother foreign
powers helping Israel.
Feb. 13: Foreign Minister GerhardSchroderwarned
the UAR of "grave consequences"if Ulbricht's
visit were not cancelled.
Feb. 15: Israeli PremierLevi Eshkol demandedthat
West Germany honor its commitmentto supply
arms to Israel and rejected offers of monetaryor
other compensation.
Feb. 17: Michael Daroff, chairmanand presidentof Dec. 18: It was reportedthat the estimatedvolume
Botany Industries (US), urged curtailmentof tex-
tile imports from West Germanyin protest of its
suspensionof shipmentsto Israel.
West Germany reportedly warned other Arab
states not to invite Ulbricht.
Erhard accused Nasir in Parliamentof "med-
dling" with Germany'svital interests by inviting Dec. 19: MohammadHashim Maiwandwal,former
Ulbricht, and threatenedto cut economic aid to
the UAR.
The US acknowledged foreknowledge of the
secret arms agreement.
Feb. 18: Nasir said the UAR could get along with-
out West Germany'seconomicaid.
The State Departmentdeplored the boycott of
West German goods imposed by some American 1965
manufacturersand Jewish groups.
Feb. 19: West Germanpress chief Karl Gunthervon
Hase expressedregret over US reluctanceto reveal
its r6le in the arms shipments to Israel and de- Jan. 7: Trade accounts with India for 1964 were
plored the Americanbusiness boycott.
Feb. 21: Ulbricht left on the first leg of his trip
to Cairo.
In a speech to the Israel Bond Organization,
US Vice President Hubert Humphrey praised
Americanswho have and were aiding the economic Jan. 23: The Ministry of Planning disclosed that
developmentof Israel, it was reported.
Feb. 23: Ambassadorat LargeW. Averell Harriman
left the US on a diplomaticmission to the Middle
East, South Asia and the Far East. His first stop is
Tel Aviv where he will meet with Eshkol and
ForeignMinisterGolda Meir.
Feb. 24: Ulbricht arrived in Cairo. West Germany
announceda halt on economicaid to the UAR.
Feb. 25: Secretaryof State Dean Rusk said it was
the policy of the US to help maintain a military
balance of power in the Middle East between
Israel and the Arab states.
ported that 6 West Germansdisappearedin Cairo
4 days ago. Bonn said the missing were not
employed in military projectsin the UAR.
a week of debatesin Algiers. It denouncedamong
other things "imperialist"Western aid. A Red
Chinese resolution to condemn the UN was
defeated.
The UAR announcedthe arrestof 4 West Ger-
mans alleged to be involved in a spy ring. The
Foreign Ministry emphasizedthe arrests had no
connectionwith Ulbricht's visit.
It was reported that Jordan and Saudi Arabia
have requestedthe US for tanks and other military
equipment, including perhaps some supersonic
bombers.
Afghanistan
1964
of state expenditurein 1964 increasedby 19 per
cent over actual expenditure in 1963-from
Af.7,214m. to Af.8,608m.-with 71 per cent or
Af.6,132m. set aside for development projects
under the 5-yearplan comparedwith 69 per cent
or Af.4,972m. in 1963.
ambassadorin Karachi,was appointedMinister of
Information,a post formerlyheld by Minister of
FinanceSayyedKasim Rishtya.
Dec. 28: A 24-man cultural delegation left for the
Soviet Union, under the cultural exchange agree-
ment.
Jan. 4: It was reportedthat Pakistanhas allowed the
export of 5,000 tons of high-speed diesel oil to
Afghanistanat the request of the government.
settled and a protocol for increasedtrade in 1965
was signed.
Jan. 13: The US signed a loan of $7.7m. for the
constructionof the 121 km. Herat-Islamkala high-
way, it was reported.
since the beginningof the 5-yearplan Afghanistan
has acquiredloans of $503.7m. and about $220m.
in aid: Loans-USSR $414.8m., West Germany
$60m., US $12.3m., Czechoslovakia$12m., inter-
national agencies of the World Bank $4m., and
Britain $0.6m.; Aid-US $131.4m., USSR $68.5m.,
and other countriesand agencies $20.3m.
Jan. 31: It was reportedthat Yugoslavia has agreed
to render technical aid for the building of 3
irrigation and 3 industrial projects.

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196 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Feb. 12: The head of the Departmentof Mineral
Survey disclosed that over 2 billion tons of iron
ore have been found in Hajigak and another 200
million tons in other parts of Bamiyanprovince.
Feb. 19: Premier Mohammed Yusuf arrived in Dec. 4: West Germany has granted a DM 45m.
India for a 10-dayvisit.
It was reportedthat agreementhas been reached
for the exchange of Afghan and Indian teachers,
scientistsand artists.
Feb. 27: A Pakistani delegation arrived in Kabul
for talks on a new transit agreement.
Algeria
(See also, General, Morocco)
1964
Dec. 2: An 18-man Cabinet was announcedas fol-
lows:
Ahmad Bin Balla: President
Houari (IIawari) Boumedienne (Bui-Midyan):
Vice President and Defense Minister (in-
cumbent)
Sa'id MuhammadiVice President(incumbent)
'Abd al-RahmanSharif: Minister Attached to
the Presidency (former PresidentialAssistant
for Arab Affairs)
MuhammadBedjaoui (Bajawi): Justice (dean
of the University of Algiers law school and
former SecretaryGeneral of the government)
Bashir Boumaza (Bui-Maza): Industry and
Energy(formerMinisterof NationalEconomy)
'All Mahsas: Agricultureand AgrarianReform
(incumbent)
Muhammad $aghir Naqqash: Public Health, Dec. 17: The French Parliamentrefused a general
Veterans and Social Affairs (incumbent)
'Abd al-'Azlz Bouteflika(Biu-Tafliqah):Foreign Dec. 21: Former Vice Premier Rabbah Bitat, who
Affairs (incumbent)
SharifBilqasim:Education(incumbent)
'Abd al-QadirZaibek(Za'ibak): Communication
Muhammadal-Hadi HIjj Smail (Isma'll): Re- Dec. 29: Bin Balla asked Parliamentto permit him
constructionand Housing (former Ministerof
Justice)
Nur al-din Dellici (Dallis!): Commerce
(former Director of Foreign Commerceunder
the old Ministry of National Economy)
Safi Boudissa (Budissa): Labor (a nationalsec- Jan. 5: M'sila has been shaken by earthquakesdur-
retary of the Algerian Labor Federationand
ex-head of Algeria's first cooperative at
Blida)
Saddiq Batel (Batal): Youth and Sports (in-
cumbent)
Sa'id 'Umrini: AdministrativeReformand Civil
Service (directorof Le Peuple)
'AmmarOuzegane (WazgWni):Tourism(former
Minister of State, of Agriculture and now Jan. 15: A provisionalbudget for 3 months was in-
editor of RevolutionAfricaine)
Tedjini (Tajini) Qaddam: Islamic Affairs
(Deputy from Constantine)
AhimadGhozali (Ghazali): Utider Secretaryof
State for Public Works (former Director of
Energyand Petroleumunder the old Ministry
of National Economy)
loan for the irrigationprojectsin the Maghniyyah
region, it was reported, under the terms of the
October 3, 1964 agreement. Agreementhas also
been reachedon a credit for the reconstructionof
the port of Annabah.
Dec. 7: The governmentrefused commenton reports
that Francehad carriedout an undergroundatomic
test in the Sahara,it was reported.
Dec. 8: Boumazaarrived in Bonn for political and
economictalks at the invitationof the West Ger-
man government,it was reported.
Dec. 11: It was reported in Washington that Bin
Balla had given the US Ambassador"verbalassur-
ances" that the governmentwas willing to resolve
disputes over propertyexpropriatedfrom US citi-
zens, in order to avoid the invocation of the
Hickenlooper Amendment (Section 620E of the
Foreign Aid Act of 1963) requiring the US to
cut off some foreign aid to countriesthat national-
ize US property without compensation. A case
in point is George Nuncie's claim over his bus
companynationalizedon July 3, 1963.
Dec. 16: The French Cabinetapprovedand sent to
Parliamenta bill pardoningpolitical crimes com-
mitted during the campaign to block Algeria's
independence,it was reported. The bill would
apply to those convicted of crimes committedbe-
fore July 3, 1962, except for those sentencedto
15 years or more and who actually led the sub-
versive effort againstthe Frenchgovernment.
amnestybut passed a limited amnestybill.
disappearedlast July, returned to Algiers from
Paris. He said he was rejoining the FLN as a
'simple militant."
to administerthe governmentfor the first 3 months
of 1965 without a formal new budget, it was
reported.
1965
ing the past 4 days, it was reported. The first
tremors killed 4 persons, injured 40 and forced
thousandsto flee. The Housing and Social Affairs
Ministerswere dispatchedto the town.
Jan. 9: Cooperationreportedlyurged the estimated
total of 60,000 Frenchmenstill in Algeria to mi-
grate to Franceif their "presenceis not vital" to
the economy.
troduced, based on figures in the corresponding
period of 1964. An austeritybudget will be pre-
sented in March.

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 CHRONOLOGY 197

Jan. 19: The President's office announced that influenceGreececould bringupon him was through
Muisa Hassani, former CommunicationsMinister public opinion among the Greek Cypriotes.
and opposition guerilla chief in Constantine,has Vice PresidentFazil Kiiuiikwarned UN Secre-
"put himself at the government'sdisposal.' tary GeneralU Thantthat GreekCypriotesmay be
Jan. 28: ChristopheGbenye,leader of the Congolese preparingan attack on Turkish Cypriotesduring
rebels, visited with Bin Balla in Algiers. the Christmasseason.
Jan. 29: The Most Rev. LUon-Etienne Duval, Arch- Dec. 15: In a letter to U Thant, CypriotePermanent
bishop of Algiers, was named a Cardinal,it was RepresentativeZenon Rossides accusedTurkey of
reported. fomenting conflict in Cyprus, it was reported.
Compagnie Fransaise des Petroles (Algeria) Turkey's delegate Orhan Eralp earlier accused
produced 4.93 million tons of crude oil from its Cyprus of violating its Constitutionto the detri-
Hassi-Messaoud field in 1964, compared with ment of TurkishCypriotes.
4.39 in 1963, it was reported. Dec. 18: The peace force (UNICYP) was extended
Feb. 10: Bin Balla denied reports that the govern- for 3 more months.
ment had intentions of negotiating with the Dec. 21: British airman Keith Marley was released
"counter-revolution," it was reportedin Algiers. to British authoritiesafter serving 5 months of a
Feb. 11: An agreementwas signed with Communist 10-year sentence for arms smuggling.
China to help equip the Popular Militia, formed Dec. 29: Nepal offered $400 for the upkeep of
last June for auxiliary patrol duty in smaller UNICYP.
towns and villages.
Feb. 12: CardinalDuval was granted Algerian na- 1965
tionality. Jan. 8: Turkish Cypriotelegislators,escortedby UN
Feb. 13: The 13,000-ton cargo ship Shuguang soldiers, met with Speaker Glafkos Clerides on
(Light of Dawn), a gift from Red China, docked attendinga sessionof Parliament-their firstformal
in Algiers. It will form part of the Algerian Na- contact with the body since the fighting.
tional Navigation Company. Jan. 11: A Turkish Cypriote was injured in an
Feb. 17: A technical cooperation agreement was explosion in the Turkishquarterof Nicosia. The
signed with Hungary. UN said it was a bomb, but Turkish Cypriotes
Feb. 19: It was reportedthat Algerian cooperatives said they were not sure.
have signed an agreementwith the CentralHam- Jan. 21: Soviet Foreign Minister Gromykocalled for
burg Cooperative for the delivery of DM im. a settlementof Cyprusrespectingthe rights of the
worth of German goods and another agreement two "national communities," and suggested a
with the French ConsumerCooperativeCompany "federalgovernment."
worth AD 300,000. Feb. 6: Nikolai V. Podgorny,an aide to Leonid I.
Feb. 23: Bin Balli announcedthe forthcomingvisits Brezhnev, affirmedthe Soviet stand of a federa-
of Presidents Tito of Yugoslavia, Nkrumah of tion for Cyprus,in a TV report on a recent visit
Ghana and Nasir of Egypt. The first will come in to Turkey.
April, and the latter two will be in Algiers dur- Feb. 9: It was reported that Eralp complainedto
ing the Afro-Asian summit conference on June U Thant that Greek Cyprioteswere preparingfor
29. He also announcedthat the centralcommittee an imminentattack on the Turkish Cypriotes.
has called for the reform of the civil service to Feb. 15: Makarios flew to Famagustato avert a
ensure that senior officialsbecome party militants. threatenedcommunalclash there, it was reported.
Feb. 24: It was reported officially that government Feb. 19: Rossides complainedto the SecretaryGen-
forces killed 8 counter-revolutionaries and cap- eral that Eralp had been tryingto "createan atmos-
tured a ninth in a battle in the Kabyliamountains phere of tension and alarm" by false allegations.
4 days ago. Feb. 20: Possible new trouble was hinted in a UN
statement prompted partly by Greek Cypriote
press criticism of the UN's action on the island.
Cyprus It said that U Thant was studying the question
of extendingthe mandateof the UNICYP but that
(See also, General, Turkey) he had not reachedanyconclusion.
Feb. 22: An agreementto exchange $19.6m. worth
1964 of goods during the next 3 years was reached
Dec. 6: Cypriote National Guardsmen fired at a with the USSR.
Swedish UN armored car, in Pakhyammos,that Feb. 26: It was reportedthat Makarioswould agree
drove through a roadblockwhich guardsmenre- to the extension of the UNICYP for 3 more
fused to remove. No one was hurt. months after March 26, but that he would insist
Dec. 7: The Greek Foreign Minister, StavrosCosto- that the size be reduced.
poulos, said that his countryhad no real influence Feb. 27: UN Mediator Galo Plaza Lasso admitted
over Archbishop Makarios and that the only failure on an "agreed solution" to the island's

