Example : Refer Case study for Steady Vs Unsteady(Transient )

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Meshing

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Sweep meshing (Face of volume is meshed with high quality quadrilateral
elements)

Mesh –Edit(In the workbench A2)

Then in the drawing screen
Mesh –insert –method-geometry apply –change method to sweep-change
algorithm to asymmetric- mesh in center-hexahedra, element order –
quadratic,O grid division 10
Then go to mesh -Generate mesh (in the cross section there will be zero grid)
Statics –node & elements
Increase the element size to decrease the no of nodes.then generate mesh
Display type –aspect ratio,skewness(maximum skewness ,see contour)

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Skewness -defined as the difference between the shape of the cell and the
shape of equilateral cell of equivalent volume, maximum value should be kept
below 0.95 with an average value less than 0.33]

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Aspect ratio
It is the measure of mesh element’s deviation from having all sides of equal
length. A high aspect ratio occurs with long,thin element. Entering an overly large
value for the minimum element size mesh control may cause the mesh generator
to create solid elements with high aspect ratios.

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Take section to check mesh distribution inside the cylinder
Home-Section view
Go to Aspect ratio
Use geometry setting (In the display style)
Setion plane remove
name selection etc.
Sizing at bend portion is essential
Select bend section, enter element size 0.0005 or 5e-005 m

 Element or face sizing to refine regions on the body.

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Inflation layer maximum 4 on symmetry surface not in inlet outlet boundary.
For Refer (liquid –liquid)
20,000 Computational cell (Each cell is called grid or mesh contain single value of P,V,T
stored.)
Check:Mesh size is bigger than droplet dia.
15-20 Global itearation
50-100 Local euleration iteration

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3: Setting up
Click Double Precision floating point number will be represented in 64 bit system.so calculation
will be more accurate.

 General
Check scale in which you have made the geometry (if in meter select meter or if in inch select
inch)

Note :Steady state analysis is very fast as compard to transient or unsteady state analysis ,gas
liquid problem often use transient state analysis .

Courant Number also called CFL Number tells whether the simulation will converge or blowout.

Used in Transient Simulations for calculating time step.

Courant Number= V*dt/dx

V=velocity
dt=time step
dx=smallest mesh size in domain.
Generally courant number will be 1 or 2., Based on this we can calculate Time step accordingly.

Courate number can be controlled by altering time (t)or space variable (smallest mesh
size).courate number govern the stability of a problem in an explicite method .
Courate number does not present itself in steady state problem and it govern the stability of a
numerical method only in transient equations. Not only 1-D also occurs in 2D problem.since
problem in reality are limited to three dimensions there can be a maximum of three courate
number respectively.

Enable Gravity ON
If wish to see hydrostatic pressure which depends on gravity , in a pressure field try set the
operating density to zero.Bouyancy force arises when there are difference in density.For big
size pipe like Km need enable gravity. For bend pipe up and down the effect of density and
centrifugal force are considered.(Sharma)
(In Y co-ordinate - 9.81)Horizontal include gravity due to difference in density.(in X co-ordinate
+9.81)
Upflow Bend pipe + , Downflow Bend pipe – and for Horizontal 0

Note :In vertical effect of gravity is excluded in total force balance since direction is identical.
(refer liquid liquid) but effect of drag and lift force examined.on the droplet distribution is
examined.

Check Unit in General dialoque box (Quantities :length (ft, Factor 0.0254, offset 0)

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 Models
Multiphase off/On- multiphase model -Volume fraction cut off & Courate number
Volume of fluid (VOF): The VOF model can model two or more immiscible fluids. It tracks the
volume fraction of each of the fluids throughout the domain. Applications: Jet breakup, Large
bubble motion in a liquid, or liquid-gas interface tracking

Mixture: The mixture model can be used where the phases move at different velocities. It
allows you to select liquid/solid granular phases. It can also be used to model homogeneous
multiphase flows. Applications: Sedimentation, bubbly flows (low gas vf), cavitation, or particle-
laden flows.

Eulerian: The Eulerian multiphase model can model almost all combinations of liquid, gas, or
solid phases. It is considered as the most complex one. Applications: Bubble columns, flow
boiling, or fluidized beds.