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 198 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
political future. He ended his consultations in
Athens.
Rossides charged at the UN that Turkish planes
violated Cypriote airspace on February 20.
Ethiopia
1964
Dec. 11: The budget for fiscal 1964-65 showed a
total for expenditure of Eth. $358.6m. compared
with Eth. $370.2m. last year. Economic and social
development were the 2 largest items. Revenue
estimates were lower than last year's figure,
Eth.$336.9m. compared with Eth.$342m.
It was learned that a national TV service has
been in operation for a month.
Dec. 23: The Ethiopian mission to the UN denied
a suggestion that Ethiopia sympathized with the
policies of Congolese Premier Moise Tshombe; it
said Ethiopia's policy "is none other than a na-
tional reconciliation for the Congolese" as recom-
mended by the OAU.
1965
Jan. 8: Coffee exports reached a record level during
the 1963-64 season, amounting to 75,642 tons,
compared to 68,535 tons in 1962-63 and 35,670
tons in 1958-59, it was reported.
Jan. 29: The South Korean minister in Nairobi ar-
rived in Addis Ababa to study the establishment
of a Korean embassy.
Feb. 1: Queen Elizabeth began an 8-day state visit
to Ethiopia.
Iran
(See also, General, UAR)
1964
Dec. 6: Mihdad Pahlbud was appointed Minister of
Culture, a new ministry; Hadi Haddyat! became
Minister of Education.
Dec. 25: The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
announced 5 awardees in the tender for offshore
acreage in District I, namely: Shell; ENI-Phillips-
Indian government; French group headed by the
state-owned BRP; the Atlantic Refining group,
and the Tidewater group.
1965
Jan. 9: The state security organization announced
that Faysal 'Abd al-Qadir 'Awdah, a "high"
Egyptian secret service agent, had been granted
political asylum in Iran.
Jan. 12: The new taxes on oil products, introduced
last November, were cut back because of a boost
in oil income resulting from successful negotia-
tions with oil companies, it was reported.
Jan. 21: Premier Hasan 'All Mansor was shot and
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seriously wounded by Muhammad Bokharai, a high
school student in Tehran. Shah Muhammad Riza
Pahlevi called a Cabinet meeting and appointed
Finance Minister Amir 'Abbas Huviyda to take
over.
Jan. 22: Contracts with the 5 groups for concessions
in offshore District I were signed. They will pay
an immediate sum of $185m. to the government,
plus $46mii. partly after 5 years and partly after
commercial exploitation. Profit sharing will be on
a 75-25 basis; agreements cover 25-year periods,
renewable for 3 terms of 5 years each.
Jan. 23: It was disclosed that Bokharai was a "re-
ligious fanatic" belonging to Maktab.
Jan. 26: Mansor died.
Jan. 27: Huviyda was appointed Premier.
Jan. 30: It was reported that 3 retired army officers
were executed as spies for "a foreign country."
Feb. 1: A ?6m. sterling Consortium interest-free
loan went into effect. Repayment will begin after
10 years and over a 10-year period. The money
will be used for development projects in the con-
cession area in the south.
Feb. 7: The Majlis ratified the concession contracts
for District I.
Feb. 13: NIOC signed an agreement with a German-
US consortium for the construction of an $80m.
refinery at Tehran, capable of 80,000 b/d.
Feb. 19: The Shah called for a Tehran conference on
illiteracy and invited UNESCO representatives to
discuss his proposal.
Feb. 20: Further bids for the uncommitted areas of
District I were opened.
Iraq
(See also, General, Palestine Problem, UAR)
1964
Dec. 11. It was announced that the UN Special
Fund will contribute $1,012,000 and the gov-
ernment $7,452,114 to the Agriculture Ministry's
research program in animal husbandry.
The Soviet Union has agreed to set up training
centers at Kuit, for textile weavers; at Baghdad,
for electrical, radio and telecommunications tech-
nicians; and at Iskandariya, for metal workers.
Dec. 15: The Consultative Council law was an-
nounced. The Council, to be composed of ap-
pointed representatives from all districts (one for
every 70,000-100,000 persons) and the Prime
Minister and Cabinet as ex-officio members, will
exercise legislative authority during the transition
period and will supervise the government.
The government will urge Hungary, Yugoslavia
and Poland to increase their purchases of Iraqi
dates to the level agreed upon in 1959, it was
reported.
Dec. 20: Iraq and the UAR formed their unified
political command as agreed last October 16. It
 CHRONOLOGY 199

is composed of 25 members,including the presi- will establish a petroleuminstitute with financial

dents, the prime ministers,4 UAR vice presidents help from the UN Special Fund amounting to
and a numberof ministersfrom both countries. $960,300. The institute will train engineers and
Dec. 22: A UAR economic delegation arrived in high-level technicians.
Baghdad for the meetings of the committee for Feb. 22: The National RevolutionaryCouncil and
economiccoordination. the Cabinet have approved the nomination of
Dec. 26: The Higher TourismCouncil recommended members of the Consultative Council, it was
fewer visa formalities and longer sojourns for reported.
tourists and urged the governmentto encourage Feb. 25: An economic and technical delegation left
privatefirmsto build morehotels. for Moscow.
Dec. 28: Iraq rejected OPEC's latest oil royalties Feb. 27: Al-Thawrahal-'Arabiyyahreported that a
offer. (See, General.) Kurdish emissary, Aqid Agha, had arrived in
Baghdad to discuss with the government the
1965 "reconstruction in the North."
Jan. 3: The Ministerof Interior,Lt. Col. $ubhi 'Abd Feb. 28: A trade agreementwas signed with Mali.
al-Hamid, appealed to the Kurds to help authori-
ties restorenormalconditionsin their area, it was
reported in al-Thawrah al-'Arabhyyah. Al- Israel
Jumhuriyahsaid a number of Arab and Kurdish (See also, General, PalestineProblem)
soldiers were ambushedand "treacherouslykilled"
on the Jamjamal-Sulaymaniya road last week. 1964
Jan. 5: The Oil Ministryannouncedthat oil royalties
in 1964 increasedto ID 125m., comparedto last
Dec. 10: Foreign Minister Golda Meir left the hos-
year'sID 106m. pital and was ordered to rest a few more weeks
Jan. 11: A contract for the establishmentof a ID beforereturningto normalwork.
whether
10m. sugar plant at al-Amara was signed with Dec. 13: The Cabinetpostponeda decision
to accede to former Premier David Ben-Gurion's
an Americancompany,it was reported.
demand to reopen the "Lavon affair." Premier
Jan. 17: PremierTahir Yahya announcedthe details
of a 5-year plan designed to double the national Levi Eshkol warned he would resign if Mapai's
income within 9 years, costing about ID820m.- Central Committee supported Ben-Gurion.
ID530m. from the public sector and the rest from Dec. 14: Eshkolresigned.
the private sector. Dec. 15: The Central Committeeasked Eshkol to
Jan. 22: Ismet Sharif Vanly, a spokesman for form a new government. Ben-Gurionvowed to
Mustafa al-Barazani,asserted in Beirut that Iraq continue his efforts to reopen the Lavon affair.
has ignored Kurdish national autonomyand com- Dec. 22: The coalition governmentwas returnedto
plained that union with Egypt was entered into office,with Akiva Govrin,formerlyMinisterWith-
without prior consultationwith Kurds. He said he out Portfolio, as Minister of Tourism,a new post.
would deliver letters of appeal to "friendly Dec. 27: The Cabinetvoted to close the Lavonaffair.
countries"and the UN "to prevent another war Ben-Gurionindicated he would take his fight to
and to resolve our national question peacefully the national conventionof Mapai on February16.
and justly." Dec. 30: Nahum Goldmann,presidentof the World
Jan. 30: A culturalagreementwas signed with West Zionist Organization,told the Organization's26th
Germany. congress in Jerusalem that Zionists must save
Jan. 31: Martial law and militarytribunals,in force Jews outside Israel from "erosionand disintegra-
since 1958, were abolished. Three new courts tion."
will be set up to deal with cases carryingdeath
sentences or life imprisonment,lesser sentences, 1965
and appeals. Jan. 5: Eshkol appealedto West Germanyto put an
Feb. 1: Hamid warned that force may have to be end to the activity of German rocket experts in
employed to enforce law and order in northern the UAR, it was reported.
Iraq and pledged that Iraq would uphold Kurdish Jan. 6: Another stage in the diversionof the Jordan
autonomy. River was completedwith the opening of a sluice
Feb. 2: It was reportedthat 497 political prisoners in Beit Netufa.
have been releasedon the occasionof 'Id al-Fitr. Jan. 17: Mrs. Meir returned to HadassahHospital
Feb. 7: President'Abd al-Salam'Arif told a confer- for a medical checkup. She had returnedto work
ence of the Union of Oil Workersthat Iraq would last week.
not surrenderany of her oil rights and that the It was reported that the Ministry of Interior
government supported the Union's efforts to has been consideringamendmentsto immigration
achieve "nationalistdirection." legislation in order to bar the "mentallyill" from
Feb. 12: The National Councilfor ScientificResearch becoming Israeli citizens. Spokesmenfor major

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200 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Jewish agencies expressedsurprise at reports that
a majorityof these persons were from the US.
Feb. 5: The trade deficit in 1964 was 40 per cent
higher than in 1963, it was reported. Imports
rose by 23 per cent from $661m. to $840m. and
exports by only 5 per cent from $336m. to
$349m.
Feb. 9: It was reportedthat the governmentwould
block the publication of a book on the Lavon
affair by Hagai Eshed, a journalistwho had pre-
pared an earlier report on the affair for Ben-
Gurion.
Feb. 10: Eshkol disclosed that the army's Hawk
ground-to-air missles were about to become
operational.
Feb. 18: Deputy PremierAbba Eban arrivedin New
York for a 10-day visit to the US, and meetings
with StateDepartmentofficials.
Feb. 19: The Mapai national convention rejected
Ben-Gurion'sproposal to reopen the Lavon affair.
It approved Eshkol's plan for a political align-
ment with the Achdut Haavoda in the parlia-
mentary elections of next November.
Louis H. Boyar, chairman of the Board of
Governorsof the Israel Bond Organization,said
that Israel was relying on the Organizationto
raise its economic aid this year because much of
Israel's own resources had been allocated for
defense.
Feb. 20: The Organization pledged $100m. for
Israel's developmentprogram-about one third of
the program'sbudget.
Feb. 24: The governmentannouncedit would not
take legal action to block a book on the Lavon
affair,it was reported.
Feb. 28: The Israel Museumwill be opened in May,
it was announced.
Jordan
(See also, General,Palestine Problem)
1964
Dec. 2: Premier Bahjat al-Talhiini asked the House
of Representativesto consider ways and means
of raising money for the Arab Potash Company
plant project. Amendments in earlier designs Jan. 26: Lebanonagreed to abrogatethe 1953 trade
(1956) will raise the cost from JD 4.5m. to
about $1Om.
Dec. 9: A trade agreementwas signed with the UAR
under which Jordan will import JD 350,000
worth of goods to be paid from frozen funds in
Yugoslavia for Jordanianphosphate exports.
Dec. 14: An agreementto display some of the Dead
Sea Scrolls and other treasures in the US was
signed.
Dec. 16: The House passed a bill preventing the
transfer of lands and buildings in Jerusalem to Jan. 28: Three agreementswere signed covering
foreigners. It also passed an amendmentto the
labor law which prohibitsthe employmentof non-
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Jordanians unless their skills cannot be found
among nationals.
Dec. 23: Following his return from a 36-day Euro-
pean tour, King IHusaynbriefed his Cabinet and
instructedit to take steps to concludeagreements
with France and West Germany concerningthe
projects he had discussed with these countries'
leaders.
Dec. 26: The King announcedhe would see Presi-
dent Jamal 'Abd al-Nasir "shortly."
The House asked the governmentto call on
techniciansand financialand economicexpertsfrom
the Arab countries participating in the potash
projectto reconsiderthe projectfrom the financial,
technical, and political aspects concerning its
surveyand implementation.
Dec. 27: Foreign Minister Qadri al-Tuqansaid that
the Lebanesegovernmenthas been askedto abolish
the 1953 trade agreementand to negotiate a new
one to cover products that have emerged during
the past 10 years.
1965
Jan. 2: The Cabinet announcedit would welcome
Arab participation and investment in industrial
projects. It approved a draft to organize tech-
nical and economic cooperationwith France and
instructedthe ambassadorin Khartumto submit a
draft economicagreementto Sudaneseauthorities.
Jan. 4: The US Development Mission in Jordan
gave the governmenta $3,225,000 check, bring-
ing the US aid for the year to $27,550,000, out of
a total of $34m.
Jan. 6: The Cabinet announcedit would exact one
day's pay from all government employees' sal-
aries to cover Jordan'sobligationsto the Mokheiba
dam-an Arab League project.
Jan. 17: A government-sponsored press agency was
opened.
Jan. 19: The House passed a bill compelling all
insurancecompaniesto have a capital of at least
JD 100,000, and authorizingthem to transferonly
10 per cent of their capital abroad. Companies
with smallerassetswill be given 2 yearsto comply.
Eight personswere killed and some 300 rendered
homeless by floods in Amman,it was reported.
agreementand indicatedits desire to conclude a
new one in the spirit of the "Arab Common
Market."
The DevelopmentBoard, in agreementwith the
UK, allotted the JD 700,000 British loan for
1965-66 to dam and water reservoirprojectsin the
Kafrein and Shuaib valleys, to the cost of an
agriculturalcensus, improvementsat the Jerusalem
airportand the extension of electricalservice to a
numberof villages.
USAID contributionof $410,000 for development
projects.
 CHRONOLOGY 201

fai:. 29: Duty on all imports subject to the Uni-
versity Tax Law was raised from 1/2to 1 per cent.
Jan. 30: It was reported that phosphateproduction
and sales last year reached a record figure of
627,000 tons, worth about JD 2,387,000.
Feb. 3: West Germanyagreedto lend DM 7,750,000
for improvementsat the Port of Aqaba.
Feb. 9: Phillips Talbot, US Assistant Secretaryof
State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs,
reviewed with Talhani in Amman US-Jordanian
relations as well as Jordaniandevelopmentproj-
ects, it was reported.
Feb. 13: Talhiini resignedfor health reasons. Wasfi
al-Tall formed a government composed of the
following:
Tall: Premierand Defense
HIzim Nusaybah:ForeignAffairs
Izz al-din al-Mufti:Finance
'Abd al-Wahhab al-MajMli:Interior and Min-
ister of State for the Prime Minister'sOffice
Kamal Muhyl al-din: Social Affairs and Labor
Fadl al-Dalqamuni:Communications (Telegraphs
and Posts)
'Abd al-Rahim al-Wakid: Justice
$ayf al-din al-Kaylani:Reconstruction
Ahmad AbuaQurah: Public Health
Tuqan al-Hindawi: Information
Yahydal-Khatib:Public Works
'Abd al-Latif 'Abd al-din: Education
'Ali al-Dajani: Communications(Sea, Airports
and Railways)
Hatim al-Zu'bi: Economy
Jiryis Haddadin: Agriculture
Fu'ad Farraj: Minister of State for Municipal
and RuralAffairs
Feb. 14: Permits for citizens to travel abroadwere
abolished.
Feb. 23: The Ministry of Interior announced an
exemptionof fees for entry visas to pilgrims cross-
ing Jordanto Mecca.
Kashmir
1964
Dec. 1: The Pakistanigovernmentsaid 9 personswere
killed in new clashes along the cease-fireline. It
alleged Indians had fired at civilians on the Pakis-
tani side; Pakistanishit back.
The Indian Defense Minister said nearly 100
Indians and Pakistanis have been killed and 65 1964
wounded in 287 border incidents during the 2 Dec. 6: A new Cabinetwas announced. It included
monthsendingNovember20.
Dec. 4: Indian Home Minister Gulzarilal Nanda
disclosed that steps have been proposed for the
Presidentto take over the administrationof Jammu
and Kashmirin case the governmentthere failed.
Plebiscite supporters were reported growing in
strength under the leadershipof Sheikh Moham-
med Abdullah.
Dec. 26: Pakistan accused the Indian army of 11
cease-fire violations last December 22 and 23,
during which 2 Indian soldiers were killed and a
Pakistanicivilian wounded.
Dec. 28: India protestedto the SecurityCouncil that
Pakistanwas creatingan "atmosphereof hostility"
by her statementson Kashmir. Pakistanhad ob-
jected to the Council to India's proposed admin-
istration of Jammu and Kashmir,it was reported.
The Indian Defense Minister denied Pakistan's
charge that Indian troops were using US-made
weapons on the border.
Dec. 29: It was reported in Srinagarthat Sheikh
Abdullah has been silenced by a warning from
the Indiangovernmentof "seriousconsequences"if
he persisted in his efforts for self-determination
for Kashmir.
1965
Jan. 1: Pakistan reported 8 Indian soldiers killed
in clashes at the Paddar,Samaniand Hajira areas,
last December29 and 30.
Jan. 9: The Congressparty approveda constitutional
amendment giving to Premier Lal Bahadur
Shastri administrativepowers over Jammu and
Kashmirand giving the Indian Parliamentauthor-
ity to legislatefor Kashmirduringthe periodwhen
and if the local administrationfailed. The Plebis-
cite Front of Sheikh Abdullah appealed to
Kashmiris to observe January 15 as a day of
protest.
Jan. 15: Pakistansaid 3 Indian soldiers were killed
4 days ago in clashes along the cease-fireline.
Jan. 30: The Kashmirgovernmentbegan to investi-
gate the 38 corruption charges it has brought
againstformerPremierBakshiGhulamMohammed.
Feb. 3: India reported4 Pakistaniskilled in the last
4 days of clashes along the cease-fire line. It
accusedPakistanof 41 violations since January30
in the Newsherea, Chuamband Punch sectors.
Feb. 5: Sheikh Abdullah left on a pilgrimage to
Mecca. It was reportedin Karachithat Kashmir's
Prime Minister G. M. Sadiq was "mobbed"by
demonstratorsin Jammu after he emerged from
Id prayers.
Kuwayt
(See also, General)
all membersof the former one, except formerDe-
fense Minister Shaykh Muhammadal-Ahmad al-
Jabir Al $abah and former Education Minister
Shaykh 'Abdallah al-Jabir Al Sabah. It also in-
cluded 3 new Ministers-Muhammad al-Yiisuf
al-Nisf, Health; 'Abd al-'Azlz Muhammad al-
Shayya, Water and Electricity; and Muhammad
Ahmad al-Ghanim,Justice.

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202 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Dec. 11: It was announcedthat a Soviet economic
delegationwould come to studyKuwayt'seconomy.
Dec. 12: Importlicenseswere requiredof all imports,
except foodstuffs, and the prohibition on the
manufactureor import of alcoholic drinks went
into effect.
Dec. 15: Thirty-onedeputies opposing the composi-
tion of the Cabinet, on the grounds that some
membersretained their businesseswhile in office,
walked out of Parliamentas the Cabinetwas about
to take the constitutionaloath.
Dec. 27: The Amir interruptedhis visit to Bombay
and returnedto Kuwayt.
Dec. 28: The Cabinetresigned. The Amir accepted
the resignation and instructed the Crown Prince
to form a new one.
1965
Jan. 3: A new Cabinet,without 6 of the business-
men in the former one, was announced. Included
were the following:
ShaykhSabah al-Salim Al $abah: Premier
Al
Shaykh Jabir al-Ah4mad $abS1: Finance, In-
dustry, Trade
ShaykhJabiral-'All al-SalimAl abah: Informa-
tion and Guidance
Shaykh Sa'd al-'Abdallah al-Salim Al Sabah: 1964
Defense and Interior
Shaykh $ablh al-Ahmad Al Sabah: Foreign Dec. 3: PremierHusayn'UwaynireaffirmedLebanon's
Affairs
Khalid al-Ahmadal-Jassar:Justice
Khalid al-MasTid:Education
Khalid al-'Isaal-$alih: Public Works
$alih 'Abd al-Malik al-Salih: Posts, Telegraphs
and Telephones
'Abd al-'Aziz 'Abdallahal-Sar'Awl:SocialAffairs
and Labor
'Abdallaihal-Musharial-Rudan:Waqfs
'Abdallih Akmad al-Sumayit: Electricity and Jan. 5: It was officiallyannouncedthat an embassy
Water
'Abd al-'Azlz Ibrahimal-Fulaj: Health
Yuisufal-SayyidHashim al-Rifi'i: State Minister
Jan. 5: The Speakerof the Parliament,'Abd al-'Aziz
al-Saqr,submittedhis resignationafter the Cabinet
took the constitutional oath. The Parliament
voted to considerhis resignationat a later date.
Jan. 7: The Amir returnedto Bombay.
Jan. 22: It was reportedthat KOC's average crude
oil productionin 1964 was 2,116,980 barrels,an
increaseof 9.83 per cent over the 1963 averageof Jan. 15: Revenue from tourism in 1964 was esti-
1,932,798 barrels.
Jan. 26: Parliamentdeferredfor 2 months a decision
on approvalof the agreementbetween the OPEC
and oil companieson increasedroyalties.
Jan. 29: Diplomatic relations were establishedwith
Greece.
Feb. 6: The UAR agreed to lend Kuwayt 750 Jan. 23: The 1953 trade agreementwith the USSR
teachersfor the next school year.
The Amir returnedfrom Bombay.
Feb. 8: The Cabinet held an ordinarymeeting, pre-
sided over by the Amir. It was reportedit decided
to reconsider relations with West Germany if
Bonn continued to supply aid to Israel.
Feb. 9: Parliamentdid not hold its session because
Saqr insisted on his resignation,it was reported.
The Finance Minister left for a visit to Red
China.
Feb. 16: Saqr'sresignationwas accepted. The Dep-
uty Speaker,Sa'fid 'Abd al-'Aziz 'Abd al-Razzaq,
presided. A motion was presented to have a
senate.
Feb. 23: Kuwayt advancedthe UAR $98m. in hard
currencyto alleviate that country'sfinancialcrisis,
it was reported.
Feb. 25: Amnesty was given to 172 convicts sen-
tenced for various crimes, except those involving
state security,on the occasionof National Day.
Feb. 27: A culturaland economiccooperationagree-
ment was signed with the Soviet Union.
Jamil Arslan, managing editor of Akhbar al-
Kuwaytwas orderedto leave the countrywithin 3
days. It was believed state securitywas involved.
Lebanon
(See also, General, Palestine Problem)
desire to strengthenthe Arab Leagueand to carry
out her obligationsarising from the Arab defense
pact. He askedParliamentfor a vote of confidence.
Dec. 8: The governmentwon a vote of confidence:
85 for, 5 against,7 abstentions.
Dec. 15: Diplomatic relations with Uruguay would
be raised to embassylevel, it was announced.
1965
will be establishedin Rumania.
Jan. 7: Budget estimatesfor the fiscal year (Jan. 1,
1965) increasedby ?L 36,745,600 over last year's.
Defense allocations increasedfrom ?L 72.8m. to
?L 89.9m.; education, from ?L 63.3m. to
?L 78.8m.; public works decreased from ?L
135.6m. to ?L 116.6m.
Jan. 8: Effective January 1, the official rate of ex-
change for the Lebanesepound to the US dollar
was fixed at ?L 3.08, it was reported.
mated to reach ?L 120-125m.-about 20 per cent
higher than ?L 105m. in 1963. The 1962 figure
was ?L 92m.
It was reportedthat a study was being under-
taken of the country'sforeign expertsrequirements
prior to extending 1965 contracts.
was renewed. Volume was set at $6.5m.
Jan. 29: Parliamentincreasedthe salariesof its Depu-
ties, Cabinetmembers,and the Prime Minister by