Multiphase flow has two codition either to select volume of fraction or select mixture
If volume of fraction is selected then select Time step is set as per courate number (Ref.gas-
liquid)
Volume fraction of oil is lower than 15% of the continous phase i.e water(refer liquid –liquid)

K-epsilon model is used to predict near wall.also it is used to simulate mean flow characteristics
of turbulent flow.For turbulent flow calculation select k=epsilon and enhance wall treatment
for Y+ value calculation
Realizable –enhance-o.k

Y+

 Materials
Select water & kerosene from database click on fluids

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 Cell zone conditions
Select fluid (air & water etc) in the cell zone conditions task page then click edit …to open fluid
dialog box.
Cell zone condition-operating condition –Specified operating density.

 Boundary condition
(For multiphase flow)
Select Inlet ,phase (mixture) check
Put value (say 0.5)
Select water edit (check) then
Other liquid edit (check)
Then click multiphase.

Specify velocity at inlet & pressure at outlet software will calculate pressure at inlet and hence
pressur drop. If you fix both inlet and outlet pressure then velocity at inlet & outlet will be
calculated and flow rate through each inlet & outlet can specify.
If you set 0 outlet pressure and operating pressure 101325 pa you are working in atmosphere &
vice –versa . For incompressible fluid (like water) fluent does not use total pressure. It uses
gauge pressure . gauge pressure result depend on how much you set outlet pressure.

For lift : Boundary condition-Parameter-create -UDL

Lift coefficient varied from 0.01 to 0.5 highly viscous to inviscid.

 Monitors
Monitors –Residuals -Edit

Residual Monitor :
1 Residual value is initial value – 1st iteration
2 Residual value is 1st itearation – difference of above.
1E-4 are Loosely converge.
1E-5 are Well converged.
1E-6 are Tightly converged
Last two prefer most.
For pressure based solver residual should decreased to 10-6
Default criteria is 0.001 or 10-3 ,
For energy residual it is 0.000001 or 10-6
Monitor –Create (Surface monitor )-Name (write surface mon-1)report type-Mass weighted
average & field variable –Temperature then Static temperature (it will show on graph of
convergence history on y-axis & iteration of X axis
Click Print to Console
Click plot
3 get data entry

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Solution methods

Note :There are three Solver

a) Segregated (SIMPLE it is segregated algorithms)
b)Coupling implicit
c) Coupling explicite

Solution method –Segregated/Coupled-pressure-velocity coupling

Segregated solver solve Continuity,Momentum and Energy equation sequentially.whereas
Coupling solver solve simultaneously .To modifying the velocity of each phase select the solver
segregated (Ref. gas-liquid) .Total number of iteration to achieve convergence is lower when
using coupled solver.
Select 2 way coupling is employed in order to account for the droplet on continous phase (refer
liquid liquid )

Select method SIMPLE(for less computational time)

Green Gauss and select each second order for accuracy

Turbulence intensity from formula

0.6 x(Re-1/8 )x100 (Usually 5 from manual)
Hydrostatic diameter (Inch if geometry)
2R
D= Ref.(Air +water)
D
Scheme : SIMPLE (for segregated )

Pressure :Standard ..other keep default

 Solution initialization
Hybrid initialization
Click initialize
 Run calculation
Run calculation –check case
Solution Initialization :
0.005 (Time step size )
200 (No. of time series ) It will show on X-axis convergence residual graph ) 1000 iteration is
best
20 ( Maximum Iteration)
1(Reporting Interval)
1 (Profile Update Interval)

Calculate click.
Calculation Activity : set 1 (Autosave)Ref: Liquid +liquid

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If the convergence in the flow field of water as the continous flow field is reached . water field
is considered as fully developed flow(ref. liquid-liquid)
(Note: To check it is convergent refer case study (here after 400 iteration flow is uniform in
residual i.e stable)
To find inlet outlet velocity and mass flow rate
Report –Surface integral

 Result
Double click on Ansys Workbench (A5)
Note : Upward flow means direction of flow.suppose flow is from left to right then left to right
is upward flow. & if flow is right to left then upward flow is right to left.

Implicit method is more stable used for coupling solver. In this,for a given variable the
unknown value in each cell is completed using a relation that include both existing and
unknown values from neighour cells. For VOF & mixture calculation it is recommended to turn
ON implicit body force formulation in multiphase flow mode.Turbulence ,Radiation etc are
linearalized & solved implicitly. .(ref.net)

No slip condition was implemented for the pipe wall(ref. thesis).

Interfacial area concentration (IAC) is a simplified version of PBM (Population based model)in
which coalescence or breakage of drop can be solved but distribution of particle can not be
predicted.for coalescence or breakage add on module population or (IAC).
Interfacial area concentration (IAC) value have to specify at the inlet.by default 0.001 1/m

CFx only coupled solver is implemented.

MUSIG (Multiple Size Group) can mass equal size interval are available.

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