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 CHRONOLOGY
?L 500 a month. A bill grantingall civil servants
an extra grade as a cost of living allowance was
approved.
Jan. 30: Privateemployeesand laborerswere granted
an increaseon their 1960 salariesranging from 7
to 8 per cent. The minimumscale of salarieswas
raisedfrom ?L 125 to ?L 145.
Feb. 1: The US-Lebanesebalance of paymentsrose
to $60m. in 1964. Lebaneseexports have tripled
since 1960, and US purchasesin 1964 amountedto
almost $10m.
Feb. 5: It was announced President Charles Ijilii
would visit Franceon May 5, 6 and 7.
Feb. 16: LebaneseUniversitystudentswent on strike,
calling for a single building to house the uni-
versity's 5 faculties in order to have additional
specialization centers. Teachers of the science
faculty went on strike yesterday for the same
reasons.
Feb. 19: It was reported that the governmentand
the EEC have signed an agreementgiving Lebanon
most favorednation treatment.
Feb. 24: Students resumed classes and announced
suspension of the strike for a month. A liaison
committee now follows up their demands with
the authorities.
Libya
(See also, General, Morocco)
1964
Dec. 4: Crude oil productionin October averaged
962,349 b/d, as comparedwith August's record
figure of 917,224 b/d. The Septemberoutput was
902,787 b/d. Exports in Octoberrose to an aver-
age of 1,012,752 b/d, as comparedwith Septem-
ber's record figure of 901,939 b/d, and are 82.6
per cent higher than the October 1963 averageof
554,520 b/d.
Dec. 10: The government approved the sale of
Texas Gulf ProducingCompany'sassets, induding
its subsidiary,Libyan AmericanOil Company,to
Sinclair Oil of Houston, it was announced. The
companiesagreed to the sale over a year ago, the
price being $253m., plus $450,000 for each month
beyond March 31, 1964.
Dec. 26: PremierMahmudMuntasirwent to Tunisia
for a 3-day visit, it was reported.
1965
Jan. 8: Crude oil productionin November averaged
983,941 b/d, it was reported,but exports dropped
to 938,939 b/d.
It was learned that the Ras Lanuf terminalhas
been commissioned. It is Libya's third outlet to
the sea.
Jan. 12: It was reportedthat Britain has agreed to
remove most of her 1,500-manarmy garrisonthis
year and has begun preparationsfor the with-
drawal of units from the Tripoli area.
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203
Jan. 28: Muntasir ended an 8-day private visit to
Britain, it was reported.
Feb. 5: It was announcedthat tenders would be
issued next month for the reconstructionof the
first portion of Barce, consistingof 600 residential
units. The site is about 4 kms. from the old
town, and will have room for 20,000-30,000
people.
Feb. 12: Crudeoil productionin Decemberaveraged
1,117,484 b/d, and exports rose to 1,146,529 b/d.
Comparedwith 1963, there was an 85.8 per cent
increase in total output (daily average 464,202
barrels compared with 862,460 barrels) and an
86.4 per cent increase in total exports (daily
average 459,693 barrels comparedwith 857,104
barrels).
Feb. 13: The Chamberof Deputies was dissolved.
New elections will be held on May 8. Elected
for a 4-yearterm last October,1/3 of the Chamber
was returnedunopposedwhich has led to imputa-
tions of "electoralirregularities,"it was reported.
Morocco
(See also, General)
1964
Dec. 5: King IHasanarrivedin Tunis for a week's
state visit.
Dec. 9: Morocco and Tunisia signed 8 agreements,
some in their original 1959 form before the rift
over Tunisian recognitionof Mauritania,involving
cooperationin the fields of culture, public health,
social affairs, diplomacy,judicial affairs, post and
communications,movies and radio and television.
Dec. 12: IHasanflew to Paris. A joint communique
noted the identity of views of the King and Presi-
dent Habib Bourguiba (Bii-Raqibah) on Arab,
African and internationalaffairs, and stressedthe
importanceof the 8 agreements,it was reported.
Dec. 14: It was reported that President de Gaulle
had acceptedHasan's invitation to visit Morocco.
A law was passed creating a special court of
justice to deal "exclusively and speedily" with
cases involving the corruption of civil servants
and embezzlementof government funds, it was
reported.
Dec. 18: It was disclosed that West Germanywill
grant Morocco a DM 69,500,000 loan for the
constructionof a chemicalplant at Safi, the exten-
sion of Safi harbor, the constructionof a power
line, a canal and a pipeline.
Dec. 29: Economy Minister MuhammadSharqawi
presented to Parliament a balanced budget for
1965, with expenditureestimatedat DH 2,098m.
(about $53m.) and receipts estimated at DH
2,155m. (about $55m.), 11.26 per cent more than
in 1964, making a surplus of DH 57m. (about
$1.3m.) .
204 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
1965
Jan. 1: The balance of trade for the first half of
1964 showed a surplus of DH 2.5m., compared
with a deficit of DH 25m. for the first half of
1963, it was reported. Imports totaled DH
1,159m., comparedwith DH 1,066 for the same
period in 1963; exports DH 1,161m. compared
with DH 1,041m.
Jan. 18: The USAID announceda $10m. economic
assistanceloan to Moroccounder an old agreement
that grantedthe US rights to the militaryand air
bases in Morocco. The credit is for the purchase
of raw materials,commoditiesand equipmentfor
which Morocco has inadequateforeign exchange
reserves.
Jan. 22: It was learned that France will provide
Morocco with extra financial aid, to enable the
government to buy about a million acres of
French-ownedfarmland in Morocco. The land
will be taken over gradually in annual lots.
The trade agreementwith Italy, signed in Janu-
ary 1961, was renewed for another year. While
unchanged,imports from Italy may be affectedby
recent import restrictions.
Feb. 2: Accordingto officials in Rabat, Hasan will
visit Libya and the UAR early next month.
Feb. 6: It was announcedthat the King would visit
West Germanyon March 16.
Feb. 12: The president of the Istiqlal, 'Allal al-
Fisi, said in Casablancathat none of the party's
memberswould participatein a coalition govern-
ment until new elections were held. He was ad-
dressingthe party's7th congress.
Feb. 13: The King returnedto Rabat from a visit
with GeneralissimoFranciscoFranco. It was re-
ported they discussed the return of Spanish pos-
sessions to Morocco.
Feb. 14: The Istiqlal congress ended and resolved,
inter alia, that bases in the Arab world, particu-
larly Algeria and Libya, should be evacuatedand
that the country's frontiers should lie further
south into Algerian territoryand south down as
far as the SenegalRiver, includingMauritaniaand
the Spanish colony of Rio de Oro.
Feb. 19: Under a $7.8m. Food for Peace agreement
signed recently, about 3.7 million bushels of
Americanwheat will be supplied to Morocco, it
was announced.
Feb. 25: G. Mennen Williams, Assistant Secretary
of State for African Affairs, said in Rabatthat he
had advised Moroccanleaders to submit detailed
projects to qualify for more US aid for their
3-year plan.
Feb. 26: The Royal Commission on Tourism was
reportedto have submitteda reportto the govern-
ment on the developmentof the tourist trade in
which DH 300 million would be invested in the
next 3 years.
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Pakistan
(See also, Afghanistan)
1964
Dec. 3: KarachiUniversitystudents, demandingthe
repeal of a University ordinancelimiting the for-
mation of student organizationsand the release of
detained student leaders, clashed with police in
a third day of demonstrationsthat have resulted
in 40 injuries and the arrestof more than 200.
Dec. 4: Karachibuses were kept off the streets as
studentdemonstrationscontinued. Two buses were
burned yesterday,53 were badly damaged.
Dec. 7: Schoolsand colleges in Karachiwere ordered
closed indefinitely.
Dec. 8: Karachiwomen held a rally, defying a ban,
to protest "police brutality"against striking stu-
dents. In a new clash a studentwas killed by police
gunfire.
Dec. 9: Studentclasheswith policemenwere reported
from nearly every big city in West Pakistan.
Dec. 14: PresidentMohammadAyub Khangave sup-
port to Chou En Lai's proposalfor a world leaders'
conferenceto discuss prohibitionof nuclearweap-
ons.
The Council of PakistanNewspaperEditorsre-
fused to nominatea memberto serve on a proposed
tribunal that would rule on appeals of actions
taken under the Press and PublicationsOrdinance
of 1963. It asked for the repeal of the Ordinance.
Meanwhile,the KarachiBar Associationvoiced its
disapprovalof the formation of the government-
sponsored Pakistan Lawyers Association, it was
learned.
Dec. 15: US Embassy officials in Karachi denied
allegations in an article in Nai Roshni (New Light,
Karachi) that the US Consulate in Peshawar
offered bribes to recently chosen electors.
Dec. 17: Ghulam Mohammad,second secretaryof
the Pakistan High Commission, left India for
Pakistanafter an implicationof spying. His Indian
counterpartwas declared persona non grata and
askedto leave Pakistan.
Dec. 23: The Dacca high court sentencedto death
5 personsfor killing an AmericanRomanCatholic
priest during a Hindu-Muslimriot last January16.
Dec. 26: The armedforceswere put on alertto guard
against possible disturbancesduring the forthcom-
ing elections.
Dec. 27: A Karachi woman was killed and many
supportersof Miss Fatima Jinnah were beaten in
scatteredviolence in Karachi. Homes and shops
were also looted; a bus was burned. Blame was
placed on local Muslim Leaguefunctionaries.
Dec. 28: Opposition leaders threatenedto form a
"vigilantegroup"unless the authoritiesended what
they called "organizedhooliganism."
Dec. 31: Ayub's opponentsaccusedhim of allegedly
misusing US aid funds to finance his re-election.
 CHRONOLOGY
They and the US Embassy denied an allegation Feb. 18: The $60m. Chinese loan agreementwas
by GhulamNabi Memon,West Pakistan'sMinister signed.
of Law, Information and ParliamentaryAffairs, Feb. 24: The Soviet trade commissionerin Pakistan
that the US was financingMiss Jinnah'scampaign. indicated that the USSR was ready to extend a
credit of at least $50m. to Pakistan.
1965
Jan. 2: Ayub defeated Miss Jinnah.
Jan. 3: Ayub declared that US-Pakistanrelations
would probably remain strained so long as the
US supplied arms to India. Miss Jinnah vowed
renewed efforts to "emancipatethe country from
authoritarianrule."
Jan. 4: A victory paradein Karachiwas markedby
violence, bringing death to 23; the armytook con-
trol from the local police.
Jan. 6: Memon "clarified"newspaperaccountsof al-
leged US interventionin the elections. He said he
did not refer to the US but to "certainforeign
powers favorableto India and hostile to Pakistan."
There were further post-electionclashes in Ka-
rachi.
Jan. 7: It was announcedthat tradewith Nepal will
start February1 under the 1962 agreementwith
India providingfor transitfacilitiesvia Radhikapur.
Jan. 14: An agreementto extend a $lOm. export
credit to Indonesiawas announced.
Jan. 17: The Oppositionfailed to decide whether to
contest the National Assemblyelections in March.
Meanwhileit was learnedthat Ayub had won by a
marginof nearly2 to 1.
Jan. 18: The President's son, Gohar Ayub Khan,
was charged with murder, allegedly committed
during the post-electionparade in Karachi.
Jan. 22: It was reported that Pakistan and Com-
munist China would soon sign an agreementfor
a $30m. loan in industrial commodities,covered
by a long-term,interest-freeloan of $60m. offered
to Pakistanlast July.
Jan. 29: A newsmanwas killed and a West Pakistan
Oppositionpolitician,Abdul Baqi Baluch,who had
plannedto deliver a speech against the press laws
in the provincial assembly,was critically injured.
in an ambushat Lahore.
Feb. 1: Ten persons were arrested in Liaquatabad
in connectionwith the riots of January4. Sham-
suddin, Gohar Khan's accuser,was among them.
Jacques Nevard of the New York Times was ac-
cused by Gohar of contemptof court for comment-
ing on the case sub judice. A high court has
orderedhim to answerthe chargeand to surrender
his passportto the police.
Feb. 6: Ayub and French Premier Pompidou dis-
cussed SoutheastAsia's problems,including Kash-
mir, and the UN financial situation, in Karachi.
Feb. 10: Nevard got back his passport after filing
a $2,000 bond, and declaring his intention to leave
the countryin the courseof his job.
Feb. 15: About 4,000 West Pakistanipostmenwent
on strike demanding higher pay and other benefits.
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205
Palestine Problem
(See also, General)
1964
Dec. 2: Israeli and Syrianforces exchangedfire again
for the second consecutive day, it was reported.
Both sides blamedthe other.
Dec. 3: At the SecurityCouncil,the US blamedboth
Syria and Israel for the clash last November 13
and urged both to cease provocations;the Soviet
Union condemnedIsrael.
Dec. 13: A Jordaniansoldier was wounded in an
Israeli-Jordanian exchange of fire across the armi-
stice line. An IsraelispokesmanaccusedJordanians
of starting the shots. Jordan complainedto the
ArmisticeCommission.
EmanuelNeumann, a memberof the American
Section of the Jewish Agency Executive, said in
New York that agents of Arab governmentswere
developing "anti-Jewish and anti-Semitic propa-
ganda linking up with neo-Nazi and neo-fascist
elements"everywhere.
Dec. 17: A Moroccanresolution condemningIsrael
for the November 13th incident was defeated in
the Security Council. Russia and Czechoslovakia
voted with Morocco;the 8 other Councilmembers
abstained.
Dec. 19: The head of the Palestine LiberationOr-
ganization, Ahmad al-Shuqayri,said that the lib-
eration army was being armed and that military
plans have been drawnup.
Dec. 21: An Israeli plane was damagedin a clash
with Jordanianfighters. Each charged the other
with violating their air space.
The Soviet Union vetoed the Anglo-American
resolutionthat would have deploredthe November
13 incidentwithout appointingblame.
Dec. 23: Israeli sources said Jordanianswounded 3
Israeli policemen assigned to oversee Jordanian
peasantsharvestingolives in an enclave on Mount
Scopus.
Dec. 28: The Board for Exploitationof the Jordan
River announced work on several projects has
begun.
Dec. 29: Syriansand Israelis exchangedartilleryfire
in the demilitarizedzone of On as Israeli farmers
were sowing grain. UN observershalted the fire.
UNTSO headquarters acknowledgedthat a typing
error had caused the Jordaniansto be misinformed
that the Israeli policemen would be 100 meters
from the olive orchard,but a spokesmandeplored
the shooting becausethe Jordanianshad also been
told orally.
206 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Dec. 31: An Israeli was killed in a Syrian-Israeli Saudi-Arabiato seek the support of pilgrims for
exchangeof fire in the upper JordanRiver valley. the Organizationand the Palestinecase.
A truce called by the UNTSO was broken. Feb. 8: Seven Israeli soldiers were wounded when
their patrol car hit a mine near Ein Hashlosha,
1965 facing the Gaza Strip, it was reported.
Jan. 4: It was reportedthat the proposedArab boy- Feb. 9: In a counterboycott effort,Israelbanneddeal-
cott of the Chase ManhattanBank has been sus- ings with Allge-TelefunkenAG, SiemensAG and
pended. ImperialRundfunkund FernwerkGMBH of West
Jan. 12: A 4-day conferenceof Arab prime ministers Germany; Pye Ltd. of Britain and Hitashi and
in Cairo adopted 16 secret resolutions, some of Matsushita of Japan, all telecommunicationsor
which dealt with the Jordan River diversion plan electrical supply companies,because they had al-
and the "liberation"of Palestine. Lebanonagreed legedly "given in to Arab pressure,"it was re-
to the location of a pumping station on her terri- ported.
tory on the condition that adequate security be Feb. 10: The General Assembly extended until
guaranteedagainst possible Israeli retaliation and June 30, 1966, the mandateof the UNRWA for
that no non-Lebanese troops be allowed into Palestinerefugees.
Lebanonwithout permissionfrom the Chamberof Feb. 11: The UN special mission ended its investi-
Deputies. gation.
Jan. 14: An Israeli army spokesmandisclosed the Feb. 13: The Palestine LiberationOrganizationan-
discoveryof a group of Syrian"saboteurs"in Israel nounced opposition to any attempt to solve the
and the captureof one of them. Palestine question "one the basis of internation-
Jan. 17: An Israeli border policemanwas wounded alization, partition, or settlement," as suggested
in an exchange of gunfire with Jordanians on by "internationalpolitical quarters,"it was re-
Mount Scopus,the second time in 3 days. Jordan ported.
complained of infiltrationto the Armistice Com- Feb. 17: The UNTSO halted an 80-minuteSyrian-
mission; Israel's director of armistice affairs, Israeli exchangeof fire in the centralJordanRiver
MordechaiKidron, met with UNTSO commander valley northof the Sea of Galilee.
Lt. Gen. Odd Bull to discuss the "deteriorating The US pledged $24.7m. for the 1965 UNRWA
bordersituation." operations in Palestine, on the condition that
Jan. 18: It was reportedin Beirut that the "General ineligible persons be removed from the relief
Commandof PalestinianStorm Troops," a secret rolls. Pledges from other governmentsamounting
Arab organization, had killed 12 Israelis and to $2.4m. were also received.
wounded 19 in a raid northwest of Ben Jebrin, Feb. 18: Another exchangeof fire northeastof the
near Acre. Two Arabs were wounded, one was Sea of Galilee was reported. The UNTSO ordered
capturedby Israelis. a cease-fire.
Jan. 22: The LebaneseChamberof Deputies author- Feb. 21. An Arab boycott of the Bulgarianairline
ized the Cabinet to allow Arab forces into the Nabso was urged following the start of weekly
country in case of retaliatory attacks when the service between Sofia and Tel Aviv.
river diversionhas begun in Lebanon. Feb. 22: The Baghdadoffice of the PalestineLiber-
Jan. 23: Maj. Gen. Syseno Sarmentoof Brazil was ation Organizationappealedto Palestiniansin Iraq
appointed UNEF commander, replacing his Iraq to join the Organization.
fellow countryman,Maj. Gen. Carlos Flores Paiva Feb. 24: Following the report of the UN special
Chaves, who retired because of illness, it was mission, U Thant called on Jordan and Israel to
announced. try to avoid borderincidents.
The Jordaniannews agencysaid that Jordanwill Feb. 28: An Israel spokesman blamed Jordanian
ask the UN to place the HadassahHospital and "infiltrators"for 2 explosions that damagedbuild-
Hebrew University on the Mount of Olives in ings in Kfar Hess. There were no casualties.
Jerusalemunder UNTSO supervision.
The imports of 16 US companies, producing
vehiclessimilarto those manufacturedby the Kaiser
Persian Gulf
Jeep Corporationhave been banned in Jordan, it 1964
was officiallyannounced. Dec. 4: It was reportedthat Shell has awardedto
Jan. 30: SecretaryGeneral U Thant announcedhe McDermottInternationala $20m. contractfor the
would send a special mission to investigaterecent constructionof export facilities (capacity 120,000
incidents on the Israeli-Jordanianborder. b/d) to serve its Idd al-Shargi and Maydan
Feb. 1: The UN special mission began consultations Mahzamoilfields in offshoreQatar.
with local UN officials on the Israeli-Jordanian Dec. 22: An Iraqi medicalteam began a tour of the
border. PersianGulf campaigningfor anti-TB inoculation.
Feb. 6: The Palestine LiberationOrganizationan- It would also conducta general medical surveyof
nounced it would send a Palestinian mission to the variousshaykhdoms.

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 CHRONOLOGY 207

1965 des RecherchesG6ologiqueset Minieresfor French

Jan. 1: The BahraynPetroleumCompany (Bapco) experts to carry out detailed mineral exploration.
announcedit plans to resumewildcat drilling this Dec. 22: It was reported that the first women
year on the west coast of the island. Its last teachers' training institute has been opened in
similar effort on Hawar island was abandonedin al-Hasa.
May 1962. Dec. 29: The Minister of Defense and Aviation,
Jan. 15: Details of the new currency,the Bahrayn Amir Sultan ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, announceda large
dinar, which will replace the rupee were an- modern army would soon be developed. Three
nounced: The dinar will be divided into 1,000 main posts would be established in Qaisumah,
fils (about 15 shillings or Rs. 10) with a par Tabuk and Khamis Mushayt. An allocation of
value of 1.86621 grams of fine gold. The cur- SR S00m.has been made for air defense,including
rency board will issue notes valued at 10, 5, 1, the purchase of modern jet fighters, rockets, a
1/2 and 1/4 dinars and coins of 100, 50, 25, 10, 5
radar network and telecommunicationfacilities.
and 1 fils denomination.
Jan. 22: The Qatar Petroleum Company's (QPC) 1965
crude oil productionfor 1964 decreased0.9 per Jan. 4: Former King SaMudpledged allegiance to
cent comparedto 1963, from 8,953,000 tons to King Faysal.
8,802,000 tons. Jan. 6: Sa'fid left for Vienna for medicaltreatment.
The Ruler of Qatarordereda 5 per cent deduc- Jan. 7: The economic agreementwith Jordan was
tion from the salaries of Palestiniangovernment renewed.
employees for the Palestine Liberation Organi- Jan. 17: A tradeagreementwas signed with Tunisia.
zation, as of January 1. Jan. 19: The SupremePlanning Board was changed
Feb. 5: A 5-nation special committee of the UN into a CentralPlanning Commissionto be headed
(Afghanistan, Costa Rica, Nepal, Nigeria and by a president with the rank of minister.
Senegal) reported that a "serious international The King approvedthe establishmentof an in-
problem"had developed in Oman and called on dustrial studies and researchinstitute in coopera-
the Imam and Sultan to avail themselves of the tion with the UN Special Fund.
facilities of the good offices committee; on the Jan. 25: A supplementalagreementwith Aramco,
UK, to facilitate a negotiated settlement;and on concerningthe "progressiveexpensing"of royalties,
the Arab states, to encouragenegotiations. was ratified,the income tax law was amendedto
Feb. 13: Omani representativesin Beirut claimed bring it into line with the new agreement;and
that Omani rebels killed 27 British soldiers and the royalties were allocated to the EconomicDe-
set fire to a military plane and a petroleumtank velopment Fund.
during the week, it was reported. Jan. 29: Aramco'scrude oil productionin 1964 rose
5.5 per cent comparedto last year and its refinery
SaudiArabia run 2.8 per cent.
Feb. 9: Faysalopened the College of Petroleumand
(See also, General) Mineralsin Dhahran.
1964 Feb. 14: An IranianNIOC delegationmet with Oil
Dec. 2: Douglas Aircraft Companysold 5 DC-9 Minister Zaki al-Yamanifor talks on cooperation
jet planes to the SaudiArabianAirlines and agreed between NIOC and Petromin,it was reported.
to train Saudi pilots for them, it was reported. Feb. 15: A contractwas signed with Parsons and
Dec. 3: The general amnesty of Nov. 5th was Basil Associates for a hydrological survey of a
extended as well to those sentenced in narcotics 300,000 sq. km. area extending from Wadi al-
cases. Sirhan to the Qasim.
with
Dec. 16: The OccidentalPetroleumCorporationan- Feb. 17: The bilateral aviation agreement
in
nounced Los Angeles that it had been awarded Switzerland was ratified.
a contractto supervisethe constructionand opera- Feb. 22: Tunisian PresidentHabib Bourguiba (Bii-
tion of a $20m. ammoniaplant in Saudi Arabia. Raqibah) began an official visit to Saudi Arabia.
It would train Saudis to operate the plant and Feb. 26: It was reportedthat talks on the establish-
receive 10 per cent of net profits for 20 years ment of diplomaticrelationswith the USSR were
after productionbegins. in progress in Amman.
Dec. 18: On the question of Red China being ad-
mitted to the UN, King Faysal said Saudi Arabia Somalia
would be "strictlyneutral," it was reported.
Dec. 20: The governmentannouncedit would con- 1964
tribute SR 500,000 for the propagationof Islam Dec. 14: It was reportedthat Somaliawas facing a
in Africa. famine resulting from a drought that has killed
Dec. 21: An agreementwas signed with the Bureau the spring and fall harvests.

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208 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Dec. 29: The relief committeemet with US officials Dec. 19: Six Adeni councillorswalked out of the
to discuss means of distributing 100,000 tons of Aden Legislative Council in opposition to the
food from the US to the famine-stricken. government'ssupportof the proposalfor a unitary
state which they wished to be based on popular
1965 vote.
Dec. 21: Sir RichardTurnbull,former Governorof
Jan. 8: Twenty-threearmy officerswho staged the
Tanganyika,succeeded Sir Kennedy Trevaskis as
abortive coup of 1961 were granted full amnesty.
The Red Chinese ambassadorpledged food and High Commissioner.
medical supplies, worth about 1,450,000 Somali Dec. 22: It was learned that the SAF has received
from the UK ?50,000 to help refugees from
shillings to the drought victims.
Yemen.
Feb. 22: Muhammad'Abd al-Nuir was appointed
Dec. 23: A bomb lobbed into a party of teen-agers
Minister of Communicationsand Transport,a new
in Aden killed a 16-year-oldBritish schoolgirl.
ministry.
Dec. 24: An RAF officer'sdaughterwas killed and
4 persons injured by a grenade at the RAF
SouthArabianFederation marriedquartersat Khormaksar,it was reported.
Dec. 29: A time-bombexploded inside the officesof
1964 the Minister of Local Governmentin Khormaksar.
Dec. 1: The People's Socialist Party and the Trades There were no casualties.
Union Congress called for a UN supervised
referendum soon after independence to decide 1965
whether the "Occupied South" should join the Jan. 5: British Defense Minister for the Army,
Yemen, in a memorandumto Colonial Secretary FrederickMulley, said in Aden that Britain was
AnthonyGreenwood. determinedto maintain her responsibilitieswith
Dec. 7: At a press conference,Greenwoodread and the SAF. He hoped that the forthcomingconstitu-
endorseda joint statementby the ministersof the tional talks could be held free of "senseless
SAF proposing a fusion of the states, including violence,"which has characterizedthe arearecently.
Aden, into a unitary state instead of a federation. Jan. 14: A British soldier was killed and another
Dec. 8: Greenwoodleft Aden under heavy security woundedwhen a Yemeni partyattackeda garrison
precautions. British newspapersgave qualifiedap- at Mukeiras,it was disclosed by the Middle East
proval of yesterday'sannouncement,it was learned. Commandin Aden.
Dec. 11: Greenwood expressed optimism that the Jan. 15: Sultan Salih ibn IHusayn al-'Awdhall,
SAF would accept a British base at Aden after FederalMinisterof Interior,said that he suspected
independence. his brother,Na'ib Ja'bdlibn Husaynal-'Awdhali,and
Dec. 12: The Aden LegislativeCouncilapproved,by Sultan Ahmad 'Abdallah al-Fadhli, were behind
11 votes to 8, the proposal for a unitary state. yesterday'sattackat Mukeiras.
Dec. 14: The Aden governmentrevokedthe license Jan. 29: Thirteenpersons,including6 children,were
of the daily al-Ayyam, 24 hours after the Federal injured when a grenade exploded in a theater in
governmentlifted the suspensionit imposedon the the British militaryarea in Aden, it was reported.
newspaperlast August underthe emergencyregula- Feb. 13: An RAF supply depot in the Maalladistrict
tions. was slightly damagedby a grenade. Therewere no
Dec. 16: Four Adeni Federal councillorswon seats casualties.
in the Federal SupremeCouncil (Cabinet). Yes- Feb. 14: A South Arabian League spokesmansaid
terday, 20 Adeni councillorswalked out when the that the SAL was preparedto attend the constitu-
chairmanrefused a request to adjournthe session tional conference "if it is between Britain and
until Aden's representativesin the Cabinet were organizationsrepresentingthe people of the area,"
elected. The debate on the 1964-65 budget was it was reported. It would support the idea of a
consequentlypostponed. unitary state provided the governmentwas "Arab,
Dec. 17: The Cabinet was reshuffledas follows: independentand popular."
'All MuhammadLuqman: Civil Aviation Feb. 15: Three personswere injuredby a grenadein
'Abd al-Rahman Jirjra: Education; (Acting) a district in Aden inhabited mostly by British
National Guidance and Information servicemenand their families.
'AbdallahSalim Basindwah: Finance Feb. 16: The "National Front for the Liberationof
Ilusayn Isma'il Khan: Posts and Telegraph Occupied South Yemen" warned in al-Tahrir
Sultan Faysal ibn Suruiral-Hushabi: Minister (Ta'izz) it would kill anyoneattendingthe consti-
of State tutional conference, it was reported.
ShaykhHusaynibn Mansuir(Ruler of Dathina): Feb. 21: A joint statementof Federalstates delegates
Minister of State called for urgent meetings between representatives
SultainNasir ibn 'Abdallahal-Fadhli: Justice of all states, opposition membersin the Federal
The other membersretained their posts. and Aden legislative councils and the state coun-

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 CHRONOLOGY
cils, together with representativesof the parties
to reach agreementon the policy to be adoptedat
the London talks on March 2.
Representativesof 16 states stated they would
not attend the talks unless the states of Qu'ayti,
Kathiri and Maharawere regardedas "full" par-
ticipants.
Feb. 22: The People's Socialist Party rejected a
British invitation to the talks becauseits demands
on an agenda "had not been accepted,"it was
reported.
Feb. 23: Four Adeni ministers resigned because of
disagreementover representationof the Protector-
ate states at the conference.The Aden government
subsquentlyresigned.
Feb. 25: The Colonial Office announcedthat the
London talks had been postponed.
Feb. 28: The US consulate in the SAF has been
elevated to a consulate-general,it was announced.
Sudan
(See also, General)
1964
Dec. 1: The US signed an economicaid agreement
for the constructionof 38 school buildings and
teacher training and technical institutes. The US
and Sudan will each put up about $1m.
Dec. 3: Four membersof the 5-manCouncilof State
were appointed: 'Abd al-Halim Muhammad, a
physicianand directorof KhartumHospital, repre-
senting the Umma party;Tijani al-MWhl, a psychi-
atrist, of the National Union party; Mubarak
Shaddad, director of OmdurmanHospital, an in-
dependent; and Ibrahim Yfisuf, a former senior
civil servant. The fifth memberwill representthe
south.
Dec. 8: There were racialclashesin Khartumduring
the past 2 days, it was reported. Thousands of
SudaneseNegroes were placed in Omdurmanfoot-
ball stadium to shield them from Arab violence.
About 38 persons were believed killed and 500,
including 5 Americans,were injured.
Dec. 12: Premier Sirr al-Khat-imal-Khallfah an-
nounced an unconditionalamnestyto all southern-
ers who fled the country since 1955, including
those wantedby the courtsor sentencedin absentia.
Dec. 13: Two Cabinetministerswere sent to Kenya
to negotiate with exiled southern leaders of the
rebellion, it was reported.
Dec. 15: It was announcedin Nairobi, Kenya, that
the Sudan intends to keep Christianmissionaries
from returningto the country.
1965
Jan. 4: At a meetingin Kampala,Uganda,leadersof
the Sudan African National Union (SANU) re-
jected a governmentinvitation to a conferencein
Khartumto discuss the north-southdispute.
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209
Jan. 8: Ahmad Sulayman,Minister of Agriculture
and Forestry,said in Cairo that an agrarianreform
law would soon be enactedin the Sudan,involving
principles that "are all steps toward socialism."
Jan. 10: The Sudanand the UAR agreed to resume
trade exchanges immediately.
The Premiersaid in Cairo that his government's
policy was based on "full cooperationwith the
Arab,Africanand Asian countries."
Jan. 19: Six newspapers, including the daily al-
Sahaja, were suspended indefinitely because the
governmentsaid "they received financialaid from
the former military regime and becauseof declin-
ing press standards."
Jan. 25: It was learnedthat a Japaneserailwaysurvey
team would soon go to the Sudan, in compliance
with a request from the governmentfor technical
and material assistance in the constructionof a
railwaybetweenNyala and Geneina.
Jan. 27: It was reportedthat leaders of the SANU
have agreed to attend the constitutional talks
scheduledfor February6.
Jan. 28: The constitutionaltalks were postponedto
February15 because of the forthcomingvisit of
Queen Elizabeth, it was reported.
Jan. 30: A one-yeartrade and paymentsagreement
was signed with the UAR. It also provides for a
reduction in customs tariffs.
Feb. 3: Elections, scheduled for March 31, were
postponed until April 21 in the hope that both
partieswould participateif the constitutionaltalks
succeeded.
Feb. 6: The Umma, National Union, and Muslim
Brotherhoodissued a statementaccusing the gov-
ernment of "conspiring against democracy and
freedom and of trying to prolong its lifetime and
neglect elections,"it was reported.They demanded
the government to resign. InformationMinister
Khalafallah Babakir said the 3 parties were a
threat to the governmentand warned the people
to be alert.
Feb. 8: Queen Elizabetharrivedfrom Ethiopiafor a
4-day visit.
William Deng, SANU's secretarygeneral,denied
a report that the party's president had called off
SANU's participationin the constitutionaltalks.
Feb. 14: It was reported that a deadlock has de-
veloped in an Umma drive to break the grip of
Communistsand pro-Nasir governmentmembers.
Negotiationshave been going on for 2 days. The
Premierhas offered to resign.
Feb. 18: Kalifah resigned. The Council of State
began consultationswith major political parties to
form a new government.
Feb. 19: The Council askedKhalifahto form a new
government.
Feb. 23: A new governmentwas announced. Sup-
porters of the People's DemocraticParty and the
CommunistParty demonstratedagainst the compo-
sition of the Cabinet. Four posts, Education,Com-
210 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

merce, Agriculture and Health, were refused by tion measures,attemptsagainst "the fulfillmentof
the parties' representativesand were left unfilled. Arab unity" the acceptanceof "funds or favors
The other posts were assigned to the following: from foreigners or Syrians counteringthe revolu-
Salah MahmiidIsma'il: Information tion" and smuggling.
Rashid 'Tahir: Animal Resources Jan. 13: At a press conference,PresidentAmin al-
Hillary Logali: Public Works (a southerner) Hafiz praisedthe Easternbloc for supportto Arab
Ahmad al-Mahdi:Irrigationand Electricity causes, reviewed Syria'srelationswith Iraq, advo-
MuhammadIbrahimKhalil: Local Government cated the spreadof Arabiclanguageand culturein
MuhammadJabbarah: Minister of State Africa and gave West Germany one month to
The Premier retained the Defense Ministry; the carry out its commitmentson the Euphratesdam
Foreign, Finance, Interior and Communications project.
Ministers kept their posts. Jan. 18: Syria announcedit would cooperatewith
other oil producing states within the framework
of the Arab League.
SyrianArab Republic Jan. 24: Twenty-twoDamascusshopkeeperswent on
(See also, General,PalestineProblem,Tunisia) strike. Their businesseswere confiscatedand they
were arrested.
1964 Jan. 25: The Minister of AgrarianReform 'Abd al-
Dec. 1: Foreign Minister Hasan Muraywidleft for Karim al-Jundi, ordered the confiscationof land
New York to lead the Syrian delegation in the exceeding the limit of the agrarianreform law
UN GeneralAssembly. from 34 landownersin Deir al-Zor, Raqqa,Idleb,
Dec. 14: Muhammad 'Umri.n, of the Presidency Latakia, Aleppo and Damascus.
Council, resigned and left for a new post as Am- Jan. 27: Sixty-nine other shops were confiscated
bassadorto Spain. and 11 more companiesin Damascusand Aleppo
A contractwas signed with a Frenchconsortium were nationalized90 per cent, and 9 others,75 per
for the constructionof a ?10m. sterling airportin cent.
Damascus. It will be financed by credits under The special militarycourt condemnedto death 8
a recent Syrian-French agreement. men, 3 in absentia, for conspiringto hand over
Dec. 15: A Syrian Farmers'Federationwas estab- authority to "reactionaryelements," it was re-
lished. It would be "a popular, democraticor- ported.
ganization" that "will work for the political, Jan. 31: Hifiz called on 35 Syriansalleged to have
social and economic enlightmentof the farmers," been involved in the recent nationalizationinci-
it was announced. dents-9 former army officers, 26 civilians, in-
Dec. 22: The governmentreservedto itself all oil cludingthe 22 merchants-to surrenderin 48 hours
exploitation. or face trial by the special military court.
A committeewas formed to compile a recordof In Beirut, the Muslim Brotherhood denied
all official and personal financialcases relating to allegations of involvementin the incidents.
citizens,companiesand firmspendingbetweenSyria Feb. 7: The West Germanconsortiumsubmittedan
and the UAR and to reporton them by mid-Janu- offer to build the Euphrates dam and power
ary, it was reported. station on the basis of the 1963 agreement.
An agreementfor about ?S 5 million worth of
1965 Soviet machines and equipment for a steel rail
Jan. 3: Damascusradio announcedthe nationalization factory and an assembly plant for railway parts
of 107 concerns. In Damascus,Aleppo, Hama and was signed with the USSR.
Homs 22 factories were fully nationalized, 24 Feb. 14: The specialmilitarycourtsentencedto death
others, 90 per cent nationalized, and 61 private 2 army officers and 3 civilians in absentia for
industrial concerns, 75 per cent nationalized. "attemptingto cause a revolt," it was reported.
"Immediatecompensation"was promised and life Feb. 15: An East German delegation proposed to
imprisonmentor death sentences were stipulated cooperatewith the Syrian television organization.
for "obstructionistattemptsof any kind." The Minister of Information, Mashhur Zaytan
Precautionarymeasureswere takenalong the bor- agreed to it in principle.
ders to prevent the smuggling of capital by Feb. 16: East Germanyofferedto supply road build-
Syrians wishing to leave the country, it was an- ing equipment,it was announced.
nounced. Feb. 17: Walter S. Snowdon,SecondSecretaryin the
Jan. 4: Eight more companies,dealing in vegetable US Embassy,was expelled on suspicion of being
oils, soap, chemicals and worsted cloth, became the "link" in a military spy ring, the arrest of
90 per cent state-owned. whose members was announced. The State De-
Jan. 8: A militarycourt was establishedwith extra- partment denied the charge.
ordinarypowers to deal with crimes against the Feb. 18: Former Premier Khalid al-'Azm died in
socialist regime, specificallyagainstthe nationaliza- Beirut.

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 CHRONOLOGY 211

Feb. 23: Farhin Atasi, a naturalizedAmericanciti- Jan. 29: The Italian company ENI was granted a
zen, and Maj. 'Abd al-Mu'mnHakimi, accused of new oil prospectinglicense covering16,000 sq. km.
spying for the US embassy, were executed in Jan. 31: The President of ENI, Marcello Boldrini,
Damascus. was received by Bourguiba in Tunis. It was re-
Feb. 24: It was reported in Beirut that Syria had ported they discussed the possibilities of exploiting
begun the secret trial of Elie Cohn, an Egyptian- oil reserves by ENI in the Borma region.
born Jew, who had close association with top Feb. 5: ENI was granted a concession in Borma.
Syrian leaders, on charges of spying for Israel. Muhammad Masmiidi was named ambassador to
Feb. 28: It was reportedthan Cohn confessedguilt Paris. Diplomatic relations with France have been
to the special military court. broken off since last May.
Feb. 10: Bulgaria and Tunisia signed an agreement
on cultural cooperation.
Tunlsia Feb. 11: Koca Popovic, Yugoslav Foreign Secretary,
(See also, General,Morocco,Saudi Arabia) on a tour of the Maghrib, held talks with Bourguiba.
1964 Feb. 13: Bourguiba postponed his visit to Syria, one
Dec. 4: It was learned that a bilateral agreement of the stops he was planning to make during his
was signed with the Soviet Union last November 2-month tour of the Middle East and southeast
21 providing for the doubling of the present Europe.
volume of trade during 1965-68. Feb. 22: Bourguiba ended a week's tour of the UAR.
Dec. 9: President Habib Bourguiba (Bu-Raqibah) An agreement was signed for cultural and educa-
said Tunisia would side with the US in the event tional exchanges.
of "a new conflict." He received a group of US Feb. 27: The President arrived in Amman fom Saudi
army engineers who were helping to constructa Arabia.
railway bridge acrossOued Miliane from materials
flown from West Germany, to replace the one Turkey
destroyedby floods a few weeks ago.
Dec. 11: The railway bridge went into operation. (See also, Cyprus)
While it was out of commissionit was calculated 1964
that Tunisia lost $40,000 a day in export receipts.
Dec. 4: Turkey's association with the EEC went into
Dec. 12: EugeneP. Foley, head of the Small Business
effect on November 31, it was reported.
Administration,arrivedin Tunis with a delegation
The Minister of Rehabilitation and Resettlement
of Americanbusinessmen (similar to one he led
disclosed that the USSR has agreed to set up in
6 months ago) to explore the possibilities of
Turkey plants capable of producing at least 50,000
establishing joint businesses in Tunisia, it was
prefabricated houses a year.
reported.
Dec. 18: The 1965 budget was presented to Parlia-
Dec. 16: A draft budget for 1965 was introducedin
ment. Expenditure, including annexed budgets,
the National Assembly indicating an increase in were estimated at ?T 15,351m., compared with
expenditureof TD 9,300,000. ?T 13,986m. in 1964, and revenue ?T 15,051m.,
In Sahel, M'saken,147 personswere seized in a
compared with ?T 13,325m. in 1964.
demonstrationagainst a decision to establish an Dec. 25: A parliamentary budget committee was re-
agriculturalcooperativethere.
ported to have suggested Turkish recognition of
Dec. 20: Bourguibawarned that he would have to
Red China and a review of bilateral agreements
adopt "Marxistmeasures"if there was continued with the US.
opposition to his farm policy. Dec. 27: Turkey and the Soviet Union agreed to
1965 abolish visa fees for nationals visiting each other's
Jan. 2: It was reportedthat Msgr. MauricePerrin, country.
primate of Tunisian Catholics,has been asked by
the governmentto leave Tunisia. 1965
Torrential rains in southeasternTunisia have Jan. 1: Demands for changes in the administration
floodedZarzis,causingat least 7 deathsand leaving have led to the resignations of Justice Minister
more than 3,000 families homelessin a population Sedat Cumralh, Communications Minister Ferit
of about 9,000, it was reported. Alpiskender and Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Jan. 8: The Minister of Planning and National Minister Celalettin Uzer. Senator Sirri Atalay,
Economy announcedthat oil has been found in Mahmut Vual and Sadik Kutlay, respectively, were
Borma, South Tunisia, sufficient to meet local appointed.
requirementsfor at least 15 years. Jan. 5: Turkish legislators protested in the National
Jan. 25: It was reported that Bourguibawill visit Assembly when its President announced that
Jordan next month and discuss an economic and Nikolai V. Podgorny, head of a visiting Soviet
cultural agreement. parliamentary delegation, wanted to address them.

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212 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Jan. 14: Foreign Minister Feridun C. Erkin held UAR one-half a microcurieof uranium-235,it was
separate talks in London with Prime Minister reported.
Harold Wilson and Foreign Secretary Patrick Dec. 5: Al-Ahramreportedthat Red ChinesePremier
Gordon Walker on NATO problemsand Cyprus, Chou En Lai will visit the UAR next March.
it was reported. Dec. 8: Deputy Premier for Finance and Economy
Jan. 29: It was reportedthat the trade committeehas'Abd al-Mun'imal-Qaysiinihad talks with Soviet
approved a bill to increase the capital of the Premier Alexei Kosygin in Moscow.
AgriculturalBank of Turkey from IT 750m. to Dec. 9: The governmentorderedhotels and restau-
?T 1,500m. rants in Cairo to serve meat only 4 days a week.
Feb. 10: SiuleymanDemirel, newly elected head of Violators will be jailed up to 2 years and fined
the Justice Party,announceda campaignto defeat about?245 sterling,it was reported.
the government'sbudget in Parliamentand force The governmentasked the US for $35m. more
the resignationof PremierIsmet Indnii,by forming in surplus food during the coming year. Initial
an alliance with smaller parties. requestswere made last Septemberand discussions
Feb. 13: The budget was defeated 225 to 197, with were still under way, it was reported.
2 abstentions. tninii resigned. Dec. 12: 'Aziz $idqi, Deputy P.M. for Industry,said
Feb. 16: SenatorSuat Hayri trgiiplii was appointed exports of industrial products in 1963-1964
Premier. amountedto LE loom. and imports LE 86m.
Feb. 17: There was disagreementamong the 4 parties An agreementwas signed with the USSR in-
that overthrewthe governmentas to whethertheir creasing the volume of trade to ?E 100m.
leaders should not be named deputy premiersin A one-year trade agreement was signed with
the new government,it was reported. Meanwhile, Hungaryamountingto ?lOm. sterling.
student organizations and "left-wing groups" Dec. 13: Cairo radio reported that a committee
waged a campaignto show that Demirel and the under the chairmanship of Vice President
Justice Partywere US "stooges." ZakariyaMuhyi al-din has been formed to super-
Feb. 19: A coalition governmentwas formed, with vise the governmentmachinery,the reorganization
Demirel as Deputy Premier. Ten of 22 portfolios of which was discussed at a meeting of Vice
went to the Justice Party, and the New Turkey, Presidents, the Premier and Deputy Premiers,
Republican Peasants and National parties got 4 presided over by President Jamal 'Abd al-Nasir.
portfolios each. Another meeting was scheduledfor December20.
Feb. 20: There were more attacksfrom studentsand Meanwhile, the Ministry of Economy instructed
"Left-wing groups" against Demirel and the governmentdepartmentsnot to issue credit before
coalition government. the Cabinet had discussed it and the Prime
Feb. 24: A trade delegation left for Moscow in the Ministerhad approvedit.
hope of increasing trade to at least $26.5m. inDec. 19: An American civilian plane was reported
1965, as comparedwith $19.2m. in 1964, it was to have been forced down by 2 UAR jets and to
reported. have crashed near Alexandria,killing both occu-
Feb. 26: trgiiplu said Turkeywould cooperatewith pants.
her NATO partners,but would emphasizean in- Dec. 20: A governmentsourceconfirmedthe shooting
down of the plane, owned by the John W. Mecom
dividual foreign policy, particularlyin developing
better relationswith the Soviet Union. He would Oil Companyof Houston, Texas, after it ignored
protect the treaty rights of Turkey in Cyprusand instructionsto land. A companyofficial said the
the Turkish communitythere, improve Turkey's plane had filed flight clearancefor a "routine"
economic position, fulfill EEC obligations, presstrip from Amman to Benghazi, flying over the
on with the 5-year plan and implementland and UAR. He identifiedthe pilot as Hoyt Williams, an
other importantreforms. American, and the co-pilot as Kejel Grupp, a
Scandinavian.
The Soviet Union ratified the 252m. ruble
developmentloan concluded during Khrushchev's
UnitedArabRepublic visit to Cairolast May.
(See also, General,Algeria, Iraq,Morocco,Yemen) Dec. 21: Sidqi signed an economic and technical
cooperationagreementin Peking.
1964 Dec. 22: IndonesianForeignMinister Subandriodis-
Dec. 2: The National Assembly debatedthe supply cussedwith Nasir in Cairo the Indonesian-Malaysian
shortage situation and recommendedmeasures to dispute.
eliminatewaste, it was reported. Dec. 23: Angered by reports of Americanirritation
A 5-year trade and paymentsagreementand a over the burning of the USIS library in Cairo,
protocol for trade exchangesamountingto $35m. delays in Americanaid and the plane incidentlast
for next yearwere signed with Poland. week, Nasir told the US he would refuse aid
The Atomic Energy Commissionallotted to the rather than accept a dictationof policy. He indi-

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 CHRONOLOGY 213

cated the UAR will keep on sending arms to the
Congo. He chided Iran, calling it "an American
and Zionist colony." In Washington, State De-
partmentofficials said this attack could endanger
the UAR's chancesof receiving additionalsurplus
food.
Dec. 27: Soviet Deputy Premier Aleksandr N.
Shelepin assured the UAR of continued and
strongerSoviet support. It was reportedShelepin
and a parliamentarydelegation were in Cairo to
take stock of the progress and problems of UAR
economy.
Dec. 28: The US has postponed until next year a
decision to give the UAR an additional$35m. in
surplus foods. The Cairo press, in the last 5 days,
accusedthe US of using its economicaid program
as an instrumentof pressure,it was reported.
Dec. 30: Al-Ahram welcomed a US decision to send
about $17m. worth of surpluswheat under a long-
standing economic aid agreement.
1965
Jan. 2: It was reported that during the last year
Communistcountrieshave promisedthe UAR more
than $500m. worth of economicaid for the 5-year
plan.
Jan. 3: Severalmajor factorieshave been closed and
others have cut production because of the lack
of raw materials,it was reported.
Jan. 4: The Governor of the Central Bank denied
reports that the UAR had sold to an unnamed
Swiss bank 371/2metric tons of gold, worth about
?i5m. sterling.
Qaysfin orderedthe Cairo and Alexandriastock
exchanges to close for 3 days and said the gov-
ernment would guarantee a minimum price on
some production bonds and shares-state-owned
iron and steel, national cement, Misr hotels,
ceramic porcelain products and pitchblende-in
order to increase their value to issue price.
Jan. 6: In an interviewwith MENA, former French
PremierEdgarFauresaid that all obstaclesbetween
Franceand the UAR had now been removed.
Jan. 9: State Departmentinvestigationof the plane 1964
incident indicatedthat the plane ignored warnings Dec. 3: It was reportedthat the cease-firehas broken
to land and proceededtoward Alexandria,where
flights are prohibited.
Jan. 10: It was announcedthat the National Assem-
bly would hold a special session on January20 to Dec. 9: Yemeni and Saudi Arabianembassysources
nominatea presidentialcandidate.
Jan. 13: The UAR and Red China agreed to ex-
change scientific and technological experts and Dec. 12: It was reported that Ahmad Muhammad
establish a scientificcouncil composedof 5 mem-
bers from each country.
Jan. 18: It was reportedthat in the last month there Muhmuidal-Zubayrihave resigned,denouncingthe
has been an increase of German engineers and
techniciansworking on the jet aircraftdevelopment
and rocket researchprograms,outnumberingthose
who left for higher paying jobs in West Germany
and other Europeancountries.
Jan. 19: Nasir appealed to President Sukarno "to
reconsider your decision to withdraw from the
UN," it was reported
Jan. 20: Nasir accepted the nominationfor a third
term.
Jan. 26: ShippingservicebetweenIndia and the UAR
was officiallyopened.
The US House of Representativesvoted to
suspend surplus food sales to the UAR. State
Departmentofficials indicated,however, that com-
mitmentsenteredinto in 1962 will be carriedout.
Jan. 27: Secretaryof State Dean Rusk asked the
Senateto rejectthe House decision.
Jan. 31: The Congolese embassy was ordered to
close.
Feb. 1: US AmbassadorLucius Battle met with
Nasir, following consultationsin Washington.
Feb. 3: The Senate gave President Johnson discre-
tionary authoritywhether it was in the national
interestto continuefood shipmentsto the UAR.
Feb. 8: The House reversedits decision.
Feb. 11: An aviation agreement was signed with
East Germany. Flights between Cairo and East
Berlinwill begin in 2 months.
Feb. 14: Thirty persons were arrestedfor smuggling
15 gold ingots and about ?E 100,000 out of the
country,it was reported.
Feb. 20: Fifty-onepersonswere tried, 27 in absentia,
for smuggling into the countrygold bars weigh-
ing 1,760 lbs., 4,000 watches and for trafficking
in currencyworth ?500,000 sterling.
Feb. 27: Sidqi announcedthat the Pan-AmericanOil
Co. struck oil at the Gulf of Suez. The well
tested at a rate of 12,000 b/d.
Feb. 28: It was reported that several thousand re-
servists have been called up during the last 6
weeks presumablyfor duty in Yemen and for
maneuversin the Gaza Strip.
Yemen
- (See also, General,SAF)
down. In the Razih mountainsroyalistshave sur-
rounded a republican force; eyewitnesses said
Egyptianplanes have bombed the area daily.
in Cairo said no date had yet been set for the
peace conference,twice postponedlast month.
Numan, of the Executive Council, and Deputy
Premiers 'Abd al-RahmanIryani and Muhammad
governmentas "corrupt,impotent and bankrupt,"'
and proposinga new "interim"constitution.Diplo-
mats in Beirutbelievedthe move was an attemptto
pave the way for agreementbetween royalistsand
republicans.

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214 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Dec. 14: The peace conference was postponed
indefinitely.
Dec. 15: Yemen charged Britain in the Security
Council of aggressionand of killing 3 persons in
Khalwat Aaber early this month. Britain had
accused Yemen of attacking the South Arabian
Federationon these same days.
Dec. 27: President'Abdallahal-Sallalarrivedin Cairo
amid reportsthat all but EducationMinisterQasim
Ghalib have resigned from the Cabinet.
Dec. 28: A group of "dissident"republicanleaders,
on tour of Arab capitals, said in Beirut that
Egypt and Saudi Arabia should withdraw their
support of the opposing Yemenis. Its leader,
Ibrahimal-Wazir,urged that Yemen should decide
on her own destinyin a conferenceof tribal chiefs,
religious leaders, intellectuals,farmersand military
leaders.
Britain denied Yemeni charges in the Security
Council.
1965
Jan. 5: San't' radio reportedthat PremierHammud
al-Jayfi was replaced by 1Hasanal-'Amri. Sallal
announceda state of emergency.
Jan. 6: A new Cabinetwas formed by 'Amri:
'Abd al-Qawi al-Hamim: Foreign Affairs
'Abd al-Latif Dayfallah: Works and Communi-
calions
'AbdallahJizaylan:Agriculture
Shaykh'Abdallah IHusayn ibn al-Ahmad:Interior
Muhammadal-Ahnumi:War
QIdi Muhammadal-HIajji:Justice
Qasim Ghalib: Education and Information
QIdi Husayn al-Siyaghi:Awqaf
Qadi Nasir al-Zarafi: Local Government
Shaykh Ahmad al-Qubab: Occupied South Feb. 5: Sallal criticized the British governmentfor
Yemen Affairs
ShaykhAhmad 'Abd al-Rabbal-'Awadhi:Tribal
Affairs
Shaykh'Ali ibn Naji al-Qawsi, Shaykh'Ali ibn
'Ali al-Ruwayshan, Muhammad'Ali al-Aswadi:
Ministers of State
Muhammad al-Ra'ini: Minister for Presidential
Affairs
Jan. 7: 'Amri warnedhe would "exterminatetraitors
and plotters"and to severelypunish "the corrupt, Feb. 24: UAR SpeakerAnwar al-Sadatsaid Egyptian
the negligent, the indolent, opportunistsand bribe-
seeking elements,"it was reported.
Muhammad'Ali 'Uthmanwas appointedChair- Feb. 25: Ruwayshanwas slain during an argument
man of the Executive Council; a National Secur-
ity Councilwas formed and a court was appointed
to try formerministers.
Jan. 13: Hashim ibn Hashim, royalist Information
Minister, claimed that more than 1,000 Egyptians
were killed in a battle last week at Jebel Razeh,
which royalists recaptured.
Jan. 18: A supremeeconomicand financialcommittee
was formed to supervise all governmentprojects,
to study all agreementswith foreign governments
and to look after foreign and Arab loans and aid.
The committeewill cooperatewith the UAR tech-
nical aid bureauin San't'.
Jan. 23: The royalistInformationMinisterasked the
UN, the US Congress,the British Parliamentand
Arab governmentsto investigatethe killing of 260
Yemenis by "gas bombs" allegedly dropped by
Egyptianson January21.
Jan. 25: A law was promulgatedfor the establish-
ment of the "YemeniArab Union," which would
incorporateall popular forces in the country, it
was reported.
Jan. 27: UAR First Vice President 'Abd al-Hakim
al-'Amir led a delegation to Yemen. San't' radio
did not disclose the nature or duration of the
mission.
Relations with Italy were raised to embassy
level.
Sallal appealed to Indonesia to reconsiderher
withdrawalfrom the UN.
Feb. 2: Prince 'Abd al-RaIhman ibn Yahya, Deputy
Premier of the royalist regime, charged that
Egyptian forces were preparing a new offensive.
He disclosed the text of a "national charter"
which indicated the royalists' submission to the
authority of a legislative assembly,provided the
Egyptianswithdrew.
"pursuing the well-known British policy of
colonizingpeoples,"it was reported.
Feb. 9: Permits were requiredof Yemenis working
for foreign companies,subjectingviolators to im-
prisonmentor a fine.
Feb. 16: "God's Party,"a new political party with
Zubayrias its secretary,was formed. It called for
"Islamic, republican and consultative rule" in
Yemen, not imamicor militaryrule.
troops will stay in Yemen as long as the Yemeni
governmentwants them.
over the ownershipof a piece of land.

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